No More Learning

He bade them declare the
cause of their coming, which they did in the most gentle and
tender terms, and with a behavior suitable to their language.
When they had made an end of speaking, he returned them a
sharp answer, full of bitterness and angry resentment, as to what
concerned himself and the ill usage he had received from them:
but as general of the Volscians, he demanded restitution of the
cities and the lands which had been seized upon during the late
war, and that the same rights and franchises should be granted
them at Rome which had been before accorded to the Latins;
since there could be no assurance that a peace would be firm
and lasting without fair and just conditions on both sides. He
allowed them thirty days to consider and resolve.
But when the thirty days were expired, and Marcius appeared
again with his whole army, they sent another embassy to beseech
him that he would moderate his displeasure, and would withdraw
the Volscian army, and then make any proposals he thought best
for both parties: the Romans would make no concessions to men-
aces, but if it were his opinion that the Volscians ought to have
any favor shown them, upon laying down their arms they might
obtain all they could in reason desire.
The reply of Marcius was, that he should make no answer
to this as general of the Volscians: but in the quality still of
a Roman citizen, he would advise and exhort them as the case
stood, not to carry it so high, but think rather of just compliance,
and return to him before three days were at an end, with a rati-
fication of his previous demands; otherwise they must understand
that they could not have any further freedom of passing through
his camp upon idle errands.
When the ambassadors were come back, and had acquainted the
Senate with the answer, seeing the whole State now threatened as
it were by a tempest, and the waves ready to overwhelm them,
they were forced, as we say in extreme perils, to let down the


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11627
sacred anchor. A decree was made that the whole order of their
priests—those who initiated in the mysteries or had the custody
of them, and those who, according to the ancient practice of the
country, divined from birds-should all and every one of them
go in full procession to Marcius with their pontifical array, and
the dress and habit which they respectively used in their several
functions, and should urge him as before to withdraw his forces,
and then treat with his countrymen in favor of the Volscians.
He consented so far, indeed, as to give the deputation an admit-
tance into his camp, but granted nothing at all, nor so much as
expressed himself more mildly; but without capitulating or reced-
ing, bade them once for all choose whether they would yield or
fight, since the old terms were the only terms of peace. When
this solemn application proved ineffectual, the priests too return-
ing unsuccessful, they determined to sit still within the city
and keep watch about their walls, intending only to repulse the
enemy should he offer to attack them, and placing their hopes
chiefly in time and in extraordinary accidents of fortune; as to
themselves, they felt incapable of doing anything for their own
deliverance; mere confusion and terror and ill-boding reports pos-
sessed the whole city, till at last a thing happened not unlike
what we so often find represented — without, however, being gen-
erally accepted as true-in Homer.
In the perplexity I
have described, the Roman women went, some to other temples,
but the greater part, and the ladies of highest rank, to the altar
of Jupiter Capitolinus. Among these suppliants was Valeria, sis-
ter to the great Poplicola, who did the Romans eminent service
both in peace and war. Poplicola himself was now deceased,
as is told in the history of his life; but Valeria lived still, and
enjoyed great respect and honor at Rome, her life and conduct
noway disparaging her birth. She, suddenly seized with the sort
of instinct or emotion of mind which I have described, and hap-
pily lighting, not without divine guidance, on the right expedient,
both rose herself and bade the others rise, and went directly with
them to the house of Volumnia, the mother of Marcius. And
coming in and finding her sitting with her daughter-in-law, and
with her little grandchildren on her lap,- Valeria, surrounded
by her female companions, spoke in the name of them all:
"We that now make our appearance, O Volumnia, and you,
Vergilia, are come as mere women to women, not by direction
of the Senate, or an order from the consuls, or the appointment.


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PLUTARCH
of any other magistrate; but the divine being himself, as I con-
ceive, moved to compassion by our prayers, prompted us to visit
you in a body, and request a thing on which our own and the
common safety depends, and which, if you consent to it, will
raise your glory above that of the daughters of the Sabines, who
won over their fathers and their husbands from mortal enmity to
peace and friendship. Arise and come with us to Marcius; join
in our supplication, and bear for your country this true and just
testimony on her behalf: that notwithstanding the many mischiefs
that have been done her, yet she has never outraged you, nor so
much as thought of treating you ill, in all her resentment, but
does now restore you safe into his hands, though there be small
likelihood she should obtain from him any equitable terms. "
The words of Valeria were seconded by the acclamations of
the other women, to which Volumnia made answer: —
"I and Vergilia, my countrywomen, have an equal share with
you all in the common miseries; and we have the additional sor-
row, which is wholly ours, that we have lost the merit and good
fame of Marcius, and see his person confined, rather than pro-
tected, by the arms of the enemy. Yet I account this the great-
est of all misfortunes, if indeed the affairs of Rome be sunk to
so feeble a state as to have their last dependence upon us. For
it is hardly imaginable he should have any consideration left for
us, when he has no regard for the country which he was wont
to prefer before his mother and wife and children.
Make use,
however, of our service; and lead us, if you please, to him: we
are able, if nothing more, at least to spend our last breath in
making suit to him for our country. "
Having spoken thus, she took Vergilia by the hand, and the
young children, and so accompanied them to the Volscian camp.
So lamentable a sight much affected the enemies themselves,
who viewed them in respectful silence. Marcius was then sit-
ting in his place, with his chief officers about him, and seeing the
party of women advance toward them, wondered what might be
the matter; but perceiving at length that his mother was at the
head of them, he would fain have hardened himself in his for-
mer inexorable temper: but overcome by his feelings, and con-
founded at what he saw, he did not endure they should approach
him sitting in state, but came down hastily to meet them; salut-
ing his mother first, and embracing her a long time, and then
his wife and children; sparing neither tears nor caresses, but


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11629
suffering himself to be borne away and carried headlong, as it
were, by the impetuous violence of his passion.
When he had satisfied himself, and observed that his mother
Volumnia was desirous to say something, the Volscian council
being first called in, he heard her to the following effect:- "Our
dress and our very persons, my son, might tell you, though we
should say nothing ourselves, in how forlorn a condition we have.
lived at home since your banishment and absence from us; and
now consider with yourself, whether we may not pass for the
most unfortunate of all women, to have that sight, which should
be the sweetest that we could see, converted through I know not
what fatality, to one of all others the most formidable and dread-
ful,-Volumnia to behold her son, and Vergilia her husband, in
arms against the walls of Rome. Even prayer itself, whence
others gain comfort and relief in all manner of misfortunes, is
that which most adds to our confusion and distress: since our
best wishes are inconsistent with themselves, nor can we at the
same time petition the gods for Rome's victory and your preser-
vation; but what the worst of our enemies would imprecate as
a curse is the very object of our vows. Your wife and children
are under the sad necessity, that they must either be deprived of
you or of their native soil. As for myself, I am resolved not
to wait till war shall determine this alternative for me; but if I
cannot prevail with you to prefer amity and concord to quarrel
and hostility, and to be the benefactor to both parties rather
than the destroyer of one of them, be assured of this from me,
and reckon steadfastly upon it,- that you shall not be able to
reach your country unless you trample first upon the corpse of
her that brought you into life. For it will be ill in me to wait
and loiter in the world till the day come when I shall see a
child of mine either led in triumph by his own countrymen, or
triumphing over them. Did I require you to save your country
by ruining the Volscians, then, I confess, my son, the case would
be hard for you to solve. It is base to bring destitution on our
fellow-citizens; it is unjust to betray those who have placed their
confidence in us. But as it is, we do but desire a deliverance
equally expedient for them and us; only more glorious and
honorable on the Volscian side, who as superior in arms, will be
thought freely to bestow the two greatest of blessings, peace and
friendship, even when they themselves receive the same.
If we
obtain these, the common thanks will be chiefly due to you as


