Harvard
Oriental
Series.
Dudjom Rinpoche - Fundamentals and History of the Nyingmapa
1904--87.
'Chos-byung.
Bdud-,. Joms 'Jigs-bral-ye-ses-rdo-fJe, English.
BQ7662. 2. B3913 1990 89-4053
294. 3'923-dc20
eIP
. h b Character GraphI·CS of Somerset, England; and Bothwm PromotIon
.
Text set in Plantm t y . Ltd of Hong Kong.
Contents
vi Contents
INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES
Introduction 391
Index of Personal Names 393
INDEX OF LOCA TIONS
Introduction 453
Index of Locations 455
MAPS
Introduction 489
1 Buddhist India and Adjacent ReglO
2 North-Central India 492
3 Tibet 494 496 4 Western Tibet and Nepal
5 North-Central Tibet 498
6 South-Central Tibet and Bhutan 500
7 North-West Kham 502
8 South-West Kham 506
9 Amdo 508
10 North-East Kham 510 11 South-EastKham 512
Introduction
. ns 490
This book contains a variety of reference material compiled to assist the reader in understanding the many unexplained references, allusions and enumerations found in the treatises in Volume One, and thus to give access to the vast wealth of information which these contain. The need for such a volume emerged during our discussions of technical problems with His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche and with the other scholars mentioned in the Preface, who then encouraged its compilation. It consists of eight parts: Notes, Glossary of Enumerations, Biblio- graphy, Artifacts and Material Treasures, Index of Technical Terms, Index of Personal Names, Index of Locations and Maps.
The Notes supply brief glosses on occasional obscure points, and direct the reader either to relevant explanatory passages found in the present texts themselves, or to significant discussions found in other works. Since they are not exclusively for the use of experts in Tibetan studies, we have sought to emphasise authoritative western language works. Where reference is made to primary sources of Tibetan or Sanskrit origin, the titles of these texts are untranslated unless they have already appeared in translation in Volume One, in which case this translated title is retained. Points of interest mainly to specialists will be our notes on the use of unusual terminology, the problems of dating, citations from Sanskrit or Tibetan sources, and so forth.
Enumerated categories appear in the Glossary of Enumerations. This lists in numerical order categories such as the "two truths", "four rites", "twenty-five great pilgrimage places of Kham and Amdo", and so forth, detailing the specific elements of each - many of which have never before been defined in western works on Buddhism - using information derived from the Mahavyutpatti and other multilingual Buddhist glossaries.
The Bibliography is divided into two parts. The many Indian and Tibetan texts and teaching cycles mentioned by the Author have been researched and documented in Part One. The complexity of categorising much of this literature and the associated problems entailed in identify-
viii Introduction
ing specific texts within such categories are explained in the to the Bibliography. The accurate identification of texts mentIoned In Tibetan historical and doctrinal literature is a necessary step towards acquiring an understanding of Tibetan literary history, and we hope our research will contribute to this little explored field. The second part of the Bibliography details the specific editions of Indian and Tibetan texts to which we have referred in locating quotations found in Volume One. It also lists Indian, Tibetan and secondary language sources consulted for the purpose of annotation.
The list of Artifacts and Material Treasures serves as an index to the many sacred objects mentioned in the text - images, paintings, gemstones, ritual implements, and so forth - and complements the series of treasure doctrines (gter-chos) documented in the Bibliography.
The Index of Technical Terms is in effect a trilingual glossary of Buddhist philosophy according to the diverse schools or traditions com- prised by the nine vehicles, and also of the "outer sciences" - art, medicine, grammar, logic, and so forth.
The Index of Personal Names has been compiled in an extensive way for the benefit of those unfamiliar with the many epithets by which a single personality can be known, particularly in the narrative of the History. The many variations of these names have been lIsted individually and also collectively under one main entry, to which the reader is referred.
In the Index of Locations particular attention has been given to the actual identification of the places mentioned, and the reader has fre- quently been referred to available secondary sources which document the sites in question. In addition, precise grid references have been given wherever possible and are correlated to a series of newly prepared, computer-generated maps, which form the concludIng section of this volume.
With the exception of the Notes and the Bibliography of Works Referred to by the Translators, entries in Volume Two have been followed by their exact Tibetan transliteration as this appears I? the original treatises of Dudjom Rinpoche and/or by their San. sknt equivalent. In listing entries, we have used the following conventIOns: Parentheses indicate elements commonly omitted in abbreviated refer- ences. An oblique dash separates variant forms or spelling. Square brackets have been avoided, or replaced by parentheses. Given the complexity of the material, however, it has not been possible to apply these distinctions exhaustively.
The Notes are numbered consecutively and are therefore easily cross-
referenced against the texts. Other entries have been followed by the
page numbers on which they appear in Section One. For to illustrations, plate numbers always precede page numbers and hne drawings are indicated by a page number in bold face. Page references/
Introduction ix for primary or secondary sources are enclosed in parenthese h
h
t ere cou
ld b
· s w enever e some confUSIOn between these and the reg I . d
u ar In ex ers. Note numbers are rarely included in the indexes and so this
b
sectIOn should be consulted separately.
atIon, and to the expanded list of abbreviations. An explanation of the c _ t· d ·th· on
ven Ions use WI m the translations themselves is given in the Techni I Note to Section One. ca
We are aware that, in the absence of a further set of indexes in which
all of these materials listed f? llowing their proper Tibetan orthogra-
phy, the us. efulness of this matenal for scholars ofTibetan is restricted. A
separate TIbetan-English index to meet specialists' requirements will be completed shortly.
