Among her
numerous
works are : (About Mar.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
, 1827-30.
)
Markham, Charles Edwin. An American
poet; born in Oregon, 1852. He is professor
in Christian College, Santa Rosa. He has writ-
ten In Earth's Shadow) (1890), and (Songs of
a Dream-Builder (1890).
Markham, Clements Robert. An English
traveler, geographer, and historian; born at
Stillingfleet, near York, July 20, 1830. He ac-
companied an Arctic expedition in 1851; visited
Peru 1852-54; visited Peru and India as com-
missioner to introduce cinchona plants into the
latter country, 1860; was secretary of the Royal
Geographical Society 1863-88; accompanied
the Abyssinian expedition 1867-68. He has
written : (Travels in Peru and India) (1862);
(History of the Abyssinian Expedition (1869);
(History of Peru' (1892); etc. He has edited
a number of reprints of works on South Amer-
ica for the Hakluyt Society.
Markoe, Peter. (“A Native of Algiers. ”]
An American poet; born in Santa Cruz, W. I. ,
about 1753; died in Philadelphia about 1792.
He published a tragedy, 'The Patriot Chief
(1783); (Miscellaneous Poems) (1787); a poem
called “The Times) (1788); and Reconcilia-
tion, a comic opera (1790).
Mark Twain. See Clemens.
Marlitt, E. (mär'lit). Pseudonym of Eugenie
John, a popular German novelist; born in Ar-
stadt on the Gera, Dec. 5, 1825; died there, June
22, 1887. Her novels deal largely with domes-
tic scenes and incidents, and include: (Gold
Else) (1866); Blue Beard) (1866); (The Little
Moorland Princess) (1871); (The Old Mam-
sell's Secret! (1877); In the Schillingscourt)
(1880); (The Eulen House); etc.
Marlowe, Christopher. A noted English
poet and dramatist; born at Canterbury about
1564; killed at Deptford, June 1, 1593. Soon
after graduating at Cambridge (1583), he be-
came dramatist to the Lord Admiral's Com-
pany, London, which produced most of his
plays. Among them were the tragedies 'Life
and Death of Dr. Faustus (1601); (The Jew of
Malta); and (Edward II. (1593), his best work.
Many believe him to have been the author of
the second and third parts of Shakespeare's
(Henry VI. He wrote also the first part of
a narrative poem, "Hero and Leander, com-
pleted afterward by George Chapman. (Works,
best edition by Dyce, 3 vols. , 1850. ) *
Marmette, Joseph.
A Canadian prose-
writer; born in Montmagny, P. Q. , Oct. 25,
1844. His published works include: "Charles
and Eva) (1868 ); (Chevalier de Momac)
(1873); and (The Maccabees of New France)
(1878).
Marmier, Xavier (mar-myā'). A French
miscellaneous writer; born at Pontarlier, June
24, 1809; died in Paris, Oct. II, 1892. He was
librarian of the library of St. Geneviève, Paris
(1846). He was a great traveler. His works
include: (History of Iceland (1838); Letters
on Russia,' etc. (2 vols. , 1843); (From the
## p. 369 (#385) ############################################
MARMOL - MARSH
369
Rhine to the Nile) (1846); (The United States
and Canada) (1874); the novels (The Spitz-
bergen Lovers) (1858), “The Dramas of the
Heart) (1868), A Russian Great Lady' (1876);
in verse, Poetical Sketches) (1830); (Poems of
a Traveler) (1841); etc.
Marmol, José (mar'mõl). An Argentine
poet; born in Buenos Ayres, Dec. 5, 1818; died
there, Aug. 12, 1871. His principal works
are : (The Pilgrim' and (Harmonies, descript-
ive poems of travels (1856); the dramas (El
Cruzado) (1860) and (El Poeta) (1862); and
(La Amalia,' a historical romance based upon
the War of the Roses in England (1866), -
considered his best work, and which has been
translated into French and German.
Marmontel, Jean François (mär-môn-tel').
A famous French miscellaneous writer; born
at Bort, July 11, 1723; died at Abbeville, Dec.
31, 1799. He was brought up by the Jesuits,
and intended for the Church. Among his works
were : the popular tragedies (Dionysius the
Tyrant) ( 1748), Aristomenes) (1749), etc. ;
Moral Tales) (1761); the novels (Belisarius)
(1767) and (The Incas) (1778); etc. Of more
lasting value, however, were (French Poetics )
(1763); his contributions to the “Encyclopédie,'
collected as Elements of Literature (1787);
and his Memoirs) (1804). (“Works, 17 vols. ,
1786–87. )
Marnix, Philipp van (mar'niks), Baron of
Saint-Aldegonde. A Dutch statesman, satirist,
and miscellaneous writer; born at Brussels,
1538; died at Leyden, Dec. 15, 1598. He was
prominent in the liberation of the Netherlands;
formulated the treaty of Breda (1566); was
governor of Delft and Rotterdam ; defended
Antwerp (1584-85). His chief work was De
Byencorf der h. Roomscher Kercke) (Beehive
of the Holy Church of Rome : 1569), a satire
on Catholicism (published under the pseudo-
nym "Isaac Rabbotenus ))), which has become
a Dutch prose classic. He wrote the ballad
(William of Nassau, officially recognized as
one of the two national songs of Holland; and
a fine poetical version of the Psalms.
Marot, Adolphe Gaston (mä-ro'). A French
dramatist ; born at Rochefort, Aug. 13, 1837.
He was director of the Cluny Theatre (1875).
He has written : (Aristophanes in Paris) (1873,
with Clairville); (The Loves of the Boulevard)
(1877); (Clairon); 'The French in Tonkin)
(1855, with Péricaud); "Weeping Paris) (1886);
(My Wife's Husband" (1889); the romance
Mother and Daughter) (1889); etc.
Marot, Clément.
A famous French poet ;
born at Cahors, 1497; died at Turin, 1544. He
was easily the first French poet of his age,
noted for literary vivacity, facility, and grace.
He excelled in elegies, eclogues, and epistles.
His metrical version of the Psalms, however,
is heavy and prosy. Among his works were
(The Temple of Cupid' (1515), and Hell (1526).
Marquez, José Arnaldo (mär'keth). The
best of modern Peruvian - especially lyric -
poets; born about 1825; died Jan. 15, 1881. He
published (Lost Notes) (1862), Flor de Abel,
etc. ; and a book of travels in the United States.
He was editor of several journals. He lost
his life in the defense of Lima against the
Chilians.
Marradi, Giovanni (mär-rä'dē). An Italian
poet; born at Leghorn, 1852. He has written :
(Modern Hymns, by G. M. Labronio) (1878);
(Fancies of the Sea) (1881); Lyric Memories !
(1884);( Poems' (1887); (New Songs) (1891); etc.
Marryat, Florence. A popular English nov-
elist, daughter of Capt. Frederick Marryat; born
at Brighton, 1837. She married first Colonel
Ross Church, and then Colonel Francis Lean.
