influence
on Augustine, Ok«n, 671, 698, 008, 056.
Windelband - History of Philosophy
, 128 connected with logic, 133 of Aris totle, 139 ff.
of Theophrastus, 178 of Stoics, 180; religious, 214 ff.
; of
;
f.
f. j
:
f. , ;
f.
f.
f
;
; f.
; ;
;
;
;
;;;
1.
;;
;2
;
;
f. ;;;
f.
f. f. ;;;
;;;
f.
f. ,
f. ,
f. ;; ; ;
;
f. , ;
;; ;;
;
;
f. ;
714 Index.
logical genera and species, 271 if. ; Montaigne, 35o, 362, 376, 403.
of inner experience, 278 ff. ; logical, Montesquieu, 443, 610.
of Realism, 290 ff. ; of Nominalism, Moral law, with Kant, 552 ; see Ethics.
296 ; of psychology, 323 f. ; Boehme's,
374 f. ; as mathematical physics, Des
cartes, 393 ; Bacon's def. of, 401 ;
Spinoza's, 408 ff. ; Leibniz, 420 ff. ;
Wolff, 482 ; Berkeley, 470 ; as basis for
morals, 503 f. ; Kant's attitude toward, More, Thomas, 382, 427 ff. 466, 478, 480, 537 ; of intellectual per Morell, 029.
ception, 592 ; of the irrational, 610 ff. ; Morelly, 443, 623. Lotze's, 044 ; recent idealistic, 042; Morgan, 441. historical with Comte, 652. Morgan, Lloyd, 630.
Method, maieutic of Socrates, 97 ; Moritz, 445.
modified by Plato, 118 f. ; Aristotle's Motekallemin, 317.
deductive, 137 ff. ; scholastic, 312, 344 ; Motion, as basis of mediating attempts,
inductive, 97, 118, 137, 344, 384 ;
problem raised in Renaissance, 378,
383 ; of Bacon, 383 ; of Galileo and
Kepler, 388; of Descartes, 389 ff. ; basis of feelings with Cyrenaics, 86
of Hobbes, 389 ; Descartes' method
misunderstood by his disciples, 395 ;
geometrical, supreme with Spinoza.
396 f. ; continued by Wolff, 482;
criticized by Rudiger and Crusius, conservation of, Descartes, 411.
484 f. , exploded by Kant, 485; in Motives, Greek theories, 72, 75, 79 f. ;
Metrodorus, 76, 684 (30). Metrodorus the Epicurean, 162. Michael Psellos, 342. Microcosm, see Macrocosm. Milesians, 28 f. , 32 ff. , 48 ff. Mill, James, 629, 665.
Mill, J. Stuart, 629, psychology and method, 635, 654, 660 ; ethics, 666-667.
Milton, 433.
pfcnpit, 47, 120.
Mind (see Spirit, Soul, Psychology),
mode of consciousness, 406.
Minucius Felix, 214, 217, 224.
Mode, all bodies and minds modes
of spatiality and consciousness, Des cartes, 406"; infinite and finite of Spinoza, 409 f. ; everything a mode of both attributes, 420.
Moderatus, 215.
Moleschott, 632.
Monad, Bruno's conception of, 371,
Leibniz, 423.
Monism, original presupposition, 32 ff. ;
metaphysical, of the Eleatics, 37 ff. ; of the spirit, in Neo-Platonism, 240 ff. ; in the Renaissance, 367 ff. ; modern so-called, 632, 643.
Monotheism, pantheistic with Xeno- phaiies, 34 ; of Cynics, 86 ; theistic with Aristotle, 146 f. ; as final form of religion, 497 f.
Morals, I'lato's, 125 ff. ; ascetic, 230 ; in eighteenth century, 502 ff. ; of master
" and slaves, 679 ; see Ethics. Moral sense," 509, 517.
More, Henry, 382, 402, 404, 435, 460, 60S.
39 ; the essence of change, 43 ; early theories of its cause, 52 ff. ; contra dictions in conception of, Zeno, 55
of perceptions with Protagoras, 92 with Deinocritus, 113 f. , 115 f. ; with Aristotle, 147 f. ; made cause of all cosmic processes by Galileo, 388, 410 ;
adequacy of psychological, recog nised by Kant, 633 ; critical of Kant, 633 ; dialectical of Fichte and Hegel, 591 f. ; historical compared with that of natural science, 048, 651, 653 f. , 667, 660.
eighteenth century, 501, 614-517 ;
Mill, 060 ; see Freedom, and Will. Music, theory of Pythagoreans, 46. Musonius, 210.
Mutazilin, 318.
Mysteries, 124, 685 (123).
Mystics and Mysticism, source in Neo-
Platonism, 227 ; a factor of Med. philos. , 260 ff. , 275, 304 ff. , 333, 409, 487, 583 ; of Biran, 636.
Myths, with the Sophists, 76 ; Plato, 102, 123, 687 (123) ; Stoics, 189 f. ; Gnostics, 243 f. ; Schelling, 619.
Naive and sentimental, 004 f. Nativism, 539 note 1.
Naturalism of Strato, 179 ; of Arabians.
338 ; of Renaissance, 401 ff. ; of En lightenment, 479 ff. , 627; see also Materialism, Mechanism.
Natural law, see Law, and Right. Natural religion, 486 ff. ; see Deism, and
Religion.
