Propellit
Boreas, testus et unda refert.
Latin - Elements of Latin Prosody and Metre Compiled with Selections
The interchange of the short M and f is frequent and
natural. Thus, consilium from consiUo, exllium from ex&lo / and in the
old orthography, opt&mus for opttmus, astumare for teslXmare, &c.
c Jlecensttum is often adduced as an exception to this rule. It is only,
however, a deviation in appearance, being formed, not from recensui, but
from the old perfect recensivi. The simple verb censeo made censui and
censivi in the perfect, centum and censitum in the supine; hence we find
in an old inscription, censlta sunt', for censa sunt; and in the writers on
the civil law, censlti for censi: so also the noun censor is a contraction
from censitor, and occurs in the latter form in another inscription which
has come down to us, as well as in the writings of the ancient lawyers.
Analogous to this is the verb pono, which made in the perfect posivi and
posui. 1'lautus uses posivimus, Vidul. frag. 11. and Cato, posiverunt,
it. 11. Pricf. So apposivi, Plauh Mil. 3. 3. 31,; reposivi, Jlsin. 3. 1. 16. j
deposivi, Cure. 4. 3. 4. ; and Catullus, 32. 8.
d Many of the Latin supines are simple contractions, and their quantity
made long by the rule of position: thus, legitum, leg'tum, tectum; rumpi-
tum, rump'tum, ruptum; nubitum, nub'tum, nuptum; scribitum, scrib''?
tum, acriptum; docitum, or dokitum, doctum, &c.
B
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? 14 DERIVATIVES.
DERIVATIVES usually follow the quantity of their pri-
mitives; as Legebam, legam, lege, legito, with the first
syllable short, because they are formed from the present
lego, legis, whose first syllable is likewise short; and again,
legeram, legissem, legero, legisse, with the first syllable long,
since they come from the preterite. Ugi, which has the e
long.
Ardtrum, simulacrum, ambulacrum, lavdcrum, volutabrum,
involucrum, have the penult long, being derived from the
supines ardtum, simuldtum, ambulatum, lav at um, voluldtum,
involutum, whose penults are likewise long.
On the other hand, Reditus, exitus, introitus, adit us,
initus, are short, because the supines whence they come are
of the same quantity.
Exceptions. --Many derivatives deviate from the nature
ef their primitives, and their quantity is only to be ascer-
tained by a perusal of the best poets :e thus, mobilis, fomes,
laterna, regula, sides, have their first syllable long, although
the corresponding syllable bcshort in the words whence they
are said to deduce their origin, viz. moveo, fdveo, lateo, rego,
sedeo.
Again, lucerna, arista, sopor, vidian, have the first syllable'
short, though the verbs luceo, area, sopio, vddo, whence they
are said to be derived, lengthen the same. f
e When the student is referred to the practice of the best writers, or, in
ether words, to what is usually termed their authority, he must be careful
not to consider that authority as arbitrary in its exercise, and depending
solely on the pleasure of the writer. Nothing more is meant by the phrase,
than that the quantity we find assigned to any particular word, had before
been determined and familiarized to the ear of the writer by the actual
pronunciation of his countrymen, and that he accordingly used the syllable
with that measure of sound which he found assigned to it in common speech.
f Many of the exceptions above given, scarcely deserve to be so called;
and are only mentioned as such, in compliance with custom. Thus, mobi-
lis and fomes are merely contracted forms, and hence are necessarily long,
*The regular supine of mdveo was mdvltum or mdwltum, reduced by Syncope
to mSyftum, and by Crasis to motum ; and the adjective was first movibilis
Or mSwibilis, then by Syncope mow'bilis, and by Crasis mobilis. So also
fomes was originally fovimes, and underwent a similar change< Again,
Jjaterua is commonly derived from lateo, because " in ea latet ignis.
l'his deriration appears extremely puerile. Gesner, Thes, L. L. quotes
Parens, Lex. Crit. , who affirms the old mode of writing the word to have
been Lanterna, with the a long by position, and the letter n having been
scarcely sounded, (see Sect. I. ) may in time have disappeared. With re-
gard to Regula, the remark of Wase, in his treatise tie Licentla Vet.
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? DERIVATIVES.
15
In like manner, the entire class of verbs in URIO, called
desideratives, have the U short, though derived from the
future participle in URUS, whose penult is always long.
SECT. XII.
COMPOUND WORDS.
Legem simplicium retinent compdsta suorum,
Vocalem licet, aut diphthongum, Syllaba mutet.
Dejero corripies, cum pejero, et Innuba, nec non
Pronuba, fatidicum et socios, cum semisopitus;
Queis etiam nihilum, cum cognitus, agnitus hmrent.
Longa imbecillus verbumque ambitus amabit.
COMPOUND words retain in general the quantity of
the simple words from which they are formed.
Thus in perlego, relego, the middle syllable is short, be-
cause it is short in the simple lego.
In the perfectsperlegi, relegi, it is long, because lengthened
in the simple legi.
Attigi, concidi, diffidi, ebibi, rescidi, have the penult
short, because the corresponding vowel is short in their
primitives, tetigi, cec'idi, &c.
Oblitum, from oblino, insitum, circumdatum, desitum,
have the penult short, for the same reason. Oblitus is
from obliviscor.
