He was
succeeded
in his
de Billioth.
de Billioth.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
He accordingly hastened
Lydia, probably in B. C. 610. (Herod. i. 74 ; to Susa, and found Dareius willing to remunerate
comp. Grote's Greece, vol. iii. pp. 311, 312. ) him in a manner worthy of the king of Persia.
2. Another, contemporary with Dareius Hys- Syloson refused the gold and silver which were
taspis, to whom he was tributary. His daughter offered him, and prayed that the island of Samos
was married to Pixodarus. (PixODARUS, No. 1. ) might be handed over to him. His request was
(Herod. iii. 90, v. 118. ) He was perhaps the complied with, and Otanes was sent with an army
same prince whom Herodotus mentions (vii. 98) as to place the island in the power of Syloson. Since
· one of the most distinguished of the subordinate the death of Polycrates, the supreme power had
commanders in the fleet of Xerxes. (Comp. Aesch. been in the hands of Maeandrius. The latter was
Pers. 318, &c. )
in no condition to resist the Persians, and he capi-
3. Contemporary with Artaxerxes II. (Mnemon). tulated to quit the island with his treasures ; but
When Cyrus the younger, marching against Ar- immediately after he had sailed away, his crazy
taxerxes, in B. C. 401, arrived at the borders of brother Charilaus, whom he had left in command
Cilicia, he found the passes guarded by Syennesis, of the Acropolis, fell upon the unsuspecting Per-
who, howerer, withdrew his troops, on receiving sians, and killed many of their officers. (Poly-
intelligence that the force sent forward by Cyrus CRATES ; MAEANDRIUS ; CHARILAUS. ] The con-
under Menon had already entered Cilicia, and that sequence of this treacherous conduct was a whole-
the combined fleet of the Lacedaemonians and the sale massacre of the inhabitants by Olanes ; and
prince, under Samius and Tamos, was sailing round the island was handed over to Syloson, stripped of
from Ionia. When Cyrus reached Tarsus, the its male inhabitants. Otanes afterwards repeopled
Cilician capital, he found that Menon's soldiers had the island, but we are not told from what quarter
sacked the city, and that Syennesis had fled for the new population came. Strabo represents Sylo-
refuge to a stronghold among the mountains. He son as a cruel tyrant, who depopulated the island,
was induced, however, by his wife Epyaxa to obey but continued to rule Samos, as tributary of
the summons of Cyrus, and to present himself before Persia, till his death, when he was succeeded in
him at Tarsus. Here he received gifts of honour the supreme power by his son Aeaces. (Herod.
from the young prince, whom he supplied in his iii. 39, 139–149, vi. 13; Strab. xiv. p. 638 ;
turn with a large sum of money and a considerable Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. iv. Pp. 332–337. )
body of troops under the command of one of his SYLVANUS. (SILVANUS. ]
At the same time, however, he took care to SY'LVIUS. . [Silvius. ]
send his other son to Artaxerxes, to represent this SYME (úun), a daughter of Ialysus and
step as having been taken on compulsion, while Dotis, was carried off by Glaucus to an island near
his heart all the time was with the king. From Rhodes, off the coast of Caria, which received its
the narrative of Xenophon it appears that Syen- name from her. (Athen. vii. p. 296 ; Steph. Byz.
Desis at this time, though really a vassal of Persia, s. r. )
(L. S. )
affected the tone of an independent sovereign. SY'MEON or SIMEON or SYMEO'NES
(Xen. Hell, iï. 1. § 1, Anab. i. 2. $$ 12, 21–27, (Euperv sometimes Evueu'vns), literary and ec-
4. § 4, vii. 8. § 25 ; Diod. xiv. 20 ; Wess. ad clesiastical. 1. ABBAS (No. 16].
loc. )
(E. E. ] 2. ACOEMITENSIS MONACHUS. Symeones, a
SYE’NNESIS (Evérveois), a physician of Cy. monk of one of the monasteries of the Acoemitenses
prus, who must have lived in or before the fourth at Constantinople, was sent by Cyril, his hegume-
century B. C. , as he is mentioned by Aristotlenus or abbot, to Pope Felix II. or 111. at Rome,
(Hist. Anim. iii. 2. § 3), who quotes from his to stir him up to the more active support of ortho-
writings a passage on the origin of the veins. doxy, then seriously threatened in the East by the
This fragment also forms part of the treatise “ De strength of the Monophysite party and the tempo-
Ossium Natura" in the Hippocratic Collection rising policy of the Emperor Anastasius, and the
vol. i. p. 507), which is in fact composed en- patriarch of Constantinople, Acacius. The mission
tirely of passages taken from different ancient l'of Symeon determined the Pope to act more de
bons.
3 p 3
## p. 950 (#966) ############################################
950
SYMEON.
SYMEON.
