They had raised
disturbances
towards the
end of Trajan's reign, which were not completely
quelled until the second year of Hadrian.
end of Trajan's reign, which were not completely
quelled until the second year of Hadrian.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
Billy.
)
This oration was delivered in June, AD. 381, and a
few days after Gregory was on his way to his native
Cappadocia. Arrived at Cesarea, he delivered an im-
pressive funeral oration to the memory of his friend
Basilius, who had died there some time before, in
which he recalls to mind their juvenile studies at
Athens, their long intimacy, and the events of their
:heckered lives (Oral. 20). After paying this last
tribute to the memory of his friend, he withdrew to
his native Arianzus, where he spent the latter years
? f his life, far from the turmoil of courts and councils,
tusy in the cultivation of his garden and in writing
poetry, a favourite occupation with him from his youth.
Gregory died A. D. 389. Most of his poems are reli-
gious meditations. Occasionally the poet attempts to
Jive into the mysterious destiny of man, and some-
times appears lost in uncertainty and doubt as to the
object of human existence; but he recovers himself to
do homage to the Almighty wisdom whose secrets will
become revealed in another sphere. The adept in the
philosophy of ancient Greece is here seen striving with
the submissive Christian convert. St. Jerome and
Suidas say that Gregory wrote no less than thirty thou-
sand lines of poetry. Some of his poems were pub-
lished in the edition of his works by the Abbe de
Billy, Paris, 1609-11, which contains also his orations
and epistles; twenty more pooms, under the title of
'? Carmina Cygnea," were afterward published by Tol-
lius, in his " Insignia Itinerarii Italici," 4to, Utrecht,
1696; and Muratori discovered, and published in his
"Anecdota Graaca," Padua, 1709, a number of Grego-
ry's epigrams. Of his orations some lew turn upon
dogmas, especially on that of the Trinity, but most of
them are upon morality. He is a soberer writer than
his successor Chrysostom, and has more of the calm,
impressive eloquence of conviction. He and his friend
Basilius brought the oratorical arts of ancient Greece
into the service of Christian preaching, and one of
Gregory's greatest complaints against Julian is, that
? ? that emperor had forbidden Christians the study of
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? <<vo
GTN
jlitl ! ep. rt s them as having practised mining in Up-
jirr Ami. Hence, according to him, the gold of the
griffons is nothing more than the gold obtained from
mines. (Ertoeschr. ton Ost. , p. 488, scqq. ) Malte-
Brun remarks, that in the mountains where the Indus
rises, and where there are gold-mines, eagles-and
vultures of an enormous size are found, which may
fcive given rise to the fable respecting the griffons.
(>'<mw#. , Annul, des Voyag. , vol. 2, p. 380, scqq. )
Rhode seeks to identify the griffons with the Dews,
or evil genii of Persian mythology (Hcilige Sage, p.
W. wo), for which he is justly censured by Von
Hammer (Wien. Jahrb. , vol. 9, p. 53); and Wilford,
with as little probability, refers the account of the grif-
fons to that of the fabled bird of Vischnu, named Ga-
? timid. (Anal. Researches, vol. 14, p. 373. )--As re-
gards the name yptnp itself, it evidently comes from the
Persian gercifen, "to seize" (compare the German
preifen), the root of which, greif, has a strong analogy
to ypvf. (Tychsen. op. Heercn, Uecn, vol. 1, pt. 2,
p. 386-- Bakr, ad Herod. , 3, 116, Ercurs. , 5. )
Gtards, a small island of the Archipelago, classed
by Stephanus of Byzantium among the Sporades, but
belonging rather to the Cyclades. It lay southwest of
\ndros, off tiie coast of Attica. So wretched and poor
was this barren rock, being inhabited only by a few
fishermen, that they deputed one of their number to
wait upon Augustus, then at Corinth, after the battle
ol Actium, to petition that their taxes, which amount-
ed to 150 drachma? (about 25 dollars), might be dimin-
ished, as they were unable to raise more than 100.
(Strah. , 485. ) This island became subsequently no-
torious, as the spot to which criminals or suspected
persons were banished by order of the Roman em-
perors. (Juv. , Sat. , i,"3--Jd, Sat. , 10, 70. -- Tacit. ,
3, 68. ) The modern name is Ghioura. (Cramer's
Am. Greece, vol. 3, p. 413. )
Gyas, I. one of the companions of /Eneas, who dis-
tinguished himself at the games exhibited after the
death of Anchises in Sicily. (Virg. , JEn. , 5, 118. )--
II. A Rutulian, son of Melampus, killed by . -Eneas in
Italy. (Jo! . ,'10, 318. )
Grogs (r>>)T/c), more correctly Gtks (Tint), a son
of Castas and Terra, represented as having a hundred
bands. He, with his brothers, made war against the
gods, and was afterward punished in Tartarus. (Vid.
Cotlus. )
Gtgis, a Lydian, to whom Candaules, king of the
country, showed his wife with her person exposed.
