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14. Ksayajndna and anutpddajndna necessarily have Bhavagra from whence the Arhat is about to deliver himself for their object. When a person dies from a poisoned wound, the poison, after having spread over all the body, concentrates itself, at the moment of death, in the wound; in this same way the ascetic's jndna concentrates itself on the object to be abandoned, namely the skandhas of Bhavagra; it bears on Suffering (yena pidyate) and its Arising.
15. Vydkhyd: duhkhdkdrair anityddibhih/ samudaydkdrair vd hetvddibhih . . . Paramartha: "under six aspects of duhkha and samudaya (Gloss of the Japanese editor: anitya, duhkha, hetu samudaya, prabhava, pratyaya: two aspects of suffering, four aspects of its arising. See below vii. l2a-b, which justifies the correction of Hsuan-tsang).
16. The consciousness of another's mind, in principle, is conventional knowledge, samvrtijndna. But when another's mind is a pure mind, that is to say a mind forming part of the pure path (darfanamdrga or bhdvandmdrga), the consciousness which I have of this mind should be pure; it embraces mdrgajndna, pure knowledge relative to the Path; the following mdrgajndna which is relative to Kamadhatu or to the higher spheres is either a dharmajndna or an anvayajndna. Therefore the knowledge of the mind of another (paracittavid) contains fourjndnas.
17. See vii. lla-d and the Balas, Abhijnas, etc.
18. The text has: Paracittajndna by the lower does not know the higher: it does not know, by the Anagamin path, the path of the Arhat. . .
19. He begins the preparatory cultivations from the time that he sees that the ascetic is about to enter into darianamdrga; this cultivation is accomplished when he sees the mind of another occupied in the duhkha of Kamadhatu, in duhkha as part of dharmajfidna.
? 20. On the paracittajndna of the Pratyekabuddhas, see Vibhdsd TD 27, p. 515al8, p. 515c7, and elsewhere. Four opinions according to Sarhghabhadra, namely the two opinions mentioned by Vasubandhu, and also: "The Fratyekabuddha knows moments 1, 2, 8, 14", "The Pratyekabuddha knows moments 1, 2, 11 and 12. " The third opinion is the correct one: for if he knows moment 8, it is because his preparatory cultivation with its consciousness as part of anvayajndna lasts only 5 moments; thus during moments 9-13 he could prepare himself for the consciousness of moment 14.
21. Nettippakarana, 15: khind me jdtiti idam khaye ndnam naparam itthattdyd ti pajdndti idam anuppdde ndnam.
22. Paramartha, "According to the Abhidharma. " This is the text of the Prakarana, TD 26, p. 694a8 (Hsiian-tsang's translation); see also Jfidnaprastbana, TD 26, p. 1021c.
23. Omitted by Paramartha; given by the Prakarana and Hsiian-tsang.
24. The Vydkhyd explains tad upadaya as tat puraskrtya. See p. 1108.
Hsiian-tsang translates tad updddya asyu-tz'u ? ? |? ? > by reason of this" (Gloss of the
editor: "the jndna which grasps these aspects: Suffering is known . . . "); Paramartha has i-tz'u- i tJljktit "taking this meaning into consideration"; the Prakarana has
yu-tz'u-erh-ch'i ? ? ? ? ? ?
25. We have, Nettippakarana, 54: cakkhu, vijjd, buddhi, bhuri, medhd, dloka. Compare Kosa,
vi. 54d.
26. In fact pure jndna bears on duhkha, on the dharmas and their general characteristics, and not on a "self" knowing the duhkha, a self which implies the formula duhkham me parijn~dtam. All knowledge which envisions a "self" is saihvrtijndna, conventional, impure knowledge.
27. The specific (vis'esa) characteristic of the two pure jndnas, which are nirvikalpa, is known by inference {anumiyate) by reason of the two samvrtijndnas which are their outflowing (nisyanda). Below vii. l2a-b.
28. According to the gloss of the Japanese editor: pafcdtyasramanasautrdntikadayah. According to these masters, there are some pure aspects outside of the sixteen recognized by the Vaibhasikas (see below vii. l2c).
