) Caelius
Aurelianus
(De Morb.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
; the German,
## p. 449 (#465) ############################################
POLYBUS.
449
POLYBUS.
1
by Seybold, Lemgo, 1779–1783, 4 vols. 8vo. ; 8 7. ) Pausanias (ii. 6. § 3), makes him king of
and the English by Hampton, 1772, 2 vols. 4to. : Sicyon, and describes him as a son of Hermes and
the latter is upon the whole a faithful version, and Chthonophyle, and as the futher of Lysianassa,
we have availed ourselves of it in the quotations whom he gave in marriage to Talaus, king of the
which we bave made above.
Argives. (Comp. OEDIPUS. )
Livy did not use Polybius till he came to the 6. The father of Glaucus by Euboea. (Athen.
Becond Punic war, but from that time he followed vii. p. 296. )
(L. S. )
him very closely, and his history of the events POʻLYBUS* (nó ubos), one of the pupils of
after the termination of that war appears to be Hippocrates, who was also his son-in-law, and
little mure than a translation of his Greek prede. lived in the island of Cos, in the fourth cen-
cessor. Cicero likewise seems to have chiefly fol- tury B. C. Nothing is known of the events of
lowed Polybius in the account which he gives of his life, except that, with his brothers-in-law,
the Roman constitution in his De Republica. The Thessalus and Dracon, he was one of the found-
history of Polybius was continued by Poseidonius ers of the ancient medical sect of the dogo
and Strabo. (PROSEIDONIUS ; STRABO. )
matici); that he was sent abroad by Hippocrates,
Besides the great historical work of which we with his fellow-pupils, during the time of the
have been speaking, Polybius wrote, 2. The Life plague, to assist different cities with his medical
of Philopoemen in three books, to which he himself skill (Thessal. Orat. p. 843), and that he after-
refers (X. 24). 3. A treatise on Tuctics (rd repl wards remained in his native country (Galen,
Tas Táteis úrournuata), which he also quotes Comment. in Hippocr. “ De Nat. Hom. ” i. praef.
(ix. 20), and to which Arrian (Tactic. init. ) and vol. xv. p. 12). According to Galen (l. c. ), he
Aelian (Tactic. cc. 1, 3) allude ; 4. A History of followed implicitly the opinions and mode of prac-
the Numantine War, according to the statement of tice of Hippocrates ; but the strict accuracy of this
Cicero (ad Fam. v. 12); and 5, a small treatise assertion has been doubted. He has been sup-
De Habitatione sub Aequatore (Tepl tñs nepl tov posed, both by ancient and modern critics, to be
lonuepivov oikhoews), quoted by Geminus (c. 13, the author of several treatises in the Hippocratic
in Petavius, Uranologiuin, vol. iii. p. 31, &c. ), but collection. Choulant (Handb. der Bücherkunde für
it is not improbable that this formed part of the die Aeltere Medicin) specifies the following :-).
34th book of the History, which was entirely de- nepi puoios 'Avopórov, De Natura Hominis ;
voted to geography.
2. Περί Γονής, De Genitura ; 3. Περί φύσιος Παι-
The reader will find some valuable information diov, De Natura Pueri; 4. Nepl Atalans 'Tyreivís,
respecting the character of Polybius as an historian De Salubri Victus Ratione ; 5. Nepl nadôv, De
in the following works;—Lucas, Ueber Polybius Dar- Affectionibus ; and 6. Nepl TWv'EyTds Tabwv, De In-
stellung des Aetolischen Bundes, Königsberg, 1827 ; ternis Affectionibus: Clemens Alexandrinus (Strom.
Merleker, Die Geschichte des Aetolisch-Achaeischen vi. p. 290) attributes to him the treatise, Nep!
Bundesgenossen-Krieges, Königsberg, 1831; K. | 'Oktauhivou, De Octimestri Partu ; and Plutarch
W. Nitzsch, Polybius : zur Geschichte antiker (De Philosoph. Plac. v. 18) quotes him as the author
Politik und Historiographie, Kiel, 1842 ; Brands- of that ſlepi 'Entauńvov, De Septimestri Partu. Of
täter, Die Geschichten des Aetolischen Landes, these, however, M. Littré (Oeuvres d'Hippocr. vol.
