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The penultima of the preterite in ivi of any
conjugation, is long ; as, petivi, audivi, &c. ; and also the
first increment of the fourth conjugation, when followed
by a consonant; as, audimus, audirem, audirer, &c, and
venimus, comperimus, &c, of the present tense ; with the
contracted form of the imperfect audibam, and the obso-
lete audibo ; also found in ibam and ibo from eo ; and in
quibam and quibo from queo.
Excep. 3. In the penultima of the first and second pers.
plur. of the indicative fut. perf. [or second future] and
the perfect of the subjunctive, the i is common in poetry:
-- but in prose, it is usually long.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Amavimus, vivimus, iterabltis. Excep. 1. No lite, no-
lltote, sitis, possitis. Excep. 2. Petivi, qaeslvi; audltis,
* When the i is followed immediately by a vowel, it is of course short [by the
Rule Vocalem breviant, &c -- j ; as, aiulAunt, audiens, Sec.
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? 38 INCREMENT OF VERBS IN AND U.
audiri ; reperimus (pres. ) ; audlbam, Ibo, quibam. Excep.
3. Dederitis, dixerltis, contigeritis.
Promiscuous Examples. Audlveramus [25, 24, 23],
docuerunt [24, 3], dederant [9, 24], damus [23], inltus
[9], solutus [10], quaesitus 10], nefas [12], videlicet [12],
ambitus [6, exitus [9,] introduco [13], anirnalis [15].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Victuros agimus semper, nee vivimus unquam. Manil.
Scinditur interea studia in contraria vidgus. Virg.
Exc. 1. Et documenta damus, qua simus origins nati. Ov.
2. Cessi, et sublato montem genitore petivi. Virg.
Alterius sermone meros audiret honores. Hor.
Tu ne cede mails, sed contra audentior ito. Virg.
3. Egerimus, nosti; et nimium meminisse necesse est. Id.
Accepisse simul vitam dederitis in unda. Ovid.
* RULE XXVI.
Increment of Verbs in O and U.
O incrementum produc ; u corripe semper
U fit iu extremo penultima longa futuro.
The increment of verbs in o is always long ; -- that hi
u is generally short ; as,facitote,kabetote; sumus, ]jossu-
mus, quxesum? /. s.
Excep. In the penultima of the future participle in rus,
the u is always long; as, periturus, facturus, amaturus.
Note. To the long increment of verbs in o, some Proso-
dians regard the irregular verb, forem,fdre, an exception.
examples by single words.
Rule. Itote,petitote ; malumus, volumus. Excep. Ven-
tiirus, arsurus.
Promiscuous Examples. O 3 The most useful mode
of exercising the pupil in the increments of verbs, is to
examine him in all the terminations of the four conjuga-
tions ;< beginning with amamus.
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? FINAL A. * 39
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Hoc tamen amborum verbis estote rogati. Ovid.
C unique loqui poterit, matrem facitote salutet. Id.
Nos numerics sdmus, etfruges consumere nati. Hor.
Qui dare certafera, dare vulnera possumus hosti. Ov.
Si patrice volumus, si nobis vivere chari. Hor.
Exc. Si periturus abis, et nos rape in omnia tecum. Virg.
Note. Hincfore ductores revocato a sanguine Teucri. Virg.
OF FINAL SYLLABLES.
The quantity of final syllables is ascertained, -- by posi-
sition ; as, prudens, precox ; -- by containing a diphthong ;
as, mus&, pennte ; -- or by special rules, as follows : --
RULE XXVII.
Of Final A.
A finita dato longis. ltd, posted, deme,
Eid, quid et casus omnes : sed protrahe sextum ;
Cui Grsecos, ex -as prima? , conjunge vocandi.
A final, in words not declined by cases, [that is, in
verbs and particles] is long; as, amd, memord ;* frustrd,
pratered, posted, postilld, ergli, intra, a, &c, with the
numerals in gintd; as, sexagintd, trigintd, quadrdginta,
&c.
Excep. ' 1. In ita, quid, eid, posted, -- [the a in postea
being common ;t] -- also putd the adverb ; the names of
letters; as, alpha, beta ; and hallelujd.
Excep. 2. In most words declined by cases, the final
* Amn, memora, &c, have the final a long, because formed by crasis from
amae, memorae, &c>
* Many eminent Prosodians however insist, that the a in postea. antea, &c ; .
is always long; -- and that the syllable ea is in the ablative ease sing. fem. ; --
the pi'epositions becoming adverbs and the ablatives by their own power express-
ing a relation to some other word in the sentence. They add moreover, that
whenever the syllable appears to be short, it is either in the accusative governed
by the preposition, or must be pronounced in two syllables by crasis. . See Classi'
col Journal for Aprii, 1817, in loco.