The latter was so incensed, although she concealed
her anger at the time, that, calling Gygea afterward
into her presence, she gave him his choice either to
submit to instant death, or to slay her husband. Gyges
chose the latter alternative, married the queen, and as-
cended the vacant throne, about 718 years before the
Christian era. He was the first of the Mermnadse
who reigned in Lydia. He reigned 38 years, and dis-
tinguished himself by the presents which he made to
the oracle of Delphi. (Herodot. , I, 8, scqq. ) The
wife of Candaules above mentioned was called Nyssia
according to Hephaestion. --The story of Rosamund,
}uecn of the Lombards, as related by Gibbon, bears an
exact resemblance to this of Candaules. (Compare
Schlatter, Weltgcschichtc, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 82. )--Pla-
to relates a curious legend respecting this Gyges,
which differs essentially from the account given by
Herodotus. He makes him to have been originally
? ? one of the shepherds of Candaules, and to have de-
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? HAD
HADRIANUS
llvTiiSta, the port of Sparta, about 40 stadia from
I-as (I'aiuan. , 3, 24), and 240 from Sparta itself.
(Slraiio, 363. ) Pliny says it was the nearest point to
embark from for the island of Crete (4, 5). Gytheum
was taken by the Athenians under Tolmidas, who
burnt the docks before the Peloponnesian war. {Di-
odurus Sic. , 11, 84. ) It was also attacked by the
Thebans in their first invasion of Laconia, for three
days, but without success. (Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 6,5,32. )
It was afterward besieged by the Roman army under
the command of T. Q. Flamininus and his brother Lu-
cius, and compelled to surrender. Livy says it was a
stiong and populous town, and well provided with the
means of resistance (34, 29). On the renewal of the
war, it was, however, retaken by Nabis. [Liv. , 3S,
26. --Compare Polyb. , 2, 69. ) The Gytheatse pre-
tended that their city had been built by Hercules and
Apollo, whose statues were placed in the forum. ! 'o-
lylnus states (5, 19), that the port, distant 30 stadia
from the city itself, was both commodious and secure.
Sirabo remarks, that it was an artificial haven. Gy-
theum stood a little to the north of the present town of
Marathonisi. The site is now called Palceopoli, but
no habitation is left upon it. (Cramer's Arte. Greece,
vol 3, p. 192, seqq. )
H.
Hares (pdijr), the place of departed spirits, accord-
ing to the Grecian mythology; from a, not, and eliki,
to see, as denoting the lower or invisible world. Its
divisions were Elysium and Tartarus, the respective
abodes of th'j good and bad. In the Homeric limes,
however, this arrangement formed no part of the pop-
ular creed. Tho prevalent belief was merely as fol-
ovvs; that the souls of the departed, with the excep-
tion of those who had personally offended against the
gods, were occupied in the lower world with the un-
real performance of the same actions that had formed
'. heir chief objects of pursuit in the regions of day.
All the other accompaniments of the fable, the judges,
the tribunals, the trials of the dead, &c, are merely
posthnmeric additions. (Constant, de la Religion,
vol. 3, p. 383. ) As regards the analogy between the
terms hades and our English word hell, it may be re-
marked, that the latter, in its primitive signification,
perfectly corresponded to the former. For, at first, it
denoted only what was secret or concealed; and it is
(bund, moreover, with little variation of form, and pre-
cisely with the same meaning, in all the Teutonic dia-
lects. (Compare Junivs's Gothic Glossary, subjoined
to the Codec Argenteus, on the word hcrlyan; and the
Diversions of Purlcy, vol. 2, p. 377, ed. 1829. ) With
regard to the situation of hades, it seems always to
have been conceived, by both Jews and pagans, aa in
the lower parts of the earth, near its centre, as we
should term it, or its foundation (according to the no-
tion of the Hebrews, who knew nothing of its spheri-
cal figure), and answering in depth to the visible
heavens in height. (Compare, on this whole subject,
Campbell's Gospels, vol. 1, p, 272, seqq. , Disc. 6,
pt. 2. )
Hadbanuh, a town of Sicily, near Mount . ttna,
having in its vicinity a river of the name of Hadranus.
(Stcph. Bye. , s. v. ) It was founded by Dionysiue.
{Diod. Sic. , 14,38. --Compare Silius Italicus, 14, 250. )
Hadrianus (Publius iElius), I. a Roman emperor,
born at Rome A. D. 76. He lost his father when ten
vears of age, and had for his guardians Trajan, who
? ? was his relation, and Cornelius Tatianus, a Roman
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? HADRIANUS.
HiEM
tin Ok I'ti. rn Se passed the winter at Athens, and
nis initialed in the Eleusinian mysteries. He pub-
lisi. cd nu cu'ict against the Christians, yet they never-
theless endured considerable persecution, until, upon
the remonstrance of Quadratus, bishop of Athens, and
Aristides, an eminent Christian, he ordered the perse-
cution to cease; but no credit is (>ue to the unauthor-
Bed assertion of l. ampridius, that i. e thought of build-
ing a temple to our Saviour. His treatment of the
jrvs, to the 3iher hand, was extremely severe, though
ample provocation had been given by that turbulent
cation.
