He died in the reign of Marcus Au-
lelius, at an advanced age.
lelius, at an advanced age.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
3, p.
452.
) From this title, as given by certain
manuscripts, and from a passage of Lactantius, some
nti:s have concluded that the Epitome is the work of
Seneca the philosopher. Lactantius (Inst, divin. . 7,
15) lays, that Seneca divided the history of the Ro-
mui people into four periods; that of infancy, youth,
manhood, and old age. This division occurs also in
Floras, hut in no other writer of antiquity, which would
tend to strengthen the opinion that Lactantius has ci-
ted Florus under the name of Seneca. To this, how-
ever, it may be objected, that, though Florus adopts
four periods or divisions in his work, his arrangement
is not exactly tbe same with that mentioned hy Lactan-
tius; besides, Florus might have borrowed from Sen-
eca. The best edition of Florus is that of Duker,
Lugd. Sal. , 1722, and 1744, 2 vols. 8vo. The edi-
tion of Fischer is also valuable, Lips. , 1760, 8vo.
(Schbll, Hist. Lit. Rom. , vol. 2, p. 389, seqq. --Bdhr,
Gesch. Rim. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 452, seqq. )--II. A young
Roman, the friend of Horace, who accompanied Ti-
berius in his expedition into Dalmatia (A. U. C. 731),
and subsequently into Armenia (A. U. C. 734). Hor-
ace addresses two epistles to him (1, 3, and 2, 2).
Some make him the same with Florus the historian.
(Consult preceding* article. )
Font Sous. rid. Ammon.
Foxteics, Capito, I. an intimate friend of Horace,
and who, in the conference at Brundisium, acted for
Antony, while Maecenas had charge of the interests of
Oetavius. (Herat. , Sat. , 1, 5, 32. )--II. A Roman
who raised commotions in Germany during the reign
jf Galba. He was put to death by the lieutenants
? ? ? tationed there, before even orders reached them from
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? FOR
f ft A
fit eternal verdure, and bloomed with the richest
Sowers; while the productions of earth were poured
lorth spontaneously in the utmost profusion. The le-
gend of the Island of the Blessed in the Western Ocean
may possibly have given rise to the tale of the Fortu-
nate Islands. ( Vat Elysium. )--Many at the present
day regard the Fortunate Islands of antiquity as geo-
graphical realities. Some make them identical with
the Canartcs, and this opinion is grounded upon the
s. '. union and temperature of thoae islands, and the d-:
bcious fruits which they oroduce. (Plin. , 6, 32. --
Diod. Sic, 5, Id. )
Forum Romanum, Vetus vel Magnum, a large open
space between the Capitoline and Palatine Hills, called
until lately Campo Vaccina, or the Cow-field, or mar-
ket. The Italians, however, have grown ashamed of
so vulgar a name, and have restored to the place its
ancient appellation of Forum Romanum. It is now
a mere open space, strewed for the most part with
ruins. It is collected from Livy (1, 12) and Dio-
nysius of Halicarnassus (2, 66), that the Forum was
s'tuale between the Capitoline and Palatine Hills; and
from Vitruvius we learn that its shape was that of a
rectangle, the length of which exceeded the breadth by
one third. From these data, which agree with other
incidental circumstances, it is generally thought that
the four angles of the Roman forum were formed by
the arch of Sevens at the foot of the Capitol; the
Fabian arch, at (he termination of the Via Sacra;
the church of Si. Theodore, at the foot of the Pala-
tine; and that of the Consolazione, below the Capi-
tol. Here the assemblies of the people used general-
ly to be held, and here also justice was administered,
and public business transacted. It was formed by
Romulus, and surrounded with porticoes, shops, atid
DinldingsbyTarquinius Priscus. (Lav. , 1,35. --Dion.
Hal, 3, 67. ) Around the Forum were built spacious
halls, called Basilica;, where courts of justice might
sit, and other public business be transacted. The
present surface of the Forum is from fifteen to twenty
fco: above its ancient level. -^-There was only one For-
um under the republic;Ca\sar added another; Au-
gustus a third; a fourth was begun by Uoinitian, and
finished by Nerva, after whom it was named. But the
most splendid was that of Trajan, adorned with the
spoils he had taken in war. Besides these, there were
various fora or places where commodities were sold.
