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O Latium in variis breviat vel protrahit urns.
IN words of Greek origin, when the first part of the com-
pound ends in O, that vowel is short; as Cymothae, Carpd-
phorus, Argonauta.
Mart. Swcula Carpophorum, Caesar, siprisca tulissent,
Jam nullum monstris orbe fuisset opus.
Idem. Non nautas puto vos, sed Argonautas.
But if the first part of the compound end in O-mega, the
O is long in Latin; as rsw^Tjus, Geometra; Mivo>t<*i>{o;,
Mindtaurus; Aayumu;, Lagopus.
Virg. Mindtaurus inest Veneris monumenta nefandm.
Mart. Si meus aurita gaudet lagopode JFlaccus.
O in compound Latin words is sometimes long, as alio-
quin, quandoque; and sometimes short, as quandoquidem,
hod it, duodeni. y
Virg. Dicite quandoquidem, in molli consedimus herba.
Horat. Indignor, quanddq; bonus dormitat Homerus.
SECT. XVI.
INCREMENT OP NOUNS.
IF the genitive singular of a noun be equal to the nomi-
native in the number of its syllables, that noun has no incre-
ment; as Musa, Musce; Dominus, Domini.
But if the genitive contain more syllables than the nomi-
native, then the penultima of the genitive will be the incre-
ment of the noun, and that syllable, whether it be long or
short, will retain its quantity in all the oblique cases of the
y Dr. Carey considers quandoque and quandoquidem, together with
duodeni, as having the o common, according to the quantity of the simple
quando and duo.
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? 22
INCREMENT OP NOUNS.
singular and plural numbers; as Sermo, sermonis, sermoni,
sermdnem, sermone, sermdnes, sermonum, sermonibus.
Exception. --In Bobus, the o is long, though short in the
genitive bovis. *
SECT. XVII.
INCREMENTS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.
Casibus obliquis viz crescit prima. Secunda
Corripit incrementa, tamen producit Iberi.
A, In the old increment of the first declension, is always
long; as aulai, pictd'i, aural, longai. *
Virg. Aulai in medio libabant pocula Bacchi.
The increments of the second declension are short; as
miser, miseri; vir, viri; satur, saturi; puer, pueri.
Virg. Non ignara mali miseris succurrere disco.
Persius. inter pocula qucerunt,
Romulidee saturi quid dia poemata narrent.
z Bobus is formed by Syncope and Crasis from Bovibus or Boioibm,
and is only a deviation in appearance. Many nouns are cited as having a
double increment, such, for example, as iter, jecur, supellex, preceps,
&c; the truth, however, is, that the genitives commonly assigned them,
belong in fact to other and older forms. Thus, iter properly makes iteris
in the genitive, and itineris belongs to the old nominative itiner. Proper-
this uses Here in the ablative, and Plautus and Manlius have itiner in the
accusative. Both jecorit and jecinoris are given as genitives of jecur,
when in reality only the former belongs to it, and the latter comes from
the old nominative jecinor, mentioned by Scaliger in his notes to Festus.
So the genitive supellectilis comes from the old nominative supellectile or
supellectilis. A nd lastly,preceps properly makes prtecipia in the genitive,
andprtecipitit comes from precipes, like uncipitis ivom ancipes. Pris-
cian quotes Livius Andronicus and Ennius for the use of prtecipcm and
precipe; while concape; a kindred form with ancipes and precipes, is
found in the old Latin of the Twelve Tables.
a The genitive in a'i is found only in the poets, and rarely in any after
the time of Lucretius. Virgil, however, who is styled by Quinctilian,
" vetustatis amantissimus," has a few instances of it. On the other hand
the dative in ai'is very rare in. poetry, though sometimes met with in
prose. It occurs in two ancient inscriptions--" Calida'i Secunda'i matri,"
and " Cassia'i maximal matri. " Spalding in his note to Quinctilian
1. 7. , is of opinion that the syllable a'i, when it occurred in prose, was
pronounced without the diseresis, just as Cesar, %/EUus, Sec. were an-
ciently written Caisar Jlilius.
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? INCREMENTS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. 28
fexcEPTioN. --Iber, Iberi, has its penult long 5 as also its
compound Celtiber, Celtiberi,
Luc. Interea domitis Cesar remeabit Iberia^
Mart. Fir Celtiberis non tacende gentibua.
The increment in IUS has been mentioned in Sect. III.
JVominia A crescent, quodJlectit tertia, longum eat.
