No More Learning

I love so madly, many die
From less, and now my hour seems near.
For though my love's to me most dear,
In vain for help or hope I sigh.
A fire upon my heart is fed,
The Nile could quench no more than thread
Of finest silk support a tower.
Alas that I must still lament
The pains that from love ever flow;
That baffled hope and ceaseless woe
All color from my cheek have sent.
But white as snow shall be my hair,
And I a trembling dotard, ere
Of my best lady I complain.
How oft, from lady's love we see
The fierce and wicked change their mood;
How oft is he most kind and good
Who, did he not love tenderly,
Would be each passion's wayward slave.
Thus am I meek with good and brave,
But haughty to the bad and vain.
Thus with delight each cherished woe I dree,
And sweet as manna seems slight joy to me.
Blackwood's Magazine, February 1836.


## p. 11884 (#514) ##########################################

11884
PROVENÇAL LITERATURE
II
THERE is who spurns the leaf, and turns
The stateliest flower of all to cull:
So on life's topmost bough sojourns
My lady; the most beautiful!
Whom with his own nobility
Our Lord hath graced, so she may move
In glorious worth our lives above,
Yet soft with all humility.
Her pleading look my spirit shook,
And won my fealty long ago;
My heart's blood stronger impulse took,
Freshening my colors. And yet so,
No otherwise discovering
My love, I bode. Now, lady mine,
At last, before thy throngèd shrine,
I also lay my offering.
III
THE visions tender
Which thy love giveth me,
Still bid me render
My vows, in song, to thee;
Gracious and slender,
Thine image I can see,
Wherever I wend, or
What eyes do look on me.
Yea, in the frowning face
Of uttermost disgrace,
Proud would I take my place
Before thy feet,
Lady, whose aspect sweet
Doth my poor self efface,
And leave but joy and praise.
Who shall deny me
The memory of thine eyes?
Evermore by me
Thy lithe white form doth rise.


## p. 11885 (#515) ##########################################

PROVENÇAL LITERATURE
11885
If God were nigh me
Alway, in so sure wise,
Quick might I hie me
Into his Paradise!
Ο
COMTESSE DE DIE
Translations of H. W. P.
(TWELFTH CENTURY)
F THAT I would not, I, alas! must sing,
He whom I love has caused me such deep pain:
For though I love him more than earthly thing,
My love and courtesy but meet disdain,
And beauty, merit, wit, are all in vain;
But I must mourn as hopelessly and long
As if I wittingly had done him wrong.
It comforts me, sweet friend, to think that never
Have I 'gainst you in word or deed transgressed:
More than Seguis Valens* I loved you ever,
And that my love surpasses yours I'm blessed;
For you are worthier far, O dearest, best.
You're proud to me in conduct, speech, and air,
But to all others kind and debonaire.
It marvels me, sweet friend, that you can feel
Towards me that pride that cuts me to the heart:
All wrong it were that any dame should steal
Your love from me, whate'er may be her art;
And never let the memory depart
Of what our love once was. Mother divine!
Forbid that coldness sprang from fault of mine.
Your prowess which all others hold so dear,
Your fame, disquiet me with their bright shine;
For not a lady, whether far or near,
But will, if e'er she love, to you incline.
But you, sweet friend, ah! well might you divine
Where beats the heart more tender than them all:
Forget not former vows, whate'er befall.
* Seguis and Valens were the hero and heroine of a romance of that day.


## p. 11886 (#516) ##########################################

11886
PROVENÇAL LITERATURE
Much should pure fame, much should desert avail,
My beauty much, but truth and love far more;
Therefore send I this song to bid you hail,
And in your ear my thoughts and hopes to pour.
I fain would know, O friend that I adore!
Why you to me are ever harsh and cold:
Is't pride or hate, or think you me too bold?
All this my message bears, and this beside,
That many suffer from excess of pride.
Blackwood's Magazine, February 1836.
So
ARNAUT DE MAROILL
(1170-1200)
OFTLY sighs the April air
With the coming of the May;
Of the tranquil night aware,
Murmur nightingale and jay;
Then, when dewy dawn doth rise,
Every bird, in his own tongue,
Wakes his mate with happy cries,-
All their joy abroad is flung.
Gladness, lo, is everywhere,
When the first leaf sees the day:
And shall I alone despair,
Turning from sweet love away?
Something to my heart replies
Thou too wast for rapture strung:
Wherefore else the dreams that rise
Round thee, when the year is young?
One than Helen yet more fair,
Loveliest blossom of the May,
Rose tints hath and sunny hair,
And a gracious mien and gay;
Heart that scorneth all disguise,
Lips where pearls of truth are hung:
God who gives all sovereignties
Knows her like was never sung.
Though she lead through long despair,
I would never say her nay,


## p. 11887 (#517) ##########################################

PROVENÇAL LITERATURE
11887
If one kiss-reward how rare! -
Each new trial might repay.
Swift returns I'd then devise,
Many laborers but not iong;
Following so fair a prize,
I could never more go wrong.
RAIMON DE MIRAVAL
(1190-1200)
Translation of H. W. P.
F
AIR summer-time doth me delight,
And song of birds delights no less;
Meadows delight in their green dress,
Delight the trees in verdure bright;
And far, far more delights thy graciousness,
Lady, and I to do thy will, delight.
Yet be not this delight my final boon,
Or I of my desire shall perish soon!
For that desire most exquisite
Of all desires, I live in stress
Desire of thy rich comeliness;
Oh, come, and my desire requite!
Though doubling that desire by each caress,
Is my desire not single in thy sight?
Let me not then, desiring sink undone;
To love's high joys, desire be rather prone!
No alien joy will I invite,
But joy in thee, to all excess:
Joy in thy grace, nor e'en confess
Whatso might do my joy despite.
So deep my joy, my lady, no distress
That joy shall master; for thy beauty's light
Such joy hath shed, for each day it hath shone,
Joyless I cannot be while I live on.
Translation of H. W. P.