#
1
cisively and to refuse to recognize Peter the Fuller, There was another Symeon, an haeresiarch, who
who had regained the see of Antioch for the last wns burnt to death with many of his followers for
time, about a. D. 485 [Petrus, No. 17]; it led heresy in the time of Justinian II. Photius gives
also io the deposition, for unfaithfulness and undue to him the vague and often misapplied epithet of a
favour to the Monophysite party, of the presbyters Manichaean. (Phot. Narratio in epitome de Mu-
Misenus and Vitalis, who had been sent by the nichaeis repullulantibus, apud Montfauc. Biblioth.
Pope to Constantinople. (Evagrius, H. E. iii. 21. ) Coislin. pp. 360, 361. )
3. Of ANTIOCH. (No. 27. )
9. HIEROMONACHUS. (Nos 23, 25. )
4. OF CONSTANTINOPIE. (No. 16. ]
10. HierOSOLYMITANUs, or of JERUSALEM
5. Of CTESIPHON. (No. 26. ]
(1). Symeon or Simon, son of Cleophas, and, ac-
6. Metropolitan of EuchaITA in Pontus, a ording to general elief, kinsman of Jesus Christ,
writer whose date is not exactly ascertained, but who was, according to the ecclesiastical historians, the
probably lived towards the end of the ninth century. second bishop of the Church of Jerusalem, the
There are extant in MS. two of his letters, Epistolae Apostle James, son of Alpheius, having been the
drac ad Joannem Monachum, from which Allatius first. Some of the later Greeks represent Symeon
has given two or three very brief citations. (Al. as the son of Joseph (husband of the Virgin Mary)
latius, De Symeon. Scriptis, p. 179; Fabric. Bibl. by a former wife. The tradition of his appoint-
Gruec. vol. xi. pp. 296, 712; Cave, llist. Litt. vol. ment is given by Eusebius (II. E. iši. Il). After
ji. Dissert. prima, p. 18. folio, Oxford, 1740—43 ; holding his bishopric for many years Symeon was
Le Quien, Oricns Christianus, vol. i. col. 515. ) put to death for his faith as a Christian, and because
7. GRAMMATICus. Daniel de Nessel in his he was descended from David. He was a hundred
Cutalous Bibliothecae Caesaracae, pars iv. p. 77, and twenty years old at the time of his martyrdom,
fol. Vienna, 1690, describes a Greek MS. in that which took place during the persecution in the
library as containing Simconis Grammatici Etymo reign of Trajan, and while Atticus, the consular,
logicon : the work is arranged in alphabetical order was governor of Syria Eusebius, in his Chronicon,
and has never been published. The MS. which places the martyrdom of Symeon in the tenth year
was toru and imperfect, is not noticed, so far as we of Trajan, the third year of Olympiad 221, in the
have been able to trace, by Kollar, in his edition of fourth consulship of Sosius and third of Sura, A. D.
the Commentarius of Lambecius. (Fabric. Bill. 107. Some critics, including Bishop Lloyd of St.
Gruec. vol. vi. pp. 379, 604. )
Asaph, Dodwell, and Pagi, bring down bis death
8. HAERESIARCHA 6. MassALIANUS. In an to A. D. 116. Symeon is worshipped as a Saint
appendix to the Panoplia of Euthymius Zigabenus both by the Latin and Greek Churches, by the
[EUTHYMIUS ZIGABENUS] described by Lambecius, former on the 18th of February, by the latter on
who printed some portions of it (Commentarius the 27th of April.
He was succeeded in his
de Billioth. Cacsaraea, lib. s. vol. iii. col. 424, &c. ), bishopric by Justus. (Euseb. H. E. jii. 11, 32 ;
and published, with a Latin version, by Tollius Hegesippus, apud Euseb. U. cc. ; Euseb. Chronicon ;
(Insiynia Itincrarii Italici, p. 106, &c. ), are a string Chronicon Paschale ; Acta Sanctorum Februar, ad
of anathemas against various Massalians or Bogo- diem xviii. vol. iii. p. 53 ; Le Quien, Oriens
milans, among whom are given in one group Dadoes, Christian. vol. iii. col. 140. )
Sabas, Adelpheios, Hermas, and Symeon. These 11. HIEROSOLYMITANUS (2). Toward the close
do not belong to the age of Alexius Comnenus, to of the eleventh century, the patriarchate of Jeru-
which Euthymius belonged, and in which the salem was held by Symeon or Simon II. In the
nnathemas appear to have been uttered, but to a Latin catalogues of the bishops of Jerusalem he is
much earlier period, for in an account of the Council called Simon ; but the Latin historians of the
of Side in Pamphylia, held in or about a. D. 381, crusades generally write his name Symeon or
and which account is preserved by Photius, Simeon. He succeeded Euthymius, but in what
(Biblioth. Cod. 52), Dadoes, Sabas, Adelpheios, year is not known : he was already patriarch in
and Symeon are mentioned as contemporaries of the A. D. 1094, when he had many conversations with
council and founders of the Massalian or Euchite sect. Peter the Hermit, then on a pilgrimage to the
Theodoret also (Haeret. Fabul. Compend. iv. 11) Holy Land, on the deplorable state of the Christians
mentions them. In the older editions of Photius in the East ; and these conversations were among
the name of Symeon was written Enueourns, “Se. the means of exciting the compassion and zeal of
mesones," but Bekker in his edition gives it (on Peter, and eventually of producing the crusades.
the authority of a manuscript in the library of On the arrival of the crusaders in Syria, and the
Cardinal Bessarion, now of St. Mark, at Venice) formation of the siege of Antioch by them, in A. D.