Volkes und Bundes, nebst einer historiographischen i. p. 345, &c. ) considers that only the first, and
Abhandlung ueber Polybius, Berlin, 1844.
perhaps the fourth, are to be attributed to Polybus
2. Of SARDIS, a Greek grammarian of unknown (HIPPOCRATES, P. 487], although Galen says that
date, some of whose works have been printed by the treatise De Natura Hominis was the work of
Iriarte (Catal. Cod. MSS. Biblioth. Matrit. vol. i. Hippocrates himself (Comment. in Hippocr. “De
pp. 117. &c. , 379, &c. ) and Walz (Rhetores Graeci, Nat. Hom. " i. praef. vol. xv. pp. 11, 12). Polybus
vol. viii. ).
is several times mentioned by Galen, chiefly in
POLY BOEA (Ponúboia), the name of two connection with different works in the Hippocratic
mythical personages, one a sister of Hiacynthus Collection (De Foet. Format. c. 1. vol. iv. p. 653,
(Paus. iii. 19. & 4), and the other the wife of Actor. De Hippocr. et Plat. Decr. vi. 3, vol. v. p. 529, De
(Eustath. ad Hom. p. 321. ),
(L. S. ) Diffic. Respir. iii. 1, 13, vol. vii. pp. 891, 960, Com-
POLYBOʻTES (Honvburns), a giant, who in ment. in Hippocr. “ De Nat. Hom. ” ii. 19, vol. xv.
the contest between the gods and giants was pur- p. 164, Comment. in Hippocr. “ De Sal. Vict. Rat. ”
sued by Poseidon across the sea as far as the praef. and c. 33, vol. xv. pp. 175, 223, Comment.
island of Cos. There Poseidon tore away a part in Hippocr. “ De Humor. " i. praef. vol. xvi. p. 3,
of the island, which was afterwards called Nisy- Comment. in Hippocr. “ Aphor. ” vi. 1, vol. xviii. pt.
rion, and throwing it upon the giant buried him i. p. 8): his name also occurs in Celsus (De Med.
under it. (Apollod. i. 6. § 2 ; Paus. i. 2. § 4; v. 20. § 2, 26. $ 23, vi. 7. $ 3, pp. 91, 100, 127),
Strab. I. p. 439. )
(L. S.
) Caelius Aurelianus (De Morb. Acut. iii. 9, 15, pp.
POʻLYBUS (Tóubos. ) 1. A Trojan, a son 218, 227), and Pliny (H. N. xxxi. in fine). A
of Antenor, mentioned in the Iliad. (xi. 59. ) collection of the treatises attributed to Polybus was
2. An Ithacan, father of the suitor Eurymachus, published in a Latin translation, 1544, 4to. Basi. . ,
was slain by the swine herd Eumaeus. (Hom. Od. per J. Oporinum ; and in Italian by P. Lauro, 1545,
i. 399, xxii. 284. )
4to. Venice. A Latin translation of the treatise De
3. The son of Alcandra, at Thebes in Egypt; Salubri Victus Ratione, was published in a separate
he was connected with Menelaus by ties of hos form by J. Placotomus ( Bretschneider), 1561, 12mo.
pitality. (Hom. Od. iv. 126. )
Antwerp, and is to be found appended to the Regi-
4. One of the Phaeacians. (Hom. Od. viii.
373. )
* In the spurious oration attributed to Thessalus
5. The king of Corinth, by whom Oedipus was (ap. Hippocr. Opera, vol. iii. p. 843), and also in
brought up. He was the husband of Periboea or some Latin works, he is called Polybius, but this
Merope. (Soph. Oed. Rex, 770; A pollod. iii 5. ) is probably a mistake.
VOL. IIL
GG
## p. 450 (#466) ############################################
450
POLYCARPUS.