Natural selection, 63, 656 f. , 672. Natural science, among the Greeks,
27 ff. ; daughter of Humanism, 351 ; favoured by Nominalism, 343 f. , 376 ; its decisive influence on modern philos. , 378 ; how possible, Kant, 641 ff. ; influence in nineteenth cen tury, 624 f. , 648 ff. ; its method compared with that of history, 648, 661,663 f. , 667, 660.
NaluraNaturans andNatura Xaturata, probably first used by Averroism, 330, 338 ; with Eckhart, 335 f. ; with Bruno, 368 f. ; with Spinoza, 400.
(488).
171 f. ; regarded as equivalent to law, Neo-Pythagoreans, 117 uote
123, 233, 237,
stitution, 436 Kant's philos. of,
540 purposivenessof, 659 ff. , 665 ff.
specification of, 500 as objectifica-
lion of will, Schopenhauer, 689 Nigidius Figulus, 215. Schelling's philos. of, 597 . Goethe's
Index. 715
Nature, first object of philosophy, 26, Malebranche, 417 on Schelling, 010 27 f. ; contrasted with statute, 73 fl. ; see also Plotinus, Proclus.
with Democritus, 110; Plato's pin Neo-Platoniste, English, of Cambridge, ion, of, 129 f. ; Aristotle's, 146 ft*. ; 382, 435, 449 f. , 490 note, 502 f. , 094 Stoic doctrine of life according to,
171; Strato's view of, 179; Epicu 213, 216, 220 f. , 230
reans' view of, 183 ff. ; Stoics', 180 f. ; 089 (238).
spiritualisation of, by Plotinus, 249 ; XfcWIDJlIl tJ*J0
by Valentinus, 254 ; return to, by Newton, 378, 380, 691 (380), 402, 421, school of Chartres, 302 f. ; relation 479, 490.
to deity with Kckhart, 335 ; return Nicolai, 445, 483, 607, 621. to, in Renaissance, 360 306 re Nicolas d'Oresme, 34. ">.
garded as God made creatural, 308 spiritualisation of, in Renaissance,
373 despiritualised again, 401 rec
ognised as one, 402 identified with
God, Spinoza, 409 opposed to in Nicole, 381.
Nicolaus d'Autricuria, 344.
Nicolaus Cusanus, 312, 316, 336 f. , 337,
343, 346 f. , 308 f. , 371, 402, 405, 409, 419, 422, 648, 692.
Nicomachus, 213, 210. Nietzsche, 033, 070-080. Nifo, 355, 369.
view, 597, 699 as realm of the con tingent. 143, 341, 344, 425, 500, 041 as esthetic standard, 493 as ethical standard. 73 86, 110, 435 f. , 024 008 f. , 072; state of, with Cynics, 83 llobbes. view of, 434 Rous
Nineteenth century, philosophy of, 623 ff.
Nizolius, 365, 300, 376.
Nominalism, 272 its origin, 290 of
Roscellinus, 296 revived, 312, 342 favours study of natural science, 843 370 influence on Descartes, Locke, and llobbes, 403 on Locke, 461 '. , 408 on Berkeley, 452, 409 of Feuerbach, 041 see also Termin- ism.
seau, 625 Kant, 658 Fichte, 008.
Schiller, 004
Nausiphanes, 106.
Necessity, mechanical, with Leucippus,
Norms, 03, 09, 181, 279, 080. Aristotle. 134 natural, with Stoics, Norris, 471.
63 with 1'lato, 130 logical, with
181 denied by Epicurus, 183 two
kinds, Leibniz, 390; Spinoza's, 419;
subjective, Tetens, 400 of evil, Leib
niz, 492 logical, identified with real
ity, 637 of a priori Forms, 639 ff.
feeling of, attaching to experience,
Fichte, 679 teleological, of ideal Novalis, Fr. v. Hardcnberg, 671, 599. ism, 690 see also Materialism, Mech Numbers, with Pythagoreans, 46, 47
anism.
Negative theology, with Philo, Apolo
with Plato, 122, 129, 131 in Alcx- andrianism, 242 ff. in the Renais sance, 372, 387.
gists, and Neo-Platonists, 237 f. , 689
(238); with Scotus Erigena, 290; of Numenius, 213, 210, 220, 223, 232.
Eikhart, 336 of Bruno, 308
of Spi
Object, of knowledge, Kant, 637 ff. ,
674, 676 indifference of subject and object, 608.
noza, 408 cf. Agnosticism.
Nekkam, Alex. , 344.
Neo-Kantianism, 6:13, 042
Neo-Platunisiii, dependent on earlier Objectification, 68'. l.
Greek conceptions, 123, 167 per Objective, with Dew arte*, = subjective sonality and writings. 216, 218 phil in modern sense. 303; objective spirit, osophical interpretation of myths, with Hegel. 613; cf. En*.
222 on spirit and matter, 233 ff. Occam, see William of Occam-
doctrine of Ideas, 117 note 0; 233 Occasionalisni, 410 ff. , 474 note note on nature of God, 237 ff. , 089 Odo (Odardus) of Cambray, 29. }. (238); on history, 2. V» In Middle Oinomaoa, 216, 686 (163).
Ages, 208 ff.
influence on Augustine, Ok«n, 671, 698, 008, 056.
279 280 on John Scotus, 289 ff. Oldendorf, 382.
on Bernard of Chartres, 294 on One (fr), of Xenophauea, 34 with William of Champeaux, 296; on Parmenides, 38; with Neo-Pythago
Nouniena, Kant's theory of, 647
*»0i, of Anaxagoras, 42. 084 (42) 64,
03; as part of soul with Plato, 124 with Aristotle, 150; with Theo- phrastus, 178 Plotinus, 246; Au gustine, 270, note see Reason.