29. See ii. trans, p. 263, iv. trans, p. 701.
30. The Sdstra is quoted in the Vydkhyd: ? at tdvaj jndnam darsanam api tat/ sydt tu darsanam najndnam astdv abhisamaydntikdh ksdntayah. According to the note of the Japanese, the Jndnaprasthana, TD 26, p. 957c2, and the Prakaranapada, TD 26, p. 694c5.
31. Paramartha adds: "Furthermore, in order to indicate that the darsanas here differ from the drstis discussed above. "
32. Same order in the Prakaranapada, TD 26, p. 693c22. The order differs in Hsiian-tsang (above note 7) and Mahdvyutpatti, 57.
33. This question is absent in Paramartha and in the original. The original has tatra . . . = "Among these jndnas, saihvrtijndna constitutes . . . "
34. Vydkhyd: samvrtijndnam samvrtijndnam eva svabhavdsamgrahatah/ ekasya ca paracittajndnasya bhdga ekadesah/.
35. The part which presents the aspect "Duhkha is known by me . . . "
36. The Vydkhyd does not give the Sdstra's definition. Prakaranapada, TD 26, p. 694a3: lokasamvrtijndnam katamat/ sdsravd prajnd.
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37. Definition of the Sdstra, quoted in the Vydkhyd and which corresponds to Prakarana, TD 26. p. 693c23:
dharmajridnam katamat/ kdmapratisamyuktesu samskdresu ? ad andsravam jfidnam/ kdmapratisarhyuktdndm sarhskdrdndm hetau yad andstravam jfidnam/ kdmapratisarhyuk- tdndm sarhskdrdndm nirodhe yad andsravam jfidnam/ kdmapratisarhyuktdndm sarhskd- rdndm prahdndya marge yad andsravam jfidnam idam ucyate dharmajfldnam/ api khalu dharmajndne dharmajndnabhumau ca yad andsravam jfidnam idam ucyate dharmajridnam. anvayajfidnam katamat/ rupdrupyapratisamyuktesu samskdresu yad andsravam jfidnam . . . See vi. 26, anvetity anvayajfidna.
38. Correct sdsravahetuka vi, note 11, line 11.
39. Vydkhyd:nirodhamdrgau hy adhdtupatitau/ tdv adhardv api na hinau vyavasthdpyete/ duhkhasamudayasatye tv adharabhumike nihlne/ na taddlambanam dharmajridnam rupdrupyadhdtupratipaksa ity avagantavyam. Nirodha and mdrga do not form part of the Dhdtus. To consider nirodha with respect to Kamadhatu (nirodhe dharmajndna) is to also combat the klesas of the higher spheres.
In the state of darsanamdrga, it is the anvayadharmaksdntis which expell the anusayas of the higher spheres.
40. Vydkhyd: sodasdkdram usmagatddisu/ svasdmdnyalaksanddigrahandd iti svalaksanagra- handt sdmdnyalaksanagrahandc ca/ ddisabdena bhumksva tistha gacchety evamdkdram ca/ na hy ete svalaksandkdrdh ? ? tarhy evamdkdrd eva.
In the usmagatas, etc. (vi. l7c), samvrtijndna grasps the sixteen aspects of the Truths. Samvrtijndna grasps their general characteristics (for example, impermanence), their unique characteristics (for example, the specific characteristic of rupa); and it also grasps the aspect which is expressed by the words "Eat! Go! . . . ": such a samvrtijndna does not have for its aspect a unique characteristic, and one can only say that it is evamdkdra, "of such an aspect. "
41. According to Paramartha: svasvasatydkdratai catustayam.
42. Paramartha: paramanojndnam api tathdmalam. Cetopariydye nana or paricce nana (-paracittajndna) is not sammatinana (Vibhanga, 330). The Andhakas think that it bears solely on the mind, Kathdvatthu, v. 7, and wrongly maintain that a Sravaka can, through this fidna, know when others attain a result, v. 10.
43. See note 42.
44. See note 42.
45. The Vydkhyd quotes the Sutra: sardgam cittam sardgam cittam itiyathdbhutam prajdndti/ vigatardgam cittam vigatardgam cittam itiyathdbhutam prajdndti/ yathd sardgam vigatardgam evarh sadvesarh vigatadvesarh samoham vigatamoham samksiptam viksiptarh linam pragrhitam uddhatam anuddhatam avy up as ant am,vy up as ant am asamdhitam samdhitam abhdvitarh bhdvitam avimuktarh vimuktam itiyathdbhutam prajdndti.