POLYCARPUS.
ness.
men Sanitatis Salernitanum (in numerons editions), church at Smyrna was not in existence when the
and to three or four other works. (W. A. G. ) A postle Paul wrote his epistle to the Philippians,
POLYCAON (Iloa urdwv). 1. A son of Lelex, has been adduced to prove that Polycarp was born
brother of Myles, and husband of Messene, the before that time ; but the words are too indefinite
daughter of Triopas of Argos. He emigrated from to bear out any such inference.
Laconia to Messenia, which country he thus called An ancient life, or rather a fragment of a life of
after his wife. He was the first king of Messenia. Polycarp, ascribed by Bollandus to a certain Pioninis
(Pans. iii. l. § 1, iv. 1. $ 1. )
of unknown date, and given by him in a Latin
2. A son of Butes, was married to Euaechme, version in the Acta Sanctorum Januarii (a. d. 26),
the daughter of Hyllus. (Paus. iv. 2. $ 1. ) (L. S. ] vol. ii. p. 695, &c. , dwells much on the early history
POLYCARPUS (Nonúkapros). 1. Asceta. I of Polycarp, but the record (if indeed it be the work
There is extant in Greck a life of the female saint of Pionius) is some centuries later than its subject,
Syncletica, which has been ascribed to various and is evidently false in several particulars. We
persons. Some MSS. and the Greek ecclesiastical are inclined to think, however, that it embodies
historian, Nicephorus Callisti (H. E. viii. 40), as- some genuine traditions of Polycarp's history.
cribe it to Athanasius, but Montfaucon, though he According to this account, the Apostle Paul visited
gives the piece with a Latin version in his edition Smyrna in his way from Galatia, through the pro-
of the works of Athanasius (vol. ii. p. 681, &c. ), consular Asia to Jerusalem (the writer apparently
classes it among the spurious works, and declares confounding two journeys recorded in Acts, xvii.
that the difference of style, and the absence of any | 18–22, and 23, &c. ), and having collected the
external testimony for five or six centuries after believers, instructed them in the proper time of
Athanasius, leave no room to doubt its spurious- keeping Easter. After Paul's departure, his host,
A copy, which was among the papers of Strataeas, the brother of Timotheus, became bishop
Combéfis, contains a clause, stating that the dis- of the infant church ; or, for the passage is not
courses or sayings of the saint had been reported clear, Strataeas became an elder and Bucolus was
by “ the blessed Arsenius of Pegadae ;" but this bishop. It was during the episcopate of Bucolus
does not seem to describe him as the compiler of (whether he was the contemporary or the successor
the narrative, but only as the author from whom of Strataeas) that Callisto, a female member of the
part of the materials were derived. It is then most church, eminent for riches and works of charity,
reasonable to follow the very ancient MS. in the was warned of God in a dream to go to the gate of
Vatican library, which ascribes the biography to the city, called the Ephesian gate, where she
Polycarp the Ascetic or Monk, but where or when would find a little boy (puerulum) named Polycarp,
this Polycarp lived cannot be determined. The of Eastern origin, who had been reduced to sla-
biography was first published in the Latin version very, and was in the bands of two men, from
of David Colvillus in the Acta Sanctorum Januarii, whom she was to redeem him. Callisto, obedient
vol. i. p. 242, &c. The original Greek text is said to the vision, rose, went to the gate, found the
to have been published with some other pieces, 4to. two men with the child, as it had been revealed
Ingoldstadt, 1603 ; it is given with a new Latin to her; and having redeemed the boy, brought
version and notes in the Ecclesiae Graecae Monu. | him home, educated him with maternal affection
menta of Cotelerius, vol. i. p. 201, &c. , 4to. Paris, in the Christian faith, and, when he attained
1677. The MS. used by Cotelerius contained neither to manhood, first made him ruler over her house,
the author's name nor the final clause about Arse. then adopted him as her son, and finally left him
nius of Pegadae. The title of the piece is Blos kal heir to all her wealth. Polycarp had been from