Finally, it should be said that our attempt to standardise the English usage for the translations in no way represents a proposed standard vocabular,Y for Buddhism in English - though it may indeed contribute. The of such a vocabulary, if it is ever to emerge, will be the result
of an ongomg process of experimentation, dialogue and debate _ as was
the case when the technical terminology of Buddhism was first formu- lated in the Tibetan language from the Sanskrit.
f·
tI? n 0 our use of TIbetan and Sanskrit in romanisation and transliter-
.
n Ica-
Readers are also referred to the Guide to Pronunciation cIa 'fi
Guide to Pronunciation
Readers should familiarise themselves at the outset with the following four rules of pronunciation for Tibetan and Sanskrit:
(1) A final e is never silent, but is always pronounced in the manner of the French e. Thus, Sanskrit vane is pronounced vane, and the Tibetan Ghare, Kore and Dorje are pronounced, respectively, Gha- re, Kore and Dorje.
(2) C is pronounced somewhat like the English ch, but without aspira- tion. Sanskrit cakra and citta thus resernble chakra and chitta, and Tibetan Co-se, Campa and Koca are rather like Cho-se, Champa and Kocha.
(3) Ph is never pronounced like an English j, but like a p with strong aspiration, for example in Sanskrit phala and Tibetan photrang.
(4) Th is never pronounced like the English th in think or that, but always resembling a t with strong aspiration, for example in Sanskrit tathiigata and Tibetan thuk.
The following remarks explain the conventions adopted for trans- cription of Sanskrit and Tibetan in greater detail:
SANSKRIT
The Sanskrit vowels in actual use here are as follows: a,ii,i,i,u,ii,f,e,ai,0, au
A,i,u,eand0 arepronouncedasinItalian. A,iandiiarenottobe pronounced like the so-called "long vowels" in English, but like the a in father, the ea in seat and the 00 in boot respectively. Ai is similar to the y-sound of English by, and au to the ow of now. resembles the ri-sound of brick. Vowels may b( followed by 1? l and If, which respectively
xii Guide to Pronunciation
Guide to Pronunciation Xlll
indicate the nasalisation and aspiration of the vowel to which they are affixed.
The transcribed Sanskrit consonants are:
k, kh, g, gh, iz c, ch, j, jh, fi
t, th, 4, 4h, rJ t, th, d, dh, n p, ph, b, bh, m y, r, I, v
S, s, h
Of these, k, ch, j, t, d, n, p, b, m, y, r, I, v, s, and h indicate roughly the same sounds as they do in English, and c, ph and th have been explained above. The series t, th, d, dh, n is distinguished from the series t, th, 4, 4h, rJ in that the latter or "retroflex" series is pronounced with the tongue striking the roof of the mouth, and the former or "dental" series, with the tongue striking the upper incisors. Kh, gh, jh, dh, 4h and bh are similar to k, g,j, d, 4and b respectively, but with strong aspiration. N resembles the ng in English sing, and fi the ny in canyon. Sand sare both similar to the English sh-sound, but the tongue is positioned further back when pronouncing the former.
TIBET AN
The transcription of Tibetan in English introduces special problems owing to the fact that the pronunciation of the spoken language does not closely correspond to the orthography of the literary language. For this reason a transliteration of the Tibetan spellings is of little use to the ordinary reader, who will have no way of knowing that, for example, bsgrubs and dbyings are currently pronounced as drup and ying respect- ively. On the other hand, students of the chlssical Tibetan language usually prefer the literal transcriptions to simplified phonetic schemes. The solution adopted in the present work has been to give all Tibetan personal and place names occurring in the text in just such a simplified system, relegating the precise transliterations to the indexes. At the same time, book titles, technical terms and peculiarities of language which are given parenthetically or discussed in the annotations have been given in a formal transliteration of the classical Tibetan, the system used being based upon that of the late Turrell V. Wylie, which will be
familiar to specialists.
Our simplified phonetic transcription approximates the pronuncia-
tion of modern Central Tibetan, but without the subtlety or precision of a formal phonetic transcription, such as that developed by Chang and Shefts. Our intention here is merely to minimise the difficulties with which Tibetan names confront the reader.
In addition to the five vowels a, i, u, e and 0, which have the same here. that they do in Sanskrit, Tibetan introduces two more _ b" and u - whIch are pronounced as in German.
The . following. additional consonants are used, along with those also found In Sansknt: ng, ny, tr, trh,. ts, tsh, dz, w, sh, z, zh. Of these, ny, tr, w, sh and z are sImIlar to their English values. Trh is lIke tr, but with strong aspiration. Ts resembles the ts-sound in English bets, a. nd. the sound in adze. Tsh is the strongly aspirated version of
ts. ZhIS. thesinleisure,orthejofFrenchwordssuchasjamais. SpecIalIsts WIll note that this system does not reflect tone, an import- ant. featu. re of modern spoken Tibetan, and that we have dropped the In where it is not usually pronounced, even if it Occurs In the . classical orthography. Following a vowel, I is often silent, the
precedIng vowel being lengthened by way of compensation.
Abbreviations for Section Two
Auth. BB B. Budh.
BIT
Blue Annals
BMGD
BST
CL TC
Author
Bauddha Bharati Series. Varanasi.
Bibliotheca Buddhica. St. Petersburg/Leningrad, 1897-1936.
Bibliotheca Indo-Tibetica. Sarnath, UP: Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies.