They had raised disturbances towards the
end of Trajan's reign, which were not completely
quelled until the second year of Hadrian. But now a
more formidable insurrection broke out under Barco-
chebas (" Son of a Star''), who, though a robber by
profession, had given himself out lor the Messiah. It
required a war of three years to reduce the revolted
Jews to complete subjection, and after this was ac-
complished, there was scarcely any indignity that was
sot inf'cted on the conquered nation. Jerusalem was
rebuilt . . -ider the new title of . iElia Capilolina, uniting
the family name of the emperor with the Roman sur-
name of Jupiter, and in the execution of his plan Ha-
drian studiously profaned all the places which had
been most revered by both Jews and Christians, whom
he seems on this occasion to have purposely con-
founded together. He built a temple in honour of
Jupiter Capitolinus upon the mountain where had
stood that of the true God; he placed a hog of mar-
ble upon the gate of the city which looked towards
Bethlehem; he erected in the place where Jesus was
crucified a statue of Venus; and in that where he
rose from the dead one of Jupiter; in the grotto of
Bethlehem, where our Saviour was bom, he establish-
ed the worship of Adonis. The Jews were also for-
bidden the very sight of Jerusalem, which they were
not permitted to enter but on one day in the year, the
anniversary of the destruction of the city. After the
conclusion of the Jewish war Hadrian returned to Ita-
ly, where a lingering illness put a stop to his unsettled
mode of life, and eventually terminated his existence.
Having no children of his own, Hadrian first adopted
lor his successor L. Ceronius Commodus, more gen-
erally known by the name of Verus, to which last he
prefixed that of'. 'Elius after his adoption by the em-
peror. Verus, however, who was remarkable for
nothing but his excessive effeminacy and debauched
mode of life, died soon after, and Hadrian made a
second selection in the person of the virtuous Antoni-
nus. (Vid. Antoninus Pius. ) Hadrian died not long
after at Bais, A. D. 136, in the 63d year of his age
and 22d of his reign. His disorder was the dropsy,
from which disease his sufferings were so great as ap-
parently to affect his reason. The character of this
monarch presents a strange mixture of virtues and
vices. If he cultivated literature and courted the so-
ciety of the learned, he yet occasionally displayed to-
wards them a degree of jealousy and caprice altogeth-
er unworthy of his station and abilities. If he was, in
general, a just and able ruler, yet there were limes
when he showed himself revengeful, suspicious, and
cruel. His treatment of his wife Sabina does no hon-
our to his memory, his disgraceful predilection for An-
tinoiis loads it with infamy; nor does his excessive
superstition, to which even that favourite felt a victim,
entitle him to any other than feelings of contempt.
? ? The better portion of the Romans appear to have
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? HAL
HAL
\puiTodorus, however (6, 3), says tlic chain was call-
id Hwiiius from alfia, "blood," because Typbon hav-
ng been chased hither by Jupiter, waged battle in this
nlace against the monarch of the skies, and covered
. he mountain with his blood. (Compare the remark of
Huyuc, ad Apollod. , I. c, where this etymology is sta-
led to be the offspring of later ages. ) The true root is
bund in the Sanscrit liana, which connects togeth-
tr the name; of Imaus, HimmaUx, Hamus, Hymtt-
'. us, iti ancient geography, and the appellation Himmel,
given to various mountains in Saxony, Jutland, and
elsewhere (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 1, 536. -- Creu-
zer, Symbolik, par Guigniaul, vol. 1, p. 135. -- Got-
ting. Gel. auz. , 1815, No. 36, p. 357. ) This root
Hcma, otherwise written Himcras, linos, Jem,a. &c,
appears to carry with it the idea of height (compare
the German himmel, "heaven"), and also that of a
sno vy or wintry elevation. (Compare the Latin hi-
cms md the Greek xeilia---Klaproth, Mcmoircs rela-
tifi a I'Asie, vol. 1, p. 432. )--The length of the chain
of Haemus is not less remarkable than its height, ex-
tending for 500 miles; one end resting on the Gulf
of Venice, and the other on the Black Sea. The mod-
ern name is llalcan, which signifies a difficult defile;
and it is properly divided into high and low, the latter
advancing on each side, like outworks before the great
natural rampart. ( Walsh's Journey from. Constanti-
nople to England, p. 104, Am. ed. ) The passage of
the lj. ilc. m by the Russian forces, in their conflict
with the Mussulman power, has excited great interest
and called forth considerable applause. From the re-
marks, however, of a very recent traveller, it would
appear that the undertaking was anything but difficult.
(Keppel's Journey across the llalcan, vol. 1, p. 301. )
IIai. ksiis, I. an Argive, who, after the murder of
Agamemnon by Clytemnestra and yEgistlius, settled
in Italy, in the vicinity of Mons Massacus, a mountain
of Campania. At the head of the Aurunci and Osci,
ho assisted Turnus against iGncas, but fell by the hand
ii Pallas. (Vtrg. , Mn. , 7, 724. --Id. ib. , 10, 532. )
Halesus is said by Virgil to have been the son of a
soothsayer, who foretold the fate of his child; and, in
order to avert this, if possible, brought him up in the
woods. The epithet Agamemnonius, therefore, which
Virgil applies to him (Mn. , 7, 724), and which some
suppose lias reference to his being the son of Aga-
memnon, is merely used by the poet to denote the pre-
"ended origin of his race. (Heyne, Exeurs. , 8, ad
/En. , 7. )--II. or Hales (*A^i/f, -evroc), a river of Asia
Minor, running near the city of Colophon, and said to
'nave the coldest water of all the streams of Asia.