πολιτεία της οσίας και αοιδίμου μητρός ημών (in | childhood distinguished by his beneficence, piety,
Montfaucon's edition, B. K. 7, this dylas kal maka and self-denial ; by the gravity of his deportment,
ρίας και διδασκάλου) Συγκλητικής, Vitα α Gesta | and his diligence in the study of the Holy Scrip-
sanctae celebrisque matris nostrae (or according to These qualities early attracted the notice
Montfaucon, sanctae beataeque magistrae) Syncle- and regard of the bishop, Bucolus, who loved him
ticae, (Fabric. Biblioth. Graec. vol. x. p. 329. ) with fatherly affection, and was in return regarded
2. MARTYR. [No. 3. )
by him with filial love. By Bucolus he was or-
3. Of SMYRNA, a Christian writer of the dained first to the office of deacon, in which he
age immediately succeeding that of the Apostles. laboured diligently, conſuting heathens, Jews, and
Of the early history of this eminent father we heretics ; delivering catechetical homilies in the
have no trustworthy account. The time of his church, and writing epistles of which that to the
birth is not known, and we can only determine Philippians is the only extant specimen. He was
it by approximation. At the time of his martyr- subsequently when of mature age (his hair was
dom, to which various dates are assigned, he had already turning gray) and still maturer conduct,
been a Christian eighty-six years. Now if we ordained presbyter by Bucolus, on whose death he
adopt for the present Tillemont's date of his mar- was elected and consecrated bishop. We omit to
tyrdom, A. D. 166, and suppose Polycarp to have notice the various miracles said to be wrought by
been of Christian parents, or at least educated Polycarp, or to have occurred on different occasions
from childhood in the Christian faith, and so in- | in his life.
terpret the eighty-six years, as several eminent Such are the leading facts recorded in this an-
critics do, of the term of his natural life, his birth cient narrative, which has, we think, been too
will fall in A. D. 80 ; but if with other critics we lightly estimated by Tillemont. That it has been
suppose him to have been converted at a riper age, interpolated with many fabulous admixtures of a
and compute the eighty-six years from the time of later date, is clear ; but we think there are some
his conversion, his birth must be placed at a con- things in it which indicate that it embodies earlier
siderably earlier period. A vague passage in the and truer elements. The difficulty is to discover and
Latin text of Polycarp's epistle to the Philippians separate these from later corruptions. The chief
(c. xi. ), which we think merely indicates that the ground for rejecting the narrative altogether is the
tures.
## p. 451 (#467) ############################################
POLYCARPUS.
*
as
POLYCARPUS.
151
supposed difficulty of reconciling them with the more rently, in former days, when they were both hearers
trustworthy statements of Irenaeus, who, in his of the apostle John. (Martyr. Ignatii, c. 3. ) The
boyhood, had known, perhaps lived with Polycarp sentiment of esteem was reciprocated by Polycarp,
(Iren. Epistola ad Florinum, apud Euseb. H. E. who collected several of the epistles of Ignatius,
v. 20), and of other writers. According to Irenaeus and sent them to the church at Philippi, accom-
(Epist. ad Victorem Papam, apud Euseb. H. E. panied by an epistle of his own. (Polyc. Epistol.
v. 24), Polycarp had intercourse with “ John and ad Philipp. c. 13. ) Polycarp himself visited Rome
others of the Apostles :" or still more expressly while Anicetus was bishop of that city, whose
(Ado. Haeres. iii. 3, et apud Euseb. H. E. iv. 14), episcopate extended, according to Tillemont's cal-
he was instructed (perhaps converted, uaonteudels) culation, from A. D. 157 to 168. Irenaeus has re-
by the Apostles, and conversed familiarly with many corded (Epistol. ad Victor. apud Euseb. H. E. v.
who had seen Christ ; was by the Apostles appointed 14) the difference of opinion of these two holy men
(Katastadels) bishop of the church at Smyrna ; on the time of observing Easter, and the steadfast-
and always taught what he had learned from the ness of Polycarp in adhering to the custom of the
Apostles.