G. N. Roerich (trans. ), The Blue Annals. 2nd edn. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1976. Translation of 'Gos Lo-tsa-ba Gzhon-nu-dpal, deb-ther sngon-po. Bla-rna dgongs-'dus. Disc. Sangs-rgyas gling-pa. 13 vols. NNS 44-56 (1972 onwards). I(Sik)-Tib 72- 903387. A more recent edition, not consulted here, has appeared in 18 volumes. Paro: Lama Ngodup and Sherab Drimey, 1981. Bhu-Tib 81-901820. Buddhist Sanskrit Texts. Darbhailga, Bihar: Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Re- search in Sanskrit Learning.
lvlchog-gling gter-chos. The collected rediscovered teachings of Gter-chen Mchog-gyur-gliil-pa. New Delhi: Patshang Lama Sonam Gyaltsen, 1975. 30 vols. I-Tib 75-903248. Those who are particularly interested in the works of Mchog-gyur gling-pa, should also be aware of the following collection, which, however, was not consulted here: The trea- sury of revelations and teachings of Cter-chen Mchog- gyur-bde-chen-gliiz-pa. Paro: Lama Perna Tashi, 1982. Bhu-Tib 82-906203.
"Discovered by": in the case of treasures (gter-rna). Bdud-'dul rdo-rje'i gter-chos. The collected redis- covered teachings of Spo-bo Gter-chen Bdud-'dul- rdo-rje. 8 vols. Darjeeling: Bairo Trulku, 1976. 1-Tib 76-901008.
Disc. DDTC
xvi Abbreviations DL TC
DZ EIPRB
Fundamentals
GCD GCKZ
Rdor-gling gter-chos. The collected gter-ma redis- coveries of Gter-chen Rdo-rje-glin-pa. 4 vols. Paro: Dodrup Sangye Lama, 1976. I(Bhu)-Tib 76- 901752.
HIL HIL 1. 1 HIL 5. 2
HIL 5. 3 HIL 5. 4 HIL 6. 2
HIL 6. 4 HIL 7. 1
HIL 9. 3
History
HOS
JIP JLSB
JTPD
KCST
KCZD
Abbreviations xvii Webb-Boin, 1988. The French page numbers
given in our notes are correlated in the margins of the English version.
History of Indian Literature. Ed. J. Gonda. Wies- baden: Otto Harrassowitz.
J. Gonda, Vedic Literature. HIL Vol. 1, fascicule 1 (1975).
H. Scharfe, Grammatical Literature. HIL Vol. 5, fascicule 2 (1977).
E. Gerow, Indian Poetics. HIL Vol. 5, fascicule 3 (1977).
C. Vogel, Indian Lexicography. HIL Vol. 5, fasci- cule 4 (1979).
B. K. Matilal, Nyaya-Vaisqika. HIL Vol. 6, fasci- cule 2 (1977).
D. Pingree, Astral and Mathematical Literature. HIL Vol. 6, fascicule 4 (1981).
D. S. Ruegg, The Literature of the Madhyamaka
School of Philosophy in India. HIL Vol. 7, fascicule 1 (1981).
D. Zbavitel, Bengali Literature. HIL Vol. 9, fasci- cule 3 (1976).
Dudjom Rinpoche, Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje, The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Funda- mentals and History, Vol. 1, Bk. 2.
Harvard Oriental Series. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Journal of Indian Philosophy.
'Jigs-med gling-pa'i gsung-'bum. The collected works of Kun-mkhyen 'Jigs-med-glin-pa. 9 vols. NNS
29-37 (1970 onwards). I(Sik)-Tib 74-917093. The
Sde-dge xylo. , which is still available, has not been consulted here.
'Ja'-tshon pod-drug. Disc. 'Ja'-tshon snying-po. 7 vols. Darjeeling: Taklung Tsetrul Perna Wangyal, 1979-82. I-Tib 79-905783.
Klong-chen gsung thor-bu. Miscellaneous Writings of Kun-mkhyen Klon-chen-pa Dri-med 'od-zer. 2 vols. Delhi: Sanje Dorje, 1973.
Klong-chen mdzod-bdun. Sde-dge edn. 6 vols. Gangtok: Sherab Gyaltsen and Khyentse Labrang,
1983. I-Tib 83-905058.
Bka'-brgyad bde-gshegs 'dus-pa'i chos-skor. Disc. Nyang-ral Nyi-ma 'od-zer. 13 vols. NNS 75-87 (1978). 1-Tib 78-905643. Several other versions of
GDKT
GGFTC
GOS GT GTKT
HBI
12 vols. Delhi: N. Lungtok and N. Gyaltsan, 1971. K. Potter, Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Vol. 1, Bibliography (rev. edn. ). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983. References give the entry numbers for works cited.
Dudjom Rinpoche, Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje, The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Funda- mentals and History, Vol. 1, Bk. 1.
Rfiih ma'i rgyud bcu bdun. 3 vols. New Delhi: Sanje Dorje, 1973-7. I-Tib 73-906438.