(I'lin. , 5,29. ) It took its rise in Mount Gallesus or
Gallesium, and fell into the Sinus Ephesius. (Strab. ,
642. --Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 359. )
Hai. iachon, a large and rapid stream of Macedonia,
flowing into the sea a short distance below Pydna.
It rises in the chain of mountains called Camhunii, or
by Ptolemy Canalovii, on the northern confines of
Thessaly. The modern name of this river is Inidgc-
Carason, or Jenicora, according to Dr. Brown, who
must have crossed it in its course through Elimxa.
'. Travels, p. 46. So also the editors of the French
Strabo, vol. 3, p. 124. ) Dr. Clarke calls illnje-Mauro.
The epitomist of Strabo (7, p. 330) seems to plsce
the Haliacmon soon after Dium, as does also Ptolemy
(p. 82). This is, however, an error, which apparently
misled Dr. Holland, who imagined he had forded this
? ? stream about two miles beyond Katima; but what he
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? HAL
HAM
Mausoleum 1 Artemisia, dying of grief for the loss of
her husband, was succeeded b) Hidrieus, who, having
no issue, left the tinn to his wife Ada. But Pixo-
darus, the youngest of Hecatomnus' sons, formed a
pari; against her, and, with the assistance of Oronto-
bales, a Persian satrap, succeeded in expelling her
from Halicarnassus. Oroutobates, having married the
diughter of Pixodarus, remained, on the death of the
latter, in possession of Halicarnassus. It was at this
pctixl that Alexander arrived with his forces in Caria,
ar. C laid siege to the city. It was a long and severe
one, owing to the natural strength of the place, and
(he number and description of the troops which de-
fended it. under the command of Memnon, the best
general in the Persian service. Alexander, however,
eventually took the place, razed it to the ground, and
restored Ada to the sovereignty of Caria. Halicar-
nassus was afterward rebuilt, and, to compensate for
its losses, had six towns annexed to it. (Plin . , 6, 29 )
The citadel of this place was named Salmacis, from
the fountain celebrated in Ovid (Met. , 4, 11). . Ac-
cording to Scylax, there were two ports at Halicarnas-
sus, protected by the little island Arconnesus. Hali-
carnassus could boast of having produced Herodotus,
Dionysius, and Heraclitus the poet. It appears to
have suffered m the Mithradatic war, and to have been
restored to a great degree of its former prosperity by
Cicero's brother Quintus. (Ep. ad Q. Fratr. , 1, 8. )
--The ruins of Halicarnassus exist at Boudroun, and
Captain Beaufort has given a plan of the harbour and
the Turkish town, with the adjacent coast. {Beau-
fort's Karamania, p. 95, seqq. --Cramer's Asia Mi-
>>w, vol. 2, p. 17B, seqq. ) Dr. Clarke, quoting from
Walpole's MS. journal, remarks, that Budrun is a cor-
ruption, through Petrumi, as the Turks write it, from
Pietro, referring to the fort or castle of San Pietro
,auttllum Sanrti Petri), which corresponds to the an-
cient citadel. (Travels, vol. 3, p. 256, seqq. )
liiucix, {'k? . iKvai), a town of Sicily, between
Kntella and Lilybssum. The modern name is Saleme.
(Stepk. Byz, s. v. --Diod. Sic. , 14, 55. )
HiLiRRHOTHius, a son of Neptune and Euryte, who
committed an outrage on Alcippe, daughter of Mars,
and was, in consequence, slain by that deity. Nep-
tune summoned Mars to trial for the murder of his
son. The cause was heard before the twelve gods,
silting as judges, on the Areopagus at Athens; which
hill derived its name ('Aprtof nuyoc, " Hill of Mars")
from this circumstance. The trial ended in the ac-
quittal of the accused deity. (Apollod. , 3, 14. --Sehol.
td Eurip, Orest. , 1665. ) Meier considers 'hpeioc
equivalent here to Qovikuc. (Rhein. Mus. , 2, p. 266. )
Halxydissus. Vtd. Salmydessus.
Halonkksus, a small island at the opening of the
Sinus Thermaicus, and northeast of Scopclu3. It is
celebrated in history as having been a subject of con-
tention between Philip the son of Amyntas, and the
Athenians; on which occasion one of their orators
composed an harangue, which is to be found in the
works of Demosthenes, and has been ascribed by some
to that celebrated orator. (Oral. 7, Dcmosth. , p. 75.
--Strab. , 435-- Pomp. Mel. , 2, 7. ) It is now called
Ckclidromi. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 451. )
Hir. vs, a celebrated river of Asia Minor, rising on
the confines of Pontus and Armenia Minor, and which,
lfter flowing westwardly through Cappadocia to the
borders of Phrygia, turns to the northwest, and enters
? ? the K'. iiine some distance to the northwest of Amisus.