## p. 449 (#465) ############################################
POLYBUS.
449
POLYBUS.
1
by Seybold, Lemgo, 1779–1783, 4 vols. 8vo. ; 8 7. ) Pausanias (ii. 6. § 3), makes him king of
and the English by Hampton, 1772, 2 vols. 4to. : Sicyon, and describes him as a son of Hermes and
the latter is upon the whole a faithful version, and Chthonophyle, and as the futher of Lysianassa,
we have availed ourselves of it in the quotations whom he gave in marriage to Talaus, king of the
which we bave made above.
Argives. (Comp. OEDIPUS. )
Livy did not use Polybius till he came to the 6. The father of Glaucus by Euboea. (Athen.
Becond Punic war, but from that time he followed vii. p. 296. )
(L. S. )
him very closely, and his history of the events POʻLYBUS* (nó ubos), one of the pupils of
after the termination of that war appears to be Hippocrates, who was also his son-in-law, and
little mure than a translation of his Greek prede. lived in the island of Cos, in the fourth cen-
cessor. Cicero likewise seems to have chiefly fol- tury B. C. Nothing is known of the events of
lowed Polybius in the account which he gives of his life, except that, with his brothers-in-law,
the Roman constitution in his De Republica. The Thessalus and Dracon, he was one of the found-
history of Polybius was continued by Poseidonius ers of the ancient medical sect of the dogo
and Strabo. (PROSEIDONIUS ; STRABO. )
matici); that he was sent abroad by Hippocrates,
Besides the great historical work of which we with his fellow-pupils, during the time of the
have been speaking, Polybius wrote, 2. The Life plague, to assist different cities with his medical
of Philopoemen in three books, to which he himself skill (Thessal. Orat. p. 843), and that he after-
refers (X. 24). 3. A treatise on Tuctics (rd repl wards remained in his native country (Galen,
Tas Táteis úrournuata), which he also quotes Comment. in Hippocr. “ De Nat. Hom. ” i. praef.
(ix. 20), and to which Arrian (Tactic. init. ) and vol. xv. p. 12). According to Galen (l. c. ), he
Aelian (Tactic. cc. 1, 3) allude ; 4. A History of followed implicitly the opinions and mode of prac-
the Numantine War, according to the statement of tice of Hippocrates ; but the strict accuracy of this
Cicero (ad Fam. v. 12); and 5, a small treatise assertion has been doubted. He has been sup-
De Habitatione sub Aequatore (Tepl tñs nepl tov posed, both by ancient and modern critics, to be
lonuepivov oikhoews), quoted by Geminus (c. 13, the author of several treatises in the Hippocratic
in Petavius, Uranologiuin, vol. iii. p. 31, &c. ), but collection. Choulant (Handb. der Bücherkunde für
it is not improbable that this formed part of the die Aeltere Medicin) specifies the following :-).
34th book of the History, which was entirely de- nepi puoios 'Avopórov, De Natura Hominis ;
voted to geography.
2. Περί Γονής, De Genitura ; 3. Περί φύσιος Παι-
The reader will find some valuable information diov, De Natura Pueri; 4. Nepl Atalans 'Tyreivís,
respecting the character of Polybius as an historian De Salubri Victus Ratione ; 5. Nepl nadôv, De
in the following works;—Lucas, Ueber Polybius Dar- Affectionibus ; and 6. Nepl TWv'EyTds Tabwv, De In-
stellung des Aetolischen Bundes, Königsberg, 1827 ; ternis Affectionibus: Clemens Alexandrinus (Strom.
Merleker, Die Geschichte des Aetolisch-Achaeischen vi. p. 290) attributes to him the treatise, Nep!
Bundesgenossen-Krieges, Königsberg, 1831; K. | 'Oktauhivou, De Octimestri Partu ; and Plutarch
W. Nitzsch, Polybius : zur Geschichte antiker (De Philosoph. Plac. v. 18) quotes him as the author
Politik und Historiographie, Kiel, 1842 ; Brands- of that ſlepi 'Entauńvov, De Septimestri Partu. Of
täter, Die Geschichten des Aetolischen Landes, these, however, M. Littré (Oeuvres d'Hippocr. vol.