Rgya-chen bka'-mdzod. Auth. 'Jam-mgon Kong- sprul Blo-gros mtha'-yas. 20 vols. Paro: Ngodup, 1975. I(Bhu)-Tib 75-903141. The last four volumes (17-20) constitute the Store which Embraces All Knowledge (shes-bya kun-khyab mdzod), which does not, however, properly belong to GCKZ. For con- siderable information on Kong-sprul's writing, the reader is referred to D. Schuh, Tibetische Hand- schriften und Blockdrucke: Gesammelte Werken des Koh-sprul Blo-gros mtha'-yas. Verzeichnis der Orientalischen Handschriften in Deutschland, XI, VI. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1976. Rgyud-sde kun-btus. Compiled by 'Jam-dbyangs Blo-gter dbang-po. 30 vols. Delhi: N. Lungtok and N. Gyaltsan, 1971 onwards. I-Tib 70-919390. G. Dorje, The Guhyagarbhatattvaviniscayamahatan- tra and its XIVth Century Tibetan Commentary: Phyogs-bcu mun-sel. 3 vols. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis. University of London, 1987.
Gaekwad's Oriental Series. Baroda: Oriental In- stitute.
T. V. Wylie, The Geography of Tibet according to the 'Dzam-gling rgyas-bshad. SOR 25 (1962). Sgrub-thabs kun-btus. Compiled by ,Jam-dbyangs Blo-gter dbang-po. 14 vols. Dehra Dun: G. T. Lodoy, N. Lungtok and N. Gyaltsan, 1970. I-TIb 70-912479. .
Gdams-ngag
mdzod. Store
o f
Precious
Instructions.
E. Lamotte, Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien. Biblio- KGDD theque du Museon, Vol. 43. Louvain: Publica-
tions Universitaires, 1958. English trans. S.
xviii Abbreviations
Abbreviations XIX
KGHP KGNZ
this cycle, which we have not referred to here, have been published in India and Bhutan, the most important of these being the Mtshams-brag manu- script in 13 vols. Paro: Ngodrup, 1979-80. I(Bhu)- Tib 79-903504.
A. Ferrari, mK'yen brtse's Guide to the Holy Places of Central Tibet. Ed. L. Petech. SOR 16 (1958). Bka'-brgyud sngags-mdzod. Compiled by 'Jam- mgon Kong-sprul Blo-gros mtha'-yas. 8 vols . . Paro:
Dilgo Khyentsey Rinpoche, 1982. Bhu-Tlb. 82- 901827. An earlier edition of the same collectIon, which we have not consulted here, was published by SNGP in 6 volumes in 1974. I-Tib The addition of two volumes to the Paro edn. IS
explained by the inclusion of a version of a very rare VajrapaI). i cycle, WhICh, however, does not properly belong to the KGNZ.
Lo-chen gsung-'bum. Collected works of Smin-gliil Lo-chen Dharma-srI. 19 vols. Dehra Dun: D. G.
Khochhen Trulku, 1975. I-Tib 75-904278. Lithographic edition. Used in the case of certain
Tibetan works only.
Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. Dharam-
sala, HP.
Melanges Chinois et Bouddhiques. Institut Belge des
Hautes Etudes Chinoises, Brussels.
Mi-pham gsung-'bum. No complete edition of Mi- pham's works is yet available, nor was . ever published in Tibet. The most
edition was prepared in Sde-dge and IS stIll aVail- able. This has been partially reproduced in India: Collected Writings of 'Jam-mgon 'Ju Mi-pham- rgya-mtsho. 15 vols. NNS 60-74 (1972 onwards). I(Sik)-Tib 72-906838. In this bibliography MPSB will signify the latter edition. For much valuable
information on Mi-pham's writings, refer to D. Schuh, Tibetische Handschriften und Blockdrucke sowie Tonbandaufnahmen Tibetischer Erzahlungen. Teil 5. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1973, pp. 63-266. A new edition of collected works, incorporating all that IS avaIlable at. the
present time, has been under the dIrec- tion of Di1go Khyentsey Rmpoche: Sde-. dge par- ma. 25 vols. Paro: Dilgo Khyentsey Rmpoche,
1982-.
MTTWL P. Pfandt, Mahayana Texts Translated into Western Languages. Cologne: In Kommission bei E. J. Brill,
1983.
Mvt. Mahavyutpatti. Ed. R. Sakaki, Kyoto, 1916-25.
NA Not available. Used when the mass of evidence suggests that the text or teaching in question is
simply not extant at the present time.
NGB Rnying-ma'i rgyud-'bum. Collected Tantras of the Nyingmapa. Thimpu: Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche, 1973, 36 vols. Catalogue by E. Kaneko, Tokyo, 1982. The Sde-dge xylo. , which is still available,
has not been consulted here.
NL Not located. Used when there is not sufficient evi-
dence to apply the label NA, but we none the less have no certain knowledge of available editions or manuscripts.
NMKMG Rnying-ma bka'-ma rgyas-pa. Collected Transmitted Precepts of the Nyingmapa. Ed. Dudjom Rinpoche. 55 vols. Kalimpong, WB: Dubjung Lama, 1982.
I-Tib 82-900981. Vols. 21-55 consist of commen- tarial and other ancillary material newly incorpor- ated into the Bka'-ma collection by the editor. An earlier edition, to which we do not refer here, comprises 14 vols. : NNS 7-20 (1969 onwards). I(Sik)-Tib 71-908710.
NNS Ngagyur Nyingmay Sungrab. Published by Sonam T. Kazi, Gangtok, Sikkim.
NYZ Snying-thig ya-bzhi. Four-Part Innermost Spiritual- ity. 11 vols. New Delhi: Trulku Tsewang, Jamyang and L. Tashi, 1970. The Sde-dge xylo. , which is
still available, has not been consulted here.
P The Tibetan Tripitaka, Peking Edition. 168 vols. Tokyo-
Kyoto: Suzuki Research Foundation, 1955-61. PI. Plate. See Volume One, pp.