;
;;
;; ;;f. ,;;;
; ;
;
;
f. , ;2
; ;;f. ;
;;
;;; ;;;
;
f. ,
;
f.
;
;f ff
f. ; f. ,
;
;
;
f. ;
f. ,
3 ;
f. ;
;
;
;
;;;;
f. ;;
;
;
;;
; ;;
f. 3.
; f. 0,
;;
f.
;
;
;
;
,. I ;
716 Index.
reans, 237 with riato, 122 with
Proclus, 261.
Ontological argument of Anselm, 292
restated by Descartes, 393. Ontologism, 631, 661 n.
Ontology, of the Stoics, 199 possibility
of denied, 546 ff. cf. Metaphysics. Ophites, 268.
Opinion, opposed to knowledge, 68, 96,
106-117; to sense perceptions, 204; relativity of, 201.
Paracelsus, 357. 368, 370 373 f. , 404 Parallelism, with Spinoza, 419 mate
rialistic interpretation of, 463 psycho-physical, 644-646 see also Soul.
Paralogisms of Pure Reason, 549. Parker, 491.
Parmenides, 28 ff. , 37 ff. , 46, 51, 58 ff. ,
90, 118, 129
Trapovaia, 120.
Participation, of things in the Ideas with
Optimism, religious, 252 of Bruno, Plato, 120 of finite minds in God, 368 of Shaftesbury, 489 of Leibniz, Malebranche, 407.
492 Voltaire on, 493 of Rousseau, Particular, see Universal.
526 of utilitarianism and positivism,
670 ff.
Optimism and pessimism, as moods,
676 united, Hartmann, 673 see Pessimism.
Oratory (Fathers of), 416. Order, Heraclitus, 36, 49
Pascal, 381, 396, 692 (381).
Passions, ancient conception of, 165;
Stoics on, 168 Descartes and Spinoza, 412-414; Hoboes, 413; Nietzsche, 677 cf. Emotions.
Patristics, 214.
as norm, 63
Anaxagoras, 42, 64 moral, Kant, 556, Pedagogy, of Humanism, 300 of Ba
566 as God, with Fichte, 696.
Ordo ordinans, 696.
Ordo rerum = ordo idearum, with Spi
noza, 396, 419
Organism, as principle with Aristotle,
conian doctrine, with Comenius and Rattich, 386; Rousseau's, 626; of associational psychology, with Her- bart and Beneke, 698 (586) see also Education.
Patrizzi, 364, 369.
141 Buffon's theory of, 480 as Perception, contrasted with reflective
" miracle," Kant, 480, 565 with Schelling, 599 as analogue of society, 666.
thought by cosmologists, 68 ff. Pro- tagoras's theory of, 91 ff. Democri- tus, 106, 113 ff. Epicurean theory, 202 Stoics', 202 only of our own states, ace. to Campanella, 370 with Leibniz, 462 pure, with Kant, 639 ff. implies a synthesis, 639 feeling of reality of sensuous, Jacobi, 574 intellectual, 681, 592.
Peregrinus Proteus, 216.
Peripatetic School, 103, 169, 161, 164,
178, 180, 229, 411 see also Aristote
lian ism.
Perseltas boni, 332, 416 note 2.
Persius, 216.
Personality, emphasised in Hellenistic
thought, 223 found in spirit, 232 Christian view of, 251 emphasised by Christian thinkers as against Ara bian pan-psychism, 340; worth of, Kant, 663 conception of in Hegelian School, 640.
Organon, of Aristotle, 104, 132 ff. new, of Bacon, 380, 383 ff.
the
Orient, its philosophy, 23 note, 683 (23); influence, on Greeks, 27, 211, 213 ff. on Middle Ages, 310, 316 ff.
Origen, the Christian, 214, 216 ff. , 222, 233, 236, 263 f. , 261, 499.
Origen, the Neo-Platonist, 218. Osiander, 366, 366.
Oswald, 442.
oiVio, with Plato, 108 ff. , 120-123;
Aristotle, 139 ff.
Origen, 254. "Over-man," 679 i.
Plotinus,
246
see
Pain, Schopenhauer's view of, 620 also Pleasure.
Paley, 441, 613, 514 f. , 664
Pansetius, 161 f. , 190.
Panentheism, of Krause, 610.
Pan-psychism, 340.
Pantheism, suggestions for in Eleati- trine, 252 Swift's, 515 Rousseau's,
cism, 34 f. , 37 Strata's, 179 of 626; Schopenhauer's, 620 ff. . 673; Stoics, 180 in conjunction with the opposed by Duhring, 671 German
ism, 236 logical of Realism, 296 of Averroism, 313, 338 ff. of Amal- ricans, 339 tendency of Renaissance, 368, 367 ff. of Cartesianism, 405 ff. and esp. Spinozism, 408 f. , 419; Schelling's, 608 Feuerbach's, 640 alleged, of Hegeliauism, 639 f. , 661 note.
of nineteenth century, 673; Bahu-
sen's, 676.
Peter Lombard, 276.
Peter of Poitiers, 276. Petnis Aureolus, 316. Petrus Hispanus, 316, 342. Phsedo, 72.
Phusdrus, 162.