Volkes und Bundes, nebst einer historiographischen i. p. 345, &c. ) considers that only the first, and
Abhandlung ueber Polybius, Berlin, 1844.
perhaps the fourth, are to be attributed to Polybus
2. Of SARDIS, a Greek grammarian of unknown (HIPPOCRATES, P. 487], although Galen says that
date, some of whose works have been printed by the treatise De Natura Hominis was the work of
Iriarte (Catal. Cod. MSS. Biblioth. Matrit. vol. i. Hippocrates himself (Comment. in Hippocr. “De
pp. 117. &c. , 379, &c. ) and Walz (Rhetores Graeci, Nat. Hom. " i. praef. vol. xv. pp. 11, 12). Polybus
vol. viii. ).
is several times mentioned by Galen, chiefly in
POLY BOEA (Ponúboia), the name of two connection with different works in the Hippocratic
mythical personages, one a sister of Hiacynthus Collection (De Foet. Format. c. 1. vol. iv. p. 653,
(Paus. iii. 19. & 4), and the other the wife of Actor. De Hippocr. et Plat. Decr. vi. 3, vol. v. p. 529, De
(Eustath. ad Hom. p. 321. ),
(L. S. ) Diffic. Respir. iii. 1, 13, vol. vii. pp. 891, 960, Com-
POLYBOʻTES (Honvburns), a giant, who in ment. in Hippocr. “ De Nat. Hom. ” ii. 19, vol. xv.
the contest between the gods and giants was pur- p. 164, Comment. in Hippocr. “ De Sal. Vict. Rat. ”
sued by Poseidon across the sea as far as the praef. and c. 33, vol. xv. pp. 175, 223, Comment.
island of Cos. There Poseidon tore away a part in Hippocr. “ De Humor. " i. praef. vol. xvi. p. 3,
of the island, which was afterwards called Nisy- Comment. in Hippocr. “ Aphor. ” vi. 1, vol. xviii. pt.
rion, and throwing it upon the giant buried him i. p. 8): his name also occurs in Celsus (De Med.
under it. (Apollod. i. 6. § 2 ; Paus. i. 2. § 4; v. 20. § 2, 26. $ 23, vi. 7. $ 3, pp. 91, 100, 127),
Strab. I. p. 439. )
(L. S.
) Caelius Aurelianus (De Morb. Acut. iii. 9, 15, pp.
POʻLYBUS (Tóubos. ) 1. A Trojan, a son 218, 227), and Pliny (H. N. xxxi. in fine). A
of Antenor, mentioned in the Iliad. (xi. 59. ) collection of the treatises attributed to Polybus was
2. An Ithacan, father of the suitor Eurymachus, published in a Latin translation, 1544, 4to. Basi. . ,
was slain by the swine herd Eumaeus. (Hom. Od. per J. Oporinum ; and in Italian by P. Lauro, 1545,
i. 399, xxii. 284. )
4to. Venice. A Latin translation of the treatise De
3. The son of Alcandra, at Thebes in Egypt; Salubri Victus Ratione, was published in a separate
he was connected with Menelaus by ties of hos form by J. Placotomus ( Bretschneider), 1561, 12mo.
pitality. (Hom. Od. iv. 126. )
Antwerp, and is to be found appended to the Regi-
4. One of the Phaeacians. (Hom. Od. viii.
373. )
* In the spurious oration attributed to Thessalus
5. The king of Corinth, by whom Oedipus was (ap. Hippocr. Opera, vol. iii. p. 843), and also in
brought up. He was the husband of Periboea or some Latin works, he is called Polybius, but this
Merope. (Soph. Oed. Rex, 770; A pollod. iii 5. ) is probably a mistake.
VOL. IIL
GG
## p. 450 (#466) ############################################
450
POLYCARPUS.