Bdud-,. Joms 'Jigs-bral-ye-ses-rdo-fJe, English.
BQ7662. 2. B3913 1990 89-4053
294. 3'923-dc20
eIP
. h b Character GraphI·CS of Somerset, England; and Bothwm PromotIon
.
Text set in Plantm t y . Ltd of Hong Kong.
Contents
vi Contents
INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES
Introduction 391
Index of Personal Names 393
INDEX OF LOCA TIONS
Introduction 453
Index of Locations 455
MAPS
Introduction 489
1 Buddhist India and Adjacent ReglO
2 North-Central India 492
3 Tibet 494 496 4 Western Tibet and Nepal
5 North-Central Tibet 498
6 South-Central Tibet and Bhutan 500
7 North-West Kham 502
8 South-West Kham 506
9 Amdo 508
10 North-East Kham 510 11 South-EastKham 512
Introduction
. ns 490
This book contains a variety of reference material compiled to assist the reader in understanding the many unexplained references, allusions and enumerations found in the treatises in Volume One, and thus to give access to the vast wealth of information which these contain. The need for such a volume emerged during our discussions of technical problems with His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche and with the other scholars mentioned in the Preface, who then encouraged its compilation. It consists of eight parts: Notes, Glossary of Enumerations, Biblio- graphy, Artifacts and Material Treasures, Index of Technical Terms, Index of Personal Names, Index of Locations and Maps.
The Notes supply brief glosses on occasional obscure points, and direct the reader either to relevant explanatory passages found in the present texts themselves, or to significant discussions found in other works. Since they are not exclusively for the use of experts in Tibetan studies, we have sought to emphasise authoritative western language works. Where reference is made to primary sources of Tibetan or Sanskrit origin, the titles of these texts are untranslated unless they have already appeared in translation in Volume One, in which case this translated title is retained. Points of interest mainly to specialists will be our notes on the use of unusual terminology, the problems of dating, citations from Sanskrit or Tibetan sources, and so forth.
Enumerated categories appear in the Glossary of Enumerations. This lists in numerical order categories such as the "two truths", "four rites", "twenty-five great pilgrimage places of Kham and Amdo", and so forth, detailing the specific elements of each - many of which have never before been defined in western works on Buddhism - using information derived from the Mahavyutpatti and other multilingual Buddhist glossaries.
The Bibliography is divided into two parts. The many Indian and Tibetan texts and teaching cycles mentioned by the Author have been researched and documented in Part One. The complexity of categorising much of this literature and the associated problems entailed in identify-
viii Introduction
ing specific texts within such categories are explained in the to the Bibliography. The accurate identification of texts mentIoned In Tibetan historical and doctrinal literature is a necessary step towards acquiring an understanding of Tibetan literary history, and we hope our research will contribute to this little explored field. The second part of the Bibliography details the specific editions of Indian and Tibetan texts to which we have referred in locating quotations found in Volume One. It also lists Indian, Tibetan and secondary language sources consulted for the purpose of annotation.
The list of Artifacts and Material Treasures serves as an index to the many sacred objects mentioned in the text - images, paintings, gemstones, ritual implements, and so forth - and complements the series of treasure doctrines (gter-chos) documented in the Bibliography.
The Index of Technical Terms is in effect a trilingual glossary of Buddhist philosophy according to the diverse schools or traditions com- prised by the nine vehicles, and also of the "outer sciences" - art, medicine, grammar, logic, and so forth.
The Index of Personal Names has been compiled in an extensive way for the benefit of those unfamiliar with the many epithets by which a single personality can be known, particularly in the narrative of the History. The many variations of these names have been lIsted individually and also collectively under one main entry, to which the reader is referred.
In the Index of Locations particular attention has been given to the actual identification of the places mentioned, and the reader has fre- quently been referred to available secondary sources which document the sites in question. In addition, precise grid references have been given wherever possible and are correlated to a series of newly prepared, computer-generated maps, which form the concludIng section of this volume.
With the exception of the Notes and the Bibliography of Works Referred to by the Translators, entries in Volume Two have been followed by their exact Tibetan transliteration as this appears I? the original treatises of Dudjom Rinpoche and/or by their San. sknt equivalent. In listing entries, we have used the following conventIOns: Parentheses indicate elements commonly omitted in abbreviated refer- ences. An oblique dash separates variant forms or spelling. Square brackets have been avoided, or replaced by parentheses. Given the complexity of the material, however, it has not been possible to apply these distinctions exhaustively.
The Notes are numbered consecutively and are therefore easily cross-
referenced against the texts. Other entries have been followed by the
page numbers on which they appear in Section One. For to illustrations, plate numbers always precede page numbers and hne drawings are indicated by a page number in bold face. Page references/
Introduction ix for primary or secondary sources are enclosed in parenthese h
h
t ere cou
ld b
· s w enever e some confUSIOn between these and the reg I . d
u ar In ex ers. Note numbers are rarely included in the indexes and so this
b
sectIOn should be consulted separately.
atIon, and to the expanded list of abbreviations. An explanation of the c _ t· d ·th· on
ven Ions use WI m the translations themselves is given in the Techni I Note to Section One. ca
We are aware that, in the absence of a further set of indexes in which
all of these materials listed f? llowing their proper Tibetan orthogra-
phy, the us. efulness of this matenal for scholars ofTibetan is restricted. A
separate TIbetan-English index to meet specialists' requirements will be completed shortly.