She is known as a dramatic reader and singer;
was editor of London Society (1872–76); and
has acted in London in a play of her own,
(Her World) (1881). Among her works are :
(Too Good for Him (new ed. 1868;) (Woman
Against Woman' (1865); “Confessions of Gerald
Estcourt) (1865); (Veronique (1869); (Fighting
the Air) (new ed. 1878); (A Daughter of the
Tropics (1887). She published Life and Let-
ters of Captain Marryat,' 2 vols. , in 1872.
Marryat, Frederick. ["Captain Marryat. ”]
A famous English novelist; born in London,
July 10, 1792; died at Langham, Norfolk, Aug.
9, 1848. Entering the British navy in 1806, he
became commander in 1815; and was serving
on the St. Helena station at the time of Napo-
leon's death. Among his best-known works
were : (Frank Mildmay) (1829); (The King's
Own! ( 1830 ); Peter Simple) (1834); Mr.
Midshipman Easy) (1836); (Japhet in Search
of a Father) (1836 ); Masterman Ready)
(1841). *
Marsh, Mrs. Anne (Caldwell). A popular
English novelist; born in Staffordshire, 1796;
died there, October 1874. She published most
of her works anonymously. Among them were:
(Two Old Men's Tales) (1834; latest ed. 1849);
(Mount Sorel) (1845); Emilia Wyndham
(latest ed. 1849); Norman's Bridge) (latest ed.
1849). She wrote also the historical work (The
Protestant Reformation in France) (1847).
Marsh, George Perkins. An American
philologist ; born in Woodstock, Vt. , March 15,
1801; died in Vallombrosa, Italy, July 23, 1882.
A graduate of Dartmouth in 1820, he practiced
law in Burlington, Vt. ; became Member of
Congress 1842-49, minister to Turkey 1849-53,
and first minister to the new kingdom of Italy
1861, holding the post until his death, a period
of over 20 years. As a diplomatist he had
great ability. His services to the study of lan-
guage, especially the history of his own tongue,
give him a distinguished place among Ameri-
can scholars. The (Origin and History of the
English Language) remains a standard work.
Ile translated Rask's Icelandic Grammar)
(1838); and also published Lectures on the
English Language) (1861); an edition of Wedg.
wood's Etymology); and (The Earth as Mod-
ified by Human Action (1874). A revised
)
:
24
## p. 370 (#386) ############################################
MARSH - MARTIN
370
edition of his complete works. appeared in 1885;
his Life and Letters) compiled by his widow
in 1888. A part of his fine library of Scandi-
navian literature was acquired by the University
of Vermont.
Marsh, Othniel Charles. A distinguished
American palæontologist; born at Lockport,
N. Y. , Oct. 29, 1831. A Yale graduate, he stud-
ied at Berlin, Heidelberg, and Breslau; and has
been professor of palæontology at Yale from
1866 to the present time. He is an authority on
the extinct vertebrates of the Rocky Mountains,
having conducted many scientific expeditions
thither, and discovered more than 1,000 new
specimens, many of which he described in the
American Journal of Science, and which he
has just presented to Yale University. For
twenty years he has been preparing a series of
government reports containing an illustrated
account of his discoveries. Three of these -
on the (Odontornithes,' the Dinocerata,' and
Lauropoda) — have appeared. He has been
president of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, vertebrate palæontol-
ogist of the U. S. Geological Survey, president
of the National Academy of Sciences, and fel.
low of the Geological Society of London. His
work has been recognized by honorary degrees
from great universities, and in many other
ways, bringing him international reputation.
Marshall, John. An eminent American ju-
rist; born at Germantown, Fauquier County,
Va. , Sept. 24, 1755; died at Philadelphia, July 6,
1835. He served in the Revolutionary War;
was United States envoy to France 1797-98;
Member of Congress from Virginia 1799-1800;
Secretary of State 1800-1; Chief Justice of the
United States Supreme Court 1801-35. Among
his published works were : Life of Washington)
(5 vols. , 1804-7; abridged and improved, i vol. ,
1832); (Writings upon the Federal Constitu-
tion. The greatest American jurist, he was
one of the greatest jurists of any age.
Marshall, Nelly Nichol. See MacAfee.
Marsham, John, Sir. An English Egyptol-
ogist; born 1602; died 1685. His (Diatriba
Chronologica(1649), enlarged into (Chronicus
Canon Egyptiacus, etc. (1672), was a pioneer
work in fixing the sequence of ancient history
by means of the Egyptian annals.
Marston, John. An English dramatist and
poet; borr about 1575; died in London, June
25, 1634. He graduated at Oxford in 1594, and
became lecturer at the Middle Temple, London,
1593 His chief work was (The Malcontent)
(1604), a tragicomedy which he recast from its
original form as written by John Webster. The
comedy (Eastward Ho! (1605), written with
Ben Jonson and George Chapman, caused the
imprisonment of all three on account of its satire
on the Scotch. (Dramatic Works, latest edi-
tion, 3 vols. , 1887. (Poems, 3 vols. , 1856. )
Marston, John Westland. An English dram-
atist; born at Boston, Lincolnshire, Jan. 30, 1819;
die in London, Jan. 5, 1890. He was one of
a group of English mystics. Among his dra.
mas were: (The Patrician's Daughter) (1842);
(Donna Diana) (1863), his best play; (The
Favorite of Fortune) (1806); etc. He wrote
also “Our Recent Actors? (1888), a valuable
work; a novel; two collections of short stories;
and a number of poems,- among the latter (The
Death-Ride at Balaklava) (1854), which be-
came very popular.
Marston, Philip Bourke. An English poet,
son of John W. ; born in London, Aug. 13, 1850;
died Feb. 13, 1887. From youth he was almost
wholly blind. He was the subject of Hake's
poem (The Blind Boy,' and of Mrs. Craik's
(Philip, My King. He wrote: (Song-Tide,
etc. (1871); (A Last Harvest) (1881); (Wind
Voices) (1883); etc. His Collected Poems,
edited by Louise Chandler Moulton, appeared
in 1892.
Martel de Janville, Gabrielle de, Countess
(mär-tel' dè zhon-vēl'). (“Gyp. ”] A popular
French novelist; born at the Château de Koetsal,
Morbihan, about 1850. She is the creator of
several new types, among them Paulette, Lou-
lou, Bob, etc. ; and has been a prolific writer.
Among her numerous works are : (About Mar.
riage (1883), dramatized the same year; (About
Divorce) (1886); Conjugal Joys) (1887); (Miss
Eve) (1889); (The Duke) (1892); (The Duch-
ess) (1893); etc.
Martial - Marcus Valerius Martialis (mär'.
shal). A famous Latin poet; born at Bilbilis,
Spain, 50 (? ) A. D. ; died in Spain about 102 (? ).