Poet" may not perhaps be deemed wholly irrelevant. --<e Geminatio con-
sonantium, ex vulgi illiterati consueiudine, Poetict e licentice originem
prabuisse videtur, ut p in Trapezito, b in Tabemaculo, c in Cicatrices,
etc. "--As to the derivation of Lucerna from hiceo or lux, it is opposed by
Servias, Virg. jEn. 1. 726: " A L)chno autem Lucerna dicta tst, unde et
brevis est lMcilia et Persia, si enim a luce diceretur, non staret versus. "
And lastly with respect to Sopor and Vadum, Vossius derives the former
from virtLgy and the latter from /3*<f<JC. It must be confessed, however,
that in the case of many Latin derivatives, as well as compounds, irregu-
larities occur, to which, when called upon to explain these departures from
analogy, we can only answer in the words of the " most learned of the
Romans:" Cum in vestitu, teilificiis, sic in supellectile, cibo, ctetereis
omnibus, qua usu ad vitam sunt adsumpta domineteur insequalitas j in ser-
mone quoque qui est us&s causa constitutus, ea non repudianda. " Varro ,
L. L.
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? 16 COMPOUND WORDS.
The quantity of the simple words is preserved in the]
compounds, though the vowels be changed. Thus, concido,
excido, incido, occido, recido, from cado, shorten the penult;
and in like manner eligo, seligo, &c. from lego. On the
other hand, concido, excido, incido, recido, occido, from
cado, have the penult long. So also, allido, from lado:
exquiro, requiro, from qucero ; obedio, obedis, from audio.
Virg. Occidit, occideritq; sinas cum nomine Troja.
Juv. Occidit miseros crambe repctita magistros.
Exceptions. --The following shorten the penult, though
the corresponding vowels in the simple words be long; as
dejero, pejero, from juro; pronuba, inniiba, from niibo;
maledicus, causidicus, veridicus, falidicus, from dico;
semisopitus, from sopitus; nihilum, from ne and hilum
cognitum and agnitum, from notum;h Jiodie, from hjac die.
Imbecillus, from baculus, has the second syllable long. '
The participle ambitus has the penult long, but the nouns
ambitus and ambltio have it short. k
g This derivation of nihilum is generally received by Etymologists, and
rests on the authority of Priscian and Varro. Hilum is said to have signified
" the Utile black of a bean, i. e. a very nothing;" and hence, in an old
poet quoted by Cicero, Tusc 1. 4. , we have,
" Sisyphu' venal
" Saxum tudant nitendo, nequeproficit hilum. " i. e. nihil.
Scaliger, in his notes to Festus, asserts the old orthography to have been
hillum. If so, the deviation in nihilum, from the quantity of the primitive,
may be accounted for by Syncope.
h According to Vossius, in Cognitum et Agnitum, eequuntur Latini
naturampolysyllaborum simplicium, ut sunt Hubitum, Bibiium, et timilia. "
Perhaps it would be more correct to say that in notum the Crasis operated
to lengthen the word from novitum, and the Syncope to shorten cognitum
and agnitum.
i It would be more proper perhaps to call the second syllable in imbe-
cillus common. It is short in Prudentius, Hymn. post, cibum, v. 2. , and
long in Horace, Sat. 2. 7. 39. , and in Paulinus, lie Celsi obitu. v. 114. The
Port-Royal grammarian censures Prudentius for this apparent violation of
quantity. It may be observed, however, in defence of the Christian poet,
that it is more consistent with the derivation of the word, to make its
second syllable short, than long; and that Lucretius, in the verb vacillo,
which is derived from baculus or bacillus, shortens the first syllable in six
different parts of his poem, and lengthens it only in one. 3. 503. Gesner.
Thes. L. L- supposes the second syllable of imbecillus to have been made
long by doubling the c, a remark in unison with that of Wase, mentioned
in a preceding note, and which may perhaps furnish us with a safe clew
amid the intricacies of poetic license.
k It has been supposed, that besides ambio, ambitum, a simple derivative
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? OOMPOUND WORDS.
Connubium, from nubo, has the second syllable common.
Virg. Hectoris Andromache, Pyrrhiu? connubia servas ?
Idem. Connubiojungam stabili propriamg; dicabo.
SECT. XIII.
PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION.
Longa A, DE, E, SE, DI, prater Dirimo atque Disei'Ujs.
Sit RE breve: at Refert a Res producito semper.
Corripe PRO Gracum; produc plerumque Latinum.
Contrahe qua Fundus, Fugio, Neptisyue, Neposgue,
Et Festus, Fari, Fateor, Fanum^ue crearunt :
Hiice Profecto addes, pariterque Procella, Protervus,
At primam variant Propago, Propino, Profundo,
Propulso, Procuro, Propello: Proserpina junge.
Corripe AB, et reliquas, obstet nisi consona bina.
A, E, DE, DI, SE, in composition, are long; as amitto. s
erumpo, deduco, diripio, separo.
Virg. Amissos longo socios sermone requiruht.
Idem. Deducunt socii naves, et littora complent.
Idem. Tergora diripiunt coslis et viscera nudant.
Exceptions. --DI is short in Dirimo and Disertus. 1
Virg. Cede Deo dixitque et prcelia voce diremit.
Mart. Non tu, Pomponi, ccena discrta tua est.
RE is short, as relinquo, rgfero ;ra but the impersonal verb
refert (it concerns) from the noun res, is long.
from a/ufi or ambe, (as supero from super,) there was also ambee, ambt.
tum, a compound from eo.
1 Dirimo, according to Vossius, was originally dtsemo, from dts and
emo. The change of s into r, in many Latin words, is taken notice of by
Varro, who cites Valerii, Furii, Aurelii, &c. as instances, the old forms
having been Valesii, Fusii, Auselii, be. If this doctrine be correct, the
quantity of the first syllable in dirimo may be easily accounted for. In the
case of dtsertus, we may suppose the word to have been written originally
dissertus, just as in the supine of dissero we have dissertum, and the se-
cond << to have been in process of time elided, leaving the syllable (Us short,
according to its original quantity.
m See remarks upon the figure Diastole.