Finally, it should be said that our attempt to standardise the English usage for the translations in no way represents a proposed standard vocabular,Y for Buddhism in English - though it may indeed contribute. The of such a vocabulary, if it is ever to emerge, will be the result
of an ongomg process of experimentation, dialogue and debate _ as was
the case when the technical terminology of Buddhism was first formu- lated in the Tibetan language from the Sanskrit.
f·
tI? n 0 our use of TIbetan and Sanskrit in romanisation and transliter-
.
n Ica-
Readers are also referred to the Guide to Pronunciation cIa 'fi
Guide to Pronunciation
Readers should familiarise themselves at the outset with the following four rules of pronunciation for Tibetan and Sanskrit:
(1) A final e is never silent, but is always pronounced in the manner of the French e. Thus, Sanskrit vane is pronounced vane, and the Tibetan Ghare, Kore and Dorje are pronounced, respectively, Gha- re, Kore and Dorje.
(2) C is pronounced somewhat like the English ch, but without aspira- tion. Sanskrit cakra and citta thus resernble chakra and chitta, and Tibetan Co-se, Campa and Koca are rather like Cho-se, Champa and Kocha.
(3) Ph is never pronounced like an English j, but like a p with strong aspiration, for example in Sanskrit phala and Tibetan photrang.
(4) Th is never pronounced like the English th in think or that, but always resembling a t with strong aspiration, for example in Sanskrit tathiigata and Tibetan thuk.
The following remarks explain the conventions adopted for trans- cription of Sanskrit and Tibetan in greater detail:
SANSKRIT
The Sanskrit vowels in actual use here are as follows: a,ii,i,i,u,ii,f,e,ai,0, au
A,i,u,eand0 arepronouncedasinItalian. A,iandiiarenottobe pronounced like the so-called "long vowels" in English, but like the a in father, the ea in seat and the 00 in boot respectively. Ai is similar to the y-sound of English by, and au to the ow of now. resembles the ri-sound of brick. Vowels may b( followed by 1? l and If, which respectively
xii Guide to Pronunciation
Guide to Pronunciation Xlll
indicate the nasalisation and aspiration of the vowel to which they are affixed.
The transcribed Sanskrit consonants are:
k, kh, g, gh, iz c, ch, j, jh, fi
t, th, 4, 4h, rJ t, th, d, dh, n p, ph, b, bh, m y, r, I, v
S, s, h
Of these, k, ch, j, t, d, n, p, b, m, y, r, I, v, s, and h indicate roughly the same sounds as they do in English, and c, ph and th have been explained above. The series t, th, d, dh, n is distinguished from the series t, th, 4, 4h, rJ in that the latter or "retroflex" series is pronounced with the tongue striking the roof of the mouth, and the former or "dental" series, with the tongue striking the upper incisors. Kh, gh, jh, dh, 4h and bh are similar to k, g,j, d, 4and b respectively, but with strong aspiration. N resembles the ng in English sing, and fi the ny in canyon. Sand sare both similar to the English sh-sound, but the tongue is positioned further back when pronouncing the former.
TIBET AN
The transcription of Tibetan in English introduces special problems owing to the fact that the pronunciation of the spoken language does not closely correspond to the orthography of the literary language. For this reason a transliteration of the Tibetan spellings is of little use to the ordinary reader, who will have no way of knowing that, for example, bsgrubs and dbyings are currently pronounced as drup and ying respect- ively. On the other hand, students of the chlssical Tibetan language usually prefer the literal transcriptions to simplified phonetic schemes. The solution adopted in the present work has been to give all Tibetan personal and place names occurring in the text in just such a simplified system, relegating the precise transliterations to the indexes. At the same time, book titles, technical terms and peculiarities of language which are given parenthetically or discussed in the annotations have been given in a formal transliteration of the classical Tibetan, the system used being based upon that of the late Turrell V. Wylie, which will be
familiar to specialists.
Our simplified phonetic transcription approximates the pronuncia-
tion of modern Central Tibetan, but without the subtlety or precision of a formal phonetic transcription, such as that developed by Chang and Shefts. Our intention here is merely to minimise the difficulties with which Tibetan names confront the reader.
In addition to the five vowels a, i, u, e and 0, which have the same here. that they do in Sanskrit, Tibetan introduces two more _ b" and u - whIch are pronounced as in German.
The . following. additional consonants are used, along with those also found In Sansknt: ng, ny, tr, trh,. ts, tsh, dz, w, sh, z, zh. Of these, ny, tr, w, sh and z are sImIlar to their English values. Trh is lIke tr, but with strong aspiration. Ts resembles the ts-sound in English bets, a. nd. the sound in adze. Tsh is the strongly aspirated version of
ts. ZhIS. thesinleisure,orthejofFrenchwordssuchasjamais. SpecIalIsts WIll note that this system does not reflect tone, an import- ant. featu. re of modern spoken Tibetan, and that we have dropped the In where it is not usually pronounced, even if it Occurs In the . classical orthography. Following a vowel, I is often silent, the
precedIng vowel being lengthened by way of compensation.
Abbreviations for Section Two
Auth. BB B. Budh.
BIT
Blue Annals
BMGD
BST
CL TC
Author
Bauddha Bharati Series. Varanasi.
Bibliotheca Buddhica. St. Petersburg/Leningrad, 1897-1936.
Bibliotheca Indo-Tibetica. Sarnath, UP: Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies.