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PLUTARCH
the principal cause; but if they be not granted, you alone must
expect to bear the blame from both nations. The chance of all
war is uncertain; yet thus much is certain in the present, that
you, by conquering Rome, will only get the reputation of hav-
ing undone your country; but if the Volscians happen to be
defeated under your conduct, then the world will say that to sat-
isfy a revengeful humor, you brought misery on your friends and
patrons. "
―――
Marcius listened to his mother while she spoke, without an-
swering her a word; and Volumnia, seeing him stand mute also
for a long time after she had ceased, resumed:-"O my son,"
said she, "what is the meaning of this silence? Is it a duty to
postpone everything to a sense of injuries, and wrong to gratify
a mother in a request like this? Is it the characteristic of a
great man to remember wrongs that have been done him, and
not the part of a great and good man to remember benefits such
as those that children receive from parents, and to requite them
with honor and respect? You, methinks, who are so relentless
in the punishment of the ungrateful, should not be more careless
than others to be grateful yourself. You have punished your
country already; you have not yet paid your debt to me. Nature
and religion, surely, unattended by any constraint, should have
won your consent to petitions so worthy and so just as these;
but if it must be so, I will even use my last resource. " Having
said this, she threw herself down at his feet, as did also his wife
and children; upon which Marcius, crying out, "O mother! what
is it you have done to me! " raised her up from the ground, and
pressing her right hand with more than ordinary vehemence,
"You have gained a victory," said he, "fortunate enough for the
Romans, but destructive to your son; whom you, though none
else, have defeated. " After which, and a little private conference
with his mother and his wife, he sent them back again to Rome,
as they desired of him.
The next morning he broke up his camp, and led the Vol-
scians homeward, variously affected with what he had done: some
of them complaining of him and condemning his act; others, who
were inclined to a peaceful conclusion, unfavorable to neither.
A third party, while much disliking his proceedings, yet could
not look upon Marcius as a treacherous person, but thought it
pardonable in him to be thus shaken and driven to surrender at
last under such compulsion.


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11631
When Marcius came back to Antium, Tullus, who thoroughly
hated and greatly feared him, proceeded at once to contrive how
he might immediately dispatch him; as, if he escaped now, he
was never likely to give him such another advantage. Having
therefore got together and suborned several partisans against
him, he required Marcius to resign his charge, and give the Vol-
scians an account of his administration.
Tullus began to dread the issue of the defense he was going
to make for himself; for he was an admirable speaker, and the
former services he had done the Volscians had procured and still
preserved for him greater kindness than could be outweighed
by any blame for his late conduct. Indeed, the very accusation
itself was a proof and testimony of the greatness of his merits;
since people could never have complained or thought themselves
wronged because Rome was not brought into their power, but
that by his means they had come so near to taking it. For these
reasons the conspirators judged it prudent not to make any
further delays, nor to test the general feeling; but the boldest of
their faction, crying out that they ought not to listen to a traitor,
nor allow him still to retain office and play the tyrant among
them, fell upon Marcius in a body, and slew him there, none of
those that were present offering to defend him. But it quickly
appeared that the action was in no wise approved by the major-
ity of the Volscians, who hurried out of their several cities to
show respect to his corpse; to which they gave honorable inter-
ment, adorning his sepulchre with arms and trophies, as the monu-
ment of a noble hero and a famous general. When the Romans
heard tidings of his death, they gave no other signification of
either honor or of anger towards him, but simply granted the
request of the women, that they might put themselves into mourn-
ing and bewail him for ten months, as the usage was upon the
loss of a father or a son or a brother; that being the period fixed
for the longest lamentation by the laws of Numa Pompilius, as is
more amply told in the account of him.
Marcius was no sooner deceased but the Volscians felt the
need of his assistance. They
were defeated by the Ro-
mans in a pitched battle, where not only Tullus lost his life, but
the principal flower of their whole army was cut in pieces: so
that they were forced to submit and accept of peace upon very
dishonorable terms,- becoming subjects of Rome, and pledging
themselves to submission.
·


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PLUTARCH ON HIMSELF
From biography of Demosthenes, in the Lives of Illustrious Men. ' Reprinted
by permission of Little, Brown & Co. , publishers.
WHOR
་
HOEVER it was, Sosius, that wrote the poem in honor of
Alcibiades, upon his winning the chariot race at the
Olympian Games,-whether it were Euripides, as is most
commonly thought, or some other person,- he tells us that to a
man's being happy, it is in the first place requisite he should be
born in some famous city. " But for him that would attain to
true happiness, which for the most part is placed in the qualities
and disposition of the mind, it is in my opinion of no other dis-
advantage to be of a mean, obscure country, than to be born of
a small or plain-looking woman. For it were ridiculous to think
that Iulis, a little part of Ceos, which itself is no great island, and
Ægina, which an Athenian once said ought to be removed, like
a small eye-sore, from the port of Piræus, should breed good
actors and poets,* and yet should never be able to produce a
just, temperate, wise, and high-minded man. Other arts, whose
end it is to acquire riches or honor, are likely enough to wither
and decay in poor and undistinguished towns; but virtue, like a
strong and durable plant, may take root and thrive in any place
where it can lay hold of an ingenuous nature, and a mind that
is industrious. I for my part shall desire that for any deficiency
of mine in right judgment or action, I myself may be as in fair-
ness held accountable, and shall not attribute it to the obscurity
of my birthplace.
But if any man undertake to write a history that has to be
collected from materials gathered by observation and the reading
of works not easy to be got in all places, nor written always in
his own language, but many of them foreign and dispersed in
other hands,- for him, undoubtedly, it is in the first place and
above all things most necessary to reside in some city of good
note, addicted to liberal arts, and populous; where he may have
plenty of all sorts of books, and upon inquiry may hear and
inform himself of such particulars as, having escaped the pens
of writers, are more faithfully preserved in the memories of men,
lest his work be deficient in many things, even those which it
can least dispense with.
* Simonides, the lyric poet, was born at Iulis in Ceos; and Polus, the cele-
brated actor, was a native of Ægina.