Forum, a name given in Roman geography to many
places where there was either a public market, or
where the prater held his court (Forum sire Conven-
tut); of these the most important were: I. Forum,
a town of Latium, on the Appian Way, about twenty-
three miles from Aricia, and sixteen from Tres Ta-
bernae It is mentioned by St. Taul in the account of
his journey to Rome (Acts. 28, 15), and is also well
known as Horace's second resting-place in his jour-
ney to Brundisium. Holstenius and Corradini agree
in fixing ihe position of Forum Appii at Casarillo di
Santa Maria. Bui D'Anville, from an exact compu-
tation of distances and relative positions, inclines to
place it at Borgo hungo, near Trtponti, on the present
road (Anal. Geogr. de I'Italic, p. 186); and he would
seem to be correct, especially as it appears clear from
Horace, that here it was usual to embark on a canal,
which ran parallel to the Via Appia, and which was
called Decennovium, its length being nineteen miles.
(Proeop. , Her. Got. , 1, 2. ) Vestiges of this canal
? ? may still be traced a little beyond Borgo Lungo. It
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? Kb
FRO
>>as, nevertheless, by no means commensurate wilh
modern France, consisting of merely the northern Ger-
man provinces on probably both banks of the Rhine,
of the present kingdom of the Netherlands, and of so
much of Franco as lies north of the Loire, wilh the
exception of Brittany, where large bodies of Britons,
exposed from their insular home by the Saxons, had
estaolished themselves, and long maintained their in-
dependence. Of the southern half of France, the lar-
ger part, situated to the west of the Rhone, was in-
cluded in the Visigothic kingdom of Spain; while the
provinces to the cast of that river were held, together
with Savoy and Switzerland, by the Burgundians.
Chlodwig attacked both. Against the Burgundians he
effected little or nothing, but he was more successful
against their western neighbours. Assisted by the
hatred which the Catholic natives entertained towards
their Arian master, he, before his death, reduced the
Visigothic dominions in Gaul to the single province
of Languedoc, incorporating all the rest in his Frank
realm. His sons and grandsons, in time, not only sub-
dued Burgundy, but brought many German states, as
the Thunngians, Allcmaus, and Bavarians, into com-
plete feudal subjection. (Foreign Quarterly Review,
No 13, p. 169, seqq. )
Fif. cki. l. c, a city of Latium, situate near the I,iris,
and close to the Via Latina, as appears from the men-
tion of a station called Fregcllanum in the Itineraries
which describe that route. Frcgella; is stated by Stra-
bo (238) to have been once a place of some conse-
quence, and the capital of a considerable district. It
was taken by the Romans A. U. C. 427. After suffer-
ing from Pyrrhus, and subsequently from Hannibal,
this place attained to so considerable a degree of im-
portance and prosperity as to suppose that it could
compete even with Rome; its inhabitants revolted,
and probably under circumstances peculiarly offensive
to the Romans. L. Opimius was ordered to reduce
the f regellani. Their town was immediately besieged,
and, after a vigorous resistance, was taken through
the treachery of . Numitorius Pullus, one of their own
citizens, whose name has been handed down to us
by Cicero. (De Fin,, 5, 22. --PAL'. , 3, 6. ) Fregel-
le was on this occasion destroyed, the discontented
state of the allies of Rome at that period probably ren-
dering such severe measures necessary. (Lie. , Epit. ,
60 -- Met. ad Her. , I, 9. ~VeU. Paten. , 2, 6. --
Vol. Max. , 2, 8. ) In Strabo's time the condition of
this city was little better than that of a village, to
which the neighbouring population resorted at certain
periods for religious purposes. Its ruins, according to
Cluverius, are to be seen at Ceperano, a small town
on the right of the Garigliano. (Ital. Ant. , vol. 1, p.
1036--Compare Moist, ad Stcph. Byz. , p. 220, and
De Clumpy, vol - 3, p. 474 ) A more modern writer,
however, faxes this ancient site at S. Giovanni Incari-
co, aboot three miles farther down the river. (Pas-
quaie Cayro, Cttta del Lazio, vol. I. --Romanelli, vol.
3, p. 3S0. --Cramers Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 111. )
FiektIni, a people of Italy, on the Adriatic coast,
east of Samnium and northwest of Apulia, who re-
ceived their name from the river Frento, now Fortore,
which runs through the eastern part of their country,
and falls into the -Vdriatic opposite the islands of Dio-
rr. ede. The Freritani appear to have possessed a
separate political existence, independent of the Sam-
nitic confederacy, though we are assured that they de-
? ? rived their descent from that warlike and populous
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? FK O
I UL
te was succeeded by Pliny. Frontinus wrote a work
on the Roman aqueducts, and another on military
stratagems. The former of these, to which the copy-
ists of the middle ages have given the barbarous title
of " De aquaductibus urbis Roma Commcntanus," is
written in an easy style, but without the least elegance.