G. N. Roerich (trans. ), The Blue Annals. 2nd edn. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1976. Translation of 'Gos Lo-tsa-ba Gzhon-nu-dpal, deb-ther sngon-po. Bla-rna dgongs-'dus. Disc. Sangs-rgyas gling-pa. 13 vols. NNS 44-56 (1972 onwards). I(Sik)-Tib 72- 903387. A more recent edition, not consulted here, has appeared in 18 volumes. Paro: Lama Ngodup and Sherab Drimey, 1981. Bhu-Tib 81-901820. Buddhist Sanskrit Texts. Darbhailga, Bihar: Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Re- search in Sanskrit Learning.
lvlchog-gling gter-chos. The collected rediscovered teachings of Gter-chen Mchog-gyur-gliil-pa. New Delhi: Patshang Lama Sonam Gyaltsen, 1975. 30 vols. I-Tib 75-903248. Those who are particularly interested in the works of Mchog-gyur gling-pa, should also be aware of the following collection, which, however, was not consulted here: The trea- sury of revelations and teachings of Cter-chen Mchog- gyur-bde-chen-gliiz-pa. Paro: Lama Perna Tashi, 1982. Bhu-Tib 82-906203.
"Discovered by": in the case of treasures (gter-rna). Bdud-'dul rdo-rje'i gter-chos. The collected redis- covered teachings of Spo-bo Gter-chen Bdud-'dul- rdo-rje. 8 vols. Darjeeling: Bairo Trulku, 1976. 1-Tib 76-901008.
Disc. DDTC
xvi Abbreviations DL TC
DZ EIPRB
Fundamentals
GCD GCKZ
Rdor-gling gter-chos. The collected gter-ma redis- coveries of Gter-chen Rdo-rje-glin-pa. 4 vols. Paro: Dodrup Sangye Lama, 1976. I(Bhu)-Tib 76- 901752.
HIL HIL 1. 1 HIL 5. 2
HIL 5. 3 HIL 5. 4 HIL 6. 2
HIL 6. 4 HIL 7. 1
HIL 9. 3
History
HOS
JIP JLSB
JTPD
KCST
KCZD
Abbreviations xvii Webb-Boin, 1988. The French page numbers
given in our notes are correlated in the margins of the English version.
History of Indian Literature. Ed. J. Gonda. Wies- baden: Otto Harrassowitz.
J. Gonda, Vedic Literature. HIL Vol. 1, fascicule 1 (1975).
H. Scharfe, Grammatical Literature. HIL Vol. 5, fascicule 2 (1977).
E. Gerow, Indian Poetics. HIL Vol. 5, fascicule 3 (1977).
C. Vogel, Indian Lexicography. HIL Vol. 5, fasci- cule 4 (1979).
B. K. Matilal, Nyaya-Vaisqika. HIL Vol. 6, fasci- cule 2 (1977).
D. Pingree, Astral and Mathematical Literature. HIL Vol. 6, fascicule 4 (1981).
D. S. Ruegg, The Literature of the Madhyamaka
School of Philosophy in India. HIL Vol. 7, fascicule 1 (1981).
D. Zbavitel, Bengali Literature. HIL Vol. 9, fasci- cule 3 (1976).
Dudjom Rinpoche, Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje, The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Funda- mentals and History, Vol. 1, Bk. 2.
Harvard Oriental Series. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Journal of Indian Philosophy.
'Jigs-med gling-pa'i gsung-'bum. The collected works of Kun-mkhyen 'Jigs-med-glin-pa. 9 vols. NNS
29-37 (1970 onwards). I(Sik)-Tib 74-917093. The
Sde-dge xylo. , which is still available, has not been consulted here.
'Ja'-tshon pod-drug. Disc. 'Ja'-tshon snying-po. 7 vols. Darjeeling: Taklung Tsetrul Perna Wangyal, 1979-82. I-Tib 79-905783.
Klong-chen gsung thor-bu. Miscellaneous Writings of Kun-mkhyen Klon-chen-pa Dri-med 'od-zer. 2 vols. Delhi: Sanje Dorje, 1973.
Klong-chen mdzod-bdun. Sde-dge edn. 6 vols. Gangtok: Sherab Gyaltsen and Khyentse Labrang,
1983. I-Tib 83-905058.
Bka'-brgyad bde-gshegs 'dus-pa'i chos-skor. Disc. Nyang-ral Nyi-ma 'od-zer. 13 vols. NNS 75-87 (1978). 1-Tib 78-905643. Several other versions of
GDKT
GGFTC
GOS GT GTKT
HBI
12 vols. Delhi: N. Lungtok and N. Gyaltsan, 1971. K. Potter, Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Vol. 1, Bibliography (rev. edn. ). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983. References give the entry numbers for works cited.
Dudjom Rinpoche, Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje, The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Funda- mentals and History, Vol. 1, Bk. 1.
Rfiih ma'i rgyud bcu bdun. 3 vols. New Delhi: Sanje Dorje, 1973-7. I-Tib 73-906438.