Pessimism, among the Cyrenaics, 87; among Stoics, 169 in Christian doc
;
;
;
f.
; ;;;
f. ;
;
;;
; ;f. ;;
; ;j;;
;
; ;;;;;
f.
;
; ;
;
f. , ;
;;
;
;
;
;; ;
;;;;;;
;;; ;
; ;f. f.
;;
f. ;
;;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
f.
Index. 711
Phaleas, 74.
Phenomena and phenomenal, objects
of sensation or perception as, 92 f. ,
106, 110; space and time as, 421 f. , Phurnutns, see Cornutus.
486, 540 f. , 686, 688 ; " impressions," Physicc-theology, with Stoics, 196- 468, 472 ff. , 067 ; opposed to true 197; Enlightenment, 489 ff. ; criti reality as qualitative to quantitative, cized by Hume, 494 Kant's early, 1 10 f. ; 388 as changing and particu 490 his later criticism on, 650 see
lar to changeless and universal, 120 ff.
as spatial to the spiritual or dynamic,
421 and note as sensuous to intel
ligible, 110 120 ff. , 421 note 483, Pietism. 446, 487, 683. 436 as = priori and necessary, Pinel, 627.
640 ff. , opposed to things-in-them- Pittacus, 24.
selves, 641 f„ 646 ff. and to the realm Pity, see Sympathy.
of faith and freedom, 664 cf. also Platner, 445, 693 (446).
Thing-in-ilself, Supersensuous, Ra Plato, as authority for Socrates, 71, 77, tionalism, Knowledge.
Pherecydes, 24, 34.
Philip, or I'hilippus, of Opus, 103, 123. Philo of Larissa, 103, 161
Philo of Alexandria, 214, 216, 220 ff. ,
227, 231, 237, 240 ff. , 290, 319, 687
(217), 688 (224).
Philodemus, 162, 198, 342.
PhiloUus, 29, 31, 46, 60 1, 63, 129, 21 Philosophy, various conceptions of,
97 as gystematiser, 99 general character of philos. , 101 life and writings, 102 f. ,684 (102), 686 (103); grounds metaphysics anew, 105-109; Ideas, 116 ff. doctrine of recollec tion, 118, 685 (119); of soul, 686
(123); logic and dialectic, 119 . Idea of Good, 122 his psychology, 123 f. ; ethics, 126; politics, 126 f. ; on education, 127 teleology, 128 doctrine of space, 129, 687 (238);
nal position, share of different
peoples in, 8; division of, 18 ff.
sources of, among the Greeks, 23 ff. ,
27 ff. at first costnological, 27 f. ; then
anthropological and practical, 68 ff.
Aristotle's division of, 163; sepa
rating of special sciences from, 166
as wisdom for life, 167 ff. fused with (see Neo-Platonists, English); on religion, 210 ff. relation to Chris Malebranche, 661 note on Mill, 667; tianity, 224 ff. to theology with on Schelling through Neo-Platonism, Scholastics, 321 separation from 610; cf. also 184, 229, 242, 265, theology, 364, 375, 389 relation of 420, 640.
modern to religion, 399 ff. ; under' Platonism, as characteristic of Alex control of natural science, 378 ff. andrian philosophy, 212 see also aa world-wisdom in Enlightenment, Academy and Neo-Platonism.
437 ff. as psychology, 447 ff. as Play-impulse, 601.
criticism, &I2 ff. ; Influence on litera Pleasure and Pain, referred to differ ture, in Germany, 694 (630); Fichte's ences in motion, 86 as ethical crile- conception of, 679 Hegel's concep- rian, 165, 170 measurement of, in tion of, 611, 616; of this century,
623 ff. ; as science of values, 680 Philosophy, history of, defined,
utilitarianism. 613, 666 f. , and pessi mism, 072; swthetic as function of the faculty of approval or judgment with
Hegel's view of, 10 f. , 12 L, 614, Kant, 660, 662 see also Eudemo- 681 Fischer* view of, 13 three fac nism. Hedonism, Utilitarianism.
tors In, 11-14 tasks of, 15; sources Pleroma, of Gnostics, 2:19.
for, 16 its significance. 681 and Pletho, 364, 368.
see also each of the periods and Plotinus. 214 f. . 218, 228, 233 ff. , 237 f. ,
writers treated division of, 21
244 ff. . 290. 336, 867, 610, 688 (218). Ploucquet, 444.
Plurality, of substances, 39 with Her
additional literature of, 683. Philnstralus, 216.
bert, 684, cf. ; 423 f; denied by the 4wn, as title of early philosophic writ Eleatics, 37 f. . 44 of co-existing ings, 29 . as nature, Xenophanes, worlds, in Atomism. 54 with Bruno,
Phrenology, 517.
34 as origin, or primal substance, 369.
47 ff. opposed to »ia u, 74 ff. , 436 harmonized with riuot with Stoics, 172, 209 Plotinus, 246.
Teleology.
Pico, 364, 372
Pierre d'Ailly, 315, 333, 346.
ff. ; relation to other sciences,
667, 680, to civilisation, 13 exter importance of mathematics for, 129
philos. of Nature, 1211 f. ; relation to Aristotle, 133, 139 ff. ; on freedom, 191 influence of his dualism, 211 regarded as starting-point for natural science, 31)3 influence on More's Utopia, 428 on Bacon's New At lantis, 429 on Cambridge PlatonisU
;
;
;
f ;
a f„ 3 ;; ;;7 ;
f. ;
;
;;
f. ;
;
;
;
ff ;
;
;
; ; 6, f. ;
f.