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11633
But for me, I live in a little town, where I am willing to con-
tinue, lest it should grow less; and having had no leisure, while
I was in Rome and other parts of Italy, to exercise myself in
the Roman language, on account of public business and of those
who came to be instructed by me in philosophy, it was very
late, and in the decline of my age, before I applied myself to the
reading of Latin authors. Upon which that which happened to
me may seem strange, though it be true; for it was not so much
by the knowledge of words that I came to the understanding of
things, as by my experience of things I was enabled to follow
the meaning of words. But to appreciate the graceful and ready
pronunciation of the Roman tongue, to understand the various.
figures and connection of words, and such other ornaments in
which the beauty of speaking consists, is, I doubt not, an admi-
rable and delightful accomplishment; but it requires a degree of
practice and study which is not easy, and will better suit those
who have more leisure, and time enough yet before them for the
occupation.
ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA
From the Lives of Illustrious Men. ' Reprinted with the approval of Little,
Brown & Co. , publishers.
the better class and with all well-conducted people his
W [Antony's] general course of life made him, as Cicero says,
absolutely odious; utter disgust being excited by his drink-
ing bouts at all hours, his wild expenses, his gross amours, the
day spent in sleeping or walking off his debauches, and the night
in banquets and at theatres, and in celebrating the nuptials of
some comedian or buffoon.
But it was his character in calamities to be better than at
any other time. Antony in misfortune was most nearly a virtu-
ous man. It is common enough for people when they fall into
great disasters to discern what is right, and what they ought
to do: but there are few who in such extremities have the
strength to obey their judgment, either in doing what it approves
or avoiding what it condemns; and a good many are so weak
as to give way to their habits all the more, and are incapable
of using their minds. Antony on this occasion was a most
wonderful example to his soldiers. He who had just quitted so
XX-728


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PLUTARCH
much luxury and sumptuous living, made no difficulty now of
drinking foul water and feeding on wild fruits and roots. Nay,
it is related they ate the very bark of trees; and in passing over
the Alps, lived upon creatures that no one before had ever been
willing to touch.
Whilst Cæsar in Rome was wearing out his strength amidst
seditions and wars, Antony, with nothing to do amidst the enjoy
ments of peace, let his passions carry him easily back to the old
course of life that was familiar to him. A set of harpers and
pipers, Anaxenor and Xuthus, the dancing-man Metrodorus, and
a whole Bacchic rout of the like Asiatic exhibitors, far outdoing
in license and buffoonery the pests that had followed out of Italy,
came in and possessed the court; the thing was past patience,
wealth of all kinds being wasted on objects like these. The
whole of Asia was like the city in Sophocles, loaded at one time.
<< - with incense in the air,
Jubilant songs, and outcries of despair. "
When he made his entry into Ephesus, the women met him
dressed up like Bacchantes, and the men and boys like Satyrs
and Fauns; and throughout the town nothing was to be seen but
spears wreathed about with ivy, harps, flutes, and psalteries, while
Antony in their songs was Bacchus the Giver of Joy and the
Gentle. And so indeed he was to some, but to far more the
Devourer and the Savage; for he would deprive persons of worth
and quality of their fortunes to gratify villains and flatterers,
who would sometimes beg the estates of men yet living, pretend-
ing they were dead, and, obtaining a grant, take possession. He
gave his cook the house of a Magnesian citizen, as a reward for
a single highly successful supper; and at last, when he was pro-
ceeding to lay a second whole tribute on Asia, Hybreas, speaking
on behalf of the cities, took courage, and told him broadly, but
aptly enough for Antony's taste, "If you can take two yearly
tributes, you can doubtless give us a couple of summers, and a
double harvest-time:" and put it to him in the plainest and bold-
est way, that Asia had raised two hundred thousand talents for
his service; "If this has not been paid to you, ask your collect-
ors for it; if it has, and is all gone, we are ruined men. " These
words touched Antony to the quick, he being simply ignorant
of most things that were done in his name: not that he was so
indolent as he was prone to trust frankly in all about him. For


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11635
there was much simplicity in his character: he was slow to see
his faults, but when he did see them, was extremely repentant,
and ready to ask pardon of those he had injured; prodigal in his
acts of reparation, and severe in his punishments, but his gener-
osity was much more extravagant than his severity; his raillery
was sharp and insulting, but the edge of it was taken off by his
readiness to submit to any kind of repartee; for he was as well
contented to be rallied, as he was pleased to rally others. And
this freedom of speech was indeed the cause of many of his dis-
asters. He never imagined that those who used so much liberty
in their mirth would flatter or deceive him in business of conse-
quence; not knowing how common it is with parasites to mix.
their flattery with boldness, as confectioners do their sweetmeats
with something biting, to prevent the sense of satiety. Their
freedoms and impertinences at table were designed expressly to
give to their obsequiousness in council the air of being not com-
plaisance, but conviction.
Such being his temper, the last and crowning mischief that
could befall him came in the love of Cleopatra, to awaken and
kindle to fury passions that as yet lay still and dormant in his
nature, and to stifle and finally corrupt any elements that yet
made resistance in him, of goodness and a sound judgment.
She was to meet Antony in the time of life when women's
beauty is most splendid, and their intellects are in full maturity.
She made great preparations for her journey, of money, gifts,
and ornaments of value, such as so wealthy a kingdom might
afford; but she brought with her her surest hopes in her own
magic arts and charms.
She received several letters, both from Antony and from his
friends, to summon her, but she took no account of these orders;
and at last, as if in mockery of them, she came sailing up the
river Cydnus, in a barge with gilded stern and outspread sails
of purple, while oars of silver beat time to the music of flutes
and fifes and harps. She herself lay all along, under a canopy of
cloth of gold, dressed as Venus in a picture; and beautiful young
boys, like painted Cupids, stood on each side to fan her. Her
maids were dressed like Sea Nymphs and Graces, some steering
at the rudder, some working at the ropes. The perfumes diffused
themselves from the vessel to the shore, which was covered with
multitudes, part following the galley up the river on either bank,
part running out of the city to see the sight. The market-place


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PLUTARCH
was quite emptied, and Antony at last was left alone sitting
upon the tribunal; while the word went through all the multitude
that Venus was come to feast with Bacchus, for the common
good of Asia. On her arrival, Antony sent to invite her to sup-
per. She thought it fitter he should come to her; so, willing to
show his good-humor and courtesy, he complied, and went.
found the preparations to receive him magnificent beyond expres-
sion, but nothing so admirable as the great number of lights; for
on a sudden there was let down altogether so great a number
of branches with lights in them so ingeniously disposed, some in
squares and some in circles, that the whole thing was a spectacle
that has seldom been equaled for beauty.
He
The next day Antony invited her to supper, and was very
desirous to outdo her as well in magnificence as contrivance;
but he found he was altogether beaten in both, and was so well
convinced of it, that he was himself the first to jest and mock at
his poverty of wit and his rustic awkwardness. She, perceiving
that his raillery was broad and gross, and savored more of the
soldier than the courtier, rejoined in the same taste, and fell into
it at once, without any sort of reluctance or reserve. For her
actual beauty, it is said, was not in itself so remarkable that none
could be compared with her, or that no one could see her with-
out being struck by it: but the contact of her presence, if you
lived with her, was irresistible; the attraction of her person, join-
ing with the charm of her conversation and the character that
attended all she said or did, was something bewitching. It was
a pleasure merely to hear the sound of her voice, with which,
like an instrument of many strings, she could pass from one lan-
guage to another: so that there were few of the barbarian nations
that she answered by an interpreter; to most of them she spoke
herself, as to the Ethiopians, Troglodytes, Hebrews, Arabians,
Syrians, Medes, Parthians, and many others, whose language she
had learnt: which was all the more surprising, because most of
the kings her predecessors scarcely gave themselves the trouble
to acquire the Egyptian tongue, and several of them quite aban-
doned the Macedonian.
Antony was so captivated by her, that while Fulvia his wife
maintained his quarrels in Rome against Cæsar by actual force
of arms, and the Parthian troops commanded by Labienus (the
king's generals having made him commander-in-chief) were as-
sembled in Mesopotamia and ready to enter Syria, he could yet