B2
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? 1
18 PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION.
Ovid.
Propellit Boreas, testus et unda refert. .
Virg. Pruelerea necjam mutari pabula refert.
PRO is short in Greek words; as Propontis, Prometheus.
In Latin words it is found most frequently long; as proveho,
pronums.
Ovid. Misit in has si quos longa Propontis aquas.
Virg. Provehimur portu, termq; urbesq; recedunt.
Exceptions. --Profundus, profugus, profugio, pronepos,
ptoneptis, profesfus, profciscof, prdfari, prqfiteor, prof anus,
profecto, procella, protervus, propero, have the pro short. "
Proflago," (whether noun or verb,) propino, profunda, pro-
euro, propello, propulso, Proserpina? have the pro common.
The prepositions AB, AD, IN, OB, PER, SUB, are short
in composition before vowels, as are likewise the final syllables
of Ante, Circum, and Super; as abeo, adero, adoro, inuro,
obeo, perimo, subeo, antefero, circumago, superaddo.
Virg. Omnibus umbra locis adero : dabis improbe pcenas'.
Idem. Junonis magne primum prece numen ddora.
Juv. Circumagat madidas d tempestate cohortes.
Sometimes when AB or OB is joined in composition to a
word beginning with a consonant, the preposition loses its
final consonant and remains short; as aperi'o, omitto, operio.
Ovid. Aprilem memorant ab aperto tempore dictum.
Hor. Quod petiit, spernit; repetit quod nuper omisit.
n Dr. Carey is of opinion, that the Latin Pro in composition is every
"where common. ; and that we should probably find it so, it" we had enough
of the ancient poetry 1'emaining-
o Pvopago, the noun, has, according to the grammarians, the pro long,
when it signifies " a vine stock or layer," and short, w hen it signifies
" race or lineage. " The learned prosodian above named, maintains that
this distinction is an idle one; that propago is in both cases the same word,
only used on some occasions in its natural signification, on othera metaphori-
cally ; as we say in English, the Stock of a tree, and the Stock of a family.
He considers, therefore, the pro in propago as common; and in confirma-
tion of his opinion, quotes the following passage from Statius, Sibv, 2. 3. 39.
Prinnevam visu platanum, cui longa prSpago,
Innumerteque manus, et iturus in <<thera vertex.
p Proserpina, according to some, was so called from being the goddess
who presides over the corn when it has sprouted above the earl h, " cum
super terrain seges proserpserit. "--According to Vossius, the name is, a
oorruption from n<<g<<<)>ovii.
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? C 19 )
SECT. XIV.
A, E, I, U, AND V, IN COMPOSITION.
Produc A semper, composti parte priore ;
At simul E, simid I, ferme breviare memento.
Nequidquam produc, Nequando, Venefica, Nequam,
Nequaquam, Ncquis sociosque: Videlicet addes.
Idem masculeum monitus producito, Siquis,
Scilicet et BigEe, Tibicen : junge Quadrigae,
Bimus, Tantidem, Quidam et compdsla Diei.
Compositum variabis Ubi, variabis Ibidem.
IF the first part of a Latin compound word end in A, that
vowel is long; as trdno, trdduco, trado. i But if it end in
E, the E is in general short: as trecenti, nefas.
Virg. Expertes belli juvenes, ast Ilva trecentos.
Juv. Credebant hoc grande nefas et morte piandum.
But in verbs compounded with facio or fio, the E appears
to be common; as tremefacio, calefacio, tumefacio, liquefiot
patejio, &c. r
Exceptions. --Nequis,* Nequa, Nequod, nequitia, nequam,
nequaquam, nequidquam, nequando, videlicet, venefica, semo-
dius, semestris, sedecim, have the E long. Helibra, however,
is shortened by Martial. '
q Trano, traduce, trado, &c. were originally written transno, trans,
duco, transdo ; hence tbe quantity of the a in the initial syllables.
r The E is short in some, long in others, and in others again both long
and short: thus, tremefacio and caUfacia are shortened by Claudian; con-
tablfacio is made long by Plautns; ravefacio and vacefio are lengthened
by Lucretius; while tepefacio is short in Virgil and long in Catullus, pate-
facio short in Ovid and long in Ennius, paiejio short in Propertius and long
in Lucretius, Uquefio short in Ovid, and liquefacio long in Catullus.
s The difference in quantity between nlcesse, nefas, nefandue, nifastus,
nefurius, niqueo, and nequis, nequum, nequitia, sc. has been supposed to
be owing to the circumstance, that in the former class of words die <<? was
formed by Apocope from tbe conjunction nic, and so retains its original
quantity ; whereas, in the latter, either it is the abverb ve which is always
long, or the c of nec was retained in pronunciation, though omitted in
writing.
t Videlicet is formed from videre and licet, just as scilicet from scire
licet, and ilicet from ire licet. Veneftcus and venefica are compounded of
venim/m and facio. Simodius and semestris are contractions, being formed
by Crasis from semimodius and semimeslris, the letter m baring the sound
jnentsoaed in Sect. I. note >>. Sedecim was originally texdecim.
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? 20
A, E, I, U, AND Yj IN COMPOSITION.
Virg. Nequa meis eato dictia mora : Jufiiter hac alec.
Ovid. Barbara narratur veniase vene/ica tecum.