;
f.
f. j
:
f. , ;
f.
f.
f
;
; f.
; ;
;
;
;
;;;
1.
;;
;2
;
;
f. ;;;
f.
f. f. ;;;
;;;
f.
f. ,
f. ,
f. ;; ; ;
;
f. , ;
;; ;;
;
;
f. ;
714 Index.
logical genera and species, 271 if. ; Montaigne, 35o, 362, 376, 403.
of inner experience, 278 ff. ; logical, Montesquieu, 443, 610.
of Realism, 290 ff. ; of Nominalism, Moral law, with Kant, 552 ; see Ethics.
296 ; of psychology, 323 f. ; Boehme's,
374 f. ; as mathematical physics, Des
cartes, 393 ; Bacon's def. of, 401 ;
Spinoza's, 408 ff. ; Leibniz, 420 ff. ;
Wolff, 482 ; Berkeley, 470 ; as basis for
morals, 503 f. ; Kant's attitude toward, More, Thomas, 382, 427 ff. 466, 478, 480, 537 ; of intellectual per Morell, 029.
ception, 592 ; of the irrational, 610 ff. ; Morelly, 443, 623. Lotze's, 044 ; recent idealistic, 042; Morgan, 441. historical with Comte, 652. Morgan, Lloyd, 630.
Method, maieutic of Socrates, 97 ; Moritz, 445.
modified by Plato, 118 f. ; Aristotle's Motekallemin, 317.
deductive, 137 ff. ; scholastic, 312, 344 ; Motion, as basis of mediating attempts,
inductive, 97, 118, 137, 344, 384 ;
problem raised in Renaissance, 378,
383 ; of Bacon, 383 ; of Galileo and
Kepler, 388; of Descartes, 389 ff. ; basis of feelings with Cyrenaics, 86
of Hobbes, 389 ; Descartes' method
misunderstood by his disciples, 395 ;
geometrical, supreme with Spinoza.
396 f. ; continued by Wolff, 482;
criticized by Rudiger and Crusius, conservation of, Descartes, 411.
484 f. , exploded by Kant, 485; in Motives, Greek theories, 72, 75, 79 f. ;
Metrodorus, 76, 684 (30). Metrodorus the Epicurean, 162. Michael Psellos, 342. Microcosm, see Macrocosm. Milesians, 28 f. , 32 ff. , 48 ff. Mill, James, 629, 665.
Mill, J. Stuart, 629, psychology and method, 635, 654, 660 ; ethics, 666-667.
Milton, 433.
pfcnpit, 47, 120.
Mind (see Spirit, Soul, Psychology),
mode of consciousness, 406.
Minucius Felix, 214, 217, 224.
Mode, all bodies and minds modes
of spatiality and consciousness, Des cartes, 406"; infinite and finite of Spinoza, 409 f. ; everything a mode of both attributes, 420.
Moderatus, 215.
Moleschott, 632.
Monad, Bruno's conception of, 371,
Leibniz, 423.
Monism, original presupposition, 32 ff. ;
metaphysical, of the Eleatics, 37 ff. ; of the spirit, in Neo-Platonism, 240 ff. ; in the Renaissance, 367 ff. ; modern so-called, 632, 643.
Monotheism, pantheistic with Xeno- phaiies, 34 ; of Cynics, 86 ; theistic with Aristotle, 146 f. ; as final form of religion, 497 f.
Morals, I'lato's, 125 ff. ; ascetic, 230 ; in eighteenth century, 502 ff. ; of master
" and slaves, 679 ; see Ethics. Moral sense," 509, 517.
More, Henry, 382, 402, 404, 435, 460, 60S.
39 ; the essence of change, 43 ; early theories of its cause, 52 ff. ; contra dictions in conception of, Zeno, 55
of perceptions with Protagoras, 92 with Deinocritus, 113 f. , 115 f. ; with Aristotle, 147 f. ; made cause of all cosmic processes by Galileo, 388, 410 ;
adequacy of psychological, recog nised by Kant, 633 ; critical of Kant, 633 ; dialectical of Fichte and Hegel, 591 f. ; historical compared with that of natural science, 048, 651, 653 f. , 667, 660.
eighteenth century, 501, 614-517 ;
Mill, 060 ; see Freedom, and Will. Music, theory of Pythagoreans, 46. Musonius, 210.
Mutazilin, 318.
Mysteries, 124, 685 (123).
Mystics and Mysticism, source in Neo-
Platonism, 227 ; a factor of Med. philos. , 260 ff. , 275, 304 ff. , 333, 409, 487, 583 ; of Biran, 636.
Myths, with the Sophists, 76 ; Plato, 102, 123, 687 (123) ; Stoics, 189 f. ; Gnostics, 243 f. ; Schelling, 619.
Naive and sentimental, 004 f. Nativism, 539 note 1.
Naturalism of Strato, 179 ; of Arabians.
338 ; of Renaissance, 401 ff. ; of En lightenment, 479 ff. , 627; see also Materialism, Mechanism.
Natural law, see Law, and Right. Natural religion, 486 ff. ; see Deism, and
Religion.
Natural selection, 63, 656 f. , 672. Natural science, among the Greeks,
27 ff. ; daughter of Humanism, 351 ; favoured by Nominalism, 343 f. , 376 ; its decisive influence on modern philos. , 378 ; how possible, Kant, 641 ff. ; influence in nineteenth cen tury, 624 f. , 648 ff. ; its method compared with that of history, 648, 661,663 f. , 667, 660.