According to the glosses of the Bhdsya, one should add the two pairs amahadgata and mahadgata, sa-uttara and anuttara before avyupasdnta: in all twelve pairs. However these two pairs are missing in the Sutra quoted in the Vijndnakdya (TD 26, p. 534al-a5) and in the edition of the Sutra quoted by the Vydkhyd below vii. 42a-d.
According to Saeki, the list of the Ekottara (TD 2, p. 776b20) includes some eleven parts, that of the Madhyama (TD 1, p. 553bl9) has ten, by omitting uddhata-anuddhata and avyupasdnta-vyupasanta, and by adding sadosa-adosa\ that of the Samyukta (TD 2, p. 150a6) has ten pairs.
Pali sources, for example Samyutta, v. 265, Anguttata, iv. 32, Vibhaiiga, 329, Visuddhimagga, 410 (whose explanation diverge from those of the Abhidharma). We have
? Footnotes 1185 only eight pairs: sardga-vitardga, sadosa-vitadosa, samoha-vitamoha, sankhitta-vikkhitta,
mahaggata-amahaggata, sauttara-anuttara, asamdhita-samdhita, and avimutta-vimutta. 46. Vydkhyd: yathd ? add vastram iti paricchinndkdram vijndnam utpadyate na tadd malam
grhndti and vice versa. See i, trans, p. 67.
47. That is to say "associated with rdga, rdgasamprayukta. All this paragraph is according to
Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 950a24, quoted by Saeki, xxvi. 8a.
48. These two explanations will be commented upon and refuted above page 1105 and
following.
49. That is to say any mind defiled (klista) but not associated with rdga; any neutral mind; any good (ku/ala) worldly (laukika) mind. The supramundane mind, a mind forming part of the Path, is not sdsrava. See page 1105 line 14.
50. There are three opinions.
First masters: A mind associated with rdga is sardga; a mind opposed to rdga is
vigatardga.
Second masters: A mind united with rdga, which can be understood in two ways, as
above note 49, is sardga.
Third masters: A mind associated with rdga is sardga; a mind not associated with rdga is
vigatardga.
According to the Vibhdsd (TD 27, p. 950a24 and following), the second opinion is the
best one. Vasubandhu adopts the third opinion. 51. Paramartha: "because its object is small. "
52. In the Vibhdsd (TD 27, p. 950c8), lueh Bg ("abbreviated, reduced"), in Hsuan-tsang, chit ? ("concentrated").
53. Ibid, an atilina mind is kosajjasahagata, kosajjasampayutta.
54. Ibid. The atipaggahita mind is uddhaccasahagata uddhaccasampayutta.
In Divya,
pragrhita = "elevated, high" (as a mountain palace, etc. ).
55. The "great person" par excellence is the Buddha. This paragraph is according to the Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 950c20: The defiled mind is small because it is cultivated (sevita) by a svalpajana (thsiao-sheng, / J ^ "a small person"); the good mind is great because it is cultivated by a mahdjana.
Objection: Do we not see that an immeasurable number of beings cultivates the bad, that a small number of beings cultivates the good? How can one say that the defiled mind is cultivated by svalpajana}
We do not say "small" because the category is small in number; that which has few pure dharmas is called small.
56. Bhdvand - pratilambha, acquisition. According to the principle: kuialasamskrtd dharmd bhdvayitavydh (iv. l27c). "These are the good sarhskrta dharmas which one acquires in a future state. " See below vii. 25d.
57. Paramartha: "past and future".
58. On sa-uttara, iv. l27d, v. trans, p. 818.
59. It is not released when it is good-impure (kusalasdsrava) and when it arises in a series where the kle/as have not been cut off. On deliverance of the mind, see vi. 76c.
60. For samksipta, Paramartha has lueh, "? Hsuan-tsang, chii ? \samnirodha, Paramartha: she ? (-samgraha), ch'ih ffi (dhar), Hsuan-tsang: chih xh (famatha).