He spent most of his life at Rome, where he
enjoyed the favor of the emperors Titus and
Domitian. His fame rests upon his 'Epigrams,
in fifteen books; they are witty and marked by
great felicity of form and expression, but are
often sensual and marred by flattery of the
great. A late edition, with notes and indices
by Friedländer (2 vols. ), appeared at Leipzig
in 1886. *
Martin, Arthur Patchett. An Australian
poet and journalist; born at Woolwich, Eng.
land, 1851. He was one of the founders of
the Melbourne Review, and its editor for six
years.
He has written in verse : A Sweet
Girl Graduate); (An Easter Omelette) (1878);
in both verse and prose (Fernshawe) (1881;
2d ed. London, 1885); etc.
Martin, Bon Louis Henri (mär-tan'). One
of the most eminent of French historians; born
at St. Quentin, Aisne, Feb. 20, 1810; died in
Paris, Dec. 14, 1883. He studied law originally;
became a senator in 1876, and member of the
Academy in 1878. His great work, the (His-
tory of France,' in 16 volumes, appeared in
1855-60; the ‘Popular History of France) in
1867-75; and the continuation bringing the
account down to the present day, “History of
Modern France from 1789, 1878-85. He wrote
besides : France, her Genius and her Destinies)
(1847); Italian Unity) (1865); the heroic drama
(Vercingetorix) (1865); Russia in Europe
(1866); etc.
## p. 371 (#387) ############################################
MARTIN – MARZIALS
371
Martin, Edward Sanford. An American
journalist of New York city; born at “Wil-
lowbrook, Owasco Lake, N. Y. , in 1856. He
is author of "Sly Ballades in Harvard China);
(A Little Brother of the Rich, and Other Poems)
(1888); and “Windfalls of Observation.
Martin, Theodore, Sir. An English poet,
translator, and biographer; born at Edinburgh,
1816. He became a solicitor in London in
1846; married the actress Helen Faucit in 1851;
was elected rector of the University of St. An-
drews in 1880. He first became known as an
author in London under the pen-name “Bon
Gaultier”); and jointly with W. E. Aytoun pub-
lished the famous Book of Ballads) about
1858, also under that pseudonym. He has made
many excellent translations from Horace and
Catullus, from Dante, from Goethe, Schiller, and
Heine, and from mediæval ballads, epigrams,
etc. Upon the completion of the Life of the
Prince Consort) (5 vols. , 1874-80), he was
knighted. He also wrote (Life of the Princess
Alice) (1883); and other biographies.
Martin, William Alexander Parsons. A
distinguished American Presbyterian mission.
ary and educator; born at Livonia, Ind. , April
10, 1827. A missionary originally at Ningpo,
China (1850-60), he founded and directed the
Presbyterian mission at Pekin, 1863-68; be-
came professor of international law at Tung-
wên College, Pekin, in 1868; president in 1869;
was sent by China to the United States and
Europe to report on methods of education
in 1880-81; made mandarin of the third rank
in 1885. He has published in Chinese, (Evi-
dences of Christianity) (1855), (The Three
Principles) (1856), etc. ; in English, “The Chi-
nese, their Education, Philosophy, and Letters)
(1881); etc.
Martineau, Harriet (mär'ti-nő). An Eng-
lish reformer and miscellaneous writer, sister
of James; born at Norwich, June 12, 1802 ; died
at Ambleside, June 27, 1876. She visited this
country in 1834, aiding the abolitionists, and
traveled in Palestine and the East in 1846.
She wrote a series of stories based on political
economy (1832). Among her more important
works are : (Society in America' (1836); Deer.
brook) (1839), a novel; History of England
during the Thirty Years' Peace) (1848); (Phi-
losophy of Comte) (1853); (British Rule in
India' (1857); Biographical Sketches) (1869);
etc. She labored under the remarkable dis-
ability of being all her life without the senses
of taste and smell, and at 16 became very deaf.
Martineau, James. A distinguished English
Unitarian theologian; born at Norwich, April
21, 1805. He is now the most profound and
brilliant theological and religious writer on the
liberal side in England. He became profes-
sor of philosophy at Manchester New College,
London (1853). He has published : (Endeav-
ors after the Christian Life) (1843-47); Mis-
cellanies) (1852), edited by T. Starr King;
(Studies of Christianity) (1858); Essays, The-
ological and Philosophical' (2 vols. , 1866-68);
(Religion and Modern Materialism' (1874); (A
Study of Spinoza) (1882); (The Seat of Au-
thority in Religion (1890); Essays, Reviews,
and Addresses) (4 vols. , 1890-91); etc. *
Martinez de la Rosa, Francisco (mär-tē'.
neth đã lỡ rồ’sẵ). A distinguished Spanish
statesman, poet, dramatist, and miscellaneous
writer; born at Granada, March 10, 1789; died
at Madrid, Feb. 7, 1862. His best works were
the tragedy (Edipus,' the drama (The Vene-
tian Conspiracy,' and the comedy (The Daugh-
ter at Home and the Mother at the Ball.
His novels Hernan Perez) and Isabel de
Solis, and his (Spirit of the Age, are slight.
Martyn, Sarah Towne. An American writer
of semi-historical fiction; born in Hopkinton,
N. H. , Aug. 15, 1805; died in New York, Nov.
22, 1879. Some of her books are : (Huguenots
of France) (1865);“Sibyl Grey' (1866);(Women
of the Bible ) (1868); (The Crescent and the
Cross) (1869); Dora's Mistake) (1870); and
(Hillside Cottage) (1872).
Martyn, William Carlos. An American
biographical and historical writer; born in New
York city, Dec. 15, 1841. He is a Presbyterian
divine in that city. In his works are included
(Life of John Milton); (Life of Martin Luther);
(History of the Huguenots) (1866); History of
the Pilgrim Fathers of New England (1867);
and (The Dutch Reformation (1868).
Marvel, Ik. See Mitchell.
Marvell, Andrew. An English poet and
satirist ; born at Winestead, Yorkshire, March
31, 1621; died in London, Aug. 18, 1678. He
was Milton's friend, and his assistant in the
Latin secretaryship to the Commonwealth (1657).
He was called “the British Aristides. ) He
is best known by his Poems on Affairs of
State) (1689), a collection of satires on Charles
II. and the Stuarts; though often coarse, they
abound in lofty and generous sentiments. Of
his other writings, the best are the (Horatian
Ode on Cromwell's Return from Ireland' (1776);
(The Rehearsal Transposed! (1672–73); the
single poem “The Nymph Complaining”; etc. *
Mary, Karl (märks). A famous German so-
cialist; born at Treves, May 5, 1818; died in
London, March 14, 1883. He studied jurispru-
dence, philosophy, and history, at Bonn and
Berlin; edited the Journal of the Rhine, 1842–
43; on its suppression went to Paris, but was
expelled from there (1845), and took refuge at
Brussels; founded the New Journal of the
Rhine at Cologne (1848); expelled again from
Prussia (1849), settled in London. He was the
controlling spirit of the International, 1864-72.