Eupewens, Symeones, which is the form used by 1098, Symeon, terrified by the threats of the
Theodoret (1. c. ). Lambecius and Tollius give it as Turks of Jerusalem, fled to the island of Cyprus.
Luueur, Symeon. The sect of which he was one from this island he maintained a friendly inter-
of the leaders had its rise in the reign of the Em- course with the leaders of the crusaders, sending
peror Constantius II. , apparently in the parts of them presents of fruits, wine, poultry, and such
Mesopotamia and Asia Minor adjacent to the Eu- | things as he could. He died just about the time
phrates. They were a very enthusiastic sect, who of the capture of Jerusalem, and the vacancy caused
placed the whole business of life in prayer and re- by his death being filled up by the crusaders with
ligious exercises, in which they gave themselves up a patriarch of the Latin Church, and by the native
to unwonted and uncontrolled excesses. Their Christians with one of the Greek Church, gave
names, Massaliani or Messaliani or Mesaliani occasion to a long continued schism and a succession
(Maooallavol or Medoallavol, or Mecallavol), and of rival claimants of the two Churches. An extant
Euchitae (Evxital), derived the first from the treatise De Azymis adversus Latinos, from which
Syriac, the second from the Greek language, were Allatius (De Symeon. Scriptis, p. 180) gives a pils-
significant of their characteristic practice ; they sage, is ascribed, and apparently with good reason,
wcant "praying people. ”
to our Symeon. Le Quien, indeed, doubts whether
3
## p. 951 (#967) ############################################
SYMEON,
951
SYMEON.
it is correctly ascribed to him, because the author sent at an early age, for his education, to Constan-
appears “not to have been hostile to the Latins ;" tinople, where his relatives held high stations at
but the very courtesy of tone which occasioned Le the Byzantine court. His precocious attainments
Quien's doubts, while sufficiently at variance with inspired the highest hopes of his family, and he
the usual style of mediaeval polemics, is just such was introduced by an uncle to the notice of the
as a man in Symeon's circumstances would be imperial brothers Basil II. and Constantine IX. ,
likely to use. (Willermus a. Guillelmus Tyrensis, apparently at the time when they were yet in their
lib. i. c. 11 ; Albertus Aquensis, Historia Hieros. boyhood, and were emperors in name only, the
lib. vi. c. 39 ; Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. reins of empire being really held successively by
iii. col. 498 ; Allatius, C. ; Montfaucon, Biblioth. Nicephorus Phocas (A. D. 963—969) and Jolin
Coislin. p. 105; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 1090, Tzimisces (A. D. 969–975). After the sudden
vol. ïi. p. 159. )
death of the uncle by whom he had been introduced
12. HUMILIS. (No. 16. )
at court, Symeon determined, though only fourteen
13. LOGOTueta. (No. 22. ]
years of age, to embrace a monastic life; but the
14. LOGOTHETA JUNIOR. In the Bibliotheca monk Symeon the Pious (Euuear o evlabris), or ng
Juris Canonici of Justellus and Voellus (vol. ii. Combéfis styles him, " Venerabilis," the Venerable
p. 710) is given the 'Enitou kavóvwv, Egrlome [No. 24), whom he had chosen for his spiritual
Canonum e. Synopsis Canonica of Symeon Magister guide and father, having advised him to defer his
and Logotheta. Cave and Oudin distinguish purpose, he returned for a time to the house of his
this Symeon from Symeon Metaphrastes (No. deceased uncle. At a somewhat later period he
22), who also bore the titles of Magister and conimenced his noviciate in the Monastery of
Lugotheta, by the epithet Junior. The work Studium at Constantinople ; but was induced by
itself is more ancient than the period (A. D. the envy of the abbot and some of the monks,
1170) in which Cave places this Symeon junior, excited by his pre-eminence in monastic practices,
who could only have selected and arranged it, to remove to the Monastery of St. Mamas, where
and possibly (as Beveridge conjectured) made an- he completed his noviciate, and, in course of time,
notations upon it. Christopher Justellus in the became abbot and was ordained presbyter. This
Praefatio to the second volume of the Bibliotheca was some time in the patriarchate of Nicolaus Chry-
Juris Canonici supposes the Symeon Logotheta soberges, who was patriarch of Constantinople from
who compiled the Epitome, to have been some- A. D. 982 to 996. After some years Symeon, who
what later than Alexius Aristinus or Aristenus had experienced trouble and danger from the tur-
(ALEXIUS ARISTENUS), who belonged to the bulence of some recusant monks, resigned the
middle of the twelfth century, and this appears to abbacy, and devoted himself to the composition of
have led Cave and Oudin to distinguish him from works of piety. His literary labours attracted the
Metaphrastes, who belongs to a much earlier pe-approving notice of Sergius 11. , who held the pa-