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.
This oration was delivered in June, AD. 381, and a
few days after Gregory was on his way to his native
Cappadocia. Arrived at Cesarea, he delivered an im-
pressive funeral oration to the memory of his friend
Basilius, who had died there some time before, in
which he recalls to mind their juvenile studies at
Athens, their long intimacy, and the events of their
:heckered lives (Oral. 20). After paying this last
tribute to the memory of his friend, he withdrew to
his native Arianzus, where he spent the latter years
? f his life, far from the turmoil of courts and councils,
tusy in the cultivation of his garden and in writing
poetry, a favourite occupation with him from his youth.
Gregory died A. D. 389. Most of his poems are reli-
gious meditations. Occasionally the poet attempts to
Jive into the mysterious destiny of man, and some-
times appears lost in uncertainty and doubt as to the
object of human existence; but he recovers himself to
do homage to the Almighty wisdom whose secrets will
become revealed in another sphere. The adept in the
philosophy of ancient Greece is here seen striving with
the submissive Christian convert. St. Jerome and
Suidas say that Gregory wrote no less than thirty thou-
sand lines of poetry. Some of his poems were pub-
lished in the edition of his works by the Abbe de
Billy, Paris, 1609-11, which contains also his orations
and epistles; twenty more pooms, under the title of
'? Carmina Cygnea," were afterward published by Tol-
lius, in his " Insignia Itinerarii Italici," 4to, Utrecht,
1696; and Muratori discovered, and published in his
"Anecdota Graaca," Padua, 1709, a number of Grego-
ry's epigrams. Of his orations some lew turn upon
dogmas, especially on that of the Trinity, but most of
them are upon morality. He is a soberer writer than
his successor Chrysostom, and has more of the calm,
impressive eloquence of conviction. He and his friend
Basilius brought the oratorical arts of ancient Greece
into the service of Christian preaching, and one of
Gregory's greatest complaints against Julian is, that
? ? that emperor had forbidden Christians the study of
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? <<vo
GTN
jlitl ! ep. rt s them as having practised mining in Up-
jirr Ami. Hence, according to him, the gold of the
griffons is nothing more than the gold obtained from
mines. (Ertoeschr. ton Ost. , p. 488, scqq. ) Malte-
Brun remarks, that in the mountains where the Indus
rises, and where there are gold-mines, eagles-and
vultures of an enormous size are found, which may
fcive given rise to the fable respecting the griffons.
(>'<mw#. , Annul, des Voyag. , vol. 2, p. 380, scqq. )
Rhode seeks to identify the griffons with the Dews,
or evil genii of Persian mythology (Hcilige Sage, p.
W. wo), for which he is justly censured by Von
Hammer (Wien. Jahrb. , vol. 9, p. 53); and Wilford,
with as little probability, refers the account of the grif-
fons to that of the fabled bird of Vischnu, named Ga-
? timid. (Anal. Researches, vol. 14, p. 373. )--As re-
gards the name yptnp itself, it evidently comes from the
Persian gercifen, "to seize" (compare the German
preifen), the root of which, greif, has a strong analogy
to ypvf. (Tychsen. op. Heercn, Uecn, vol. 1, pt. 2,
p. 386-- Bakr, ad Herod. , 3, 116, Ercurs. , 5. )
Gtards, a small island of the Archipelago, classed
by Stephanus of Byzantium among the Sporades, but
belonging rather to the Cyclades. It lay southwest of
\ndros, off tiie coast of Attica. So wretched and poor
was this barren rock, being inhabited only by a few
fishermen, that they deputed one of their number to
wait upon Augustus, then at Corinth, after the battle
ol Actium, to petition that their taxes, which amount-
ed to 150 drachma? (about 25 dollars), might be dimin-
ished, as they were unable to raise more than 100.
(Strah. , 485. ) This island became subsequently no-
torious, as the spot to which criminals or suspected
persons were banished by order of the Roman em-
perors. (Juv. , Sat. , i,"3--Jd, Sat. , 10, 70. -- Tacit. ,
3, 68. ) The modern name is Ghioura. (Cramer's
Am. Greece, vol. 3, p. 413. )
Gyas, I. one of the companions of /Eneas, who dis-
tinguished himself at the games exhibited after the
death of Anchises in Sicily. (Virg. , JEn. , 5, 118. )--
II. A Rutulian, son of Melampus, killed by . -Eneas in
Italy. (Jo! . ,'10, 318. )
Grogs (r>>)T/c), more correctly Gtks (Tint), a son
of Castas and Terra, represented as having a hundred
bands. He, with his brothers, made war against the
gods, and was afterward punished in Tartarus. (Vid.
Cotlus. )
Gtgis, a Lydian, to whom Candaules, king of the
country, showed his wife with her person exposed.