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? 40 FINAL E.
a is short ; as, musa, [the nom. ] templd, Tydea, lampadd,
regnd.
Observ. It is also short in Greek vocatives in a, from
nominatives in es, (changed to a in the Doric or iEolic
dialect) ; as, Orestd, Atridd, Mta, Thyestd, Circa, &c.
Excep. 3. In the ablative sing, of the first declension,
and in Greek vocatives from nominatives mas ; as, prord
[abl. ], pennd [abl. ] ; 2Ened, Calchd, Palld.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Pugna, interea, contra, triginta. Excep. 1. Eia,
quia, ita, puta (for videlicet). Excep. 2. Nemora, tristia,
mea, Hectora. Observ. Oresta, Anchisa, Circa. Excep.
3. Prora, domina, qua ; iEnea, Lycida.
Promiscuous Examples. Dominorum [22], diebus [1,
22], ultra [3, 27], Pollucis [3, 21], tellures [3, 21], velo-
cibus [20, 22], immemdres [3. 20], Palsemonis [2, Gr,
20], boves [20], felicibus [18, 22], Delphmes [Gr. 3, 18],
Hies [18].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Musa, mihi causas memord ; quo numine laso. "Virg,
Jam tenet Italiam : tamen ultra per gere tendit. Juv.
Exc. 1. Haud ita me experti Bitias et Pandarus ingens.
Virg.
Hoc discunt omnes ante Alpha et Betapuella. Juv.
Exc. 2. Anchord de prora jacitur ; stant littore puppes.
Virg.
Obs. Te tamen, o parva rector Polydectd Seripki. Ovid.
Exc. 3. Prospiciens, summa placidum caput extulit unda.
Id.
Quid miserum, Mnea, laceras ? Jam parce sepulto. Id^
I
RULE XXVIII.
Of Final E.
E brevia. -- Primae quintssque vocabula produc ;
Cete, oke, Tempi, fermeqne , ferec\\ie y favieqixe. .
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? FINAL E. 41
Adde doce similemque modum ; monosyllaba, prseter
Encliticas et syllabicas : beneque et male demptis,
Atque inferne^ superne, adverbia cuncta secundoe.
Final e is generally short ; &s,patre, nate,fuge, legere,
nempe, ille, quoque, pene.
Excep. 1. It is long in all cases of the first and fifth*
declensions ; as, Mgle, Thisbe, Melpomene ; fide, fame,
with re and die and their compounds quare, hodie, pridie,
&c, as well as in the contracted geniiive and dative, die,
fide.
Excep. 2.
The final e is long in contracted words,
transplanted from the Greek, whether singular; as, Dio-
mede, Achille, or in the nominative and accusative neuters
plural ; as, cete, mele, pelage, tempi -- all wanting the
singular.
Excep. 3. Ohe, ferine, and fere, have the e final long.
Fere is short in Ausonius.
Excep. 4. Verbs of the second conjugation have e final
long in the second person singular imperative active ; as,
doce, gaude, mice, vale, &c.
Observ. 1. Cave, vide, and responde are sometimes
found short.
Excep. 5. Adverbs formed from adjectives in us -- or
of the second declension -- have the final e long ; as, pla-
cide, probe, late ; together with all adverbs of the superla-
tive degree ; as, maximt, minime, doctissime.
Observ. 2. Bene, male, inferne, and superne, with
mage and impune, have the final e short. Adverbs coming
from adjectives of the third declension, have the last
syllable short, agreeably to the general rule ; as, sublime,
dulcc, difficile, &c.
Excep. 6< Monosyllables in e; as, me, te se, and ne,
(lest or not) are long.
Obser. 3. The enclitic particles que, ve, ne, (interroga-
* In cases of the 1st declension, because it is equivalent to the Greek rj; in
cases of the 5th, because it is a contracted syllable.
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? 42 FINAL E.
tive) and the syllabic adjuncts, pie, ce, te, de, &c. , found
in su-apte, nostrapte, tute, quamdc, &c, are short. These,
however, might be ranged under the general rule ; -- never
standing alone.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Frangere, utile, mente. Excep. 1. Alcmene,
die, requie, hodie. Excep. 2. Pelage, cacoethe, Tempe.
Excep. 3. Ferme, fere, ohe. Excep. 4. Doce, mone,
vide. Obser. 1. Cave, vide, vale. Excep. 5. Summe,
valde, (for valide), sane. Obser. 2. Inferne, bene, male;
dulce, suave. Excep. 6. Me, se, te. Obser. 3. Que, ve,
tute, hosce.
Promiscuous Examples. Numme [5, -- fr. nuo. obsol.