riod. But as, according to Cave's own acknow- triarchate from A. D. 999 to 1019 or 1020: but this
ledgment, the Canones are really of earlier date, must have been quite in the early part of the
and as in the title the compiler is no otherwise patriarchate of Sergius, who was soon alienated
distinguished than by the titles Magister and Lo- from Symeon by the instrumentality of his syn-
gotheta, which were borne by Metaphrastes, we cellus, Stephanus, archbishop of Nicomedeia, a
agree with Fabricius in assigning the Epitome to man of learning and eloquence, who was jealous of
Metaphrastes, and regard“ Symeon Logotheta Symeon. The charge against Symeon was, that
Junior” as an imaginary person. In that case the he paid unauthorized honour to the memory of his
other works which Oudin and Cave ascribe to him spiritual father, Symeon the Pious, who was now
must belong to some other Symeon. (Cave, Hist. dead ; and to whom our Symeon paid the honours
Litt. ad ann. 1170, vol. ii. p. 241 ; Oudin, De due to a canonized saint. In consequence of this
Scriptoribus Eccles. vol. ii. col. 1366, &c. ; Fabric. difference Symeon, after six years of persecution,
Bibl. Graec. vol. xi. p. 297. )
was banished from his monastery, and from Con-
15. MAGISTER. (No. 22. ]
stantinople, by the patriarch and synod. This
16. S. MAMANTIS, styled in the MSS. of his punishment was remitted, and high honours in the
works, νέος θεολόγος, ηγούμενος μόνης του αγίου | Church offered him, if he would comply with the
Máuavtos Toll fnpoképkov, Novus TheoLOGUS wishes of the patriarch, but he would not purchase
(or THEOLOGUS JUNIOR) ET HEGUMENUS (s. them by sacrificing the memory of his friend. He
ABBAS) MONASTERII S. MAMANTIS IN XEKO- was enabled by the liberality of his friends to found
CERCO, or, as some correct it, TOÙ EvAOKépkov, IN a monastery in the place where he had taken up
XYLOCERCO. His title “ Theologus" indicates his his abode during his exile, a deserted chapel of St.
eminence as a writer on divinity ; and the epithet Marina, on the Asiatic side of the Propontis ; and
" Novus” or “Junior” was evidently added to there he remained till his death. His life has been
distinguish him from some other ecclesiastic, perhaps written at length by one of his disciples, Nicetas
from Gregory Nazianzen, to whom at a much Stethatus, who has embellished the narrative with
earlier period the title “ Theologus” was given ; the usual appendages of celestial gifts, divine visions,
or more probably to distinguish him from some and mimculous incidents: and from a summary of
other Symeon, either Symeon Metaphrastes (No. this given by Combéfis, in his Auctarium Novissi-
22) or Symeon the Pious (No. 24). The time at mum, pars ii. p. 119, &c. , and from an abridged trans-
which this writer flourished has been much dis-lation of it in Romaic or modern Greek, we are in-
puted ; but the facts of his history enable us to debted for the abore particulars. Allatius considers
assign him to the latter half of the tenth and the Symeon to have been the precursor of the fanatic
beginning of the eleventh century. He was born quietists, who some centuries after gave occasion to
about the middle of the tenth century, of wealthy the controversy that so agitarea the Greek Church,
and noble parents, named Basil and Theophano, at respecting the uncreated light of Mount Tabor.
A place called Galate in Paphlagonia ; and was (PALAMAS. ]
3 r 4
## p. 952 (#968) ############################################
952
SYMEON.
SYMEON.
a
1
1
:
The works of Symeon of St. Mamas are no- life of Symeon prefixed. Allatius, Oudin, and
merous, and are divisible into the following classes : Harless, in his edition of Fabricius, give the titles
-1. nóyou, Orationes. Allatius (De Symson. of various works of Symeon, extant in M$. in
Scriptis) gives a catalogue of the subjects and open- various libraries ; but many of them appear to be
ing sentences of seventy-eight of these, extant in only duplicates or extracts of those already men-
various MSS. in the original Greek ; and the list tioned, with titles more or less varied. Combéfis
is transcribed by Fabricius (Biblioth. Graec. vol. ascribes to him a discourse in honour of Symeon
xi. p. 304, &c. ). Several of these, and some others the Just, who is mentioned in the New Testament
of which the original Greek was not known by as taking the infant Christ in his arms. The
Allatius to be extant, thirty-three in all, were pub- author of this discourse styles himself Evuear o
lished in a Latin version by Jac. Pontanus, with a Tapevds, Symeon Ilumilis. Symeon was held in
preface and notes by Jac. Gretserus, 4to. Ingol- the highest esteem in his own and following gene-
stadt, 1603. The original of these thirty-three, rations, and Allatius has quoted several laudatory
in the order in which Pontanus gave them, together poetical effusions in his honour. (Allatius, De
with twenty others, were in a MS. in the Coislin Syncon.