His great work was Das Kapital (Capital :
1867; new ed. 1885). Vol. i. , containing all the
essential points of his theory, was translated
into English (London, 1887). The entire work,
issued under the editorship of Friedrich Engels,
appeared in an English translation in 1893.
Marzials, Théophile. An English poet, of
French parentage; born at Brussels, 1850. He
## p. 372 (#388) ############################################
MASALSKII
MASUDI
372
was educated in Belgium, Switzerland, and
England, and has been employed in the Brit-
ish Museum since 1870. He has published
(Gallery of Pigeons and Other Poems) (1873),
which has been highly praised. His best-known
piece is the song “Twickenham Ferry. '
Masalskiï, Konstantin Petrovich (mä-säl'.
ski-e). A Russian novelist and poet; born at
Jaroslav, 1802; died 1861. He was in the gov-
ernment service till 1842. His principal novels
were : (Terpi Kazak,' etc. (Have Patience, Cos-
sack, You will be Hetman : 1829); (The Black
Trunk); (Siege of Uglich); (The Russian
Icarus); (The First Love of the Last of a
Race); etc. (“Works,' 1843-45. )
Mason, Caroline Atherton (Briggs). An
American verse-writer; born in Marblehead,
Mass. , July 27, 1823; died in 1890. She pub-
lished (Utterance, a Collection of Home Poems)
(1852); and (Rose Hamilton, a story (1859).
Her poems (Do They Miss Me at Home ? ) and
(The King's Quest, are widely popular.
Mason, William. An English divine and
poet; born at Hull, Feb. 12, 1724; died at York,
April 7, 1797. He was the friend, executor, and
biographer of the poet Gray, and precentor and
canon of York. He wrote: (Elfrida) (1752),
and "Caractacus) (1759), two dramas; (The
English Garden) (1772-82), a poem ; (Memoirs
of Gray) (1775); etc. (“Works, 1811. )
Maspero, Gaston (mäs-pe-ro'). A distin-
guished French Egyptologist; born in Paris,
June 24, 1846. He became professor of Egyp-
tian archæology and philosophy at the Collège
de France in 1874; founded a school of Egyp-
tian archæology at Cairo, 1881. Among his
works are: (Popular Tales of Ancient Egypt
(1881); (Ancient History of the Peoples of
the Orient) (4th ed. 1886); (Egyptian Archæ-
ology) (1887); (Ancient History of the Peo-
ples of the Classical Orient) (1895); etc.
Massarani, Tullo (mäs-sä-rä'ne). An Italian
miscellaneous writer; born at Mantua, 1826.
A student of law originally, he was Member
of Parliament in 1860-67; then magistrate in
Milan. He has written political works, includ.
ing (The Italian Idea through the Ages' (1850);
the volumes of essays (Studies in Literature
and Art) (1873), (Studies in Politics and His-
tory) (1873), "Critical Essays) (2d ed. 1883);
(Legnano) (1876), a volume of long and short
stories ; (Talks and Rhymes) (2d ed. 1884);
etc. He is known also as a painter.
Massey, Gerald. An English poet ; born at
Tring, May 29, 1828. In youth he worked
in a silk-mill and as a straw-braider. He
founded and edited the Spirit of Freedom in
1849, and was secretary of the Christian So-
cialists. He lectured in this country in 1873.
He is a firm believer in spiritualism. The titles
of his works are: Ballad of Babe Christabel,
etc. (5th ed. 1855); “War Waits) (1855); (Have-
lock's March, etc. (1861); My Lyrical Life)
(18891; etc.
Massillon, Jean Baptiste (mä-se-yon'). A
famous French preacher ; born at Hyères,
June 24, 1663; died at Clermont, Sept. 18,
1742. He was director of the Seminary of St.
Magloire, Paris, in 1699; court preacher in 1699,
1701, and 1704; preached the funeral orations
on Conti in 1709, the Dauphin in 1711, and
Louis XIV. in 1715; became bishop of Cler-
mon: in 1717. His sermons are finished in
form, and deal with conduct more than dogma.
The funeral oration on Louis XIV. was trans-
lated into English (London, 1872); also selected
sermons (2 vols. , 1889-90). ((Works,' 4 vols. ,
Paris, 1886. ) *
Massinger, Philip. A noted English drama.
tist; born at Salisbury, 1583; died at the Bank-
side, Southwark, March 1640. Of 38 plays writ-
ten wholly or in part by him, he was the sole
author of 15. Among the best are: (The Duke
of Milan (1623); “The Fatal Dowry) (1632);
(A New Way to Pay Old Debts) (1633), which
still keeps the stage, the character of Sir Giles
Overreach being almost as familiar as one of
Shakespeare's; (A Very Woman) (1655); (A
City Madam' (1659); etc. He excelled in de-
picting tragic character and in lofty sentiment
without escaping from the limits of possible
life; but his verse is prosaic, and often halting
and unmelodious. *
Masson, Auguste Michel Benoît Gaudichot
(ma-sôn’). French novelist and dramatist;
born in Paris, 1800; died 1883. He wrote much
in collaboration. Among his works in fiction
are: (Tales of the Workshop' (1832–33); (A
Young Girl's Heart) (1834); (The Bundle of
Straw) (1861); (The Stubborn Wife) (1865).
He also wrote: (Reminiscences of a Child of
the People (1838–41), autobiographic; History
of Celebrities) (1838, many editions); the dramas
(The Devil in Love) (1836), Madame Favart)
(1837), (A Fixed Idea (1850), «The Orphans
of Notre Dame Bridge) (1849); etc.
Masson, David. A Scottish biographer,
essayist, and critic; born at Aberdeen, Dec. 2,
1822. He was professor of English at Univer-
sity College, London, 1852; later, for a num-
ber of years editor of Macmillan's Magazine;
professor of rhetoric and English literature at
the University of Edinburgh, 1865. His chief
work is "Life of Milton (6 vols. , 1858-79). He
wrote besides : Essays, Biographical and Crit-
ical (1856); (British Novelists) (1859); (The
Three Devils) (1874); etc.
Masudi or Al-Masudi (mä-sö'de). An Ara.
bic historian; born at Bagdad about the close
of the ninth century; died in Egypt, 957. He
has been called “the Arabian Herodotus.
His best work was (Meadows of Gold and
Mines of Gems) (many editions; the latest, text
with French translation, 9 vols. , Paris, 1861-77).
It abounds in information regarding his time,
the result of extensive travel, and is the most
celebrated of its kind in the language. One
volume was translated into English by A.
Sprenger (1841).
## p. 373 (#389) ############################################
MATHER- MATURIN
373
He was banished in 1859; was deputy 1870
and 1873; governor of Atacama 1875–81. He
published in 1853 some short stories that were
severely criticized for their freedom of style.
His verses, chiefly lyric, are very popular.
(Poems, 2 vols. , Leipzig, about 1880. )
Matthew Paris. See Paris.