POLYCARPUS.
ness.
men Sanitatis Salernitanum (in numerons editions), church at Smyrna was not in existence when the
and to three or four other works. (W. A. G. ) A postle Paul wrote his epistle to the Philippians,
POLYCAON (Iloa urdwv). 1. A son of Lelex, has been adduced to prove that Polycarp was born
brother of Myles, and husband of Messene, the before that time ; but the words are too indefinite
daughter of Triopas of Argos. He emigrated from to bear out any such inference.
Laconia to Messenia, which country he thus called An ancient life, or rather a fragment of a life of
after his wife. He was the first king of Messenia. Polycarp, ascribed by Bollandus to a certain Pioninis
(Pans. iii. l. § 1, iv. 1. $ 1. )
of unknown date, and given by him in a Latin
2. A son of Butes, was married to Euaechme, version in the Acta Sanctorum Januarii (a. d. 26),
the daughter of Hyllus. (Paus. iv. 2. $ 1. ) (L. S. ] vol. ii. p. 695, &c. , dwells much on the early history
POLYCARPUS (Nonúkapros). 1. Asceta. I of Polycarp, but the record (if indeed it be the work
There is extant in Greck a life of the female saint of Pionius) is some centuries later than its subject,
Syncletica, which has been ascribed to various and is evidently false in several particulars. We
persons. Some MSS. and the Greek ecclesiastical are inclined to think, however, that it embodies
historian, Nicephorus Callisti (H. E. viii. 40), as- some genuine traditions of Polycarp's history.
cribe it to Athanasius, but Montfaucon, though he According to this account, the Apostle Paul visited
gives the piece with a Latin version in his edition Smyrna in his way from Galatia, through the pro-
of the works of Athanasius (vol. ii. p. 681, &c. ), consular Asia to Jerusalem (the writer apparently
classes it among the spurious works, and declares confounding two journeys recorded in Acts, xvii.
that the difference of style, and the absence of any | 18–22, and 23, &c. ), and having collected the
external testimony for five or six centuries after believers, instructed them in the proper time of
Athanasius, leave no room to doubt its spurious- keeping Easter. After Paul's departure, his host,
A copy, which was among the papers of Strataeas, the brother of Timotheus, became bishop
Combéfis, contains a clause, stating that the dis- of the infant church ; or, for the passage is not
courses or sayings of the saint had been reported clear, Strataeas became an elder and Bucolus was
by “ the blessed Arsenius of Pegadae ;" but this bishop. It was during the episcopate of Bucolus
does not seem to describe him as the compiler of (whether he was the contemporary or the successor
the narrative, but only as the author from whom of Strataeas) that Callisto, a female member of the
part of the materials were derived. It is then most church, eminent for riches and works of charity,
reasonable to follow the very ancient MS. in the was warned of God in a dream to go to the gate of
Vatican library, which ascribes the biography to the city, called the Ephesian gate, where she
Polycarp the Ascetic or Monk, but where or when would find a little boy (puerulum) named Polycarp,
this Polycarp lived cannot be determined. The of Eastern origin, who had been reduced to sla-
biography was first published in the Latin version very, and was in the bands of two men, from
of David Colvillus in the Acta Sanctorum Januarii, whom she was to redeem him. Callisto, obedient
vol. i. p. 242, &c. The original Greek text is said to the vision, rose, went to the gate, found the
to have been published with some other pieces, 4to. two men with the child, as it had been revealed
Ingoldstadt, 1603 ; it is given with a new Latin to her; and having redeemed the boy, brought
version and notes in the Ecclesiae Graecae Monu. | him home, educated him with maternal affection
menta of Cotelerius, vol. i. p. 201, &c. , 4to. Paris, in the Christian faith, and, when he attained
1677. The MS. used by Cotelerius contained neither to manhood, first made him ruler over her house,
the author's name nor the final clause about Arse. then adopted him as her son, and finally left him
nius of Pegadae. The title of the piece is Blos kal heir to all her wealth. Polycarp had been from