Mascula corrifliea AR et AL Jinita, simulque
Par cum comfioaitis, Hepar, cum Nectare, Bacchar
CwmVS. de, Mas et Anas, queiajunge Laremywe, Jubarjae.
THE increment in A, of nouns of the third declension, is
chiefly long; as vectigal, vectigdlis ; Titan, Titdnis ; pietas,
pietdtis; pax, pads; calcar, calcaris; Ajax, Ajacis.
Ovid. Concitat iratus validoa Titdnas in Arma.
Virg. Pars mihi fiads erit dextram tetigiase Tyranni.
ExcEPTioNS. ^Masculines in AL and AR (except Car and
JVar) increase short; as Hannibal, Hannibalis; Hamilcar,
Hamilcaris. So also hepar, nectar, bacchar, jubar, lar, vas,
mas, anas, sal whether neuter or masculine, and par, with its
compounds impar, compar, dispar, Sic.
Sil. Hannibalem Fabio ducam sfiectante fier urbem.
Idem. Cui stevum arridens narrabis Hamilcaris umbris.
Virg. Vela dabant lteti, et afiumas satis are ruebant.
A qunque et AS Grcecum breve postulat incrementum f
S quoque jfinitum, si consona ponitur ante ;
Et Dropax, Anthrax, Atrax, cum Smilace, Climax;
His Atacem, Panacem, Colacem, Styracemjwe, Faceragwe,
Atque A bacem, Coracem, Phylacem, compostaq; necies.
SECT. XVIII.
INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
INCREMENT IN A.
INCREMENT FROM A AND AS.
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? 24 INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
Greek nouns in A and AS, increase short; as poema, pfbe-
matis; lampas, lampadis ; Melas, Melanis;--also nouns end-
ing in S preceded by a consonant; as trabs, Irakis; Arabs,
Ardbis ;--and likewise fax, gtyrax, smilax, climax, dropax,
eolax, arctophylax, and other compounds of Qv\a%, together
with the other Words enumerated in the rule.
Syphax makes Syphacis and Syphacis; but the short quan-
tity may be doubted, since the line quoted from Claudian by
Smetius, as an instance, has been deemed incorrect.
INCREMENT IN E.
E crescens numero breviabit tertia primo,
Prater Iber, patriosque ENIS, (sed contrahit Hymen),
Ver, Mansues, Locuples, Hares, Mercesgwe, Quiesjue,
Et Vervex, Lex, Rex, et Plebs, Seps, insuper Halec";
EL peregrinum; Es, Er, Graca; iEthere, et Aere demptis.
E, in the inciease of the third declension, is for the most
part short; as grex, gregis; teres, teretis ; mulier, mulieris.
Ovid. Nobiliumque greges custos servabat equarum.
Exception I. --Iber, Ibiris, and genitives in ENIS, have
the penult long; as ren, renis; Syren, Syr mis; except Hy-
men, Hymenis.
Exception 11,--Ver, mansues, locuples, hares, merces,
quies, lex, rex, plebs, vervex, seps, and halec, increase long.
Exception III. --Foreign names in EL, as Michael, like-
wise lengthen the penult; as also Greek nouns in ER and
ES; as crater, soter, tapes, lebes, &c; excepting a'er and
tether, which increase short.
increment in i and y.
I crescens numero breviabit tertia primo.
Grata serf in patrio longum INIS et YNIS adoptant.
Et Lis, Glis, Samnis, Dis, Gryps, Neshque, Quirisgwe,
Cum Viblce, simul longa incrementa reposcunt.
I or Y, in the increment of the third declension, is for the
most part short; as stips, st'ipis; pollex, pollicis ; chlamys,
chtamydisj Chalybs, Chalybis.
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? INCREMENTS OF THE TMIRB DECLENSION. 26
Ovid. Die inquam, parva cur stipe quterat opes ?
Virg. At Chalybes nudi ferrum^ virosaque Pontus>>
Exceptions. --Genitives in INIS or YNIS, from nouns
of Greek origin, have the penult long 5 as Belfihin, Delfihi-
nis; Phorcyn, Phvrcynis t Salamis, Salaminis. So also
Dis, Ditis; vibex, vibicis ; glis, gliris ; gryfis, gryphis ;
Samnis, Samnitis ; Quiris, quiritis ; Nesis, JVesidis.
Virg. Orpheus in tylvis, inter delphinas Arion.
Idem. Laomedontiaden Priamum Salamina petentem.
Idem. Noctes atque dies palet atri janua Ditit.