Mather, Cotton.
Markham, Charles Edwin. An American
poet; born in Oregon, 1852. He is professor
in Christian College, Santa Rosa. He has writ-
ten In Earth's Shadow) (1890), and (Songs of
a Dream-Builder (1890).
Markham, Clements Robert. An English
traveler, geographer, and historian; born at
Stillingfleet, near York, July 20, 1830. He ac-
companied an Arctic expedition in 1851; visited
Peru 1852-54; visited Peru and India as com-
missioner to introduce cinchona plants into the
latter country, 1860; was secretary of the Royal
Geographical Society 1863-88; accompanied
the Abyssinian expedition 1867-68. He has
written : (Travels in Peru and India) (1862);
(History of the Abyssinian Expedition (1869);
(History of Peru' (1892); etc. He has edited
a number of reprints of works on South Amer-
ica for the Hakluyt Society.
Markoe, Peter. (“A Native of Algiers. ”]
An American poet; born in Santa Cruz, W. I. ,
about 1753; died in Philadelphia about 1792.
He published a tragedy, 'The Patriot Chief
(1783); (Miscellaneous Poems) (1787); a poem
called “The Times) (1788); and Reconcilia-
tion, a comic opera (1790).
Mark Twain. See Clemens.
Marlitt, E. (mär'lit). Pseudonym of Eugenie
John, a popular German novelist; born in Ar-
stadt on the Gera, Dec. 5, 1825; died there, June
22, 1887. Her novels deal largely with domes-
tic scenes and incidents, and include: (Gold
Else) (1866); Blue Beard) (1866); (The Little
Moorland Princess) (1871); (The Old Mam-
sell's Secret! (1877); In the Schillingscourt)
(1880); (The Eulen House); etc.
Marlowe, Christopher. A noted English
poet and dramatist; born at Canterbury about
1564; killed at Deptford, June 1, 1593. Soon
after graduating at Cambridge (1583), he be-
came dramatist to the Lord Admiral's Com-
pany, London, which produced most of his
plays. Among them were the tragedies 'Life
and Death of Dr. Faustus (1601); (The Jew of
Malta); and (Edward II. (1593), his best work.
Many believe him to have been the author of
the second and third parts of Shakespeare's
(Henry VI. He wrote also the first part of
a narrative poem, "Hero and Leander, com-
pleted afterward by George Chapman. (Works,
best edition by Dyce, 3 vols. , 1850. ) *
Marmette, Joseph.
A Canadian prose-
writer; born in Montmagny, P. Q. , Oct. 25,
1844. His published works include: "Charles
and Eva) (1868 ); (Chevalier de Momac)
(1873); and (The Maccabees of New France)
(1878).
Marmier, Xavier (mar-myā'). A French
miscellaneous writer; born at Pontarlier, June
24, 1809; died in Paris, Oct. II, 1892. He was
librarian of the library of St. Geneviève, Paris
(1846). He was a great traveler. His works
include: (History of Iceland (1838); Letters
on Russia,' etc. (2 vols. , 1843); (From the
## p. 369 (#385) ############################################
MARMOL - MARSH
369
Rhine to the Nile) (1846); (The United States
and Canada) (1874); the novels (The Spitz-
bergen Lovers) (1858), “The Dramas of the
Heart) (1868), A Russian Great Lady' (1876);
in verse, Poetical Sketches) (1830); (Poems of
a Traveler) (1841); etc.
Marmol, José (mar'mõl). An Argentine
poet; born in Buenos Ayres, Dec. 5, 1818; died
there, Aug. 12, 1871. His principal works
are : (The Pilgrim' and (Harmonies, descript-
ive poems of travels (1856); the dramas (El
Cruzado) (1860) and (El Poeta) (1862); and
(La Amalia,' a historical romance based upon
the War of the Roses in England (1866), -
considered his best work, and which has been
translated into French and German.
Marmontel, Jean François (mär-môn-tel').
A famous French miscellaneous writer; born
at Bort, July 11, 1723; died at Abbeville, Dec.
31, 1799. He was brought up by the Jesuits,
and intended for the Church. Among his works
were : the popular tragedies (Dionysius the
Tyrant) ( 1748), Aristomenes) (1749), etc. ;
Moral Tales) (1761); the novels (Belisarius)
(1767) and (The Incas) (1778); etc. Of more
lasting value, however, were (French Poetics )
(1763); his contributions to the “Encyclopédie,'
collected as Elements of Literature (1787);
and his Memoirs) (1804). (“Works, 17 vols. ,
1786–87. )
Marnix, Philipp van (mar'niks), Baron of
Saint-Aldegonde. A Dutch statesman, satirist,
and miscellaneous writer; born at Brussels,
1538; died at Leyden, Dec. 15, 1598. He was
prominent in the liberation of the Netherlands;
formulated the treaty of Breda (1566); was
governor of Delft and Rotterdam ; defended
Antwerp (1584-85). His chief work was De
Byencorf der h. Roomscher Kercke) (Beehive
of the Holy Church of Rome : 1569), a satire
on Catholicism (published under the pseudo-
nym "Isaac Rabbotenus ))), which has become
a Dutch prose classic. He wrote the ballad
(William of Nassau, officially recognized as
one of the two national songs of Holland; and
a fine poetical version of the Psalms.
Marot, Adolphe Gaston (mä-ro'). A French
dramatist ; born at Rochefort, Aug. 13, 1837.
He was director of the Cluny Theatre (1875).
He has written : (Aristophanes in Paris) (1873,
with Clairville); (The Loves of the Boulevard)
(1877); (Clairon); 'The French in Tonkin)
(1855, with Péricaud); "Weeping Paris) (1886);
(My Wife's Husband" (1889); the romance
Mother and Daughter) (1889); etc.
Marot, Clément.
A famous French poet ;
born at Cahors, 1497; died at Turin, 1544. He
was easily the first French poet of his age,
noted for literary vivacity, facility, and grace.
He excelled in elegies, eclogues, and epistles.
His metrical version of the Psalms, however,
is heavy and prosy. Among his works were
(The Temple of Cupid' (1515), and Hell (1526).
Marquez, José Arnaldo (mär'keth). The
best of modern Peruvian - especially lyric -
poets; born about 1825; died Jan. 15, 1881. He
published (Lost Notes) (1862), Flor de Abel,
etc. ; and a book of travels in the United States.
He was editor of several journals. He lost
his life in the defense of Lima against the
Chilians.
Marradi, Giovanni (mär-rä'dē). An Italian
poet; born at Leghorn, 1852. He has written :
(Modern Hymns, by G. M. Labronio) (1878);
(Fancies of the Sea) (1881); Lyric Memories !
(1884);( Poems' (1887); (New Songs) (1891); etc.
Marryat, Florence. A popular English nov-
elist, daughter of Capt. Frederick Marryat; born
at Brighton, 1837. She married first Colonel
Ross Church, and then Colonel Francis Lean.