## p. 11888 (#518) ##########################################

11888
PROVENÇAL LITERATURE
ALBA-AUTHOR UNKNOWN
(TWELFTH CENTURY)
UNE
NDER the hawthorns of an orchard lawn,
She laid her head her lover's breast upon,
Silent, until the guard should cry the dawn;
Ah God! ah God! Why comes the day so soon?
I would the night might never have passed by!
So wouldst thou not have left me, at the cry
Of yonder warder to the whitening sky;-
Ah God! ah God! Why comes the day so soon?
One kiss more, sweetheart, ere the melodies
Of early birds from all the fields arise!
One more, without a thought of jealous eyes! —
Ah God! ah God! Why comes the day so soon?
And yet one more, under the garden wall,
For now the birds begin their festival,
And the day wakens at the warder's call;-
Ah God! ah God! Why comes the day so soon?
-
'Tis o'er! O dearest, noblest, knightliest,
The breeze that greets thy going fans my breast!
I quaff it, as thy breath, and I am blest! —
Ah God! ah God! Why comes the day so soon?
Fair was the lady, and her fame was wide;
And many knights for her dear favor sighed;
But leal the heart out of whose depths she cried,-
Ah God! ah God! Why comes the day so soon?
Translation of H. W. P.
ALBA-GUIRAUT DE BORNEIL
(1175-1230)
Α΄
LL-GLORIOUS King! True light of all below!
Thou who canst all! If it may please thee so,
The comrade of my soul from danger screen;
Whom all the darkling hours I have not seen,
And now the dawn is near.
Dear comrade, wakest thou, or sleepest yet?
Oh, sleep no more, but rouse thee, nor forget


## p. 11889 (#519) ##########################################

PROVENÇAL LITERATURE
11889
The herald signal in the brightening east,
The star of day that I behold increased-
For now the dawn is near.
Dear comrade, hark my summons, I implore!
The little birds are waking,- sleep no more!
Through all the wood they clamor for the day;
Let not yon jealous foe thy steps waylay,
For now the dawn is near.
Dear comrade, rouse thee! Throw thy window wide!
See writ in heaven the harm that may betide:
A trusty guardian in thy comrade own,
Or else, alas, the woe will be thine own;
For now the dawn is near.
Dear comrade, since at nightfall we did part,
Slept have I none, but prayed with fervent heart
The son of holy Mary to restore
My loyal fellow to my side once more:
And now the day is near.
Dear comrade, yonder by the frowning keep,
Didst thou not warn me never once to sleep?
Now have I watched all night. Thou doest me wrong
Thus to disdain the singer and the song;
For now the dawn is near.
Sweet comrade mine, I am so rich in bliss,
Naught reck I of the morns to follow this!
I clasp the loveliest one of mother born,
And care no longer, in my happy scorn,
If dawn or foe draw near!
A
Translation of H. W. P.
ALBA- BERTRAND D'AAMANON
(END OF TWELFTH CENTURY)
KNIGHT was sitting by her side.
He loved more than aught else beside;
And as he kissed her, often sighed :-
Ah, dearest, now am I forlorn,
Night is away - alas, 'tis morn!
Ah, woe!
XX-744


## p. 11890 (#520) ##########################################

11890
PROVENÇAL LITERATURE
Already has the warder cried,
"Up and begone, 'tis now bright day.
The dawn has passed away. "
Ah, dearest love! it were a thing
Sweet beyond all imagining,
If naught could day or dawning bring
There, where, caressing and caressed,
A lover clasps her he loves best.
Ah, woe!
Hark! what must end our communing!
"Up and begone, 'tis now bright day-
The dawn has passed away. "
-
Dearest, whate'er you hear, believe
That nothing on the earth can grieve
Like him who must his true love leave:
This from myself I know aright.
Alas, how swiftly flies the night!
Ah, woe!
The warder's cry gives no reprieve:
"Up and begone, 'tis now bright day —
The dawn has passed away. "
I go! Farewell, sweet love, to thee,
Yours I am still, where'er I be.
Oh, I beseech you think on me!
For here will dwell my heart of hearts,
Nor leave you till its life departs.
Ah, woe!
The warder cries impatiently,
"Up and begone! 'tis now bright day—
The dawn has passed away. "
Unless I soon to you can fly,
Dearest, I'll lay me down and die;
So soon will love my heart's springs dry.
Ah! soon will I return again—
Life without you is only pain.
Ah, woe!
Hark to the warder's louder cry!
"Up and begone! 'tis now bright day-
The dawn is passed away. "
-
Blackwood's Magazine, February 1836.