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Saeki observes that, according to the Sautrantikas, vipaiyana and Samatha are excluded. Samyutta, v. 219'. katamam ca bhikkhave ajjhattam samkhittam cittam/ yam bhikkhave
cittam thinamiddhasahagatam thinamiddhasampayuttam/ idarh vuccati. . . / katamam ca. . . bahiddha vikkhittam cittam/ yam . . . cittam bahiddha paHca gune drabbha anuvikkhittam anuvisatam/ idarh vuccati. . .
61. Hsuan-tsang translates: "In fact we do not admit (pu-hsu ^? - ? ? pratijnayate) that a defiled mind, associated with langour, is distracted. " The same for Paramartha: "We donotestablish(pu-li ^ft )? ? ? "
Vyakhya: kim iti krtvd viksiptatvam atra na pratijnayate/ kim middhasahagate citte viksiptatvam ndstiti na pratijnayate dhosvid vidyamdnam api viksiptatvam samksiptatvend- vasthdpitatvdn na pratijnayate/ ubhayathdpi vyacaksate/ kecid vyacaksate/ middhasahaga- tdt Mist ad? ad anyat klistam tad viksiptam pratijnayate middhasahagatam tu klistam aklistam vdvisesena samksiptam eveti/ apare punar vyacaksate/? an middhasamyuktam tat samksiptam eva na viksiptam/ ? at tu visayesu visrtam tad eva viksiptam ity ato'tra middhasamprayukte citte [viksiptatvam] na pratijnayate.
62. Vyakhya: abuddhokyam abhidharmaiastram ity abhiprayah. Compare KoS'a, i. 3, iii. 32.
63. The defilement, klistatva, of the first minds is not differentiated: it consists of association, samprayoga, with the klefas which are found in all defiled minds; the goodness, ku/alatva, of the second minds consists of association with the dharmas which are found in all good minds, ii. 25, 26.
Vyakhya: sarvani tani klistany uktantti/ klistatvalaksanam esam viksiptadinam avimuktantdnam / Klistatvam punah klesamahdbhumikaih samprayogah/ sam ksiptapragrhitddindm cdbhinnalaksanavacandn ndrthavihsa ukto bhavati . . . / ku/alatvam esam abhinnam/ kim punah kusalatvam/ kusalamahdbhumikaih samprayogah.
64. Vyakhya: sutre hi stydnamiddhasahagatam samksiptam uktam/ stydnayogena ? at klistam middhasamyuktam tat samksiptam na kusalam stydnasya klesamahdbhumikatvdt.
65. The Vaibhasikas are of the opinion that: yad eva linam tad evoddhatam, "a lina mind is an uddhata mind. " We draw this conclusion from their definition: linam cittam klistam kausidyasamprayogdt; uddatam cittam klistam auddhatyasamprayogdt. (Below note 70, for another version).
66. If lina and uddhata were identical, the Sutra would say: "When the mind is lina it is not the time to cultivate prasrabdhi . . . priti. When the mind is uddhata it is not the time to cultivate prasrabdhi . . . priti. " Or rather: "When the mind is lina or uddhata it is not the time to cultivate prahabdhi. . . priti. "
61. The cultivation of the seven parts of Bodhi is simultaneous.
68. With regard to smrti, the Blessed one said: smrtimkhalv aham sarvatragatdm vaddmi.
69. Hsuan-tsang: "But we are not in contradiction with the Sutra! Even though a defiled mind is both lina and uddhata, the mind in which kausidya predominates is termed lina in the Sutra; the one in which auddhatya predominates is called uddhata in the Sutra. But, considering their constant association, I say that they are one in nature. "
70. A defiled mind is lina through association with kausidya; a defiled mind is uddhata through association with auddhatya. Compare ii, trans, p. 194.
71. Vyakhya: Acdrya aha ndbhiprdyikam yavat sutre tu nayam abhiprdya iti.
72. A Saiksa has, at the present time, a pure mind, for example the thought of impermanence; but there remains in him the possession of the rdga of Kamadhatu if he is not an Anagamin . . .
73. Anus'aydnardgdlambanatvdt, see v. 17.
? 74. The thoughts of the Arhat which form part of the Arhat are never impure, for these thoughts are pure by definition and are not the object of the "active" defilements of another, v. l8a-b; but these conventional thoughts (samvrtijndna), like his body, are impure (sdsrava) in the sense that the defilements of another can become active with respect to them (i. 4b). See viii. 25c.