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11637
suffer himself to be carried away by her to Alexandria, there to
keep holiday like a boy in play and diversion, squandering and
fooling away in enjoyments what Antiphon calls that most costly
of all valuables, time. They had a sort of company, to which
they gave a particular name, calling it that of the Inimitable.
Livers. The members entertained one another daily in turn,
with an extravagance of expenditure beyond measure or belief.
Philotas, a physician of Amphissa, who was at that time a student
of medicine in Alexandria, used to tell my grandfather Lamprias
that having some acquaintance with one of the royal cooks, he
was invited by him, being a young man, to come and see the
sumptuous preparations for supper. So he was taken into the
kitchen, where he admired the prodigious variety of all things;
but particularly, seeing eight wild boars roasting whole, says he,
«< Surely you have a great number of guests. " The cook laughed
at his simplicity, and told him there were not above twelve to
sup, but that every dish was to be served up just roasted to a
turn; and if anything was but one minute ill-timed, it was
spoiled. "And," said he, "maybe Antony will sup just now,
maybe not this hour; maybe he will call for wine, or begin to
talk, and will put it off. So that," he continued, "it is not one,
but many suppers must be had in readiness, as it is impossible.
to guess at his hour. "
•
[After the desertion of Antony's fleet and cavalry to Octavi-
anus, and the defeat of his infantry, in the contest before Alex-
dria,] he retired into the city, crying out that Cleopatra had
trayed him to the enemies he had made for her sake. She,
being afraid lest in his fury and despair he might do her a mis-
chief, fled to her monument, and letting down the falling doors,
which were strong with bars and bolts, she sent messengers
who should tell Antony she was dead. He believing it cried out,
"Now, Antony, why delay longer? Fate has snatched away the
only pretext for which you could say you desired yet to live. "
Going into his chamber, and there loosening and opening his
coat of armor, "I am not troubled, Cleopatra," said he, "to be at
present bereaved of you, for I shall soon be with you; but it
distresses me that so great a general should be found of a tardier
courage than a woman. " He had a faithful servant, whose name
was Eros; he had engaged him formerly to kill him when he
should think it necessary, and now he put him to his promise.
Eros drew his sword, as designing to kill him, but suddenly


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PLUTARCH
turning round, he slew himself. And as he fell dead at his feet,
"It is well done, Eros," said Antony, "you show your master
how to do what you had not the heart to do yourself:" and so
he ran himself in the belly, and laid himself upon the couch.
The wound, however, was not immediately mortal; and the flow
of blood ceasing when he lay down, presently he came to him-
self, and entreated those that were about him to put him out
of his pain; but they all fled out of the chamber, and left him.
crying out and struggling, until Diomede, Cleopatra's secretary,
came to him, having orders from her to bring him into the mon-
umen
When he understood she was alive, he eagerly gave order to
the servants to take him up, and in their arms was carried to
the door of the building. Cleopatra would not open the door, but
looking from a sort of window, she let down ropes and cords,
to which Antony was fastened; and she and her two women,
the only persons she had allowed to enter the monument, drew
him up.
Those who were present say that nothing was ever
more sad than this spectacle,-to see Antony, covered all over
with blood and just expiring, thus drawn up, still holding up
his hands to her, and lifting up his body with the little force
he had left. As indeed was no easy task for the women; and
Cleopatra, with all her force, clinging to the rope and straining
with her head to the ground, with difficulty pulled him up, while
those below encouraged her with their cries, and joined in all her
effort and anxiety. When she had got him up, she laid him on
the bed, tearing all her clothes, which she spread upon him; and
beating her breasts with her hands, lacerating herself, and dis-
figuring her own face with the blood from his wounds, she called
him her lord, her husband, her emperor, and seemed to have
pretty nearly forgotten all her own evils, she was so intent upon
his misfortunes. Antony, stopping her lamentations as well as
he could, called for wine to drink; either that he was thirsty, or
that he imagined that it might put him the sooner out of pain.
When he had drunk, he advised her to bring her own affairs, so
far as might be honorably done, to a safe conclusion, and that
among all the friends of Cæsar, she should rely on Proculeius;
that she should not pity him in this last turn of fate, but rather
rejoice for him in remembrance of his past happiness, who had
been of all men the most illustrious and powerful, and in the end
had fallen not ignobly, a Roman by a Roman overcome.


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11639
There was a young man of distinction among Cæsar's com-
panions, named Cornelius Dolabella. He was not without a cer-
tain tenderness for Cleopatra; and sent her word privately, as she
had besought him to do, that Cæsar was about to return through
Syria, and that she and her children were to be sent on within
three days. When she understood this, she made her request to
Cæsar that he would he pleased to permit her to make oblations
to the departed Antony; which being granted, she ordered herself
to be carried to the place where he was buried, and there, accom-
panied by her women, she embraced his tomb with tears in her
eyes, and spoke in this manner:-"Dearest Antony," said she,
"it is not long since that with these hands I buried you: then
they were free; now I am a captive, and pay these last duties
to you with a guard upon me, for fear that my just griefs and
sorrows should impair my servile body, and make it less fit to
appear in their triumph over you. No further offerings or liba-
tions expect from me; these are the last honors that Cleopatra
can pay your memory, for she is to be hurried away far from
you. Nothing could part us whilst we lived, but death seems to
threaten to divide us. You, a Roman born, have found a grave
in Egypt; I, an Egyptian, am to seek that favor, and none but
that, in your country. But if the gods below, with whom you
now are, either can or will do anything (since those above have
betrayed us), suffer not your living wife to be abandoned; let me
not be led in triumph to your shame, but hide me and bury me.
here with you: since amongst all my bitter misfortunes, nothing
has afflicted me like this brief time I have lived away from you. "
Having made these lamentations, crowning the tomb with gar-
lands and kissing it, she gave orders to prepare her a bath, and
coming out of the bath, she lay down and made a sumptuous
meal. And a country fellow brought her a little basket, which
the guards intercepting and asking what it was, the fellow put
the leaves which lay uppermost aside, and showed them it was
full of figs; and on their admiring the largeness and beauty of
the figs, he laughed, and invited them to take some, which they
refused, and suspecting nothing, bade him carry them in. After
her repast, Cleopatra sent to Cæsar a letter which she had writ-
ten and sealed; and putting everybody out of the monument but
her two women, she shut the doors. Cæsar, opening her letter,
and finding pathetic prayers and entreaties that she might be
buried in the same tomb with Antony, soon guessed what was