Mart. Et thuris fiijieriaque trea aetibree.
If the first part of a compound terminate in I, U, or Y, the
vowel is shortened; as Omnipotens, causldicus, tubicen," Me-
lilolus, biceps, triceps, bicorpor, tricorpor, tricuspis, duplex,
ducenti, quadrupes, Polydorus, &c.
Virg. Tum flater omnifiotens, rerum cui summa flotestas.
Mart. Carfiere causidicus fertur mea carmina.
Ovid. Para thyma, fiara rorem, fiars meliioton amat.
The masculine idem, and big<t, quadrigte, siquis, siqua,
siquod, scilicet, ilicet, tibicen, melliphyllon, Trinacria, bimus,
trimus, quadrimus, quivis, quidam, quilibet, tarUidem, bi-
duum, triduum, and the other compounds of dies, together,
with meridies, quotidie, &c. have the I long.
Mart. Difficilia, Jacilis, jucundua, acerbua et idem.
Idem. Si totua libi triduo legatur.
Idem. Inter tefientea fiost meridiem buxos.
In ubicunque and ubivis, the I, as in the primitive ubi, is
common; in ubique and ibidem, the middle syllable is gene-
rally long, though, strictly speaking, it should also be regarded
as common. 11
u Tubieen falls under the general rule; whereas tibicen, a different
word, is by contraction from tibucen. See Section IV.
x The middle syllable in ubique should be considered common, for the
same reason that the corresponding syllables in ubicunque and ubivie are
regarded as such, they all being derived from ubi. The authorities, how-
ever, to prove that the middle syllable of ubique was short as well as long,
are very rare. Wase cites two lines from Plantus, JBucch. 5,1. 1. and Cas.
2. S. 38. in which he maintains that ubique is found short; and then goes
on to remark--" Totum discrimen in hoc verti videtur, quod ubi, cum
desinat in ancipitem, quolies adjicitur particula copulaiiva, ultimam
corripiat i quoties expletiva, producat: apud recentiores quidem, dis.
cretionis causa; non item apud vetuetissimos. " The difference in quan-
tity here alluded to, though it may not have any very strong arguments in
its favour, may yet be recommended " discretionis causa," and will be
found, in nnny cases, extremely convenient, For example; let the student
in reading Sallust, where ubique, in the sense of et ubi, frequently occurs,
be taught in every such instance to pronounce it ubique, reserving the long
quantity for ubique, when it signifies " in every place," "every where"--
With regard to ibidem, though generally found long like ubique, it is
shortened however by Juvencus and Mamercus, and by Plautus in the fol-
lowing lines; Merc. 1. 3. 99. ; Most. 2. J. 51. | Trin. I. 2. 166. ; Captiv.
I. 2, 94. ; Jiacch. 2. 3. 79,; Stich. 2. 3. 12.
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? ( 21 )
SECT. XV.
O IN COMPOSITION.
GrcBcum O (Mix<<o>>) prima composti corripe parte :
n (M'. yx) produces, partem dum claudit tandem.
O Latium in variis breviat vel protrahit urns.
IN words of Greek origin, when the first part of the com-
pound ends in O, that vowel is short; as Cymothae, Carpd-
phorus, Argonauta.
Mart. Swcula Carpophorum, Caesar, siprisca tulissent,
Jam nullum monstris orbe fuisset opus.
Idem. Non nautas puto vos, sed Argonautas.
But if the first part of the compound end in O-mega, the
O is long in Latin; as rsw^Tjus, Geometra; Mivo>t<*i>{o;,
Mindtaurus; Aayumu;, Lagopus.
Virg. Mindtaurus inest Veneris monumenta nefandm.
Mart. Si meus aurita gaudet lagopode JFlaccus.
O in compound Latin words is sometimes long, as alio-
quin, quandoque; and sometimes short, as quandoquidem,
hod it, duodeni. y
Virg. Dicite quandoquidem, in molli consedimus herba.
Horat. Indignor, quanddq; bonus dormitat Homerus.
SECT. XVI.
INCREMENT OP NOUNS.
IF the genitive singular of a noun be equal to the nomi-
native in the number of its syllables, that noun has no incre-
ment; as Musa, Musce; Dominus, Domini.
But if the genitive contain more syllables than the nomi-
native, then the penultima of the genitive will be the incre-
ment of the noun, and that syllable, whether it be long or
short, will retain its quantity in all the oblique cases of the
y Dr. Carey considers quandoque and quandoquidem, together with
duodeni, as having the o common, according to the quantity of the simple
quando and duo.
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? 22
INCREMENT OP NOUNS.
singular and plural numbers; as Sermo, sermonis, sermoni,
sermdnem, sermone, sermdnes, sermonum, sermonibus.
Exception. --In Bobus, the o is long, though short in the
genitive bovis. *
SECT. XVII.
INCREMENTS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.
Casibus obliquis viz crescit prima. Secunda
Corripit incrementa, tamen producit Iberi.
A, In the old increment of the first declension, is always
long; as aulai, pictd'i, aural, longai. *
Virg. Aulai in medio libabant pocula Bacchi.
The increments of the second declension are short; as
miser, miseri; vir, viri; satur, saturi; puer, pueri.
Virg. Non ignara mali miseris succurrere disco.