NaluraNaturans andNatura Xaturata, probably first used by Averroism, 330, 338 ; with Eckhart, 335 f. ; with Bruno, 368 f. ; with Spinoza, 400.
(488).
171 f. ; regarded as equivalent to law, Neo-Pythagoreans, 117 uote
123, 233, 237,
stitution, 436 Kant's philos. of,
540 purposivenessof, 659 ff. , 665 ff.
specification of, 500 as objectifica-
lion of will, Schopenhauer, 689 Nigidius Figulus, 215. Schelling's philos. of, 597 . Goethe's
Index. 715
Nature, first object of philosophy, 26, Malebranche, 417 on Schelling, 010 27 f. ; contrasted with statute, 73 fl. ; see also Plotinus, Proclus.
with Democritus, 110; Plato's pin Neo-Platoniste, English, of Cambridge, ion, of, 129 f. ; Aristotle's, 146 ft*. ; 382, 435, 449 f. , 490 note, 502 f. , 094 Stoic doctrine of life according to,
171; Strato's view of, 179; Epicu 213, 216, 220 f. , 230
reans' view of, 183 ff. ; Stoics', 180 f. ; 089 (238).
spiritualisation of, by Plotinus, 249 ; XfcWIDJlIl tJ*J0
by Valentinus, 254 ; return to, by Newton, 378, 380, 691 (380), 402, 421, school of Chartres, 302 f. ; relation 479, 490.
to deity with Kckhart, 335 ; return Nicolai, 445, 483, 607, 621. to, in Renaissance, 360 306 re Nicolas d'Oresme, 34. ">.
garded as God made creatural, 308 spiritualisation of, in Renaissance,
373 despiritualised again, 401 rec
ognised as one, 402 identified with
God, Spinoza, 409 opposed to in Nicole, 381.
Nicolaus d'Autricuria, 344.
Nicolaus Cusanus, 312, 316, 336 f. , 337,
343, 346 f. , 308 f. , 371, 402, 405, 409, 419, 422, 648, 692.
Nicomachus, 213, 210. Nietzsche, 033, 070-080. Nifo, 355, 369.
view, 597, 699 as realm of the con tingent. 143, 341, 344, 425, 500, 041 as esthetic standard, 493 as ethical standard. 73 86, 110, 435 f. , 024 008 f. , 072; state of, with Cynics, 83 llobbes. view of, 434 Rous
Nineteenth century, philosophy of, 623 ff.
Nizolius, 365, 300, 376.
Nominalism, 272 its origin, 290 of
Roscellinus, 296 revived, 312, 342 favours study of natural science, 843 370 influence on Descartes, Locke, and llobbes, 403 on Locke, 461 '. , 408 on Berkeley, 452, 409 of Feuerbach, 041 see also Termin- ism.
seau, 625 Kant, 658 Fichte, 008.
Schiller, 004
Nausiphanes, 106.
Necessity, mechanical, with Leucippus,
Norms, 03, 09, 181, 279, 080. Aristotle. 134 natural, with Stoics, Norris, 471.
63 with 1'lato, 130 logical, with
181 denied by Epicurus, 183 two
kinds, Leibniz, 390; Spinoza's, 419;
subjective, Tetens, 400 of evil, Leib
niz, 492 logical, identified with real
ity, 637 of a priori Forms, 639 ff.
feeling of, attaching to experience,
Fichte, 679 teleological, of ideal Novalis, Fr. v. Hardcnberg, 671, 599. ism, 690 see also Materialism, Mech Numbers, with Pythagoreans, 46, 47
anism.
Negative theology, with Philo, Apolo
with Plato, 122, 129, 131 in Alcx- andrianism, 242 ff. in the Renais sance, 372, 387.
gists, and Neo-Platonists, 237 f. , 689
(238); with Scotus Erigena, 290; of Numenius, 213, 210, 220, 223, 232.
Eikhart, 336 of Bruno, 308
of Spi
Object, of knowledge, Kant, 637 ff. ,
674, 676 indifference of subject and object, 608.
noza, 408 cf. Agnosticism.
Nekkam, Alex. , 344.
Neo-Kantianism, 6:13, 042
Neo-Platunisiii, dependent on earlier Objectification, 68'. l.
Greek conceptions, 123, 167 per Objective, with Dew arte*, = subjective sonality and writings. 216, 218 phil in modern sense. 303; objective spirit, osophical interpretation of myths, with Hegel. 613; cf. En*.
222 on spirit and matter, 233 ff. Occam, see William of Occam-
doctrine of Ideas, 117 note 0; 233 Occasionalisni, 410 ff. , 474 note note on nature of God, 237 ff. , 089 Odo (Odardus) of Cambray, 29. }. (238); on history, 2. V» In Middle Oinomaoa, 216, 686 (163).
Ages, 208 ff.
influence on Augustine, Ok«n, 671, 698, 008, 056.
279 280 on John Scotus, 289 ff. Oldendorf, 382.
on Bernard of Chartres, 294 on One (fr), of Xenophauea, 34 with William of Champeaux, 296; on Parmenides, 38; with Neo-Pythago
Nouniena, Kant's theory of, 647
*»0i, of Anaxagoras, 42. 084 (42) 64,
03; as part of soul with Plato, 124 with Aristotle, 150; with Theo- phrastus, 178 Plotinus, 246; Au gustine, 270, note see Reason.