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doing. At first he was going himself in all haste, but changing
his mind, he sent others to see. The thing had been quickly
done. The messengers came at full speed, and found the guards
apprehensive of nothing; but on opening the doors, they saw her
stone-dead, lying upon a bed of gold, set out in all her royal
ornaments. Iras, one of her women, lay dying at her feet; and
Charmion, just ready to fall, scarce able to hold up her head,
was adjusting her mistress's diadem. And when one that came
in said angrily, "Was this well done of your lady, Charmion? "
"Extremely well," she answered, "and as became the descendant.
of so many kings;" and as she said this, she fell down dead by
the bedside.
Some relate that an asp was brought in amongst those figs
and covered with the leaves, and that Cleopatra had arranged
that it might settle on her before she knew; but when she took
away some of the figs and saw it, she said, "So here it is," and
held out her bare arm to be bitten. Others say that it was
kept in a vase, and that she vexed and pricked it with a golden
spindle till it seized her arm. But what really took place is
known to no one. For it was also said that she carried poison
in a hollow bodkin, about which she wound her hair; yet there
was not so much as a spot found, or any symptom of poison
upon her body, nor was the asp seen within the monument; only
something like the trail of it was said to have been noticed.
on the sand by the sea, on the part towards which the build-
ing faced and where the windows were. Some relate that two
faint puncture-marks were found on Cleopatra's arm, and to this
account Cæsar seems to have given credit; for in his triumph
there was carried a figure of Cleopatra, with an asp clinging to
her. Such are the various accounts. But Cæsar, though much
disappointed by her death, yet could not but admire the great-
ness of her spirit, and gave order that her body should be buried
by Antony with royal splendor and magnificence. Her women,
also, received honorable burial by his directions. Cleopatra had
lived nine-and-thirty years, during twenty-two of which she had
reigned as queen, and for fourteen had been Antony's partner
in his empire. Antony, according to some authorities, was fifty-
three, according to others fifty-six years old. His statues were
all thrown down, but those of Cleopatra were left untouched,
for Archibius, one of her friends, gave Cæsar two thousand tal-
ents to save them from the fate of Antony's.


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11641
LETTER TO HIS WIFE ON THEIR DAUGHTER'S DEATH
From Plutarch's 'Miscellanies and Essays': Copyrighted. Reprinted by per-
mission of Little, Brown & Co. , publishers
AⓇ
S FOR the messenger you dispatched to tell me of the death
of
my little daughter, it seems he missed his way as he
was going to Athens. But when I came to Tanagra, I
heard of it by my niece. I suppose by this time the funeral is
over. I wish that whatever has been done may create you no
dissatisfaction, as well now as hereafter. But if you have design-
edly let anything alone, depending upon my judgment, thinking
better to determine the point if I were with you, I pray let
it be without ceremony and timorous superstition, which I know
are far from you.
Only, dear wife, let you and me bear our affliction with
patience. I know very well and do comprehend what loss we
have had; but if I should find you grieve beyond measure, this
would trouble me more than the thing itself. For I had my
birth neither from a stock nor a stone; and you know it full
well, I having been assistant to you in the education of so many
children, which we brought up at home under our own care.
This daughter was born after four sons, when you were longing
to bear a daughter; which made me call her by your own name.
Therefore I know she was particularly dear to you. And grief
must have a peculiar pungency in a mind tenderly affectionate
to children, when you call to mind how naturally witty and
innocent she was, void of anger, and not querulous.
She was
naturally mild, and compassionate to a miracle. And her grati-
tude and kindness not only gave us delight, but also manifested
her generous nature; for she would pray her nurse to give suck,
not only to other children, but to her very playthings, as it were
courteously inviting them to her table, and making the best
cheer for them she could.
Now, my dear wife, I see no reason why these and the like
things, which delighted us so much when she was alive, should
upon remembrance of them afflict us when she is dead. But I
also fear lest, while we cease from sorrowing, we should forget
her: as Clymene said-
"I hate the handy horned bow,
And banish youthful pastimes now,"-
-


## p. 11642 (#256) ##########################################

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PLUTARCH
-
because she would not be put in mind of her son by the exer-
cises he had been used to. For nature always shuns such things
as are troublesome. But since our little daughter afforded all
our senses the sweetest and most charming pleasure, so ought
we to cherish her memory, which will conduce in many ways —
or rather many fold - more to our joy than
And
our grief.
it is but just that the same arguments which we have ofttimes
used to others should prevail upon ourselves at this so season-
able a time, and that we should not supinely sit down and over-
whelm the joys which we have tasted with a multiplicity of new
griefs.
Moreover, they who were present at the funeral report this
with admiration,- that you neither put on mourning, nor dis-
figured yourself or any of your maids; neither were there any
costly preparations nor magnificent pomp; but all things were
managed with silence and moderation in the presence of our
relatives alone. And it seems not strange to me that you, who
never used richly to dress yourself for the theatre or other pub-
lic solemnities, esteeming such magnificence vain and useless
even in matters of delight, have now practiced frugality on this
sad occasion. For a virtuous woman ought not only to preserve
her purity in riotous feasts, but also to think thus with herself:
that the tempest of the mind in violent grief must be calmed by
patience, which does not encroach on the natural love of parents
towards their children, as many think, but only struggles against
the disorderly and irregular passions of the mind. For we allow
this love of children to discover itself in lamenting, wishing
for, and longing after them when they are dead. But the excess-
ive inclination to grief, which carries people on to unseemly
exclamations and furious behavior, is no less culpable than luxu
rious intemperance. Yet reason seems to plead in its excuse;
because, instead of pleasure, grief and sorrow are ingredients of
the crime. What can be more irrational, I pray, than to check
excessive laughter and joy, and yet to give a free course to riv-
ers of tears and sighs, which flow from the same fountain? or
as some do, quarrel with their wives for using artificial helps
to beauty, and in the mean time suffer them to shave their
heads, wear the mournful black, sit disconsolate, and lie in pain ?
and (which is worst of all) if their wives at any time chastise
their servants or maids immoderately, to interpose and hinder
them, but at the same time suffer them to torment and punish