Persius. inter pocula qucerunt,
Romulidee saturi quid dia poemata narrent.
z Bobus is formed by Syncope and Crasis from Bovibus or Boioibm,
and is only a deviation in appearance. Many nouns are cited as having a
double increment, such, for example, as iter, jecur, supellex, preceps,
&c; the truth, however, is, that the genitives commonly assigned them,
belong in fact to other and older forms.
natural. Thus, consilium from consiUo, exllium from ex&lo / and in the
old orthography, opt&mus for opttmus, astumare for teslXmare, &c.
c Jlecensttum is often adduced as an exception to this rule. It is only,
however, a deviation in appearance, being formed, not from recensui, but
from the old perfect recensivi. The simple verb censeo made censui and
censivi in the perfect, centum and censitum in the supine; hence we find
in an old inscription, censlta sunt', for censa sunt; and in the writers on
the civil law, censlti for censi: so also the noun censor is a contraction
from censitor, and occurs in the latter form in another inscription which
has come down to us, as well as in the writings of the ancient lawyers.
Analogous to this is the verb pono, which made in the perfect posivi and
posui. 1'lautus uses posivimus, Vidul. frag. 11. and Cato, posiverunt,
it. 11. Pricf. So apposivi, Plauh Mil. 3. 3. 31,; reposivi, Jlsin. 3. 1. 16. j
deposivi, Cure. 4. 3. 4. ; and Catullus, 32. 8.
d Many of the Latin supines are simple contractions, and their quantity
made long by the rule of position: thus, legitum, leg'tum, tectum; rumpi-
tum, rump'tum, ruptum; nubitum, nub'tum, nuptum; scribitum, scrib''?
tum, acriptum; docitum, or dokitum, doctum, &c.
B
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? 14 DERIVATIVES.
DERIVATIVES usually follow the quantity of their pri-
mitives; as Legebam, legam, lege, legito, with the first
syllable short, because they are formed from the present
lego, legis, whose first syllable is likewise short; and again,
legeram, legissem, legero, legisse, with the first syllable long,
since they come from the preterite. Ugi, which has the e
long.
Ardtrum, simulacrum, ambulacrum, lavdcrum, volutabrum,
involucrum, have the penult long, being derived from the
supines ardtum, simuldtum, ambulatum, lav at um, voluldtum,
involutum, whose penults are likewise long.
On the other hand, Reditus, exitus, introitus, adit us,
initus, are short, because the supines whence they come are
of the same quantity.
Exceptions. --Many derivatives deviate from the nature
ef their primitives, and their quantity is only to be ascer-
tained by a perusal of the best poets :e thus, mobilis, fomes,
laterna, regula, sides, have their first syllable long, although
the corresponding syllable bcshort in the words whence they
are said to deduce their origin, viz. moveo, fdveo, lateo, rego,
sedeo.
Again, lucerna, arista, sopor, vidian, have the first syllable'
short, though the verbs luceo, area, sopio, vddo, whence they
are said to be derived, lengthen the same. f
e When the student is referred to the practice of the best writers, or, in
ether words, to what is usually termed their authority, he must be careful
not to consider that authority as arbitrary in its exercise, and depending
solely on the pleasure of the writer. Nothing more is meant by the phrase,
than that the quantity we find assigned to any particular word, had before
been determined and familiarized to the ear of the writer by the actual
pronunciation of his countrymen, and that he accordingly used the syllable
with that measure of sound which he found assigned to it in common speech.
f Many of the exceptions above given, scarcely deserve to be so called;
and are only mentioned as such, in compliance with custom. Thus, mobi-
lis and fomes are merely contracted forms, and hence are necessarily long,
*The regular supine of mdveo was mdvltum or mdwltum, reduced by Syncope
to mSyftum, and by Crasis to motum ; and the adjective was first movibilis
Or mSwibilis, then by Syncope mow'bilis, and by Crasis mobilis. So also
fomes was originally fovimes, and underwent a similar change< Again,
Jjaterua is commonly derived from lateo, because " in ea latet ignis.
l'his deriration appears extremely puerile. Gesner, Thes, L. L. quotes
Parens, Lex. Crit. , who affirms the old mode of writing the word to have
been Lanterna, with the a long by position, and the letter n having been
scarcely sounded, (see Sect. I. ) may in time have disappeared. With re-
gard to Regula, the remark of Wase, in his treatise tie Licentla Vet.
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? DERIVATIVES.
15
In like manner, the entire class of verbs in URIO, called
desideratives, have the U short, though derived from the
future participle in URUS, whose penult is always long.
SECT. XII.
COMPOUND WORDS.
Legem simplicium retinent compdsta suorum,
Vocalem licet, aut diphthongum, Syllaba mutet.
Dejero corripies, cum pejero, et Innuba, nec non
Pronuba, fatidicum et socios, cum semisopitus;
Queis etiam nihilum, cum cognitus, agnitus hmrent.
Longa imbecillus verbumque ambitus amabit.
COMPOUND words retain in general the quantity of
the simple words from which they are formed.
Thus in perlego, relego, the middle syllable is short, be-
cause it is short in the simple lego.
In the perfectsperlegi, relegi, it is long, because lengthened
in the simple legi.
Attigi, concidi, diffidi, ebibi, rescidi, have the penult
short, because the corresponding vowel is short in their
primitives, tetigi, cec'idi, &c.
Oblitum, from oblino, insitum, circumdatum, desitum,
have the penult short, for the same reason. Oblitus is
from obliviscor.