;
;;
;; ;;f. ,;;;
; ;
;
;
f. , ;2
; ;;f. ;
;;
;;; ;;;
;
f. ,
;
f.
;
;f ff
f. ; f. ,
;
;
;
f. ;
f. ,
3 ;
f. ;
;
;
;
;;;;
f. ;;
;
;
;;
; ;;
f. 3.
; f. 0,
;;
f.
;
;
;
;
,. I ;
716 Index.
reans, 237 with riato, 122 with
Proclus, 261.
Ontological argument of Anselm, 292
restated by Descartes, 393. Ontologism, 631, 661 n.
Ontology, of the Stoics, 199 possibility
of denied, 546 ff. cf. Metaphysics. Ophites, 268.
Opinion, opposed to knowledge, 68, 96,
106-117; to sense perceptions, 204; relativity of, 201.
Paracelsus, 357. 368, 370 373 f. , 404 Parallelism, with Spinoza, 419 mate
rialistic interpretation of, 463 psycho-physical, 644-646 see also Soul.
Paralogisms of Pure Reason, 549. Parker, 491.
Parmenides, 28 ff. , 37 ff. , 46, 51, 58 ff. ,
90, 118, 129
Trapovaia, 120.
Participation, of things in the Ideas with
Optimism, religious, 252 of Bruno, Plato, 120 of finite minds in God, 368 of Shaftesbury, 489 of Leibniz, Malebranche, 407.
492 Voltaire on, 493 of Rousseau, Particular, see Universal.
526 of utilitarianism and positivism,
670 ff.
Optimism and pessimism, as moods,
676 united, Hartmann, 673 see Pessimism.
Oratory (Fathers of), 416. Order, Heraclitus, 36, 49
Pascal, 381, 396, 692 (381).
Passions, ancient conception of, 165;
Stoics on, 168 Descartes and Spinoza, 412-414; Hoboes, 413; Nietzsche, 677 cf. Emotions.
Patristics, 214.
as norm, 63
Anaxagoras, 42, 64 moral, Kant, 556, Pedagogy, of Humanism, 300 of Ba
566 as God, with Fichte, 696.
Ordo ordinans, 696.
Ordo rerum = ordo idearum, with Spi
noza, 396, 419
Organism, as principle with Aristotle,
conian doctrine, with Comenius and Rattich, 386; Rousseau's, 626; of associational psychology, with Her- bart and Beneke, 698 (586) see also Education.
Patrizzi, 364, 369.
141 Buffon's theory of, 480 as Perception, contrasted with reflective
" miracle," Kant, 480, 565 with Schelling, 599 as analogue of society, 666.
thought by cosmologists, 68 ff. Pro- tagoras's theory of, 91 ff. Democri- tus, 106, 113 ff. Epicurean theory, 202 Stoics', 202 only of our own states, ace. to Campanella, 370 with Leibniz, 462 pure, with Kant, 639 ff. implies a synthesis, 639 feeling of reality of sensuous, Jacobi, 574 intellectual, 681, 592.
Peregrinus Proteus, 216.
Peripatetic School, 103, 169, 161, 164,
178, 180, 229, 411 see also Aristote
lian ism.
Perseltas boni, 332, 416 note 2.
Persius, 216.
Personality, emphasised in Hellenistic
thought, 223 found in spirit, 232 Christian view of, 251 emphasised by Christian thinkers as against Ara bian pan-psychism, 340; worth of, Kant, 663 conception of in Hegelian School, 640.
Organon, of Aristotle, 104, 132 ff. new, of Bacon, 380, 383 ff.
the
Orient, its philosophy, 23 note, 683 (23); influence, on Greeks, 27, 211, 213 ff. on Middle Ages, 310, 316 ff.
Origen, the Christian, 214, 216 ff. , 222, 233, 236, 263 f. , 261, 499.
Origen, the Neo-Platonist, 218. Osiander, 366, 366.
Oswald, 442.
oiVio, with Plato, 108 ff. , 120-123;
Aristotle, 139 ff.
Origen, 254. "Over-man," 679 i.
Plotinus,
246
see
Pain, Schopenhauer's view of, 620 also Pleasure.
Paley, 441, 613, 514 f. , 664
Pansetius, 161 f. , 190.
Panentheism, of Krause, 610.
Pan-psychism, 340.
Pantheism, suggestions for in Eleati- trine, 252 Swift's, 515 Rousseau's,
cism, 34 f. , 37 Strata's, 179 of 626; Schopenhauer's, 620 ff. . 673; Stoics, 180 in conjunction with the opposed by Duhring, 671 German
ism, 236 logical of Realism, 296 of Averroism, 313, 338 ff. of Amal- ricans, 339 tendency of Renaissance, 368, 367 ff. of Cartesianism, 405 ff. and esp. Spinozism, 408 f. , 419; Schelling's, 608 Feuerbach's, 640 alleged, of Hegeliauism, 639 f. , 661 note.
of nineteenth century, 673; Bahu-
sen's, 676.
Peter Lombard, 276.
Peter of Poitiers, 276. Petnis Aureolus, 316. Petrus Hispanus, 316, 342. Phsedo, 72.
Phusdrus, 162.
Pessimism, among the Cyrenaics, 87; among Stoics, 169 in Christian doc
;
;
;
f.