## p. 11643 (#257) ##########################################

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11643
themselves most cruelly, in a case which peculiarly requires their
greatest tenderness and humanity?
But between us, dear wife, there never was any occasion
for such contests, nor I think will there ever be. For there is
no philosopher of our acquaintance who is not in love with your
frugality, both in apparel and diet; nor a citizen to whom the
simplicity and plainness of your dress is not conspicuous, both
at religious sacrifices and public shows in the theatre. Formerly
also you discovered on the like occasion a great constancy of
mind, when you lost your eldest son; and again when the lovely
Charon left us. For I remember, when the news was brought
me of my son's death, as I was returning home with some
friends and guests who accompanied me to my house, when they
beheld all things in order and observed a profound silence every-
where, as they afterwards declared to others,-they thought no
such calamity had happened, but that the report was false. So
discreetly had you settled the affairs of the house at that time,
when no small confusion and disorder might have been expected.
And yet you gave this son suck yourself, and endured the lan-
cing of your breast, to prevent the ill effects of a contusion.
These are things worthy of a generous woman, and one that
loves her children.
―――
Whereas we see most other women receive their children in
their hands as playthings, with a feminine mirth and jollity; and
afterwards, if they chance to die, they will drench themselves in
the most vain and excessive sorrow. Not that this is any effect
of their love, for that gentle passion acts regularly and discreetly;
but it rather proceeds from a desire of vainglory, mixed with a
little natural affection, which renders their mourning barbarous,
brutish, and extravagant. Which thing Æsop knew very well,
when he told the story of Jupiter's giving honors to the gods;
for it seems Grief also made her demands, and it was granted
that she should be honored, but only by those who were willing
of their own accord to do it. And indeed, this is the beginning
of sorrow. Everybody first gives her free access; and after she
is once rooted and settled and become familiar, she will not be
forced thence with their best endeavors. Therefore she must be
resisted at her first approach: nor must we surrender the fort to
her by any exterior signs, whether of apparel, or shaving the hair,
or any other such-like symptoms of mournful weakness; which
happening daily, and wounding us by degrees with a kind of


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PLUTARCH
foolish bashfulness, at length do so enervate the mind, and reduce
her to such straits, that, quite dejected and besieged with grief,
the poor timorous wretch dare not be merry, or see the light, or
eat and drink in company. This inconvenience is accompanied
by a neglect of the body: carelessness of anointing and bathing,
with whatsoever relates to the elegancy of human life. Whereas
on the contrary the soul, when it is disordered, ought to receive
aid from the vigor of a healthful body. For the sharpest edge
of the soul's grief is rebated and slacked when the body is in
tranquillity and ease, like the sea in a calm. But where, from an
ill course of diet, the body becomes dry and hot, so that it can-
not supply the soul with commodious and serene spirits, but only
breathes forth melancholy vapors and exhalations, which perpetu-
ally annoy her with grief and sadness, there it is difficult for a
man (though never so willing and desirous) to recover the tran-
quillity of his mind, after it has been disturbed with so many
evil affections.
But that which is most to be dreaded in this case does not
at all affright me,-to wit, the visits of foolish women, and their
accompanying you in your tears and lamentations; by which they
sharpen your grief, not suffering it either of itself or by the
help of others to fade and vanish away. For I am not ignorant
how great a combat you lately entered, when you assisted the sis-
ter of Theon, and opposed the women who came running in with
horrid cries and lamentations, bringing fuel as it were to her
passion. Assuredly, when men see their neighbor's house on fire,
every one contributes his utmost to quench it; but when they
see the mind inflamed with furious passion, they bring fuel to
nourish and increase the flame. When a man's eye is in pain,
he is not suffered to touch it, though the inflammation provoke
him to it; nor will they that are near him meddle with it. But
he who is galled with grief sits and exposes his distemper to
every one, like waters that all may poach in; and so that which
at first seemed a light itching or trivial smart, by much fret-
ting and provoking becomes a great and almost incurable disease.
But I know very well that you will arm yourself against these
inconveniences.


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11645
THE WIFE OF PYTHES
From the Discourse Concerning the Virtues of Women
in Plutarch's 'Mis-
cellanies and Essays': Copyrighted. Reprinted by permission of Little,
Brown & Co. , publishers.
I'
T IS reported that the wife of Pythes, who lived at the time
of Xerxes, was a wise and courteous woman. Pythes, as it
seems, finding by chance some gold mines, and falling vastly
in love with the riches got out of them, was insatiably and beyond
measure exercised about them: and he brought down likewise the
citizens, all of whom alike he compelled to dig or carry or refine
the gold, doing nothing else; many of them dying in the work,
and all being quite worn out. Their wives laid down their peti-
tion at his gate, addressing themselves to the wife of Pythes.
She bade them all depart and be of good cheer; but those gold-
smiths which she confided most in she required to wait upon her,
and confining them commanded them to make up golden loaves,
all sorts of junkets and summer fruits, all sorts of fish and flesh
meats, in which she knew Pythes was most delighted. All things
being provided, Pythes coming home then (for he happened to go
a long journey) and asking for his supper, his wife set a golden
table before him, having no edible food upon it, but all golden.
Pythes admired the workmanship for its imitation of nature.
When however he had sufficiently fed his eyes, he called in
earnest for something to eat; but his wife, when he asked for
any sort, brought it of gold. Whereupon being provoked, he
cried out, "I am an hungered. " She replied, "Thou hast made
none other provisions for us: every skillful science and art being
laid aside, no man works in husbandry; but neglecting sowing,
planting, and tilling the ground, we delve and search for useless
things, killing ourselves and our subjects. " These things moved
Pythes, but not so as to give over all his works about the mine;
for he now commanded a fifth part of the citizens to that work,
the rest he converted to husbandry and manufactures. But when
Xerxes made an expedition into Greece, Pythes, being most
splendid in his entertainments and presents, requested a gracious
favor of the King,- that since he had many sons, one might be
spared from the camp to remain with him, to cherish his old age.
At which Xerxes in a rage slew this son only which he desired,
and cut him in two pieces, and commanded the army to march
between the two parts of the corpse. The rest he took along


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PLUTARCH
with him, and all of them were slain in the wars. At which
Pythes fell into a despairing condition, so that he fell under
the like suffering with many wicked men and fools. He dreaded
death, but was weary of his life; yea, he was willing not to live,
but could not cast away his life. He had this project. There
was a great mound of earth in the city, and a river running by
it which they called Pythopolites. In that mound he prepared
him a sepulchre, and diverted the stream so as to run just by the
side of the mound, the river lightly washing the sepulchre. These
things being finished, he enters into the sepulchre, committing
the city and all the government thereof to his wife: commanding
her not to come to him, but to send his supper daily laid on a
sloop, till the sloop should pass by the sepulchre with the supper
untouched; and then she should cease to send, as supposing him
dead. He verily passed in this manner the rest of his life; but
his wife took admirable care of the government, and brought in
a reformation of all things amiss among the people.
THE TEACHING OF VIRTUE
From the Discourse That Virtue may be Taught,' in Plutarch's Miscellanies
and Essays': Copyrighted. Reprinted by permission of Little, Brown &
Co. , publishers.
MⓇ
EN deliberate and dispute variously concerning virtue,
whether prudence and justice and the right ordering of
one's life can be taught. Moreover, we marvel that the
works of orators, shipmasters, musicians, carpenters, and husband-
men are infinite in number, while good men are only a name,
and are talked of like centaurs, giants, and the Cyclops: and that
as for any virtuous action that is sincere and unblamable, and
manners that are without any touch and mixture of bad passions
and affections, they are not to be found; but if nature of its
own accord should produce anything good and excellent, so many
things of a foreign nature mix with it (just as wild and impure
productions with generous fruit) that the good is scarce discern-
ible. Men learn to sing, dance, and read, and to be skillful in
husbandry and good horsemanship; they learn how to put on
their shoes and their garments; they have those that teach them