She is known as a dramatic reader and singer;
was editor of London Society (1872–76); and
has acted in London in a play of her own,
(Her World) (1881). Among her works are :
(Too Good for Him (new ed. 1868;) (Woman
Against Woman' (1865); “Confessions of Gerald
Estcourt) (1865); (Veronique (1869); (Fighting
the Air) (new ed. 1878); (A Daughter of the
Tropics (1887). She published Life and Let-
ters of Captain Marryat,' 2 vols. , in 1872.
Marryat, Frederick. ["Captain Marryat. ”]
A famous English novelist; born in London,
July 10, 1792; died at Langham, Norfolk, Aug.
9, 1848. Entering the British navy in 1806, he
became commander in 1815; and was serving
on the St. Helena station at the time of Napo-
leon's death. Among his best-known works
were : (Frank Mildmay) (1829); (The King's
Own! ( 1830 ); Peter Simple) (1834); Mr.
Midshipman Easy) (1836); (Japhet in Search
of a Father) (1836 ); Masterman Ready)
(1841). *
Marsh, Mrs. Anne (Caldwell). A popular
English novelist; born in Staffordshire, 1796;
died there, October 1874. She published most
of her works anonymously. Among them were:
(Two Old Men's Tales) (1834; latest ed. 1849);
(Mount Sorel) (1845); Emilia Wyndham
(latest ed. 1849); Norman's Bridge) (latest ed.
1849). She wrote also the historical work (The
Protestant Reformation in France) (1847).
Marsh, George Perkins. An American
philologist ; born in Woodstock, Vt. , March 15,
1801; died in Vallombrosa, Italy, July 23, 1882.
A graduate of Dartmouth in 1820, he practiced
law in Burlington, Vt. ; became Member of
Congress 1842-49, minister to Turkey 1849-53,
and first minister to the new kingdom of Italy
1861, holding the post until his death, a period
of over 20 years. As a diplomatist he had
great ability. His services to the study of lan-
guage, especially the history of his own tongue,
give him a distinguished place among Ameri-
can scholars. The (Origin and History of the
English Language) remains a standard work.
Ile translated Rask's Icelandic Grammar)
(1838); and also published Lectures on the
English Language) (1861); an edition of Wedg.
wood's Etymology); and (The Earth as Mod-
ified by Human Action (1874). A revised
)
:
24
## p. 370 (#386) ############################################
MARSH - MARTIN
370
edition of his complete works. appeared in 1885;
his Life and Letters) compiled by his widow
in 1888. A part of his fine library of Scandi-
navian literature was acquired by the University
of Vermont.
Marsh, Othniel Charles. A distinguished
American palæontologist; born at Lockport,
N. Y. , Oct. 29, 1831. A Yale graduate, he stud-
ied at Berlin, Heidelberg, and Breslau; and has
been professor of palæontology at Yale from
1866 to the present time. He is an authority on
the extinct vertebrates of the Rocky Mountains,
having conducted many scientific expeditions
thither, and discovered more than 1,000 new
specimens, many of which he described in the
American Journal of Science, and which he
has just presented to Yale University. For
twenty years he has been preparing a series of
government reports containing an illustrated
account of his discoveries. Three of these -
on the (Odontornithes,' the Dinocerata,' and
Lauropoda) — have appeared. He has been
president of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, vertebrate palæontol-
ogist of the U. S. Geological Survey, president
of the National Academy of Sciences, and fel.
low of the Geological Society of London. His
work has been recognized by honorary degrees
from great universities, and in many other
ways, bringing him international reputation.
Marshall, John. An eminent American ju-
rist; born at Germantown, Fauquier County,
Va. , Sept. 24, 1755; died at Philadelphia, July 6,
1835. He served in the Revolutionary War;
was United States envoy to France 1797-98;
Member of Congress from Virginia 1799-1800;
Secretary of State 1800-1; Chief Justice of the
United States Supreme Court 1801-35. Among
his published works were : Life of Washington)
(5 vols. , 1804-7; abridged and improved, i vol. ,
1832); (Writings upon the Federal Constitu-
tion. The greatest American jurist, he was
one of the greatest jurists of any age.
Marshall, Nelly Nichol. See MacAfee.
Marsham, John, Sir. An English Egyptol-
ogist; born 1602; died 1685. His (Diatriba
Chronologica(1649), enlarged into (Chronicus
Canon Egyptiacus, etc. (1672), was a pioneer
work in fixing the sequence of ancient history
by means of the Egyptian annals.
Marston, John. An English dramatist and
poet; borr about 1575; died in London, June
25, 1634. He graduated at Oxford in 1594, and
became lecturer at the Middle Temple, London,
1593 His chief work was (The Malcontent)
(1604), a tragicomedy which he recast from its
original form as written by John Webster. The
comedy (Eastward Ho! (1605), written with
Ben Jonson and George Chapman, caused the
imprisonment of all three on account of its satire
on the Scotch. (Dramatic Works, latest edi-
tion, 3 vols. , 1887. (Poems, 3 vols. , 1856. )
Marston, John Westland. An English dram-
atist; born at Boston, Lincolnshire, Jan. 30, 1819;
die in London, Jan. 5, 1890. He was one of
a group of English mystics. Among his dra.
mas were: (The Patrician's Daughter) (1842);
(Donna Diana) (1863), his best play; (The
Favorite of Fortune) (1806); etc. He wrote
also “Our Recent Actors? (1888), a valuable
work; a novel; two collections of short stories;
and a number of poems,- among the latter (The
Death-Ride at Balaklava) (1854), which be-
came very popular.
Marston, Philip Bourke. An English poet,
son of John W. ; born in London, Aug. 13, 1850;
died Feb. 13, 1887. From youth he was almost
wholly blind. He was the subject of Hake's
poem (The Blind Boy,' and of Mrs. Craik's
(Philip, My King. He wrote: (Song-Tide,
etc. (1871); (A Last Harvest) (1881); (Wind
Voices) (1883); etc. His Collected Poems,
edited by Louise Chandler Moulton, appeared
in 1892.
Martel de Janville, Gabrielle de, Countess
(mär-tel' dè zhon-vēl'). (“Gyp. ”] A popular
French novelist; born at the Château de Koetsal,
Morbihan, about 1850. She is the creator of
several new types, among them Paulette, Lou-
lou, Bob, etc. ; and has been a prolific writer.
Among her numerous works are : (About Mar.
riage (1883), dramatized the same year; (About
Divorce) (1886); Conjugal Joys) (1887); (Miss
Eve) (1889); (The Duke) (1892); (The Duch-
ess) (1893); etc.
Martial - Marcus Valerius Martialis (mär'.
shal). A famous Latin poet; born at Bilbilis,
Spain, 50 (? ) A. D. ; died in Spain about 102 (? ).