Lydia, probably in B. C. 610. (Herod. i. 74 ; to Susa, and found Dareius willing to remunerate
comp. Grote's Greece, vol. iii. pp. 311, 312. ) him in a manner worthy of the king of Persia.
2. Another, contemporary with Dareius Hys- Syloson refused the gold and silver which were
taspis, to whom he was tributary. His daughter offered him, and prayed that the island of Samos
was married to Pixodarus. (PixODARUS, No. 1. ) might be handed over to him. His request was
(Herod. iii. 90, v. 118. ) He was perhaps the complied with, and Otanes was sent with an army
same prince whom Herodotus mentions (vii. 98) as to place the island in the power of Syloson. Since
· one of the most distinguished of the subordinate the death of Polycrates, the supreme power had
commanders in the fleet of Xerxes. (Comp. Aesch. been in the hands of Maeandrius. The latter was
Pers. 318, &c. )
in no condition to resist the Persians, and he capi-
3. Contemporary with Artaxerxes II. (Mnemon). tulated to quit the island with his treasures ; but
When Cyrus the younger, marching against Ar- immediately after he had sailed away, his crazy
taxerxes, in B. C. 401, arrived at the borders of brother Charilaus, whom he had left in command
Cilicia, he found the passes guarded by Syennesis, of the Acropolis, fell upon the unsuspecting Per-
who, howerer, withdrew his troops, on receiving sians, and killed many of their officers. (Poly-
intelligence that the force sent forward by Cyrus CRATES ; MAEANDRIUS ; CHARILAUS. ] The con-
under Menon had already entered Cilicia, and that sequence of this treacherous conduct was a whole-
the combined fleet of the Lacedaemonians and the sale massacre of the inhabitants by Olanes ; and
prince, under Samius and Tamos, was sailing round the island was handed over to Syloson, stripped of
from Ionia. When Cyrus reached Tarsus, the its male inhabitants. Otanes afterwards repeopled
Cilician capital, he found that Menon's soldiers had the island, but we are not told from what quarter
sacked the city, and that Syennesis had fled for the new population came. Strabo represents Sylo-
refuge to a stronghold among the mountains. He son as a cruel tyrant, who depopulated the island,
was induced, however, by his wife Epyaxa to obey but continued to rule Samos, as tributary of
the summons of Cyrus, and to present himself before Persia, till his death, when he was succeeded in
him at Tarsus. Here he received gifts of honour the supreme power by his son Aeaces. (Herod.
from the young prince, whom he supplied in his iii. 39, 139–149, vi. 13; Strab. xiv. p. 638 ;
turn with a large sum of money and a considerable Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. iv. Pp. 332–337. )
body of troops under the command of one of his SYLVANUS. (SILVANUS. ]
At the same time, however, he took care to SY'LVIUS. . [Silvius. ]
send his other son to Artaxerxes, to represent this SYME (úun), a daughter of Ialysus and
step as having been taken on compulsion, while Dotis, was carried off by Glaucus to an island near
his heart all the time was with the king. From Rhodes, off the coast of Caria, which received its
the narrative of Xenophon it appears that Syen- name from her. (Athen. vii. p. 296 ; Steph. Byz.
Desis at this time, though really a vassal of Persia, s. r. )
(L. S. )
affected the tone of an independent sovereign. SY'MEON or SIMEON or SYMEO'NES
(Xen. Hell, iï. 1. § 1, Anab. i. 2. $$ 12, 21–27, (Euperv sometimes Evueu'vns), literary and ec-
4. § 4, vii. 8. § 25 ; Diod. xiv. 20 ; Wess. ad clesiastical. 1. ABBAS (No. 16].
loc. )
(E. E. ] 2. ACOEMITENSIS MONACHUS. Symeones, a
SYE’NNESIS (Evérveois), a physician of Cy. monk of one of the monasteries of the Acoemitenses
prus, who must have lived in or before the fourth at Constantinople, was sent by Cyril, his hegume-
century B. C. , as he is mentioned by Aristotlenus or abbot, to Pope Felix II. or 111. at Rome,
(Hist. Anim. iii. 2. § 3), who quotes from his to stir him up to the more active support of ortho-
writings a passage on the origin of the veins. doxy, then seriously threatened in the East by the
This fragment also forms part of the treatise “ De strength of the Monophysite party and the tempo-
Ossium Natura" in the Hippocratic Collection rising policy of the Emperor Anastasius, and the
vol. i. p. 507), which is in fact composed en- patriarch of Constantinople, Acacius. The mission
tirely of passages taken from different ancient l'of Symeon determined the Pope to act more de
bons.
3 p 3
## p. 950 (#966) ############################################
950
SYMEON.
SYMEON.