## p. 11891 (#521) ##########################################

11891
LUIGI PULCI
(1431-1486)
teenth century.
ITTLE creative work was done in Italian literature in the fif-
Students loved rather to revive the ancient
classics; and the Italian language came to be regarded as a
tongue too plebeian for the expression of lofty conceptions. Luigi
Pulci is one of the few poets of that century who held in honor the
Tuscan dialect.
-
Pulci was born in 1431, and died (according to most authorities) in
1486. His life seems to have had no importance in the political his-
tory of his times; but in literature he prepared the way for Berni
and for Ariosto, and established for himself a firm position as the
author of 'Il Morgante Maggiore' (Morgante the Giant), a burlesque
epic in twenty-eight cantos. He was a warm friend of Lorenzo de'
Medici, the Magnificent, whose mother, Lucrezia Tornabuoni, he
says, urged and inspired him in the composition of this work. The
romances of Carlovingian chivalry had acquired at the time wonderful
popularity in Italy; by which popularity Pulci was half maddened,
half amused. With infinite delight he gave his mocking imagination
free play; and in 'Il Morgante Maggiore' he turns into good-natured
ridicule the combats and exploits which form the scheme of the medi-
æval epic.
The poem has three heroes,- Roland, Rinaldo, and Charlemagne;
and a dramatis persona of such proportions that adventures become
as numerous as are the sands of the sea. Time and space are here
more successfully annihilated than in these days of steam and of
electricity. The journey to France from Persia or Babylon is accom-
plished with a speed which staggers the modern world.
'Il Morgante Maggiore' treats of the time when Roland, enraged
by the relations which have sprung up between Charlemagne and
Gano di Maganza, leaves the court of the Emperor, to which he is
bound as a paladin, and journeys in foreign lands. At the outset of
his trip he comes to a monastery assaulted by three giants of fabu-
lous proportions: Roland confronts two of these and kills them; the
third, Morgante, he converts to Christianity, and carries with him as
a companion. Though not its principal personage, this giant, Mor-
gante, gives his name to the epic. He and Roland proceed together;


## p. 11892 (#522) ##########################################

11892
LUIGI PULCI
but in Persia, Roland is taken prisoner. On his liberation he becomes
Sultan of Babylon, which empire he after a short time relinquishes,
mastered by his old hatred of Gano, to fight whom he returns to
France. Charlemagne, as soon as he learned of the flight of his dear
Roland, sends in quest of him Rinaldo, Ulivieri, and Dodoni, each of
whom has marvelous experiences. Ulivieri converts to Christianity
a Saracen princess, Meridiana, who falls in love with him; Rinaldo
wrests the throne from Charlemagne, and in deference to his advanced
years, returns it to him,-forgiving, on the ground of senility, his
faith in Gano. Morgante too has now set out in search of his lost
Roland, taking with him a giant called Margutte. Their congenial
companionship, however, is terminated by an unusual catastrophe.
Margutte, after a lavish feast, falls into a heavy sleep. Morgante, for
the sake of having a little sport when his companion wakes, takes off
Margutte's boots and hides them; but they are found by a monkey,
who, enchanted by this new toy, amuses herself by putting them on
and drawing them off. She continues this amusement so long that
Margutte wakes and sees her; at which he is attacked by such vio-
lent laughter that his body bursts open. Morgante dies a less hilarious
death, occasioned by the bite of a crawfish on his heel. This poem,
with the disconnected paths of its heroes and its isolated events, can
scarcely claim any unity of conception. The moving power of the
story is, however, the malignity of Gano di Maganza; and this holds
together with a slender thread the arbitrary incidents of the story,
weaving them into a fascinatingly bizarre pattern. The climax of the
poem is the death of Roland in the narrow valley of Roncesvalles,
and the death by torture of Gano, whose infidelity Charlemagne can
no longer doubt.
In the midst of extravagant buffooneries, Pulci often pauses, and
by a line of finest pathos reveals himself a true poet. While ridicul-
ing the troubadours with grotesque humor, he suddenly brightens his
descriptions by a gleam of human philosophy. He is the author of a
series of sonnets, of a parody on a pastoral poem written by Lorenzo
de' Medici, and also of a novel called 'A Confession to the Holy Vir-
gin. ' His reputation, however, lives entirely through his 'Morgante
Maggiore'; which is interesting as being the first romantic poem
which Italy produced, as well as through the variety of its incident
and the fascination of its style.


## p. 11893 (#523) ##########################################

LUIGI PULCI
11893
THE CONVERSION OF THE GIANT MORGANTE
From the 'Morgante Maggiore ›
B
UT watchful Fortune, lurking, takes good heed
Ever some bar 'gainst our intents to bring.
While Charles reposed him thus, in word and deed
Orlando ruled court, Charles, and everything;
Curst Gan, with envy bursting, had such need
To vent his spite, that thus with Charles the King
One day he openly began to say,—
"Orlando must we always then obey?
"A thousand times I've been about to say,
Orlando too presumptuously goes on.
Here are we, counts, kings, dukes, to own thy sway;
Hamo and Otho, Ogier, Solomon,
Each have to honor thee and to obey:
But he has too much credit near the throne;
Which we won't suffer, but are quite decided
By such a boy to be no longer guided.
"And even at Aspramont thou didst begin
To let him know he was a gallant knight,
And by the fount did much the day to win;
But I know who that day had won the fight
If it had not for good Gherardo been:
The victory was Almonte's else; his sight
He kept upon the standard, and the laurels
In fact and fairness are his earning, Charles.
"If thou rememberest being in Gascony,
When there advanced the nations out of Spain,
The Christian cause had suffered shamefully,
Had not his valor driven them back again.
Best speak the truth when there's a reason why:
Know then, O Emperor! that all complain;
As for myself, I shall repass the mounts
O'er which I crossed with two-and-sixty counts.
"Tis fit my grandeur should dispense relief,
So that each here may have his proper part,
For the whole court is more or less in grief:
Perhaps thou deem'st this lad a Mars in heart? »