Poet" may not perhaps be deemed wholly irrelevant. --<e Geminatio con-
sonantium, ex vulgi illiterati consueiudine, Poetict e licentice originem
prabuisse videtur, ut p in Trapezito, b in Tabemaculo, c in Cicatrices,
etc. "--As to the derivation of Lucerna from hiceo or lux, it is opposed by
Servias, Virg. jEn. 1. 726: " A L)chno autem Lucerna dicta tst, unde et
brevis est lMcilia et Persia, si enim a luce diceretur, non staret versus. "
And lastly with respect to Sopor and Vadum, Vossius derives the former
from virtLgy and the latter from /3*<f<JC. It must be confessed, however,
that in the case of many Latin derivatives, as well as compounds, irregu-
larities occur, to which, when called upon to explain these departures from
analogy, we can only answer in the words of the " most learned of the
Romans:" Cum in vestitu, teilificiis, sic in supellectile, cibo, ctetereis
omnibus, qua usu ad vitam sunt adsumpta domineteur insequalitas j in ser-
mone quoque qui est us&s causa constitutus, ea non repudianda. " Varro ,
L. L.
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? 16 COMPOUND WORDS.
The quantity of the simple words is preserved in the]
compounds, though the vowels be changed. Thus, concido,
excido, incido, occido, recido, from cado, shorten the penult;
and in like manner eligo, seligo, &c. from lego. On the
other hand, concido, excido, incido, recido, occido, from
cado, have the penult long. So also, allido, from lado:
exquiro, requiro, from qucero ; obedio, obedis, from audio.
Virg. Occidit, occideritq; sinas cum nomine Troja.
Juv. Occidit miseros crambe repctita magistros.
Exceptions. --The following shorten the penult, though
the corresponding vowels in the simple words be long; as
dejero, pejero, from juro; pronuba, inniiba, from niibo;
maledicus, causidicus, veridicus, falidicus, from dico;
semisopitus, from sopitus; nihilum, from ne and hilum
cognitum and agnitum, from notum;h Jiodie, from hjac die.
Imbecillus, from baculus, has the second syllable long. '
The participle ambitus has the penult long, but the nouns
ambitus and ambltio have it short. k
g This derivation of nihilum is generally received by Etymologists, and
rests on the authority of Priscian and Varro. Hilum is said to have signified
" the Utile black of a bean, i. e. a very nothing;" and hence, in an old
poet quoted by Cicero, Tusc 1. 4. , we have,
" Sisyphu' venal
" Saxum tudant nitendo, nequeproficit hilum. " i. e. nihil.
Scaliger, in his notes to Festus, asserts the old orthography to have been
hillum. If so, the deviation in nihilum, from the quantity of the primitive,
may be accounted for by Syncope.
h According to Vossius, in Cognitum et Agnitum, eequuntur Latini
naturampolysyllaborum simplicium, ut sunt Hubitum, Bibiium, et timilia. "
Perhaps it would be more correct to say that in notum the Crasis operated
to lengthen the word from novitum, and the Syncope to shorten cognitum
and agnitum.
i It would be more proper perhaps to call the second syllable in imbe-
cillus common. It is short in Prudentius, Hymn. post, cibum, v. 2. , and
long in Horace, Sat. 2. 7. 39. , and in Paulinus, lie Celsi obitu. v. 114. The
Port-Royal grammarian censures Prudentius for this apparent violation of
quantity. It may be observed, however, in defence of the Christian poet,
that it is more consistent with the derivation of the word, to make its
second syllable short, than long; and that Lucretius, in the verb vacillo,
which is derived from baculus or bacillus, shortens the first syllable in six
different parts of his poem, and lengthens it only in one. 3. 503. Gesner.
Thes. L. L- supposes the second syllable of imbecillus to have been made
long by doubling the c, a remark in unison with that of Wase, mentioned
in a preceding note, and which may perhaps furnish us with a safe clew
amid the intricacies of poetic license.
k It has been supposed, that besides ambio, ambitum, a simple derivative
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? OOMPOUND WORDS.
Connubium, from nubo, has the second syllable common.
Virg. Hectoris Andromache, Pyrrhiu? connubia servas ?
Idem. Connubiojungam stabili propriamg; dicabo.
SECT. XIII.
PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION.
Longa A, DE, E, SE, DI, prater Dirimo atque Disei'Ujs.
Sit RE breve: at Refert a Res producito semper.
Corripe PRO Gracum; produc plerumque Latinum.
Contrahe qua Fundus, Fugio, Neptisyue, Neposgue,
Et Festus, Fari, Fateor, Fanum^ue crearunt :
Hiice Profecto addes, pariterque Procella, Protervus,
At primam variant Propago, Propino, Profundo,
Propulso, Procuro, Propello: Proserpina junge.
Corripe AB, et reliquas, obstet nisi consona bina.
A, E, DE, DI, SE, in composition, are long; as amitto. s
erumpo, deduco, diripio, separo.
Virg. Amissos longo socios sermone requiruht.
Idem. Deducunt socii naves, et littora complent.
Idem. Tergora diripiunt coslis et viscera nudant.
Exceptions. --DI is short in Dirimo and Disertus. 1
Virg. Cede Deo dixitque et prcelia voce diremit.
Mart. Non tu, Pomponi, ccena discrta tua est.
RE is short, as relinquo, rgfero ;ra but the impersonal verb
refert (it concerns) from the noun res, is long.
from a/ufi or ambe, (as supero from super,) there was also ambee, ambt.
tum, a compound from eo.
1 Dirimo, according to Vossius, was originally dtsemo, from dts and
emo. The change of s into r, in many Latin words, is taken notice of by
Varro, who cites Valerii, Furii, Aurelii, &c. as instances, the old forms
having been Valesii, Fusii, Auselii, be. If this doctrine be correct, the
quantity of the first syllable in dirimo may be easily accounted for. In the
case of dtsertus, we may suppose the word to have been written originally
dissertus, just as in the supine of dissero we have dissertum, and the se-
cond << to have been in process of time elided, leaving the syllable (Us short,
according to its original quantity.
m See remarks upon the figure Diastole.