; ;;;
f. ;
;
;;
; ;f. ;;
; ;j;;
;
; ;;;;;
f.
;
; ;
;
f. , ;
;;
;
;
;
;; ;
;;;;;;
;;; ;
; ;f. f.
;;
f. ;
;;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
f.
Index. 711
Phaleas, 74.
Phenomena and phenomenal, objects
of sensation or perception as, 92 f. ,
106, 110; space and time as, 421 f. , Phurnutns, see Cornutus.
486, 540 f. , 686, 688 ; " impressions," Physicc-theology, with Stoics, 196- 468, 472 ff. , 067 ; opposed to true 197; Enlightenment, 489 ff. ; criti reality as qualitative to quantitative, cized by Hume, 494 Kant's early, 1 10 f. ; 388 as changing and particu 490 his later criticism on, 650 see
lar to changeless and universal, 120 ff.
as spatial to the spiritual or dynamic,
421 and note as sensuous to intel
ligible, 110 120 ff. , 421 note 483, Pietism. 446, 487, 683. 436 as = priori and necessary, Pinel, 627.
640 ff. , opposed to things-in-them- Pittacus, 24.
selves, 641 f„ 646 ff. and to the realm Pity, see Sympathy.
of faith and freedom, 664 cf. also Platner, 445, 693 (446).
Thing-in-ilself, Supersensuous, Ra Plato, as authority for Socrates, 71, 77, tionalism, Knowledge.
Pherecydes, 24, 34.
Philip, or I'hilippus, of Opus, 103, 123. Philo of Larissa, 103, 161
Philo of Alexandria, 214, 216, 220 ff. ,
227, 231, 237, 240 ff. , 290, 319, 687
(217), 688 (224).
Philodemus, 162, 198, 342.
PhiloUus, 29, 31, 46, 60 1, 63, 129, 21 Philosophy, various conceptions of,
97 as gystematiser, 99 general character of philos. , 101 life and writings, 102 f. ,684 (102), 686 (103); grounds metaphysics anew, 105-109; Ideas, 116 ff. doctrine of recollec tion, 118, 685 (119); of soul, 686
(123); logic and dialectic, 119 . Idea of Good, 122 his psychology, 123 f. ; ethics, 126; politics, 126 f. ; on education, 127 teleology, 128 doctrine of space, 129, 687 (238);
nal position, share of different
peoples in, 8; division of, 18 ff.
sources of, among the Greeks, 23 ff. ,
27 ff. at first costnological, 27 f. ; then
anthropological and practical, 68 ff.
Aristotle's division of, 163; sepa
rating of special sciences from, 166
as wisdom for life, 167 ff. fused with (see Neo-Platonists, English); on religion, 210 ff. relation to Chris Malebranche, 661 note on Mill, 667; tianity, 224 ff. to theology with on Schelling through Neo-Platonism, Scholastics, 321 separation from 610; cf. also 184, 229, 242, 265, theology, 364, 375, 389 relation of 420, 640.
modern to religion, 399 ff. ; under' Platonism, as characteristic of Alex control of natural science, 378 ff. andrian philosophy, 212 see also aa world-wisdom in Enlightenment, Academy and Neo-Platonism.
437 ff. as psychology, 447 ff. as Play-impulse, 601.
criticism, &I2 ff. ; Influence on litera Pleasure and Pain, referred to differ ture, in Germany, 694 (630); Fichte's ences in motion, 86 as ethical crile- conception of, 679 Hegel's concep- rian, 165, 170 measurement of, in tion of, 611, 616; of this century,
623 ff. ; as science of values, 680 Philosophy, history of, defined,
utilitarianism. 613, 666 f. , and pessi mism, 072; swthetic as function of the faculty of approval or judgment with
Hegel's view of, 10 f. , 12 L, 614, Kant, 660, 662 see also Eudemo- 681 Fischer* view of, 13 three fac nism. Hedonism, Utilitarianism.
tors In, 11-14 tasks of, 15; sources Pleroma, of Gnostics, 2:19.
for, 16 its significance. 681 and Pletho, 364, 368.
see also each of the periods and Plotinus. 214 f. . 218, 228, 233 ff. , 237 f. ,
writers treated division of, 21
244 ff. . 290. 336, 867, 610, 688 (218). Ploucquet, 444.
Plurality, of substances, 39 with Her
additional literature of, 683. Philnstralus, 216.
bert, 684, cf. ; 423 f; denied by the 4wn, as title of early philosophic writ Eleatics, 37 f. . 44 of co-existing ings, 29 . as nature, Xenophanes, worlds, in Atomism. 54 with Bruno,
Phrenology, 517.
34 as origin, or primal substance, 369.
47 ff. opposed to »ia u, 74 ff. , 436 harmonized with riuot with Stoics, 172, 209 Plotinus, 246.
Teleology.
Pico, 364, 372
Pierre d'Ailly, 315, 333, 346.
ff. ; relation to other sciences,
667, 680, to civilisation, 13 exter importance of mathematics for, 129
philos. of Nature, 1211 f. ; relation to Aristotle, 133, 139 ff. ; on freedom, 191 influence of his dualism, 211 regarded as starting-point for natural science, 31)3 influence on More's Utopia, 428 on Bacon's New At lantis, 429 on Cambridge PlatonisU
;
;
;
f ;
a f„ 3 ;; ;;7 ;
f. ;
;
;;
f. ;
;
;
;
ff ;
;
;
; ; 6, f. ;
f.