## p. 11647 (#261) ##########################################

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11647
how to fill wine, and to dress and cook their meat; and none of
these things can be done as they ought, unless they be instructed.
how to do them. And will ye say, O foolish men! that the skill
of ordering one's life well (for the sake of which are all the rest)
is not to be taught, but to come of its own accord, without
reason and without art?
Why do we, by asserting that virtue is not to be taught. make
it a thing that does not at all exist? For if by its being learned
it is produced, he that hinders its being learned destroys it. And
now, as Plato says, we never heard that because of a blunder in
metre in a lyric song, therefore one brother made war against
another, nor that it put friends at variance, nor that cities here-
upon were at such enmity that they did to one another and suf-
fered one from another the extremest injuries. Nor can any one
tell us of a sedition raised in a city about the right accenting or
pronouncing of a word,- as whether we are to say Texivaç or
Téλxias,— nor that a difference arose in a family betwixt man and
wife about the woof and the warp in cloth. Yet none will go
about to weave in a loom or to handle a book or a harp, unless
he has first been taught, though no great harm would follow if
he did, but only the fear of making himself ridiculous (for as
Heraclitus says, it is a piece of discretion to conceal one's ignor-
ance); and yet a man without instruction presumes himself able
to order a family, a wife, or a commonwealth, and to govern
very well. Diogenes, seeing a youth devouring his victuals too
greedily, gave his tutor a box on the ear, and that deservedly, as
judging it the fault of him that had not taught, not of him that
had not learned, better manners. And what is it necessary to
begin from a boy to learn how to eat and drink handsomely in
company, as Aristophanes expresses it,
"Not to devour their meat in haste, nor giggle,
Nor awkwardly their feet across to wriggle,
-
and yet are men fit to enter into the fellowship of a family, city,
married estate, private conversation, or public office, and to man-
age it without blame, without any previous instruction concern-
ing good behavior in conversation?
When one asked Aristippus this question, What, are you
everywhere? he laughed and said, I throw away the fare of the
waterman if I am everywhere. And why canst not thou also
answer, that the salary given to tutors is thrown away and lost


## p. 11648 (#262) ##########################################

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if none are the better for their discipline and instruction? But
as nurses shape and form the body of a child with their hands,
so these masters, when the nurses have done with them, first
receive them into their charge, in order to the forming of their
manners and directing their steps into the first tracks of virtue.
THE NEED OF GOOD SCHOOLMASTERS
From A Discourse on the Training of Children,' in Plutarch's 'Miscellanies
and Essays: Copyrighted. Reprinted by permission of Little, Brown
& Co. , publishers.
W*
E ARE to look after such masters for our children as are
blameless in their lives, not justly reprovable for their
manners, and of the best experience in teaching. For
the very spring and root of honesty and virtue lies in the felicity
of lighting on good education. And as husbandmen are wont
to set forks to prop up feeble plants, so do honest schoolmas-
ters prop up youth by careful instructions and admonitions, that
they may duly bring forth the buds of good manners. But there
are certain fathers nowadays who deserve that men should spit
on them in contempt, who, before making any proof of those
to whom they design to commit the teaching of their children,
intrust them—either through unacquaintance, or as it sometimes
falls out, through bad judgment-to men of no good reputation,
or it may be such as are branded with infamy. They are not
altogether so ridiculous, if they offend herein through bad judg-
ment; but it is a thing most extremely absurd, when, as often-
times it happens, though they know and are told beforehand
by those who understand better than themselves, both of the in-
capacity and rascality of certain schoolmasters, they nevertheless
commit the charge of their children to them, sometimes over-
come by their fair and flattering speeches, and sometimes pre-
vailed on to gratify friends who entreat them. This is an error
of like nature with that of the sick man who to please his
friends, forbears to send for the physician that might save his
life by his skill, and employs a mountebank that quickly dis-
patcheth him out of the world; or of him who refuses a skillful
shipmaster, and then at his friend's entreaty commits the care of
his vessel to one that is therein much his inferior. In the name
of Jupiter and all the gods, tell me how can that man deserve


## p. 11649 (#263) ##########################################

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11649
the name of a father, who is more concerned to gratify others
in their requests than to have his children well educated? Or is
not that rather fitly applicable to this case which Socrates, that
ancient philosopher, was wont to say, that if he could get up to
the highest place in the city, he would lift up his voice and make
this proclamation thence: "What mean you, fellow-citizens, that
you thus turn every stone to scrape wealth together, and take
so little care of your children, to whom one day you must relin-
quish it all? "-to which I would add this, that such parents do
like him that is solicitous about his shoe, but neglects the foot
that is to wear it. And yet many fathers there are, who care so
much for their money and so little for their children, that lest it
should cost them more than they are willing to spare to hire a
good schoolmaster for them, they rather choose such persons to
instruct their children as are of no worth; thereby beating down
the market, that they may purchase ignorance cheap. It was
therefore a witty and handsome jeer which Aristippus bestowed
on a stupid father, who asked him what he would take to teach
his child. He answered, a thousand drachms. Whereupon the
other cried out: O Hercules, what a price you ask! for I can buy
a slave at that rate. Do so, then, said the philosopher, and thou
shalt have two slaves instead of one,- thy son for one, and him
thou buyest for another.
—
MOTHERS AND NURSES
From A Discourse on the Training of Children,' in Plutarch's Miscellanies
and Essays': Copyrighted. Reprinted by permission of Little, Brown
& Co. , publishers.
TH
HE next thing that falls under our consideration is the nurs-
ing of children, which in my judgment the mothers should
do themselves, giving their own breasts to those they have
borne. For this office will certainly be performed with more
tenderness and carefulness by natural mothers; who will love
their children intimately, as the saying is, from their tender
nails. Whereas both wet and dry nurses who are hired, love
only for their pay, and are affected to their work as ordinarily
those that are substituted and deputed in the place of others
Yea, even Nature seems to have assigned the suckling and
nursing of the issue to those that bear them; for which cause she
XX-729


## p. 11650 (#264) ##########################################

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hath bestowed upon every living creature that brings forth young,
milk to nourish them withal. And in conformity thereto, Provi-
dence hath also wisely ordered that women should have two
breasts, that so, if any of them should happen to bear twins, they
might have two several springs of nourishment ready for them.
Though if they had not that furniture, mothers would still be
more kind and loving to their own children. And that not with-
out reason; for constant feeding together is a great means to
heighten the affection mutually betwixt any persons. Yea, even
beasts, when they are separated from those that have grazed
with them, do in their way show a longing for the absent.
Wherefore, as I have said, mothers themselves should strive to
the
utmost to nurse their own children. But if they find it
impossible to do it themselves, either because of bodily weakness
(and such a case may fall out), or because they are apt to be
quickly with child again, then are they to choose the honestest
nurses they can get, and not to take whomsoever they have
offered them. And the first thing to be looked after in this
choice is, that the nurses be bred after the Greek fashion. For
as it is needful that the members of children be shaped aright
as soon as they are born, that they may not afterwards prove
crooked and distorted, so it is no less expedient that their man-
ners be well fashioned from the very beginning. For childhood
is a tender thing, and easily wrought into any shape. Yea, and
the very souls of children readily receive the impressions of
those things that are dropped into them while they are yet but
soft; but when they grow older they will, as all hard things are,
be more difficult to be wrought upon And as soft wax is apt
to take the stamp of the seal, so are the minds of children to
receive the instructions imprinted on them at that age.
All the above citations from the 'Morals are from a translation edited by
W. W. Goodwin