-- "to nod, to approve," -- wh. fr. *m'-o>, -- 18, 2S], amare
[23, 23], Hectora [3, 20, 27], opere [17, 28], vectigale
[3, 15, 28], poemata [1, 16, 27], face [16, 28], meridie
[12, 1, 28], inhibe [11, 6, 28], indigne [3, 3, 28], prl-
cipue [2, 1, 28], vale [28], cave [28].
. EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Incipe, parve puer, risu cognoscere matrem. Virg.
Ante mare et tellus, et quod tegit omnia caelum. Ov.
Exc. 1. Tros Anchisiade, facilis descensus Averni. Virg.
Non venias quare tarn longo tempore Romam. Mart.
Exc. 2. At pelage multa, et late substrata videmus. Lucret.
Exc. 3. Mobilis et varia est ferme natura malorum. Juv.
Exc. 4. Gaude, quod spectant oculi te mille loquentem. Hor.
Ob. 1. Vade, vale : cave ne titubes, mandataq ; frangas. Id.
Exc. 5. Excipe sollicitos placide, mea dona, libellos. Mart.
Ob. 2. Nil bene cum facias, facias attamen omnia belle. Id.
Ex. 6. Me me, adsum qui feci; in me convertite ferrum. Vir.
Ob. 3. Armavirumque cano, Trojan qui primus ab oris* Id.
* This well-known verse at the opening of the JEneis, affords a striking exem-
plification of the absurdity involved in attempting to read Latin verse according
to the rules of English accentuation. " Here," says one of the ablest advocates
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? FINAL I AND Y. 43
RULE XXTX.
Of Final I and Y.
I produc. -- Brevia nisi cum quasi, Graecaque cuncta :
Jure mihi, variare, tibique, siblque solemus,
Sed mage corripies ibi, ubi, dissyllabon et cui ;
Sicuti sed breviant cum sicubl, necubi, vates :
Adfuerit nisi Crasis, y semper corripiendum est.
The final i is generally long ; as, dominl, patrl, Met-
curt, mel, amarl, audi, I, Ovidl, fill*
Excep. 1. The final vowel is usually short in nisi and
quasi. In Greek words also, the final i and y are short ;
as, sinapl, moly -- in vocatives of the third declen. ; as,
Theti, Pari, Baphni, Tethy, (uncontracted) ;-- in the dat.
sing, of Greek nouns ; as, Palladi, Thetidi ; -- and in da-
tives and ablatives plur. ; as, keroisi, Troasi, Dryasl.
Observ. In Tethy, the contract, dative for Tethyi, the
y is long.
Excep. 2. In mihi, tibi, sibi, and also in ibi, u&i, and
uti, the final i is common. Cut when a dissyllable has
the i common.
Excep. 3. Necubl, sicubl, and sicuti are said to have the
final vowel short : -- but the i in the two former is common.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule, Ocull, Mercuri, class! . Fxcep. 1. Nisi, quasi ;
gummi, mell ; Tethy, Alexi ; Paridi, Thetidi ; Charisi,
of the modern system -- "here, agreeably to the analogy of the English, every
judicious reader will pronounce the syllables vi and ca, in the words virum and
cano, long " ! And such in reality is the fact ! ! Now let the Classical student
observe the consequence of this "judicious " practice : by making these two
syllables long, the two dactyles with which the line commences, are metamor-
phosed into as many Amphimacers ; thus -- arma, virumque, -ca ! and the line is
made to coiftain 26 instead of 24 times ! ! while the sweetness, melody and ryth-
mical connection are totally destroyed : a medley of versification never surely
contemplated by the must elaborate and ornate of the F^onian poets. But the
innovators who would thus barbarously disfigure the beautiful remains of
antiquity --
Tradam protervis in mare Creticum
Portare v cutis.
* By crasis from Ooulie,Jilie.
5*
f
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? 44 FINAL 0.
schemasi, ethesi. Observ. Tethy. Excep. 2. MihT,
tibT, sib! ; ibi, ub! , uti : cul. Excep. 3. Necubi, sicubi,
sicuti.
Promiscuous Examples. Amarylli [3, Gr. 29], lapidl
[15, 29], tantane [3, 28], hosce [28], fieri [1, 29], qui
[29], reique [1, 29, 28], dlel, [1, 1, 29], major! [3, 20,
29], volucrl [4, 29], venT [7, 29], vlclstl [7, 4, 29], tullsti
[7, 3, 29], tetendlsti [8, 3, 3, 29].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Bule. Quid domini facidnt, audent cum talia fares. Virg.
/, sequere Italiam ventis, pete regnaper undas. Id.
Exc. 1. Sic quasi Pythagorce loqueris successor et hares.
Mart.
Moly vocant superi : nigra radice tenetur. Ovid.
Semper Adoni, mei, repetitaque mortis imago. Id.
Palladilittorea} celehrabat Scyros honor em. Statius.
Troasin* invideo ; quce si lacrymosa suorum.