Apsis^ afisidis, increases short in the genitive, though the
penult in Greek be long*. Psofihis is lengthened by Ovid,
Met, 5. 607. and made short by Statius, Theb. 4. 296>> In
Greek however, its penult, like that of apsis, is always long.
Increment from ix and Yx>>
IX vel YX firoduc ; breviato Histrix, cum Fornice Varix,
Coxendix, Choenixq; Cilix, Natrixq; Calixq;
Phryxywe, Larix et Onyx, Pix, Nixyue, Salix^ue, TiYixque,
Mastichis his et Eryx, Calycisqj et Japygis addes
Qutegue ultra invenias: Bebryx variare memento.
NOtJNS in IX, or YX, have, for the most part, the pe-
nult of the genitive long; as Felix, felicis ; bombyx, bom*
bycis ; fierdix, fierdicis ; coturnix, coturnicis ; fiernix, fier-
iiicis ; lodix, lodicis.
Virg. Vivitefelices quibus est forluna peractu.
Exceptions--Cilix, fiix, histrix, fornix, natrix, nix,
chcenix, strix, varix, salix, Jilix, larix, coxendix, calix,
calyx, onyx, Eryx, Styx, Jafiyx, Phryx, together with
such proper names, as Ambiorix, Dumnorix, Vercingeto*
rix, and such gentile nouns, as Biturix, Caturix, have their
increase short.
Luc. Armenios Cilicesque feros^ Taurdsq; subegi.
Idem. Nunc pice) nunc liquida rapuere incendia cerd.
Mastix, mastichis, a gum, increases short; but Mastix,
mastigis, a whip or scourge, has the increment long.
Apfiendix is generally considered as increasing short in
the genitive, and fierfiendiculum, a noun of kindred origin,
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? 26
INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
has the antepenultima short in Ausonius, Parental. 5. 8.
Borrichius however, quoted by Gesner, maintains that afi-
ftendix always increases long.
Bebryx and Sandix have the increase of the genitive
common.
INCREMENT IN O.
O crescens numero firoducimus usq; firiorti
O fiarvum in Gratis brcvia ; firoducito magnum.
Ausonius genitivus Oris, quem neutra dedere,
Corrifiitur : firofiria his junges ut Nestor et Hector
Os oris medioaq; gradus extende ; ted Arbos,
Hit comfiosta ; Lepus; Memor et Bos, Compos et Impos,
Corrifie, Cappaddcem, Allobrogem, cum Praecoce et OBS,
OPS.
Verum firoduces Cercops, Hydropsque, Cyclopsque.
O, in the increment of the third declension, in words of
Latin origin, is generally long; as Sol, solis ; vox, vocis ;
velox, velocis ; victor, victdris ; roe, roris ; dos, dotis ; &c.
Ovid. Regia solis erat sublimibus alta columnis.
Tib. Ille liquor docuit voces mflectere cantu.
Virg. Veloces Sparta catulos, acremque Molossum.
Exception I. --Greek nouns in ON, which in the oblique
cases have O (micron,) increase short; whereas those which
have O (mega,) make the increment long; as Amazon,
Amazonis ; Philtemon, Philamonis ; Agamemnon, Agamem-
nonis ; Solon, Solonis ; Lacon, Lacdnis j Sicyon, Sicyonis,
Virg. Pulsant et pictis bellantur Amazdnes armis.
Ovid. Quoferus injuste petiit Agamemndnaferro.
Mart. Et gratum nautis sidusfulgere Lacdnum.
Idem. Daphnonas, plantandnas, et aerias cyparissos.
In words of this class the Latins sometimes omit the final
N ; as Macedo, Agamemno, Plato, Sfiado, &c.
Luc.
Cum tibi sacrato Macedo servetur in antro.
Stat. Conclamant Danai stimulatque Agamemno volentes.
Saxo, Seno, and some other gentile nouns, increase short.
Brito has the increment common, being short in Juvenal,
and long in Martial. Fee to and Axo are made to increase
long by Lucan.
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? INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
Sidon, Orion, and JEgteon, have the penult of the genitive
common.
Virg. Armatumque auro circumspicit Oriona.
Ovid. Diversasque urbes, nitidumque Oridnis ensem. .
Exception II. --Genitives in ORIS, from Latin nouns of
the neuter gender, have the penult short; as Marmor, mar-
mdris ,? corfius, corfldris ; ebur, eboris.