B2
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? 1
18 PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION.
Ovid.
Propellit Boreas, testus et unda refert. .
Virg. Pruelerea necjam mutari pabula refert.
PRO is short in Greek words; as Propontis, Prometheus.
In Latin words it is found most frequently long; as proveho,
pronums.
Ovid. Misit in has si quos longa Propontis aquas.
Virg. Provehimur portu, termq; urbesq; recedunt.
Exceptions. --Profundus, profugus, profugio, pronepos,
ptoneptis, profesfus, profciscof, prdfari, prqfiteor, prof anus,
profecto, procella, protervus, propero, have the pro short. "
Proflago," (whether noun or verb,) propino, profunda, pro-
euro, propello, propulso, Proserpina? have the pro common.
The prepositions AB, AD, IN, OB, PER, SUB, are short
in composition before vowels, as are likewise the final syllables
of Ante, Circum, and Super; as abeo, adero, adoro, inuro,
obeo, perimo, subeo, antefero, circumago, superaddo.
Virg. Omnibus umbra locis adero : dabis improbe pcenas'.
Idem. Junonis magne primum prece numen ddora.
Juv. Circumagat madidas d tempestate cohortes.
Sometimes when AB or OB is joined in composition to a
word beginning with a consonant, the preposition loses its
final consonant and remains short; as aperi'o, omitto, operio.
Ovid. Aprilem memorant ab aperto tempore dictum.
Hor. Quod petiit, spernit; repetit quod nuper omisit.
n Dr. Carey is of opinion, that the Latin Pro in composition is every
"where common. ; and that we should probably find it so, it" we had enough
of the ancient poetry 1'emaining-
o Pvopago, the noun, has, according to the grammarians, the pro long,
when it signifies " a vine stock or layer," and short, w hen it signifies
" race or lineage. " The learned prosodian above named, maintains that
this distinction is an idle one; that propago is in both cases the same word,
only used on some occasions in its natural signification, on othera metaphori-
cally ; as we say in English, the Stock of a tree, and the Stock of a family.
He considers, therefore, the pro in propago as common; and in confirma-
tion of his opinion, quotes the following passage from Statius, Sibv, 2. 3. 39.
Prinnevam visu platanum, cui longa prSpago,
Innumerteque manus, et iturus in <<thera vertex.
p Proserpina, according to some, was so called from being the goddess
who presides over the corn when it has sprouted above the earl h, " cum
super terrain seges proserpserit. "--According to Vossius, the name is, a
oorruption from n<<g<<<)>ovii.
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? C 19 )
SECT. XIV.
A, E, I, U, AND V, IN COMPOSITION.
Produc A semper, composti parte priore ;
At simul E, simid I, ferme breviare memento.
Nequidquam produc, Nequando, Venefica, Nequam,
Nequaquam, Ncquis sociosque: Videlicet addes.
Idem masculeum monitus producito, Siquis,
Scilicet et BigEe, Tibicen : junge Quadrigae,
Bimus, Tantidem, Quidam et compdsla Diei.
Compositum variabis Ubi, variabis Ibidem.
IF the first part of a Latin compound word end in A, that
vowel is long; as trdno, trdduco, trado. i But if it end in
E, the E is in general short: as trecenti, nefas.
Virg. Expertes belli juvenes, ast Ilva trecentos.
Juv. Credebant hoc grande nefas et morte piandum.
But in verbs compounded with facio or fio, the E appears
to be common; as tremefacio, calefacio, tumefacio, liquefiot
patejio, &c. r
Exceptions. --Nequis,* Nequa, Nequod, nequitia, nequam,
nequaquam, nequidquam, nequando, videlicet, venefica, semo-
dius, semestris, sedecim, have the E long. Helibra, however,
is shortened by Martial. '
q Trano, traduce, trado, &c. were originally written transno, trans,
duco, transdo ; hence tbe quantity of the a in the initial syllables.
r The E is short in some, long in others, and in others again both long
and short: thus, tremefacio and caUfacia are shortened by Claudian; con-
tablfacio is made long by Plautns; ravefacio and vacefio are lengthened
by Lucretius; while tepefacio is short in Virgil and long in Catullus, pate-
facio short in Ovid and long in Ennius, paiejio short in Propertius and long
in Lucretius, Uquefio short in Ovid, and liquefacio long in Catullus.
s The difference in quantity between nlcesse, nefas, nefandue, nifastus,
nefurius, niqueo, and nequis, nequum, nequitia, sc. has been supposed to
be owing to the circumstance, that in the former class of words die <<? was
formed by Apocope from tbe conjunction nic, and so retains its original
quantity ; whereas, in the latter, either it is the abverb ve which is always
long, or the c of nec was retained in pronunciation, though omitted in
writing.
t Videlicet is formed from videre and licet, just as scilicet from scire
licet, and ilicet from ire licet. Veneftcus and venefica are compounded of
venim/m and facio. Simodius and semestris are contractions, being formed
by Crasis from semimodius and semimeslris, the letter m baring the sound
jnentsoaed in Sect. I. note >>. Sedecim was originally texdecim.
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? 20
A, E, I, U, AND Yj IN COMPOSITION.
Virg. Nequa meis eato dictia mora : Jufiiter hac alec.
Ovid. Barbara narratur veniase vene/ica tecum.
Mart. Et thuris fiijieriaque trea aetibree.