## p. 11894 (#524) ##########################################

11894
LUIGI PULCI
Orlando one day heard this speech in brief,
As by himself it chanced he sat apart:
Displeased he was with Gan because he said it,
But much more still that Charles should give him credit.
And with the sword he would have murdered Gan,
But Oliver thrust in between the pair,
And from his hand extracted Durlindan,
And thus at length they separated were.
Orlando, angry too with Carloman,
Wanted but little to have slain him there;
Then forth alone from Paris went the chief,
And burst and maddened with disdain and grief.
Then full of wrath departed from the place,
And far as pagan countries roamed astray,
And while he rode, yet still at every pace
The traitor Gan remembered by the way;
And wandering on in error a long space,
An abbey which in a lone desert lay,
'Midst glens obscure and distant lands, he found,
Which formed the Christian's and the pagan's bound.
The abbot was called Clermont, and by blood
Descended from Angrante; under cover
Of a great mountain's brow the abbey stood,
But certain savage giants looked him over:
One Passamont was foremost of the brood,
And Alabaster and Morgante hover
Second and third, with certain slings, and throw
In daily jeopardy the place below.
The monks could pass the convent gate no more,
Nor leave their cells for water or for wood.
Orlando knocked, but none would ope, before
Unto the prior it at length seemed good;
Entered, he said that he was taught to adore
Him who was born of Mary's holiest blood,
And was baptized a Christian; and then showed
How to the abbey he had found his road.
Said the abbot, "You are welcome; what is mine
We give you freely, since that you believe
With us in Mary Mother's son divine;
And that you may not, cavalier, conceive


## p. 11895 (#525) ##########################################

LUIGI PULCI
11895
The cause of our delay to let you in
To be rusticity, you shall receive
The reason why our gate was barred to you;-
Thus those who in suspicion live must do.
"When hither to inhabit first we came
These mountains, albeit that they are obscure,
As you perceive, yet without fear or blame
They seemed to promise an asylum sure;
From savage brutes alone, too fierce to tame,
'Twas fit our quiet dwelling to secure;
But now, if here we'd stay, we needs must guard
Against domestic beasts with watch and ward.
"These make us stand, in fact, upon the watch;
For late there have appeared three giants rough:
What nation or what kingdom bore the batch
I know not; but they are all of savage stuff.
When force and malice with some genius match,
You know they can do all-we are not enough;
And these so much our orisons derange,
I know not what to do till matters change.
"Our ancient fathers living the desert in,
For just and holy works were duly fed;
Think not they lived on locusts sole,- 'tis certain
That manna was rained down from heaven instead:
But here tis fit we keep on the alert in
[bread,
Our bounds, or taste the stones showered down for
From oft yon mountain daily raining faster,
And flung by Passamont and Alabaster.
"The third, Morgante, 's savagest by far: he
Plucks up pines, beeches, poplar-trees, and oaks,
And flings them, our community to bury;
And all that I can do but more provokes. "
While thus they parley in the cemetery,
A stone from one of their gigantic strokes,
Which nearly crushed Rondell, came tumbling over,
So that he took a long leap under cover.
"For God's sake, cavalier, come in with speed!
The manna's falling now," the abbot cried.
"This fellow does not wish my horse should feed,
Dear abbot," Roland unto him replied:


## p. 11896 (#526) ##########################################

11896
LUIGI PULCI
"Of restiveness he'd cure him had he need;
That stone seems with good will and aim applied. »
The holy father said, "I don't deceive:
They'll one day fling the mountain, I believe. »
Orlando bade them take care of Rondello,
And also made a breakfast of his own.
"Abbot," he said, "I want to find that fellow
Who flung at my good horse yon corner-stone. "
Said the abbot, "Let not my advice seem shallow,—
As to a brother dear I speak alone:
I would dissuade you, baron, from this strife,
As knowing sure that you will lose your life.
"That Passamont has in his hand three darts,-
Such slings, clubs, ballast-stones, that yield you must;
You know that giants have much stouter hearts
Than we, with reason, in proportion just:
If go you will, guard well against their arts,
For these are very barbarous and robust. "
Orlando answered, "This I'll see, be sure,
And walk the wild on foot to be secure. "
The abbot signed the great cross on his front:
"Then go you with God's benison and mine! "
Orlando, after he had scaled the mount,
As the abbot had directed, kept the line
Right to the usual haunt of Passamont;
Who, seeing him alone in this design,
Surveyed him fore and aft with eyes observant,
Then asked him "if he wished to stay as servant? "
And promised him an office of great ease.
But said Orlando, "Saracen insane!
I come to kill you, if it shall so please
God, not to serve as footboy in your train:
You with his monks so oft have broke the peace-
Vile dog! 'tis past his patience to sustain. »
The giant ran to fetch his arms, quite furious,
When he received an answer so injurious:
And being returned to where Orlando stood,
Who had not moved him from the spot, and swinging
The cord, he hurled a stone with strength so rude
As showed a sample of his skill in slinging;