The latter was so incensed, although she concealed
her anger at the time, that, calling Gygea afterward
into her presence, she gave him his choice either to
submit to instant death, or to slay her husband. Gyges
chose the latter alternative, married the queen, and as-
cended the vacant throne, about 718 years before the
Christian era. He was the first of the Mermnadse
who reigned in Lydia. He reigned 38 years, and dis-
tinguished himself by the presents which he made to
the oracle of Delphi. (Herodot. , I, 8, scqq. ) The
wife of Candaules above mentioned was called Nyssia
according to Hephaestion. --The story of Rosamund,
}uecn of the Lombards, as related by Gibbon, bears an
exact resemblance to this of Candaules. (Compare
Schlatter, Weltgcschichtc, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 82. )--Pla-
to relates a curious legend respecting this Gyges,
which differs essentially from the account given by
Herodotus. He makes him to have been originally
? ? one of the shepherds of Candaules, and to have de-
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? HAD
HADRIANUS
llvTiiSta, the port of Sparta, about 40 stadia from
I-as (I'aiuan. , 3, 24), and 240 from Sparta itself.
(Slraiio, 363. ) Pliny says it was the nearest point to
embark from for the island of Crete (4, 5). Gytheum
was taken by the Athenians under Tolmidas, who
burnt the docks before the Peloponnesian war. {Di-
odurus Sic. , 11, 84. ) It was also attacked by the
Thebans in their first invasion of Laconia, for three
days, but without success. (Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 6,5,32. )
It was afterward besieged by the Roman army under
the command of T. Q. Flamininus and his brother Lu-
cius, and compelled to surrender. Livy says it was a
stiong and populous town, and well provided with the
means of resistance (34, 29). On the renewal of the
war, it was, however, retaken by Nabis. [Liv. , 3S,
26. --Compare Polyb. , 2, 69. ) The Gytheatse pre-
tended that their city had been built by Hercules and
Apollo, whose statues were placed in the forum. ! 'o-
lylnus states (5, 19), that the port, distant 30 stadia
from the city itself, was both commodious and secure.
Sirabo remarks, that it was an artificial haven. Gy-
theum stood a little to the north of the present town of
Marathonisi. The site is now called Palceopoli, but
no habitation is left upon it. (Cramer's Arte. Greece,
vol 3, p. 192, seqq. )
H.
Hares (pdijr), the place of departed spirits, accord-
ing to the Grecian mythology; from a, not, and eliki,
to see, as denoting the lower or invisible world. Its
divisions were Elysium and Tartarus, the respective
abodes of th'j good and bad. In the Homeric limes,
however, this arrangement formed no part of the pop-
ular creed. Tho prevalent belief was merely as fol-
ovvs; that the souls of the departed, with the excep-
tion of those who had personally offended against the
gods, were occupied in the lower world with the un-
real performance of the same actions that had formed
'. heir chief objects of pursuit in the regions of day.
All the other accompaniments of the fable, the judges,
the tribunals, the trials of the dead, &c, are merely
posthnmeric additions. (Constant, de la Religion,
vol. 3, p. 383. ) As regards the analogy between the
terms hades and our English word hell, it may be re-
marked, that the latter, in its primitive signification,
perfectly corresponded to the former. For, at first, it
denoted only what was secret or concealed; and it is
(bund, moreover, with little variation of form, and pre-
cisely with the same meaning, in all the Teutonic dia-
lects. (Compare Junivs's Gothic Glossary, subjoined
to the Codec Argenteus, on the word hcrlyan; and the
Diversions of Purlcy, vol. 2, p. 377, ed. 1829. ) With
regard to the situation of hades, it seems always to
have been conceived, by both Jews and pagans, aa in
the lower parts of the earth, near its centre, as we
should term it, or its foundation (according to the no-
tion of the Hebrews, who knew nothing of its spheri-
cal figure), and answering in depth to the visible
heavens in height. (Compare, on this whole subject,
Campbell's Gospels, vol. 1, p, 272, seqq. , Disc. 6,
pt. 2. )
Hadbanuh, a town of Sicily, near Mount . ttna,
having in its vicinity a river of the name of Hadranus.
(Stcph. Bye. , s. v. ) It was founded by Dionysiue.
{Diod. Sic. , 14,38. --Compare Silius Italicus, 14, 250. )
Hadrianus (Publius iElius), I. a Roman emperor,
born at Rome A. D. 76. He lost his father when ten
vears of age, and had for his guardians Trajan, who
? ? was his relation, and Cornelius Tatianus, a Roman
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? HADRIANUS.
HiEM
tin Ok I'ti. rn Se passed the winter at Athens, and
nis initialed in the Eleusinian mysteries. He pub-
lisi. cd nu cu'ict against the Christians, yet they never-
theless endured considerable persecution, until, upon
the remonstrance of Quadratus, bishop of Athens, and
Aristides, an eminent Christian, he ordered the perse-
cution to cease; but no credit is (>ue to the unauthor-
Bed assertion of l. ampridius, that i. e thought of build-
ing a temple to our Saviour. His treatment of the
jrvs, to the 3iher hand, was extremely severe, though
ample provocation had been given by that turbulent
cation.