#
1
cisively and to refuse to recognize Peter the Fuller, There was another Symeon, an haeresiarch, who
who had regained the see of Antioch for the last wns burnt to death with many of his followers for
time, about a. D. 485 [Petrus, No. 17]; it led heresy in the time of Justinian II. Photius gives
also io the deposition, for unfaithfulness and undue to him the vague and often misapplied epithet of a
favour to the Monophysite party, of the presbyters Manichaean. (Phot. Narratio in epitome de Mu-
Misenus and Vitalis, who had been sent by the nichaeis repullulantibus, apud Montfauc. Biblioth.
Pope to Constantinople. (Evagrius, H. E. iii. 21. ) Coislin. pp. 360, 361. )
3. Of ANTIOCH. (No. 27. )
9. HIEROMONACHUS. (Nos 23, 25. )
4. OF CONSTANTINOPIE. (No. 16. ]
10. HierOSOLYMITANUs, or of JERUSALEM
5. Of CTESIPHON. (No. 26. ]
(1). Symeon or Simon, son of Cleophas, and, ac-
6. Metropolitan of EuchaITA in Pontus, a ording to general elief, kinsman of Jesus Christ,
writer whose date is not exactly ascertained, but who was, according to the ecclesiastical historians, the
probably lived towards the end of the ninth century. second bishop of the Church of Jerusalem, the
There are extant in MS. two of his letters, Epistolae Apostle James, son of Alpheius, having been the
drac ad Joannem Monachum, from which Allatius first. Some of the later Greeks represent Symeon
has given two or three very brief citations. (Al. as the son of Joseph (husband of the Virgin Mary)
latius, De Symeon. Scriptis, p. 179; Fabric. Bibl. by a former wife. The tradition of his appoint-
Gruec. vol. xi. pp. 296, 712; Cave, llist. Litt. vol. ment is given by Eusebius (II. E. iši. Il). After
ji. Dissert. prima, p. 18. folio, Oxford, 1740—43 ; holding his bishopric for many years Symeon was
Le Quien, Oricns Christianus, vol. i. col. 515. ) put to death for his faith as a Christian, and because
7. GRAMMATICus. Daniel de Nessel in his he was descended from David. He was a hundred
Cutalous Bibliothecae Caesaracae, pars iv. p. 77, and twenty years old at the time of his martyrdom,
fol. Vienna, 1690, describes a Greek MS. in that which took place during the persecution in the
library as containing Simconis Grammatici Etymo reign of Trajan, and while Atticus, the consular,
logicon : the work is arranged in alphabetical order was governor of Syria Eusebius, in his Chronicon,
and has never been published. The MS. which places the martyrdom of Symeon in the tenth year
was toru and imperfect, is not noticed, so far as we of Trajan, the third year of Olympiad 221, in the
have been able to trace, by Kollar, in his edition of fourth consulship of Sosius and third of Sura, A. D.
the Commentarius of Lambecius. (Fabric. Bill. 107. Some critics, including Bishop Lloyd of St.
Gruec. vol. vi. pp. 379, 604. )
Asaph, Dodwell, and Pagi, bring down bis death
8. HAERESIARCHA 6. MassALIANUS. In an to A. D. 116. Symeon is worshipped as a Saint
appendix to the Panoplia of Euthymius Zigabenus both by the Latin and Greek Churches, by the
[EUTHYMIUS ZIGABENUS] described by Lambecius, former on the 18th of February, by the latter on
who printed some portions of it (Commentarius the 27th of April.
He was succeeded in his
de Billioth. Cacsaraea, lib. s. vol. iii. col. 424, &c. ), bishopric by Justus. (Euseb. H. E. jii. 11, 32 ;
and published, with a Latin version, by Tollius Hegesippus, apud Euseb. U. cc. ; Euseb. Chronicon ;
(Insiynia Itincrarii Italici, p. 106, &c. ), are a string Chronicon Paschale ; Acta Sanctorum Februar, ad
of anathemas against various Massalians or Bogo- diem xviii. vol. iii. p. 53 ; Le Quien, Oriens
milans, among whom are given in one group Dadoes, Christian. vol. iii. col. 140. )
Sabas, Adelpheios, Hermas, and Symeon. These 11. HIEROSOLYMITANUS (2). Toward the close
do not belong to the age of Alexius Comnenus, to of the eleventh century, the patriarchate of Jeru-
which Euthymius belonged, and in which the salem was held by Symeon or Simon II. In the
nnathemas appear to have been uttered, but to a Latin catalogues of the bishops of Jerusalem he is
much earlier period, for in an account of the Council called Simon ; but the Latin historians of the
of Side in Pamphylia, held in or about a. D. 381, crusades generally write his name Symeon or
and which account is preserved by Photius, Simeon. He succeeded Euthymius, but in what
(Biblioth. Cod. 52), Dadoes, Sabas, Adelpheios, year is not known : he was already patriarch in
and Symeon are mentioned as contemporaries of the A. D. 1094, when he had many conversations with
council and founders of the Massalian or Euchite sect. Peter the Hermit, then on a pilgrimage to the
Theodoret also (Haeret. Fabul. Compend. iv. 11) Holy Land, on the deplorable state of the Christians
mentions them. In the older editions of Photius in the East ; and these conversations were among
the name of Symeon was written Enueourns, “Se. the means of exciting the compassion and zeal of
mesones," but Bekker in his edition gives it (on Peter, and eventually of producing the crusades.
the authority of a manuscript in the library of On the arrival of the crusaders in Syria, and the
Cardinal Bessarion, now of St. Mark, at Venice) formation of the siege of Antioch by them, in A. D.