## p. 11897 (#527) ##########################################

LUIGI PULCI
11897
It rolled on Count Orlando's helmet good
And head, and set both head and helmet ringing,
So that he swooned with pain as if he died,
But more than dead, he seemed so stupefied.
Then Passamont, who thought him slain outright.
Said, "I will go; and while he lies along,
Disarm me: why such craven did I fight? "
But Christ his servants ne'er abandons long,
Especially Orlando, such a knight
As to desert would almost be a wrong.
While the giant goes to put off his defenses,
Orlando has recalled his force and senses.
And loud he shouted, "Giant, where dost go?
Thou thought'st me doubtless for the bier outlaid:
To the right about! — without wings thou'rt too slow
To fly my vengeance, currish renegade!
'Twas but by treachery thou laid'st me low. "
The giant his astonishment betrayed,
And turned about, and stopped his journey on,
And then he stooped to pick up a great stone.
Orlando had Cortana bare in hand;
To split the head in twain was what he schemed.
Cortana clave the skull like a true brand,
And pagan Passamont died unredeemed;
Yet harsh and haughty, as he lay he banned,
And most devoutly Macon still blasphemed:
But while his crude, rude blasphemies he heard,
Orlando thanked the Father and the Word,-
Saying, "What grace to me thou'st given!
And I to thee, O Lord, am ever bound.
I know my life was saved by thee from heaven,
Since by the giant I was fairly downed.
All things by thee are measured just and even;
Our power without thine aid would naught be found.
I pray thee take heed of me, till I can
At least return once more to Carloman. "
And having said thus much, he went his way;
And Alabaster he found out below,
Doing the very best that in him lay
To root from out a bank a rock or two.


## p. 11898 (#528) ##########################################

11898
LUIGI PULCI
Orlando, when he reached him, loud 'gan say,
"How think'st thou, glutton, such a stone to throw? »
When Alabaster heard his deep voice ring,
He suddenly betook him to his sling,
And hurled a fragment of a size so large,
That if it had in fact fulfilled its mission,
And Roland not availed him of his targe,
There would have been no need of a physician.
Orlando set himself in turn to charge,
And in his bulky bosom made incision
With all his sword. The lout fell; but, o'erthrown, he
However by no means forgot Macone.
Morgante had a palace in his mode,
Composed of branches, logs of wood, and earth;
And stretched himself at ease in this abode,
And shut himself at night within his berth.
Orlando knocked, and knocked again, to goad
The giant from his sleep; and he came forth,
The door to open, like a crazy thing,
For a rough dream had shook him slumbering.
He thought that a fierce serpent had attacked him,
And Mahomet he called; but Mahomet
Is nothing worth, and not an instant backed him;
But praying blessed Jesu, he was set
At liberty from all the fears which racked him.
And to the gate he came with great regret:
"Who knocks here? " grumbling all the while, said he.
"That," said Orlando, "you will quickly see.
"I come to preach to you, as to your brothers,
Sent by the miserable monks-repentance;
For Providence divine, in you and others,
Condemns the evil done by new acquaintance.
'Tis writ on high, your wrong must pay another's;
From heaven itself is issued out this sentence:
Know, then, that colder now than a pilaster
I left your Passamont and Alabaster. »
Morgante said, "O gentle cavalier!
Now by thy God say me no villainy;
The favor of your name I fain would hear,
And if a Christian, speak for courtesy. "


## p. 11899 (#529) ##########################################

LUIGI PULCI
11899
Replied Orlando, "So much to your ear
I by my faith disclose contentedly,
Christ I adore, who is the genuine Lord,
And if you please, by you may be adored. "
The Saracen rejoined in humble tone:
"I have had an extraordinary vision;
A savage serpent fell on me alone,
And Macon would not pity my condition.
Hence to thy God, who for ye did atone
Upon the cross, preferred I my petition;
His timely succor set me safe and free,
And I a Christian am disposed to be. "
―
Orlando answered, "Baron just and pious,
If this good wish your heart can really move
To the true God, who will not then deny us
Eternal honor, you will go above.
And if you please, as friends we will ally us,
And I will love you with a perfect love.
Your idols are vain liars full of fraud;
The only true God is the Christian's God.
"The Lord descended to the virgin breast
Of Mary Mother, sinless and divine;
If you acknowledge the Redeemer, blest,
Without whom neither sun nor star can shine,
Abjure bad Macon's false and felon test,
Your renegado God, and worship mine,-
Baptize yourself with zeal, since you repent. "
To which Morgante answered, "I'm content. "
And then Orlando to embrace him flew,
And made much of his convert, as he cried,
"To the abbey I will gladly marshal you. "
To whom Morgante "Let us go" replied:
"I to the friars have for peace to sue. "
Which thing Orlando heard with inward pride,
Saying, "My brother, so devout and good,
Ask the abbot pardon, as I wish you would;
"Since God has granted your illumination,
Accepting you in mercy for his own,
Humility should be your first oblation. "
Morgante said, "For goodness's sake make known -
-