They had raised disturbances towards the
end of Trajan's reign, which were not completely
quelled until the second year of Hadrian. But now a
more formidable insurrection broke out under Barco-
chebas (" Son of a Star''), who, though a robber by
profession, had given himself out lor the Messiah. It
required a war of three years to reduce the revolted
Jews to complete subjection, and after this was ac-
complished, there was scarcely any indignity that was
sot inf'cted on the conquered nation. Jerusalem was
rebuilt . . -ider the new title of . iElia Capilolina, uniting
the family name of the emperor with the Roman sur-
name of Jupiter, and in the execution of his plan Ha-
drian studiously profaned all the places which had
been most revered by both Jews and Christians, whom
he seems on this occasion to have purposely con-
founded together. He built a temple in honour of
Jupiter Capitolinus upon the mountain where had
stood that of the true God; he placed a hog of mar-
ble upon the gate of the city which looked towards
Bethlehem; he erected in the place where Jesus was
crucified a statue of Venus; and in that where he
rose from the dead one of Jupiter; in the grotto of
Bethlehem, where our Saviour was bom, he establish-
ed the worship of Adonis. The Jews were also for-
bidden the very sight of Jerusalem, which they were
not permitted to enter but on one day in the year, the
anniversary of the destruction of the city. After the
conclusion of the Jewish war Hadrian returned to Ita-
ly, where a lingering illness put a stop to his unsettled
mode of life, and eventually terminated his existence.
Having no children of his own, Hadrian first adopted
lor his successor L. Ceronius Commodus, more gen-
erally known by the name of Verus, to which last he
prefixed that of'. 'Elius after his adoption by the em-
peror. Verus, however, who was remarkable for
nothing but his excessive effeminacy and debauched
mode of life, died soon after, and Hadrian made a
second selection in the person of the virtuous Antoni-
nus. (Vid. Antoninus Pius. ) Hadrian died not long
after at Bais, A. D. 136, in the 63d year of his age
and 22d of his reign. His disorder was the dropsy,
from which disease his sufferings were so great as ap-
parently to affect his reason. The character of this
monarch presents a strange mixture of virtues and
vices. If he cultivated literature and courted the so-
ciety of the learned, he yet occasionally displayed to-
wards them a degree of jealousy and caprice altogeth-
er unworthy of his station and abilities. If he was, in
general, a just and able ruler, yet there were limes
when he showed himself revengeful, suspicious, and
cruel. His treatment of his wife Sabina does no hon-
our to his memory, his disgraceful predilection for An-
tinoiis loads it with infamy; nor does his excessive
superstition, to which even that favourite felt a victim,
entitle him to any other than feelings of contempt.
? ? The better portion of the Romans appear to have
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? HAL
HAL
\puiTodorus, however (6, 3), says tlic chain was call-
id Hwiiius from alfia, "blood," because Typbon hav-
ng been chased hither by Jupiter, waged battle in this
nlace against the monarch of the skies, and covered
. he mountain with his blood. (Compare the remark of
Huyuc, ad Apollod. , I. c, where this etymology is sta-
led to be the offspring of later ages. ) The true root is
bund in the Sanscrit liana, which connects togeth-
tr the name; of Imaus, HimmaUx, Hamus, Hymtt-
'. us, iti ancient geography, and the appellation Himmel,
given to various mountains in Saxony, Jutland, and
elsewhere (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 1, 536. -- Creu-
zer, Symbolik, par Guigniaul, vol. 1, p. 135. -- Got-
ting. Gel. auz. , 1815, No. 36, p. 357. ) This root
Hcma, otherwise written Himcras, linos, Jem,a. &c,
appears to carry with it the idea of height (compare
the German himmel, "heaven"), and also that of a
sno vy or wintry elevation. (Compare the Latin hi-
cms md the Greek xeilia---Klaproth, Mcmoircs rela-
tifi a I'Asie, vol. 1, p. 432. )--The length of the chain
of Haemus is not less remarkable than its height, ex-
tending for 500 miles; one end resting on the Gulf
of Venice, and the other on the Black Sea. The mod-
ern name is llalcan, which signifies a difficult defile;
and it is properly divided into high and low, the latter
advancing on each side, like outworks before the great
natural rampart. ( Walsh's Journey from. Constanti-
nople to England, p. 104, Am. ed. ) The passage of
the lj. ilc. m by the Russian forces, in their conflict
with the Mussulman power, has excited great interest
and called forth considerable applause. From the re-
marks, however, of a very recent traveller, it would
appear that the undertaking was anything but difficult.
(Keppel's Journey across the llalcan, vol. 1, p. 301. )
IIai. ksiis, I. an Argive, who, after the murder of
Agamemnon by Clytemnestra and yEgistlius, settled
in Italy, in the vicinity of Mons Massacus, a mountain
of Campania. At the head of the Aurunci and Osci,
ho assisted Turnus against iGncas, but fell by the hand
ii Pallas. (Vtrg. , Mn. , 7, 724. --Id. ib. , 10, 532. )
Halesus is said by Virgil to have been the son of a
soothsayer, who foretold the fate of his child; and, in
order to avert this, if possible, brought him up in the
woods. The epithet Agamemnonius, therefore, which
Virgil applies to him (Mn. , 7, 724), and which some
suppose lias reference to his being the son of Aga-
memnon, is merely used by the poet to denote the pre-
"ended origin of his race. (Heyne, Exeurs. , 8, ad
/En. , 7. )--II. or Hales (*A^i/f, -evroc), a river of Asia
Minor, running near the city of Colophon, and said to
'nave the coldest water of all the streams of Asia.