Eupewens, Symeones, which is the form used by 1098, Symeon, terrified by the threats of the
Theodoret (1. c. ). Lambecius and Tollius give it as Turks of Jerusalem, fled to the island of Cyprus.
Luueur, Symeon. The sect of which he was one from this island he maintained a friendly inter-
of the leaders had its rise in the reign of the Em- course with the leaders of the crusaders, sending
peror Constantius II. , apparently in the parts of them presents of fruits, wine, poultry, and such
Mesopotamia and Asia Minor adjacent to the Eu- | things as he could. He died just about the time
phrates. They were a very enthusiastic sect, who of the capture of Jerusalem, and the vacancy caused
placed the whole business of life in prayer and re- by his death being filled up by the crusaders with
ligious exercises, in which they gave themselves up a patriarch of the Latin Church, and by the native
to unwonted and uncontrolled excesses. Their Christians with one of the Greek Church, gave
names, Massaliani or Messaliani or Mesaliani occasion to a long continued schism and a succession
(Maooallavol or Medoallavol, or Mecallavol), and of rival claimants of the two Churches. An extant
Euchitae (Evxital), derived the first from the treatise De Azymis adversus Latinos, from which
Syriac, the second from the Greek language, were Allatius (De Symeon. Scriptis, p. 180) gives a pils-
significant of their characteristic practice ; they sage, is ascribed, and apparently with good reason,
wcant "praying people. ”
to our Symeon. Le Quien, indeed, doubts whether
3
## p. 951 (#967) ############################################
SYMEON,
951
SYMEON.
it is correctly ascribed to him, because the author sent at an early age, for his education, to Constan-
appears “not to have been hostile to the Latins ;" tinople, where his relatives held high stations at
but the very courtesy of tone which occasioned Le the Byzantine court. His precocious attainments
Quien's doubts, while sufficiently at variance with inspired the highest hopes of his family, and he
the usual style of mediaeval polemics, is just such was introduced by an uncle to the notice of the
as a man in Symeon's circumstances would be imperial brothers Basil II. and Constantine IX. ,
likely to use. (Willermus a. Guillelmus Tyrensis, apparently at the time when they were yet in their
lib. i. c. 11 ; Albertus Aquensis, Historia Hieros. boyhood, and were emperors in name only, the
lib. vi. c. 39 ; Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. reins of empire being really held successively by
iii. col. 498 ; Allatius, C. ; Montfaucon, Biblioth. Nicephorus Phocas (A. D. 963—969) and Jolin
Coislin. p. 105; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 1090, Tzimisces (A. D. 969–975). After the sudden
vol. ïi. p. 159. )
death of the uncle by whom he had been introduced
12. HUMILIS. (No. 16. )
at court, Symeon determined, though only fourteen
13. LOGOTueta. (No. 22. ]
years of age, to embrace a monastic life; but the
14. LOGOTHETA JUNIOR. In the Bibliotheca monk Symeon the Pious (Euuear o evlabris), or ng
Juris Canonici of Justellus and Voellus (vol. ii. Combéfis styles him, " Venerabilis," the Venerable
p. 710) is given the 'Enitou kavóvwv, Egrlome [No. 24), whom he had chosen for his spiritual
Canonum e. Synopsis Canonica of Symeon Magister guide and father, having advised him to defer his
and Logotheta. Cave and Oudin distinguish purpose, he returned for a time to the house of his
this Symeon from Symeon Metaphrastes (No. deceased uncle. At a somewhat later period he
22), who also bore the titles of Magister and conimenced his noviciate in the Monastery of
Lugotheta, by the epithet Junior. The work Studium at Constantinople ; but was induced by
itself is more ancient than the period (A. D. the envy of the abbot and some of the monks,
1170) in which Cave places this Symeon junior, excited by his pre-eminence in monastic practices,
who could only have selected and arranged it, to remove to the Monastery of St. Mamas, where
and possibly (as Beveridge conjectured) made an- he completed his noviciate, and, in course of time,
notations upon it. Christopher Justellus in the became abbot and was ordained presbyter. This
Praefatio to the second volume of the Bibliotheca was some time in the patriarchate of Nicolaus Chry-
Juris Canonici supposes the Symeon Logotheta soberges, who was patriarch of Constantinople from
who compiled the Epitome, to have been some- A. D. 982 to 996. After some years Symeon, who
what later than Alexius Aristinus or Aristenus had experienced trouble and danger from the tur-
(ALEXIUS ARISTENUS), who belonged to the bulence of some recusant monks, resigned the
middle of the twelfth century, and this appears to abbacy, and devoted himself to the composition of
have led Cave and Oudin to distinguish him from works of piety. His literary labours attracted the
Metaphrastes, who belongs to a much earlier pe-approving notice of Sergius 11. , who held the pa-