## p. 11900 (#530) ##########################################

11900
LUIGI PULCI
Since that your God is to be mine-your station,
And let your name in verity be shown;
Then will I everything at your command do. "
On which the other said, he was Orlando.
"Then," quoth the giant, "blessed be Jesu,
A thousand times with gratitude and praise!
Oft, perfect baron! have I heard of you
Through all the different periods of my days;
And as I said, to be your vassal too
I wish, for your great gallantry always. "
Thus reasoning, they continued much to say,
And onwards to the abbey went their way.
Then to the abbey they went on together,
Where waited them the abbot in great doubt.
The monks, who knew not yet the fact, ran thither
To their superior, all in breathless rout,
Saying, with tremor, "Please to tell us whether
You wish to have this person in or out? »
The abbot, looking through upon the giant,
Too greatly feared, at first, to be compliant.
Orlando, seeing him thus agitated,
Said quickly, "Abbot, be thou of good cheer:
He Christ believes, as Christian must be rated,
And hath renounced his Macon false;" which here
Morgante with the hands corroborated,-
A proof of both the giants' fate quite clear:
Thence, with due thanks, the abbot God adored,
Saying, "Thou hast contented me, O Lord! »
He gazed; Morgante's height he calculated,
And more than once contemplated his size;
And then he said, "O giant celebrated,
Know that no more my wonder will arise,
How you could tear and fling the trees you late did,
When I behold your form with my own eyes. "
And thus great honor to Morgante paid
The abbot: many days they did repose.
One day, as with Orlando they both strayed,
And sauntered here and there where'er they chose,
The abbot showed a chamber where arrayed
Much armor was, and hung up certain bows;


## p. 11901 (#531) ##########################################

LUIGI PULCI
And one of these Morgante for a whim
Girt on, though useless, he believed, to him.
There being a want of water in the place,
Orlando, like a worthy brother, said,
Morgante, I could wish you in this case
To go for water. " "You shall be obeyed
In all commands," was the reply, "straightway. "
Upon his shoulder a great tub he laid,
And went out on his way unto a fountain,
Where he was wont to drink below the mountain.
Arrived there, a prodigious noise he hears,
Which suddenly along the forest spread;
Whereat from out his quiver he prepares
An arrow for his bow, and lifts his head:
And lo! a monstrous herd of swine appears,
And onward rushes with tempestuous tread,
And to the fountain's brink precisely pours,
So that the giant's joined by all the boars.
Morgante at a venture shot an arrow,
Which pierced a pig precisely in the ear,
And passed unto the other side quite through,
So that the boar, defunct, lay tripped up near.
Another, to revenge his fellow farrow,
Against the giant rushed in fierce career,
And reached the passage with so swift a foot,
Morgante was not now in time to shoot.
11901
Perceiving that the pig was on him close,
He gave him such a punch upon the head
As floored him so that he no more arose,
Smashing the very bone; and he fell dead
Next to the other. Having seen such blows,
The other pigs along the valley fled;
Morgante on his neck the bucket took,
Full from the spring, which neither swerved nor shook.
The tun was on one shoulder and there were
The hogs on t'other, and he brushed apace
On to the abbey, though by no means near,
Nor spilt one drop of water in his race.
Orlando, seeing him so soon appear
With the dead boars, and with that brimful vase,


## p. 11902 (#532) ##########################################

LUIGI PULCI
11902
Marveled to see his strength so very great;
So did the abbot, and set wide the gate.
The monks, who saw the water fresh and good,
Rejoiced, but much more to perceive the pork.
All animals are glad at sight of food.
They lay their breviaries to sleep, and work
With greedy pleasure, and in such a mood
That the flesh needs no salt beneath their fork;
Of rankness and of rot there is no fear,
For all the fasts are now left in arrear.
As though they wished to burst at once, they ate;
And gorged so that, as if the bones had been
In water, sorely grieved the dog and cat,
Perceiving that they all were picked too clean.
The abbot, who to all did honor great,
A few days after this convivial scene
Gave to Morgante a fine horse well trained,
Which he long time had for himself maintained.
The horse Morgante to a meadow led,
To gallop, and to put him to the proof,
Thinking that he a back of iron had,
Or to skim eggs unbroke was light enough;
But the horse, sinking with the pain, fell dead,
And burst, while cold on earth lay head and hoof.
Morgante said, "Get up, thou sulky cur! "
And still continued pricking with the spur.
But finally he thought fit to dismount,
And said, "I am as light as any feather,
And he has burst: to this what say you, count? »
Orlando answered, "Like a ship's mast rather
You seem to me, and with the truck for front:
Let him go; fortune wills that we together
Should march, but you on foot, Morgante, still. "
To which the giant answered, "So I will.
"When there shall be occasion, you shall see
How I approve my courage in the fight. "
Orlando said, "I really think you'll be,
If it should prove God's will, a goodly knight;
Nor will you napping there discover me
But never mind your horse, though out of sight