We observe that Paramartha translates very clearly: "If a thought is sardga by the fact that it grasps rdga as its object;. . . yuanyii wet ching chieh ? ? ? ? ? -
7$. The second masters, above note 50.
76. "Even though they have a real thing for their object. " 77. See above page 1094 line 19.
78. See above page 1094 line 11.
79- "Arising is extinguished by me": that is to say: arising is abandoned; this is to see the Truth of Arising under four aspects (vii,13a); "The religious life is cultivated": four aspects of the Path; "That which should be done is done": four aspects of Extinction; "I do not see any further existence": two aspects of the Truth of Suffering, impermanence and suffering. Among the commentaries on this fourfold formula, Samantapdsddikd, i. 168. Some remarks, of which I should like to be more confident, in Nirvana (1925), p. 60.
80. The Vydkhya explains: asty etat sthdnam ity asty etal laksanam ity arthah/ asty etad vastv ity ayam hetur ity arthah/ ? ogavihitato vijdniydd ity aviparitato vijdniydd ity arthah/.
According to Saeki, this is an excerpt from the Vijndnakdya, TD 26, p. 559c29 and p. 565al6. This formula and the formula of wrong views (page 1109 line 20) are repeated to repletion (with some variants) in the Vijndnakdya, on the subject of the multiple types of thoughts: "Does a thought belonging to Kamadhatu know 1. the dharmas of Kamadhatu, 2. the dharmas of Rupadhatu, 3- the dharmas of Arupyadhatu, 4. the dharmas not included in the Dhatus, 5. the dharmas of Kamadhatu and Rupadhatu . . . ? " This thought is good, bad, neutral, to be abandoned through the Seeing of Suffering, etc. The way in which a thought sees these different dharmas depends on its nature and on the nature of these dharmas.
I do not find the passage where the Vijndnakdya explains the manner in which a thought "not included in the Dhatus" sees the dharmas of Kamadhatu. But it explains itself with respect to the thoughts of the Saiksa and the Asaiksa (which are two types of thoughts not included in the Dhatus), p. 565al6. Its text is identical to that quoted by Vasubandhu, with the difference that the formula asty etat sthdnam asty etad vastu is preceded by the words asty eso hetuh (? ), asty esa utpdda (? ).
The mind of the ? aiksa or ASaiksa only knows the dharmas of Kamadhatu under the aspects of the first two truths (anitya . . . pratyayatas); a good mind of Kamadhatu however knows the dharmas under the aspects that Vasubandhu has specified (vi. 49d) as characteristics of the "worldly path": auddrikatas, duhkhilatas, dvaranatas, and even ialyatas, etc.
81. The Seeing of the Truths at least partially dispells rdga, dvesa, mdna, and moha. A thought to be abandoned through the Seeing of the Truths would contain rdga, etc. ; the text therefore says rajyeta, etc. This thought is not free of satkdyadrsti, so it considers the dharmas as dtman and dtmiya; it is not free of antaghrdhadrsti, and so considers the dharmas as destined to perish (uccheda) or as eternal (safvata) . . .
We have this formula throughout the Vijndnakdya, TD 26, p. 559c29, p. 563b20, p. 578b8, and elsewhere.
82. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 408c9, and the Samyuktdbhidharmahrdaya, TD 28, p. 918al9. The dkdras of the Vimoksamukhas, viii. 24.
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The specification of the dkdras of the Abhidharma are not found in the Abhidhamma (see for example Patisambhiddmagga, i. 107, 118, 241, Visuddhi, 494); it is not canonical: Anguttara, i. 38 (list of sannas), and iv. 422 where the ascetic considers the Amatadhatu as ianta, panita, etc. , and the things of his stage as dukkha, roga, gantfa, etc. We have seen (vi. 49), the dkdras of the worldly path: we have to observe that Vasubandhu gets his inspiration from the VijHdnakdya, fol. 59b, line 18 and elsewhere.
83. It results from this that abhisamaya is anupurva, vi. 27.
84. On the meaning of mdrga and pratipad, vi. 65b-d, 66a, vii. 28c.