He spent most of his life at Rome, where he
enjoyed the favor of the emperors Titus and
Domitian. His fame rests upon his 'Epigrams,
in fifteen books; they are witty and marked by
great felicity of form and expression, but are
often sensual and marred by flattery of the
great. A late edition, with notes and indices
by Friedländer (2 vols. ), appeared at Leipzig
in 1886. *
Martin, Arthur Patchett. An Australian
poet and journalist; born at Woolwich, Eng.
land, 1851. He was one of the founders of
the Melbourne Review, and its editor for six
years.
He has written in verse : A Sweet
Girl Graduate); (An Easter Omelette) (1878);
in both verse and prose (Fernshawe) (1881;
2d ed. London, 1885); etc.
Martin, Bon Louis Henri (mär-tan'). One
of the most eminent of French historians; born
at St. Quentin, Aisne, Feb. 20, 1810; died in
Paris, Dec. 14, 1883. He studied law originally;
became a senator in 1876, and member of the
Academy in 1878. His great work, the (His-
tory of France,' in 16 volumes, appeared in
1855-60; the ‘Popular History of France) in
1867-75; and the continuation bringing the
account down to the present day, “History of
Modern France from 1789, 1878-85. He wrote
besides : France, her Genius and her Destinies)
(1847); Italian Unity) (1865); the heroic drama
(Vercingetorix) (1865); Russia in Europe
(1866); etc.
## p. 371 (#387) ############################################
MARTIN – MARZIALS
371
Martin, Edward Sanford. An American
journalist of New York city; born at “Wil-
lowbrook, Owasco Lake, N. Y. , in 1856. He
is author of "Sly Ballades in Harvard China);
(A Little Brother of the Rich, and Other Poems)
(1888); and “Windfalls of Observation.
Martin, Theodore, Sir. An English poet,
translator, and biographer; born at Edinburgh,
1816. He became a solicitor in London in
1846; married the actress Helen Faucit in 1851;
was elected rector of the University of St. An-
drews in 1880. He first became known as an
author in London under the pen-name “Bon
Gaultier”); and jointly with W. E. Aytoun pub-
lished the famous Book of Ballads) about
1858, also under that pseudonym. He has made
many excellent translations from Horace and
Catullus, from Dante, from Goethe, Schiller, and
Heine, and from mediæval ballads, epigrams,
etc. Upon the completion of the Life of the
Prince Consort) (5 vols. , 1874-80), he was
knighted. He also wrote (Life of the Princess
Alice) (1883); and other biographies.
Martin, William Alexander Parsons. A
distinguished American Presbyterian mission.
ary and educator; born at Livonia, Ind. , April
10, 1827. A missionary originally at Ningpo,
China (1850-60), he founded and directed the
Presbyterian mission at Pekin, 1863-68; be-
came professor of international law at Tung-
wên College, Pekin, in 1868; president in 1869;
was sent by China to the United States and
Europe to report on methods of education
in 1880-81; made mandarin of the third rank
in 1885. He has published in Chinese, (Evi-
dences of Christianity) (1855), (The Three
Principles) (1856), etc. ; in English, “The Chi-
nese, their Education, Philosophy, and Letters)
(1881); etc.
Martineau, Harriet (mär'ti-nő). An Eng-
lish reformer and miscellaneous writer, sister
of James; born at Norwich, June 12, 1802 ; died
at Ambleside, June 27, 1876. She visited this
country in 1834, aiding the abolitionists, and
traveled in Palestine and the East in 1846.
She wrote a series of stories based on political
economy (1832). Among her more important
works are : (Society in America' (1836); Deer.
brook) (1839), a novel; History of England
during the Thirty Years' Peace) (1848); (Phi-
losophy of Comte) (1853); (British Rule in
India' (1857); Biographical Sketches) (1869);
etc. She labored under the remarkable dis-
ability of being all her life without the senses
of taste and smell, and at 16 became very deaf.
Martineau, James. A distinguished English
Unitarian theologian; born at Norwich, April
21, 1805. He is now the most profound and
brilliant theological and religious writer on the
liberal side in England. He became profes-
sor of philosophy at Manchester New College,
London (1853). He has published : (Endeav-
ors after the Christian Life) (1843-47); Mis-
cellanies) (1852), edited by T. Starr King;
(Studies of Christianity) (1858); Essays, The-
ological and Philosophical' (2 vols. , 1866-68);
(Religion and Modern Materialism' (1874); (A
Study of Spinoza) (1882); (The Seat of Au-
thority in Religion (1890); Essays, Reviews,
and Addresses) (4 vols. , 1890-91); etc. *
Martinez de la Rosa, Francisco (mär-tē'.
neth đã lỡ rồ’sẵ). A distinguished Spanish
statesman, poet, dramatist, and miscellaneous
writer; born at Granada, March 10, 1789; died
at Madrid, Feb. 7, 1862. His best works were
the tragedy (Edipus,' the drama (The Vene-
tian Conspiracy,' and the comedy (The Daugh-
ter at Home and the Mother at the Ball.
His novels Hernan Perez) and Isabel de
Solis, and his (Spirit of the Age, are slight.
Martyn, Sarah Towne. An American writer
of semi-historical fiction; born in Hopkinton,
N. H. , Aug. 15, 1805; died in New York, Nov.
22, 1879. Some of her books are : (Huguenots
of France) (1865);“Sibyl Grey' (1866);(Women
of the Bible ) (1868); (The Crescent and the
Cross) (1869); Dora's Mistake) (1870); and
(Hillside Cottage) (1872).
Martyn, William Carlos. An American
biographical and historical writer; born in New
York city, Dec. 15, 1841. He is a Presbyterian
divine in that city. In his works are included
(Life of John Milton); (Life of Martin Luther);
(History of the Huguenots) (1866); History of
the Pilgrim Fathers of New England (1867);
and (The Dutch Reformation (1868).
Marvel, Ik. See Mitchell.
Marvell, Andrew. An English poet and
satirist ; born at Winestead, Yorkshire, March
31, 1621; died in London, Aug. 18, 1678. He
was Milton's friend, and his assistant in the
Latin secretaryship to the Commonwealth (1657).
He was called “the British Aristides. ) He
is best known by his Poems on Affairs of
State) (1689), a collection of satires on Charles
II. and the Stuarts; though often coarse, they
abound in lofty and generous sentiments. Of
his other writings, the best are the (Horatian
Ode on Cromwell's Return from Ireland' (1776);
(The Rehearsal Transposed! (1672–73); the
single poem “The Nymph Complaining”; etc. *
Mary, Karl (märks). A famous German so-
cialist; born at Treves, May 5, 1818; died in
London, March 14, 1883. He studied jurispru-
dence, philosophy, and history, at Bonn and
Berlin; edited the Journal of the Rhine, 1842–
43; on its suppression went to Paris, but was
expelled from there (1845), and took refuge at
Brussels; founded the New Journal of the
Rhine at Cologne (1848); expelled again from
Prussia (1849), settled in London. He was the
controlling spirit of the International, 1864-72.