## p. 11903 (#533) ##########################################

LUIGI PULCI
'Twere best to carry him into some wood,
If but the means or way I understood. "
The giant said, "Then carry him I will,
Since that to carry me he was so slack,—
To render, as the gods do, good for ill;
But lend a hand to place him on my back. "
Orlando answered, "If my counsel still
May weigh, Morgante, do not undertake
To lift or carry this dead courser, who
As you have done to him will do to you.
"Take care he don't revenge himself, though dead,
As Nessus did of old beyond all cure;
I don't know if the fact you've heard or read,
But he will make you burst, you may be sure. "
"But help him on my back," Morgante said,
"And you shall see what weight I can endure.
In place, my gentle Roland, of this palfrey,
With all the bells, I'd carry yonder belfry. "
The abbot said, "The steeple may do well,
But for the bells, you've broken them, I wot. "
Morgante answered, "Let them pay in hell
The penalty, who lie dead in yon grot. "
And hoisting up the horse from where he fell,
He said, "Now look if I the gout have got,
Orlando, in the legs-or if I have force; " —
And then he made two gambols with the horse.
Morgante was like any mountain framed;
So if he did this, 'tis no prodigy:
But secretly himself Orlando blamed,
Because he was one of his family;
And fearing that he might be hurt or maimed,
Once more he bade him lay his burthen by:
"Put down, nor bear him further the desert in. "
Morgante said, "I'll carry him for certain. ”
11903
He did; and stowed him in some nook away,
And to the abbey then returned with speed.
Orlando said, "Why longer do we stay,
Morgante? here is naught to do indeed. "
Translation of Lord Byron.


## p. 11904 (#534) ##########################################

11904
ALEXANDER SERGYÉEVITCH PUSHKIN
(1799-1837)
BY ISABEL F. HAPGOOD
OREIGNERS who begin their acquaintance with the modern
Russian novelists, the generation of the "sixties," and with
no preliminary knowledge of Russian literature in the last
century, will find it difficult to appreciate in due measure the serv-
ices which Pushkin rendered to both language and literature. Push-
kin may be said to have completed the task begun by Lomonosoff:
of molding into an exquisite instrument, fitted for every service of
poetry and prose, the hitherto unwieldy, uncouth forms of the lan-
guage. That glory in a measure, therefore, he shares with Lomono-
soff. In the realm for which Russian modern literature holds the
palm,- simplicity, realism, absolute fidelity to life,- Pushkin was the
forerunner of the great men whose names are synonyms for those
qualities. In this domain he should share the fame of the acknowl-
edged father of the school, Gogol. He was the first Russian writer
to wage battle against the mock classicism of France which then
ruled Europe, and against the translations and servile copies of
foreign literature to which almost every writer who preceded him
had been wholly devoted. He placed Russian literature firmly on
Russian soil; utilizing her rich national traditions, sentiments, and
life, in a manner which is as full of life and truth as it is of the
highest art.
His powers were due possibly to the mixture of blood, added to
a richly endowed nature. His early education most assuredly was
not adapted to produce anything new, national, or profound. His
father was the scion of a noble family, whose ancestors had occupied
positions of importance under the father of Peter the Great, in the
seventeenth century. His mother was the granddaughter of Abram
Hannibal, the famous godchild and favorite of Peter the Great, of
whom Pushkin wrote in 'Peter the Great's Arab. ' Hannibal was
in reality a negro. He was captured on the shores of Africa, and
sent to Constantinople as a slave. The Russian Ambassador bought
him and sent him to Peter the Great, who had him baptized. Later
on, when Hannibal's brother came to St. Petersburg to ransom him,
Peter refused to part with his friend. Peter sent him, at the age
of eighteen, to France for his education; and on his return to Russia,


## p. 11904 (#535) ##########################################




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## p. 11905 (#539) ##########################################

ALEXANDER SERGYÉEVITCH PUSHKIN
11905
kept him constantly beside him. During the reign of the Empress
Anna, Hannibal, as the personal enemy of Biron, was banished to
Siberia; but he soon returned in secret, and hid himself on his estate
until the accession to the throne of the Empress Elizabeth, who
loaded him with favors. His son, Pushkin's grandfather, was a dis-
tinguished general of Katherine II. 's time, and died shortly after
the poet's birth, which occurred on June 7th, 1799. Though Pushkin
had blue eyes, a very fair skin, and in youth very light hair, his lips
and the whole cast of his countenance betrayed the negro blood. His
father, on retiring from the military service, settled in Moscow, and
became a thorough exemplar of the gallicized Russian,— pleasure-
loving, wholly devoted to society and amusement,- of which there
were but too many instances in the Russia of that epoch. French
was the language of the family, and of Alexander Sergyéevitch's
education. His mother, who aimed at making of him a brilliant
society man, on the pattern of his father, took him as a little boy
everywhere with her in society, and he was well acquainted with the
literary men of the time; Moscow being as yet the centre of that
life. As a child he was neither clever nor studious, but he was an
omnivorous reader. Had he been receptive, his French tutors would
undoubtedly have deprived Russia of incalculable treasures.
At the age of ten he began to write amateur plays and imita-
tions of French verse, all in French. At the age of twelve he was
placed in the famous Lyceum of Tzarskoe Selo, then just opened;
and it was the wise rule of that institution which saved him for his
country. The aim of this Lyceum, which succeeded in turning out
many distinguished men for its country's service, was to develop
the individual powers of the pupil - especially in the line of inde-
pendence and morals-to the highest degree. A great deal of lib-
erty was allowed the boys out of school, and they used it for literary
purposes; publishing several manuscript journals, and devoting their
evenings to the intellectual amusement of story-telling. Under these
auspices, Pushkin began to write in Russian, beginning with biting
epigrams. At the public examination in 1815, he aroused the en-
thusiastic admiration of the aged poet Derzhavin by his wonderful
facility and mastery of poetic forms, though there was very little
originality of thought in his poem. Karamzin the historian, and
Zhukovsky the poet, also divined the lad's wonderful gifts; and the
latter soon began to submit his poems to Pushkin for the judgment
of the boy's wonderfully developed taste. The admiration of the
great literary lights at last convinced his parents that dissatisfaction
with his school reports as to diligence and the acquisition of general
knowledge must be set aside for pride in his future greatness. The
important points about his poetry at this epoch were the marvelous
1
XX-745