Rgya-chen bka'-mdzod. Auth. 'Jam-mgon Kong- sprul Blo-gros mtha'-yas. 20 vols. Paro: Ngodup, 1975. I(Bhu)-Tib 75-903141. The last four volumes (17-20) constitute the Store which Embraces All Knowledge (shes-bya kun-khyab mdzod), which does not, however, properly belong to GCKZ. For con- siderable information on Kong-sprul's writing, the reader is referred to D. Schuh, Tibetische Hand- schriften und Blockdrucke: Gesammelte Werken des Koh-sprul Blo-gros mtha'-yas. Verzeichnis der Orientalischen Handschriften in Deutschland, XI, VI. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1976. Rgyud-sde kun-btus. Compiled by 'Jam-dbyangs Blo-gter dbang-po. 30 vols. Delhi: N. Lungtok and N. Gyaltsan, 1971 onwards. I-Tib 70-919390. G. Dorje, The Guhyagarbhatattvaviniscayamahatan- tra and its XIVth Century Tibetan Commentary: Phyogs-bcu mun-sel. 3 vols. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis. University of London, 1987.
Gaekwad's Oriental Series. Baroda: Oriental In- stitute.
T. V. Wylie, The Geography of Tibet according to the 'Dzam-gling rgyas-bshad. SOR 25 (1962). Sgrub-thabs kun-btus. Compiled by ,Jam-dbyangs Blo-gter dbang-po. 14 vols. Dehra Dun: G. T. Lodoy, N. Lungtok and N. Gyaltsan, 1970. I-TIb 70-912479. .
Gdams-ngag
mdzod. Store
o f
Precious
Instructions.
E. Lamotte, Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien. Biblio- KGDD theque du Museon, Vol. 43. Louvain: Publica-
tions Universitaires, 1958. English trans. S.
xviii Abbreviations
Abbreviations XIX
KGHP KGNZ
this cycle, which we have not referred to here, have been published in India and Bhutan, the most important of these being the Mtshams-brag manu- script in 13 vols. Paro: Ngodrup, 1979-80. I(Bhu)- Tib 79-903504.
A. Ferrari, mK'yen brtse's Guide to the Holy Places of Central Tibet. Ed. L. Petech. SOR 16 (1958). Bka'-brgyud sngags-mdzod. Compiled by 'Jam- mgon Kong-sprul Blo-gros mtha'-yas. 8 vols . . Paro:
Dilgo Khyentsey Rinpoche, 1982. Bhu-Tlb. 82- 901827. An earlier edition of the same collectIon, which we have not consulted here, was published by SNGP in 6 volumes in 1974. I-Tib The addition of two volumes to the Paro edn. IS
explained by the inclusion of a version of a very rare VajrapaI). i cycle, WhICh, however, does not properly belong to the KGNZ.
Lo-chen gsung-'bum. Collected works of Smin-gliil Lo-chen Dharma-srI. 19 vols. Dehra Dun: D. G.
Khochhen Trulku, 1975. I-Tib 75-904278. Lithographic edition. Used in the case of certain
Tibetan works only.
Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. Dharam-
sala, HP.
Melanges Chinois et Bouddhiques. Institut Belge des
Hautes Etudes Chinoises, Brussels.
Mi-pham gsung-'bum. No complete edition of Mi- pham's works is yet available, nor was . ever published in Tibet. The most
edition was prepared in Sde-dge and IS stIll aVail- able. This has been partially reproduced in India: Collected Writings of 'Jam-mgon 'Ju Mi-pham- rgya-mtsho. 15 vols. NNS 60-74 (1972 onwards). I(Sik)-Tib 72-906838. In this bibliography MPSB will signify the latter edition. For much valuable
information on Mi-pham's writings, refer to D. Schuh, Tibetische Handschriften und Blockdrucke sowie Tonbandaufnahmen Tibetischer Erzahlungen. Teil 5. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1973, pp. 63-266. A new edition of collected works, incorporating all that IS avaIlable at. the
present time, has been under the dIrec- tion of Di1go Khyentsey Rmpoche: Sde-. dge par- ma. 25 vols. Paro: Dilgo Khyentsey Rmpoche,
1982-.
MTTWL P. Pfandt, Mahayana Texts Translated into Western Languages. Cologne: In Kommission bei E. J. Brill,
1983.
Mvt. Mahavyutpatti. Ed. R. Sakaki, Kyoto, 1916-25.
NA Not available. Used when the mass of evidence suggests that the text or teaching in question is
simply not extant at the present time.
NGB Rnying-ma'i rgyud-'bum. Collected Tantras of the Nyingmapa. Thimpu: Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche, 1973, 36 vols. Catalogue by E. Kaneko, Tokyo, 1982. The Sde-dge xylo. , which is still available,
has not been consulted here.
NL Not located. Used when there is not sufficient evi-
dence to apply the label NA, but we none the less have no certain knowledge of available editions or manuscripts.
NMKMG Rnying-ma bka'-ma rgyas-pa. Collected Transmitted Precepts of the Nyingmapa. Ed. Dudjom Rinpoche. 55 vols. Kalimpong, WB: Dubjung Lama, 1982.
I-Tib 82-900981. Vols. 21-55 consist of commen- tarial and other ancillary material newly incorpor- ated into the Bka'-ma collection by the editor. An earlier edition, to which we do not refer here, comprises 14 vols. : NNS 7-20 (1969 onwards). I(Sik)-Tib 71-908710.
NNS Ngagyur Nyingmay Sungrab. Published by Sonam T. Kazi, Gangtok, Sikkim.
NYZ Snying-thig ya-bzhi. Four-Part Innermost Spiritual- ity. 11 vols. New Delhi: Trulku Tsewang, Jamyang and L. Tashi, 1970. The Sde-dge xylo. , which is
still available, has not been consulted here.
P The Tibetan Tripitaka, Peking Edition. 168 vols. Tokyo-
Kyoto: Suzuki Research Foundation, 1955-61. PI. Plate. See Volume One, pp.