riod. But as, according to Cave's own acknow- triarchate from A. D. 999 to 1019 or 1020: but this
ledgment, the Canones are really of earlier date, must have been quite in the early part of the
and as in the title the compiler is no otherwise patriarchate of Sergius, who was soon alienated
distinguished than by the titles Magister and Lo- from Symeon by the instrumentality of his syn-
gotheta, which were borne by Metaphrastes, we cellus, Stephanus, archbishop of Nicomedeia, a
agree with Fabricius in assigning the Epitome to man of learning and eloquence, who was jealous of
Metaphrastes, and regard“ Symeon Logotheta Symeon. The charge against Symeon was, that
Junior” as an imaginary person. In that case the he paid unauthorized honour to the memory of his
other works which Oudin and Cave ascribe to him spiritual father, Symeon the Pious, who was now
must belong to some other Symeon. (Cave, Hist. dead ; and to whom our Symeon paid the honours
Litt. ad ann. 1170, vol. ii. p. 241 ; Oudin, De due to a canonized saint. In consequence of this
Scriptoribus Eccles. vol. ii. col. 1366, &c. ; Fabric. difference Symeon, after six years of persecution,
Bibl. Graec. vol. xi. p. 297. )
was banished from his monastery, and from Con-
15. MAGISTER. (No. 22. ]
stantinople, by the patriarch and synod. This
16. S. MAMANTIS, styled in the MSS. of his punishment was remitted, and high honours in the
works, νέος θεολόγος, ηγούμενος μόνης του αγίου | Church offered him, if he would comply with the
Máuavtos Toll fnpoképkov, Novus TheoLOGUS wishes of the patriarch, but he would not purchase
(or THEOLOGUS JUNIOR) ET HEGUMENUS (s. them by sacrificing the memory of his friend. He
ABBAS) MONASTERII S. MAMANTIS IN XEKO- was enabled by the liberality of his friends to found
CERCO, or, as some correct it, TOÙ EvAOKépkov, IN a monastery in the place where he had taken up
XYLOCERCO. His title “ Theologus" indicates his his abode during his exile, a deserted chapel of St.
eminence as a writer on divinity ; and the epithet Marina, on the Asiatic side of the Propontis ; and
" Novus” or “Junior” was evidently added to there he remained till his death. His life has been
distinguish him from some other ecclesiastic, perhaps written at length by one of his disciples, Nicetas
from Gregory Nazianzen, to whom at a much Stethatus, who has embellished the narrative with
earlier period the title “ Theologus” was given ; the usual appendages of celestial gifts, divine visions,
or more probably to distinguish him from some and mimculous incidents: and from a summary of
other Symeon, either Symeon Metaphrastes (No. this given by Combéfis, in his Auctarium Novissi-
22) or Symeon the Pious (No. 24). The time at mum, pars ii. p. 119, &c. , and from an abridged trans-
which this writer flourished has been much dis-lation of it in Romaic or modern Greek, we are in-
puted ; but the facts of his history enable us to debted for the abore particulars. Allatius considers
assign him to the latter half of the tenth and the Symeon to have been the precursor of the fanatic
beginning of the eleventh century. He was born quietists, who some centuries after gave occasion to
about the middle of the tenth century, of wealthy the controversy that so agitarea the Greek Church,
and noble parents, named Basil and Theophano, at respecting the uncreated light of Mount Tabor.
A place called Galate in Paphlagonia ; and was (PALAMAS. ]
3 r 4
## p. 952 (#968) ############################################
952
SYMEON.
SYMEON.
a
1
1
:
The works of Symeon of St. Mamas are no- life of Symeon prefixed. Allatius, Oudin, and
merous, and are divisible into the following classes : Harless, in his edition of Fabricius, give the titles
-1. nóyou, Orationes. Allatius (De Symson. of various works of Symeon, extant in M$. in
Scriptis) gives a catalogue of the subjects and open- various libraries ; but many of them appear to be
ing sentences of seventy-eight of these, extant in only duplicates or extracts of those already men-
various MSS. in the original Greek ; and the list tioned, with titles more or less varied. Combéfis
is transcribed by Fabricius (Biblioth. Graec. vol. ascribes to him a discourse in honour of Symeon
xi. p. 304, &c. ). Several of these, and some others the Just, who is mentioned in the New Testament
of which the original Greek was not known by as taking the infant Christ in his arms. The
Allatius to be extant, thirty-three in all, were pub- author of this discourse styles himself Evuear o
lished in a Latin version by Jac. Pontanus, with a Tapevds, Symeon Ilumilis. Symeon was held in
preface and notes by Jac. Gretserus, 4to. Ingol- the highest esteem in his own and following gene-
stadt, 1603. The original of these thirty-three, rations, and Allatius has quoted several laudatory
in the order in which Pontanus gave them, together poetical effusions in his honour. (Allatius, De
with twenty others, were in a MS. in the Coislin Syncon.