## p. 11906 (#540) ##########################################

11906
ALEXANDER SERGYÉEVITCH PUSHKIN
variety of subject and the astonishing delicacy with which he imi-
tated various poetical forms and yielded to varying poetical moods.
But at this very time, before he left the Lyceum, he had entered on
the new path: he had begun to write his romantic-fantastic poem,
'Ruslan and Liudmila,' in which, for the first time in history, Rus-
sian poetry dealt with strictly national themes, on native soil, ex-
pressed in a free, natural, narrative style, which was utterly opposed
to the prevailing rhetorical school, both in irregularity of movement
and diversions from the theme. This no doubt was the fruit of his
child's-fondness for popular tales, which his maternal grandmother
had told him; and the startled critics were at a loss what to say
when it was published later on in 1820.
Pushkin's talent, added to his birth and family connections, gave
him immediate access to the gayest society of St. Petersburg, when
he left the Lyceum; and he plunged so wildly into dissipation that
many were seriously alarmed as to the possible effect on his liter-
ary future. Intoxicated by his gifts and admiration, he openly and
sharply attacked, in clever epigrams, everybody and everything which
did not please him. At last he was called to account by the gov-
ernor of the city, and frankly furnished copies, from memory, of all
the offensive couplets. Touched by this, the governor confined his
punishment to measures which proved the salvation of the poet, in
a literary sense. He was transferred from the ministry of Foreign
Affairs (into which the students of the Lyceum all graduated) and
sent to southern Russia, provided with traveling expenses, and given
a suitable rank in another department of the service; and all possi-
ble precautions were taken to administer the lesson without injur-
ing his feelings or dignity. During this period, between 1820 and
1824, he lived chiefly in the south,-first in Kishineff, then in Odessa;
made a trip to the Caucasus, whose impressions are recorded in his
'Prisoner of the Caucasus'; visited the Crimea, which resulted in
the rendition of the Tatar idyl in 'The Fountain of Baktchisarai';
and strolled for a time with the gypsies, imbibing ideas which he
put into The Gypsies. ' During this period he fell greatly under the
influence of Byron, as the portions of 'Evgenie Onyegin' written in
Odessa, as well as the poems just mentioned, and short lyric pieces
like The Nereid,' plainly show. This influence ceased, however, in
1824, after which there is hardly a trace of it; the poet's return to
the north being coincident with his return to his true national sub-
jects and style, which he developed with increased power, and never
again abandoned. The manner in which he was returned to the
place and material which suited his talent is as amusing as it is
instructive. He did not get on well with his chief in Odessa, Count
M. S. Vorontzoff, whom he displeased by his mode of life, his sharp


## p. 11907 (#541) ##########################################

ALEXANDER SERGYÉEVITCH PUSHKIN
11907
utterances, and his heedlessness of public opinion. The end came
when Pushkin launched his epigram on Vorontzoff: "Half my-lord,
half trader, half wise man and half dunce; half rascal- but there
are hopes of his becoming a whole one yet. " Count Vorontzoff dealt
as gently as possible with his intractable subordinate, and made a
curious report to the government, with the object of not prejudicing
the authorities against him. "There are many people here," ran
the official document,-" and at the bathing season their number is
greatly augmented,-who, being enthusiastic admirers of Pushkin's
poetry, display their sympathy by exaggerated laudations, and there-
by render him an inimical service; since they contribute to obscure
his mind, and enhance his opinion of himself as a great author,
while in reality he is only a weak imitator of a not very respect-
able model Lord Byron. " The Count wound up by suggesting that
only in some other government could less dangerous society, and the
leisure for perfecting his rising talent, be assured to the young
poet. As he had been guilty of another indiscretion at this precise
moment, he was retired from the service, and ordered to live on the
estate of Mikhailovskoe, Pskoff government, which belonged to his
parents. His father was invited by the local authorities to under-
take his surveillance, in order to obviate the appointment of any
other superintendent; but he exercised his office in such an intoler-
ably oppressive manner as though his son were a criminal of the
deepest dye that Pushkin appealed to the poet Zhukovsky, who
was powerful at court, to free him from this persecution. Thanks
to Zhukovsky's intervention, matters were improved; the elder Push-
kin withdrew in disgust from the estate, leaving his son to the
care of the Marshal of Nobility, and to the peace of mind which he
required for his work. His solitude was fruitful. Through the influ-
ence and folk-tales of his famous old nurse, Arina Rodionovna, he
became more and more imbued with the spirit of his native land,
more zealous in his studies of it, more enthusiastic in the artistic
prosecution of his true vocation. He called listening to his nurse
"making up for the defects in his accursed education," - meaning
thereby the French influence.