Ador, however, which is of the masculine gender, makes
addris and addris ; it being found short in Ausonius, and
both long and short in Gannius, an old poet quoted by
Priscian. "
Auson. Mox ador, atque addris de polline pullificum far.
Gann. Mam sponti satos addris stravissc maniplos.
Idem. Emicat in mtbes nidoribus ardor addris.
Os, oris, and adjectives of the comparative degree, have
Iheir increase long; as majoris, fiejoris.
Virg, Adjiciam,faciamque omnes una ore Latinos.
Juv. Vendit agros, sed majores Apulia vendit.
The compounds of Htvf, as Trifius, Polyfius, and also
memor, arbor, lefi us, bos, comfios, imfios, have their increase
short.
Juv. Stantibus oznaphorum, tripddas, armaria, cistas.
Virg. Arbdris obnixus trunco, ventosque lacessit.
Prop. Cur serus versare bdves et plaustra Bootes.
Exception III. --Cafifiadox, Allobrox, firacox,mi nouns
ending in S impure, that is, which have a consonant imme-
diately preceding S, in the nominative; as Scrobs, JEthiofis,
Cecrofis, Dolofis, have their increase short; except Cyclofis)
cercofis, hydrofis, which increase long.
Mart. Cappaddcum s re vis Antistius occidit oris.
Virg. Hie Doldpum manus, hie savus tendebat Achilles.
' Ovid. Tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Gyclopum.
b Priscian considers ador an irregular noun, for which he is censured
by Scaliger, who maintains that ador properly makes only addrit in the
genitive, and that adfris comes from the obsolete nominative ndus, of the
neuter gender, for which, in time, ador alone began to be used, as corpor
for coif* s. Vide Seal, ad Fett. 7. 31. --Vossius, Etymol. L. L. maintaina
the same doctrine. --The analogy is certainly very striking between fldafrj
ador, and decus, decor.
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? 2$ INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
INCREMENT IN U.
U crescent breve ait. Verum genitivua in URIS,
UDIS, et UTIS, ab US, flroducitur: adjice Fur, Fmx,
Lux, Pollux. Brevia Intercusjrue, Pecusjwe, Ligusywr,
THE increase of the third declension in U, is, for the
most part short; at Murmur, murmuria ; furfur, furfuris ;
turtur, turturis ; dux, ducia ; prxaul, firxsulia.
Yirg. Aspice, ventosi ceciderunt murmuria aura.
Seren. Furfuribusque novis durum miscebis acetum.
Yirg. Magnanimosque duces, totiusque ex ordine gentis.
Exceptions. --Genitives in UDIS, URIS, and UTIS,
from nominatives in Us, have the penult long; as fialus,
fialudis ; incua, inciidia ; tellua, telluria; virtua, virtutis ;
also Pollux, Pollucia ; lux, litcia; and frugis, from the
old nominative frux, But intercua, fiecua, and Liguf, fall
under the general rule, and increase short.
Virg. Quid dominifacient, audent cum talia fires ?
Tib. Lwce sacra requiescat humus, requiescat arator.
SECT. XIX.
PLURAL INCREMENT OF NOUNS.
THE penult of the genitive or dative plural, is called the
plural increment of a noun, when either of those cases con-
tains more syllables than the nominative plural; as Muatc,
Muaarum ; Ambo, amborum, ambobus ; Rea, rerum, rebua.
In the first, SA; in the second, BO ; in the third, RE; afe
the respective plural increments. So also BI, in JVubium
and nubibua ; QUO, in Quorum ; QUI, in Quibua.
PLURAL INCREMENTS IN A, E, O, I, U.
Fluralis casus, si crescat, protrahit A, E,
Atque O. Corripies 1, U: verum excipe Bubus.
A, E, O, in the increase of the plural, are long; as Qui-
rum, hg,rum, ambdbus ; Rerum, rebua; Horum, quorum.
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? FLCRAL INCREMENT OF NOUNS.
Ovid. Cum tanten a turbd rerum requieverit h&rum.
Virg. At Capys, et quorum melior sententia menti.
I and U, in the increase of the plural, are short; as Qui-,
bus, tribus, montibus; lacubus, verubus. Bubus has al-
ready been explained under Section xvi.
Virg. Montibus in nostris solus tibi certet Amyntas.
Ovid. Pramia de lacubus proximo, musta tuts.
SECT. XX.
INCREMENT OF VERBS.