His great work was Das Kapital (Capital :
1867; new ed. 1885). Vol. i. , containing all the
essential points of his theory, was translated
into English (London, 1887). The entire work,
issued under the editorship of Friedrich Engels,
appeared in an English translation in 1893.
Marzials, Théophile. An English poet, of
French parentage; born at Brussels, 1850. He
## p. 372 (#388) ############################################
MASALSKII
MASUDI
372
was educated in Belgium, Switzerland, and
England, and has been employed in the Brit-
ish Museum since 1870. He has published
(Gallery of Pigeons and Other Poems) (1873),
which has been highly praised. His best-known
piece is the song “Twickenham Ferry. '
Masalskiï, Konstantin Petrovich (mä-säl'.
ski-e). A Russian novelist and poet; born at
Jaroslav, 1802; died 1861. He was in the gov-
ernment service till 1842. His principal novels
were : (Terpi Kazak,' etc. (Have Patience, Cos-
sack, You will be Hetman : 1829); (The Black
Trunk); (Siege of Uglich); (The Russian
Icarus); (The First Love of the Last of a
Race); etc. (“Works,' 1843-45. )
Mason, Caroline Atherton (Briggs). An
American verse-writer; born in Marblehead,
Mass. , July 27, 1823; died in 1890. She pub-
lished (Utterance, a Collection of Home Poems)
(1852); and (Rose Hamilton, a story (1859).
Her poems (Do They Miss Me at Home ? ) and
(The King's Quest, are widely popular.
Mason, William. An English divine and
poet; born at Hull, Feb. 12, 1724; died at York,
April 7, 1797. He was the friend, executor, and
biographer of the poet Gray, and precentor and
canon of York. He wrote: (Elfrida) (1752),
and "Caractacus) (1759), two dramas; (The
English Garden) (1772-82), a poem ; (Memoirs
of Gray) (1775); etc. (“Works, 1811. )
Maspero, Gaston (mäs-pe-ro'). A distin-
guished French Egyptologist; born in Paris,
June 24, 1846. He became professor of Egyp-
tian archæology and philosophy at the Collège
de France in 1874; founded a school of Egyp-
tian archæology at Cairo, 1881. Among his
works are: (Popular Tales of Ancient Egypt
(1881); (Ancient History of the Peoples of
the Orient) (4th ed. 1886); (Egyptian Archæ-
ology) (1887); (Ancient History of the Peo-
ples of the Classical Orient) (1895); etc.
Massarani, Tullo (mäs-sä-rä'ne). An Italian
miscellaneous writer; born at Mantua, 1826.
A student of law originally, he was Member
of Parliament in 1860-67; then magistrate in
Milan. He has written political works, includ.
ing (The Italian Idea through the Ages' (1850);
the volumes of essays (Studies in Literature
and Art) (1873), (Studies in Politics and His-
tory) (1873), "Critical Essays) (2d ed. 1883);
(Legnano) (1876), a volume of long and short
stories ; (Talks and Rhymes) (2d ed. 1884);
etc. He is known also as a painter.
Massey, Gerald. An English poet ; born at
Tring, May 29, 1828. In youth he worked
in a silk-mill and as a straw-braider. He
founded and edited the Spirit of Freedom in
1849, and was secretary of the Christian So-
cialists. He lectured in this country in 1873.
He is a firm believer in spiritualism. The titles
of his works are: Ballad of Babe Christabel,
etc. (5th ed. 1855); “War Waits) (1855); (Have-
lock's March, etc. (1861); My Lyrical Life)
(18891; etc.
Massillon, Jean Baptiste (mä-se-yon'). A
famous French preacher ; born at Hyères,
June 24, 1663; died at Clermont, Sept. 18,
1742. He was director of the Seminary of St.
Magloire, Paris, in 1699; court preacher in 1699,
1701, and 1704; preached the funeral orations
on Conti in 1709, the Dauphin in 1711, and
Louis XIV. in 1715; became bishop of Cler-
mon: in 1717. His sermons are finished in
form, and deal with conduct more than dogma.
The funeral oration on Louis XIV. was trans-
lated into English (London, 1872); also selected
sermons (2 vols. , 1889-90). ((Works,' 4 vols. ,
Paris, 1886. ) *
Massinger, Philip. A noted English drama.
tist; born at Salisbury, 1583; died at the Bank-
side, Southwark, March 1640. Of 38 plays writ-
ten wholly or in part by him, he was the sole
author of 15. Among the best are: (The Duke
of Milan (1623); “The Fatal Dowry) (1632);
(A New Way to Pay Old Debts) (1633), which
still keeps the stage, the character of Sir Giles
Overreach being almost as familiar as one of
Shakespeare's; (A Very Woman) (1655); (A
City Madam' (1659); etc. He excelled in de-
picting tragic character and in lofty sentiment
without escaping from the limits of possible
life; but his verse is prosaic, and often halting
and unmelodious. *
Masson, Auguste Michel Benoît Gaudichot
(ma-sôn’). French novelist and dramatist;
born in Paris, 1800; died 1883. He wrote much
in collaboration. Among his works in fiction
are: (Tales of the Workshop' (1832–33); (A
Young Girl's Heart) (1834); (The Bundle of
Straw) (1861); (The Stubborn Wife) (1865).
He also wrote: (Reminiscences of a Child of
the People (1838–41), autobiographic; History
of Celebrities) (1838, many editions); the dramas
(The Devil in Love) (1836), Madame Favart)
(1837), (A Fixed Idea (1850), «The Orphans
of Notre Dame Bridge) (1849); etc.
Masson, David. A Scottish biographer,
essayist, and critic; born at Aberdeen, Dec. 2,
1822. He was professor of English at Univer-
sity College, London, 1852; later, for a num-
ber of years editor of Macmillan's Magazine;
professor of rhetoric and English literature at
the University of Edinburgh, 1865. His chief
work is "Life of Milton (6 vols. , 1858-79). He
wrote besides : Essays, Biographical and Crit-
ical (1856); (British Novelists) (1859); (The
Three Devils) (1874); etc.
Masudi or Al-Masudi (mä-sö'de). An Ara.
bic historian; born at Bagdad about the close
of the ninth century; died in Egypt, 957. He
has been called “the Arabian Herodotus.
His best work was (Meadows of Gold and
Mines of Gems) (many editions; the latest, text
with French translation, 9 vols. , Paris, 1861-77).
It abounds in information regarding his time,
the result of extensive travel, and is the most
celebrated of its kind in the language. One
volume was translated into English by A.
Sprenger (1841).
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MATHER- MATURIN
373
He was banished in 1859; was deputy 1870
and 1873; governor of Atacama 1875–81. He
published in 1853 some short stories that were
severely criticized for their freedom of style.
His verses, chiefly lyric, are very popular.
(Poems, 2 vols. , Leipzig, about 1880. )
Matthew Paris. See Paris.
Mather, Cotton.