If the first part of a compound terminate in I, U, or Y, the
vowel is shortened; as Omnipotens, causldicus, tubicen," Me-
lilolus, biceps, triceps, bicorpor, tricorpor, tricuspis, duplex,
ducenti, quadrupes, Polydorus, &c.
Virg. Tum flater omnifiotens, rerum cui summa flotestas.
Mart. Carfiere causidicus fertur mea carmina.
Ovid. Para thyma, fiara rorem, fiars meliioton amat.
The masculine idem, and big<t, quadrigte, siquis, siqua,
siquod, scilicet, ilicet, tibicen, melliphyllon, Trinacria, bimus,
trimus, quadrimus, quivis, quidam, quilibet, tarUidem, bi-
duum, triduum, and the other compounds of dies, together,
with meridies, quotidie, &c. have the I long.
Mart. Difficilia, Jacilis, jucundua, acerbua et idem.
Idem. Si totua libi triduo legatur.
Idem. Inter tefientea fiost meridiem buxos.
In ubicunque and ubivis, the I, as in the primitive ubi, is
common; in ubique and ibidem, the middle syllable is gene-
rally long, though, strictly speaking, it should also be regarded
as common. 11
u Tubieen falls under the general rule; whereas tibicen, a different
word, is by contraction from tibucen. See Section IV.
x The middle syllable in ubique should be considered common, for the
same reason that the corresponding syllables in ubicunque and ubivie are
regarded as such, they all being derived from ubi. The authorities, how-
ever, to prove that the middle syllable of ubique was short as well as long,
are very rare. Wase cites two lines from Plantus, JBucch. 5,1. 1. and Cas.
2. S. 38. in which he maintains that ubique is found short; and then goes
on to remark--" Totum discrimen in hoc verti videtur, quod ubi, cum
desinat in ancipitem, quolies adjicitur particula copulaiiva, ultimam
corripiat i quoties expletiva, producat: apud recentiores quidem, dis.
cretionis causa; non item apud vetuetissimos. " The difference in quan-
tity here alluded to, though it may not have any very strong arguments in
its favour, may yet be recommended " discretionis causa," and will be
found, in nnny cases, extremely convenient, For example; let the student
in reading Sallust, where ubique, in the sense of et ubi, frequently occurs,
be taught in every such instance to pronounce it ubique, reserving the long
quantity for ubique, when it signifies " in every place," "every where"--
With regard to ibidem, though generally found long like ubique, it is
shortened however by Juvencus and Mamercus, and by Plautus in the fol-
lowing lines; Merc. 1. 3. 99. ; Most. 2. J. 51. | Trin. I. 2. 166. ; Captiv.
I. 2, 94. ; Jiacch. 2. 3. 79,; Stich. 2. 3. 12.
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? ( 21 )
SECT. XV.
O IN COMPOSITION.
GrcBcum O (Mix<<o>>) prima composti corripe parte :
n (M'. yx) produces, partem dum claudit tandem.
O Latium in variis breviat vel protrahit urns.
IN words of Greek origin, when the first part of the com-
pound ends in O, that vowel is short; as Cymothae, Carpd-
phorus, Argonauta.
Mart. Swcula Carpophorum, Caesar, siprisca tulissent,
Jam nullum monstris orbe fuisset opus.
Idem. Non nautas puto vos, sed Argonautas.
But if the first part of the compound end in O-mega, the
O is long in Latin; as rsw^Tjus, Geometra; Mivo>t<*i>{o;,
Mindtaurus; Aayumu;, Lagopus.
Virg. Mindtaurus inest Veneris monumenta nefandm.
Mart. Si meus aurita gaudet lagopode JFlaccus.
O in compound Latin words is sometimes long, as alio-
quin, quandoque; and sometimes short, as quandoquidem,
hod it, duodeni. y
Virg. Dicite quandoquidem, in molli consedimus herba.
Horat. Indignor, quanddq; bonus dormitat Homerus.
SECT. XVI.
INCREMENT OP NOUNS.
IF the genitive singular of a noun be equal to the nomi-
native in the number of its syllables, that noun has no incre-
ment; as Musa, Musce; Dominus, Domini.
But if the genitive contain more syllables than the nomi-
native, then the penultima of the genitive will be the incre-
ment of the noun, and that syllable, whether it be long or
short, will retain its quantity in all the oblique cases of the
y Dr. Carey considers quandoque and quandoquidem, together with
duodeni, as having the o common, according to the quantity of the simple
quando and duo.
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? 22
INCREMENT OP NOUNS.
singular and plural numbers; as Sermo, sermonis, sermoni,
sermdnem, sermone, sermdnes, sermonum, sermonibus.
Exception. --In Bobus, the o is long, though short in the
genitive bovis. *
SECT. XVII.
INCREMENTS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.
Casibus obliquis viz crescit prima. Secunda
Corripit incrementa, tamen producit Iberi.
A, In the old increment of the first declension, is always
long; as aulai, pictd'i, aural, longai. *
Virg. Aulai in medio libabant pocula Bacchi.
The increments of the second declension are short; as
miser, miseri; vir, viri; satur, saturi; puer, pueri.
Virg. Non ignara mali miseris succurrere disco.
Persius. inter pocula qucerunt,
Romulidee saturi quid dia poemata narrent.
z Bobus is formed by Syncope and Crasis from Bovibus or Boioibm,
and is only a deviation in appearance. Many nouns are cited as having a
double increment, such, for example, as iter, jecur, supellex, preceps,
&c; the truth, however, is, that the genitives commonly assigned them,
belong in fact to other and older forms.