## p. 11650 (#265) ##########################################

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## p. 11651 (#271) ##########################################

11651
EDGAR ALLAN POE
(1809-1849)
BY FREDERIC W. H. MYERS
E
DGAR ALLAN POE has on two grounds a saving claim to the
inclusion of specimens of his work in an American collec-
tion of The World's Best Literature. ' His first claim is
historical; arising from his position among the earliest distinguished
writers of the great American branch of English-speaking folk.
"Securus judicat orbis terrarum »* may be said now by the West-
ern as well as by the Eastern world; and a man whom the United
States count among their intellectual ancestry could have no better
vantage-ground for enduring fame.
Poe's second claim to representation in this world-famous group
must rest mainly, I think, upon a narrow ground; namely, the strange
beauty of a few lines of his verse. How strong that claim will be
with true verse-lovers I must presently try to show. First, how-
ever, a few words must be said on his prose writings. Poe's histor-
ical position has been, perhaps inevitably, regarded as a reason for
reprinting many volumes of his prose; but it is only on some few
tales that his admirers will wish to linger. He wrote often actually
for bread; often to gratify some mere personal feeling; sometimes
(as in 'Eureka') with a kind of schoolboy exultation over imagi-
nary discoveries, which adds a pang to our regret that so open and
eager a spirit should have missed its proper training. With some of
the tales of course the case is very different. A good many of them,
indeed, are too crude, or too repulsive, or too rhetorical for our mod-
ern taste. But the best are veritable masterpieces; and have been,
if not actually the prototypes, at least the most ingenious and effect-
ive models, of a whole genre of literature which has since sprung
up in rich variety. Growing science has afforded a wider basis for
these strange fantasies; and modern literary art has invested with
fresh realism many a wild impossible story. But Poe's best tales
show a certain intensity which perhaps no successor has reached; not
only in his conception of the play of weird passions in weird environ-
ments, but in a still darker mood of mind which must keep its grim
*«The world's judgment is beyond appeal. »


## p. 11652 (#272) ##########################################

11652
EDGAR ALLAN POE
attractiveness so long as the mystery of the Universe shall press upon
the lives of men.
Fear was the primitive temper of the human race. It lies deep in
us still; and in some minds of high development the restless dread,
the shuddering superstition, of the savage have been sublimed into
a new kind of cosmic terror. "Je ne vois qu'Infini par toutes les
fenêtres,» said Baudelaire; and the Infinite which he felt encompass-
ing him was nothing else than hell. Poe, whom Baudelaire admired
and translated, was a man born like Baudelaire to feel this terror;
born to hear-
―
"Time flowing in the middle of the night,
And all things moving toward a day of doom »;
born to behold all sweet and sacred emotion curdling, as it were, on
the temple floor into supernatural horror;
«latices nigrescere sacros,
Fusaque in obscenum se vertere vina cruorem. » †
To transmit this thrill without undue repulsion needs more of
art than either Poe or Baudelaire could often give. Poe had not
Baudelaire's cruel and isolating lust, but he dwelt even more than
Baudelaire upon the merely loathsome; upon aspects of physical de-
cay. "Soft may the worms about her creep! " is his requiem over
a maiden motionless in death: "this cheek where the worm never
dies" is his metaphor for the mourner's sorrow. Such phrases do not
justify the claim sometimes made for Poe of goût exquis, of infallible
artistic instinct. Yet this cosmic terror in the background of his
thought gives to some of his prose pages a constraining power; and
in some rare verses it is so fused with beauty that it enters the
heart with a poignancy that is delight as well as pain.
The charm of poetry can be created for us by but few men; but
Poe in a few moments was one of these few. His poems, indeed,
have been very variously judged; and their merit is of a virtuoso
type which needs special defense from those who keenly feel it.
Few verse-writers, we must at once admit, have been more barren
than Poe of any serious « message"; more unequal to any "criticism
of life"; narrower in range of thought, experience, emotion. Few
verse-writers whom we can count as poets have left so little verse,
and of that little so large a proportion which is indefensibly bad.
On some dozen short pieces alone can Poe's warmest admirers rest
his poetic repute. And how terribly open to criticism some of even
"I see only the Infinite through every window. ”
"To behold the sacral waters turning black, and the outpoured wine trans-
formed into foul blood. "


## p. 11653 (#273) ##########################################

EDGAR ALLAN POE
11653
those pieces are! To analyze Ulalume,' for instance, would be like
breaking a death's-head moth on the wheel. But nevertheless, a
dozen solid British poets of the Southey type would to my mind be
well bartered for those few lines of Poe's which after the sternest
sifting must needs remain.
To justify this preference I must appeal, as I have said, to a kind
of virtuoso standard, which is only too apt to degenerate into mere
pose and affectation. But in truth, besides and apart from - if you
will, below that nobler view of poets as prophets, message-bearers,
voices of the race, there does exist a very real aspect of all verse-
makers as a vast band of persons playing a game something like
'Patience in excelsis: a game in which words are dealt round as
counters, and you have to arrange your counters in such a pattern
that rivals and spectators alike shall vote you a prize; one prize only
being awarded for about ten thousand competitors in the game. Poe
has won a prize with a few small patterns which no one in his gen-
eration could exactly beat.
--
"Banners yellow, glorious, golden,
On its roof did float and flow;·
This all this
was in the olden
Time long ago. "
K
-
---
These lines contain no particular idea; and the last two of
them consist literally of a story-teller's formula as old as folk-lore.
But who before Poe made this egg stand on its end? What inward
impulse struck the strong note of Banners, and marshaled those long
vowels in deepening choir, and interjected the intensifying pause-
all this, and led on through air to the melancholy olden, and hung
in the void of an unknown eternity the diapason of Time long ago?
Or, to take a simple test, can you quote, say, from Byron one single
stanza of like haunting quality; — can you quote many such stanzas
from whomsoever you will?
Such verbal criticism as this should not, as I have said, be pushed
too far. I will conclude with the most definite praise which I can
find for Poe; and this same poem, The Haunted Palace,' suggests
the theme.
―――――
The most appealing verses of many poets have been inspired by
their own life's regret or despair. Burns is at his best in his 'Epi-
taph, Cowper in his Castaway,' Shelley in his Stanzas Written in
Dejection,' Keats in his 'Drear-Nighted December,' Mrs. Browning
in The Great God Pan. ' In The Haunted Palace' Poe allegorizes
the same theme. We cannot claim for Poe the gravity of Cowper,
nor the manliness of Burns, nor the refinement of Mrs. Browning,
nor the ethereality of Shelley, nor the lovableness of Keats.