THE second person singular of the present tense indica-
tive active, is the measure by which to estimate the incre-
ments of verbs. If any tense, or person of a verb, do not
contain a greater number of syllables than the above stand-
ard, the verb is said, in that tense or person, to have'no in-
crement. Thus, in amaC, amant, ama, amem, amans, the;
verb amo has no increment, because they all contain only
two syllables, like amas.
If however, a tense or person exceed the given standard,
then, if that excess be by one syllable, the verb is said to
have in that part a single increment; if by two syllables, a
double; if by three, a triple; if by four, a fourfold incre-
ment. Thus, in aMAmus there is a single increment, which
is the penult, for the final syllable is never called the incre-
ment; in oMABAmw there is a double increment; in
eMAVERImu* a triple increment; and in aaDIEBAMInj
a fourfold increment.
In the case of deponent verbs, we may either imagine an
active voice, and obtain from this the requisite standard for
the regulation of the increments, or we may be guided by
analogy, and estimate thenv. by means of other verbs of the
same conjugation which have an active voice. Thus, for
the verb Largior, we may either form an imaginary active
Largio, largis, of the fourth conjugation, or be guided by
the tenses of Audior, which has a real active.
The final syllable, as has just been observed, is never re-
garded as an increment. The first however, becomes one,
when the standard tense is a monosyllable. Thus, in the
case of Do and Fleo, the tenses by which we are to estimate
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? 30
INCREMENT OF VERBS.
their respective increments, are Das and Fles, and conse-
quently in Damus, dabam, dare; Flemus,fiebam,fl? re i the
initial syllables are the increments of the verbs.
VERBAL INCREMENT IN A.
A crescens produc. Do incremento excipe firimo.
A is long in every increment of verbs, of whatever conju-
gation; as Sedbam, stdret, firofieramus, docebdmus, audit-
bdmini, &c.
Virg. Trqjaque nunc stares, Priamique arx alia maneres.
Ovid. Serius out citius metam properamus ad unam.
Exception--The first increase of the verb Do is short;
as Damus, ddbunt, dare; and hence the pronunciation of
circumdamus, circumddbunt, circumdare; venumddbo, ve-
numddre ; &c. with the penult short.
Virg. His lacrymis vitam damus, et miserescimus ultro.
Ovid. Jussit et ambit* circumdare littora terra.
The second increase of Do, not being excepted, follows
the general rule, and is long; as Dabdmus, ddbdtis, dabd-
mur, ddbdtur, ddbdmini.
Virg. Nam quod consilium, aut quajamfortuna dabdtur ?
VERBAL INCREMENT IN E.
E quoque producunt verba increscentia verum
Prima E corripiunt ante R duo lempora Ternte.
Die Beris atque Bere; at Reiis producito Rere.
Sit brevis E, quando Ram, Rim, Ro, adjuncta sequuntur.
Corripit interdum Steterunl, Dederuntgue Po'eta.
E, in the increase of verbs, is long; as Flebam, rebar,
iacereris, docerem, legerunt.
Ovid. Flebat Aristaus, quod apes cum stirpe necatas.
Virg. Sic equidem ducebam animo rebarque futurum.
Mart. Dxdale Lucano cum sic Iacereris ab urso.
Exception I. --E before R in the first increase of every
jiresent and imperfect of the third conjugation, and in Befit
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? INCREMENT OP VERBS.
31
and Sere, is short; as Gognoscere, Itgerem, legeremus, lege-
ria, legere, Celebraberis, celebrabere.
Virg. Jam legere, et qu<e sit poteris cognoscere virtus.
Idem. Semper honore meo, semper celebrabere donis.
But in the second increment, where the word terminates
in Reria. or Rere, the E is long; as Loquerere, firosequerere.
Mart. Hoc tibi Roma caput, cum loquereris, erat.
Velim, velis, velit, kc. have the E short; as,
Horat. Musa, velim memores: et quo patre natus uterque.
Mart. Esse velis oro serus conviva Tonantis.
Exception II. --E before RAM, RIM, RO, of* every
conjugation, is short; as amaveram, amaverim, amavero;
Peceram, fecerim, fecero ;c and the quantity remains the
same in the other persons ; as amaveris, amavirit, amaveri-
mus, amaveritis; Fecerimus, feceritis, &c.
Ovid. Fecerat exiguas jam Sol altissimus umbras.
The poets sometimes shorten E before RUNT in the
perfect of the indicative. 4
Virg. Obstupui, steteruntque come, et vox faucibus hxsit.
Hor. Di tibi divitias dederunt artemque fruendi.
Sil. Terruerunt pavidos accensa Ceraunia nautas.