(I'lin. , 5,29. ) It took its rise in Mount Gallesus or
Gallesium, and fell into the Sinus Ephesius. (Strab. ,
642. --Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 359. )
Hai. iachon, a large and rapid stream of Macedonia,
flowing into the sea a short distance below Pydna.
It rises in the chain of mountains called Camhunii, or
by Ptolemy Canalovii, on the northern confines of
Thessaly. The modern name of this river is Inidgc-
Carason, or Jenicora, according to Dr. Brown, who
must have crossed it in its course through Elimxa.
'. Travels, p. 46. So also the editors of the French
Strabo, vol. 3, p. 124. ) Dr. Clarke calls illnje-Mauro.
The epitomist of Strabo (7, p. 330) seems to plsce
the Haliacmon soon after Dium, as does also Ptolemy
(p. 82). This is, however, an error, which apparently
misled Dr. Holland, who imagined he had forded this
? ? stream about two miles beyond Katima; but what he
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? HAL
HAM
Mausoleum 1 Artemisia, dying of grief for the loss of
her husband, was succeeded b) Hidrieus, who, having
no issue, left the tinn to his wife Ada. But Pixo-
darus, the youngest of Hecatomnus' sons, formed a
pari; against her, and, with the assistance of Oronto-
bales, a Persian satrap, succeeded in expelling her
from Halicarnassus. Oroutobates, having married the
diughter of Pixodarus, remained, on the death of the
latter, in possession of Halicarnassus. It was at this
pctixl that Alexander arrived with his forces in Caria,
ar. C laid siege to the city. It was a long and severe
one, owing to the natural strength of the place, and
(he number and description of the troops which de-
fended it. under the command of Memnon, the best
general in the Persian service. Alexander, however,
eventually took the place, razed it to the ground, and
restored Ada to the sovereignty of Caria. Halicar-
nassus was afterward rebuilt, and, to compensate for
its losses, had six towns annexed to it. (Plin . , 6, 29 )
The citadel of this place was named Salmacis, from
the fountain celebrated in Ovid (Met. , 4, 11). . Ac-
cording to Scylax, there were two ports at Halicarnas-
sus, protected by the little island Arconnesus. Hali-
carnassus could boast of having produced Herodotus,
Dionysius, and Heraclitus the poet. It appears to
have suffered m the Mithradatic war, and to have been
restored to a great degree of its former prosperity by
Cicero's brother Quintus. (Ep. ad Q. Fratr. , 1, 8. )
--The ruins of Halicarnassus exist at Boudroun, and
Captain Beaufort has given a plan of the harbour and
the Turkish town, with the adjacent coast. {Beau-
fort's Karamania, p. 95, seqq. --Cramer's Asia Mi-
>>w, vol. 2, p. 17B, seqq. ) Dr. Clarke, quoting from
Walpole's MS. journal, remarks, that Budrun is a cor-
ruption, through Petrumi, as the Turks write it, from
Pietro, referring to the fort or castle of San Pietro
,auttllum Sanrti Petri), which corresponds to the an-
cient citadel. (Travels, vol. 3, p. 256, seqq. )
liiucix, {'k? . iKvai), a town of Sicily, between
Kntella and Lilybssum. The modern name is Saleme.
(Stepk. Byz, s. v. --Diod. Sic. , 14, 55. )
HiLiRRHOTHius, a son of Neptune and Euryte, who
committed an outrage on Alcippe, daughter of Mars,
and was, in consequence, slain by that deity. Nep-
tune summoned Mars to trial for the murder of his
son. The cause was heard before the twelve gods,
silting as judges, on the Areopagus at Athens; which
hill derived its name ('Aprtof nuyoc, " Hill of Mars")
from this circumstance. The trial ended in the ac-
quittal of the accused deity. (Apollod. , 3, 14. --Sehol.
td Eurip, Orest. , 1665. ) Meier considers 'hpeioc
equivalent here to Qovikuc. (Rhein. Mus. , 2, p. 266. )
Halxydissus. Vtd. Salmydessus.
Halonkksus, a small island at the opening of the
Sinus Thermaicus, and northeast of Scopclu3. It is
celebrated in history as having been a subject of con-
tention between Philip the son of Amyntas, and the
Athenians; on which occasion one of their orators
composed an harangue, which is to be found in the
works of Demosthenes, and has been ascribed by some
to that celebrated orator. (Oral. 7, Dcmosth. , p. 75.
--Strab. , 435-- Pomp. Mel. , 2, 7. ) It is now called
Ckclidromi. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 451. )
Hir. vs, a celebrated river of Asia Minor, rising on
the confines of Pontus and Armenia Minor, and which,
lfter flowing westwardly through Cappadocia to the
borders of Phrygia, turns to the northwest, and enters
? ? the K'. iiine some distance to the northwest of Amisus.
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