πολιτεία της οσίας και αοιδίμου μητρός ημών (in | childhood distinguished by his beneficence, piety,
Montfaucon's edition, B. K. 7, this dylas kal maka and self-denial ; by the gravity of his deportment,
ρίας και διδασκάλου) Συγκλητικής, Vitα α Gesta | and his diligence in the study of the Holy Scrip-
sanctae celebrisque matris nostrae (or according to These qualities early attracted the notice
Montfaucon, sanctae beataeque magistrae) Syncle- and regard of the bishop, Bucolus, who loved him
ticae, (Fabric. Biblioth. Graec. vol. x. p. 329. ) with fatherly affection, and was in return regarded
2. MARTYR. [No. 3. )
by him with filial love. By Bucolus he was or-
3. Of SMYRNA, a Christian writer of the dained first to the office of deacon, in which he
age immediately succeeding that of the Apostles. laboured diligently, conſuting heathens, Jews, and
Of the early history of this eminent father we heretics ; delivering catechetical homilies in the
have no trustworthy account. The time of his church, and writing epistles of which that to the
birth is not known, and we can only determine Philippians is the only extant specimen. He was
it by approximation. At the time of his martyr- subsequently when of mature age (his hair was
dom, to which various dates are assigned, he had already turning gray) and still maturer conduct,
been a Christian eighty-six years. Now if we ordained presbyter by Bucolus, on whose death he
adopt for the present Tillemont's date of his mar- was elected and consecrated bishop. We omit to
tyrdom, A. D. 166, and suppose Polycarp to have notice the various miracles said to be wrought by
been of Christian parents, or at least educated Polycarp, or to have occurred on different occasions
from childhood in the Christian faith, and so in- | in his life.
terpret the eighty-six years, as several eminent Such are the leading facts recorded in this an-
critics do, of the term of his natural life, his birth cient narrative, which has, we think, been too
will fall in A. D. 80 ; but if with other critics we lightly estimated by Tillemont. That it has been
suppose him to have been converted at a riper age, interpolated with many fabulous admixtures of a
and compute the eighty-six years from the time of later date, is clear ; but we think there are some
his conversion, his birth must be placed at a con- things in it which indicate that it embodies earlier
siderably earlier period. A vague passage in the and truer elements. The difficulty is to discover and
Latin text of Polycarp's epistle to the Philippians separate these from later corruptions. The chief
(c. xi. ), which we think merely indicates that the ground for rejecting the narrative altogether is the
tures.
## p. 451 (#467) ############################################
POLYCARPUS.
*
as
POLYCARPUS.
151
supposed difficulty of reconciling them with the more rently, in former days, when they were both hearers
trustworthy statements of Irenaeus, who, in his of the apostle John. (Martyr. Ignatii, c. 3. ) The
boyhood, had known, perhaps lived with Polycarp sentiment of esteem was reciprocated by Polycarp,
(Iren. Epistola ad Florinum, apud Euseb. H. E. who collected several of the epistles of Ignatius,
v. 20), and of other writers. According to Irenaeus and sent them to the church at Philippi, accom-
(Epist. ad Victorem Papam, apud Euseb. H. E. panied by an epistle of his own. (Polyc. Epistol.
v. 24), Polycarp had intercourse with “ John and ad Philipp. c. 13. ) Polycarp himself visited Rome
others of the Apostles :" or still more expressly while Anicetus was bishop of that city, whose
(Ado. Haeres. iii. 3, et apud Euseb. H. E. iv. 14), episcopate extended, according to Tillemont's cal-
he was instructed (perhaps converted, uaonteudels) culation, from A. D. 157 to 168. Irenaeus has re-
by the Apostles, and conversed familiarly with many corded (Epistol. ad Victor. apud Euseb. H. E. v.
who had seen Christ ; was by the Apostles appointed 14) the difference of opinion of these two holy men
(Katastadels) bishop of the church at Smyrna ; on the time of observing Easter, and the steadfast-
and always taught what he had learned from the ness of Polycarp in adhering to the custom of the
Apostles.