It is important, however, for archaeology, since we lind
in it a detailed history of those remarkable monuments,
the aqueducts of Rome. As regards the title of the
work, it may be remarked, that the term aquaductus
doc-i not appear in the treatise itself: and an old edi-
tion gives as the superscription, " De Aquis, qua. in
Urbcm influutit, Melius mirabilis. " The other work,
entitled "Stratagematicon libri IV. ," is partly of a
military and partly of an historical character; it is a
mere compilation, sometimes written with great neg-
ligence, especially in the historical part. Still, even
in an historical point of view, the work is not with-
out interest, since it contains some particulars which
are not to be found in the other historians that have
come down to us. To Frontinua are ascribed other
productions, which are, however, of a later age. One
is entitled " De Re Agraria," or "De Agrorum Qual-
itate;" the others, "De Limitibus" and "De Colo-
niia. " The last two are merely fragments, and their
authors lived after the time of the Anlonines, who are
mentioned in them. The be<< edition 1/ Frontinus is
that of Oudendorp, Lugd. iii , 1779, 8vo. (B'dhr,
Gesch. Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, |? P*',, seqq. )
Fbonto, I. a Latin writer, Dorn at Cirta, in Africa,
of an Italian family. After studying in his own coun-
try, he came to Rome in the reign of Hadrian, and ac-
quired great reputation as a rhetorician and gramma-
rian. Antoninus Pius appointed him preceptor to his
two adopted sons Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus,
whose confidence and affection he gained, as is proved
by their letters. After being consul, Fronto was ap-
pointed '? "> a government in Asia, which his bad health
prevented him from rilling. His learning and his in-
structive conversation are mentioned with praise by
Aulus Gellius, the historianaAppian, and others of his
contemporaries.
He died in the reign of Marcus Au-
lelius, at an advanced age. (Klugling, Suppl. ad.
Harks. Notit. Brev. , p. 320. --Mai, Comment. pr<zv. ,
v iv. , seqq. --B'dhr, Gesch. Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 595. )
--Until of late years we had nothing of Fronto's works,
excopt fragments of his treatise " De Differentia Ver-
boru/n," being a vocabulary of the so-called synonyms.
But in 1815, Angelo Mai having discovered in the
Ambrosian Library at Milan a palimpsest MS. , on
which had been originally written some letters of
Fronto to his two pupils, deciphered the text wherever
the writing was not entirely obliterated, and published
Jt with notes. It happened, by singular good fortune,
"hat Mai, being some years after appointed librarian
of the Vatican, discovered in another palimpsest vol-
ume another part of Fronto's letters, with the answers
>f Marcus Aurelius and Verus. Both the volumes came
originally from the monastery of St. Columbanus, at
Bobbio, the monks having written them over with the
Acts of the First Council of Chalcedon. It happened,
that one of the volumes was transferred to Milan, and
the other to Rome. Mai published the whole in a new
edition, entitled, "M. Cornclii Frontonit et M. Au-
relii imperatoris epistula; L,. Vcri et Antonini Pii
et Appiani epistiuarum reliquiee: Fragmenta Fronto-
nu et Seripta Grammatica, 8vo, Rom, 1823. " These
? ? letters are very valuable, as throwing additional light
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? FUL
FUR
ffr. ited efforts, however, on Her part, she was besieged
with her brother-in-law at Perusia, and compelled to
surrender to the power of Octavius. Fulvia, after
this, retired to Greece, and rejoined her husband, but
was coldly received by him. She died at Sicyon,
S. 'JC. 712, through chagrin and wounded pride, as
was believed, at her husband's attachment to Cleo-
patra. (Veil. Palcre. , 2, H. --Plut. , Vit. Ant. --Id. ,
Vit. Cic. )
Folvius, I. L. Curvus, was consul A. U. C. 432,
B. C. 320, and six years after master of the horse to
the dictator L. --Embus. (Liv. , 8, 38. -- Id. , 9, 21. )
-II. M. Curvos Pxtinus, wasconsul in place of T.
Minucius, A. U. C. VI9, B. C. 305. He took the city
ofBovianum, in the country of the Samnites. {Liv. ,
9, 44. )--III. Cn. Pastinus, was consul A. U. C. 454,
B. C. 300. He gained a memorable victory over the
Samnites near Bovianum, and enjoyed a triumph.
Three years after he carried on successful operations
in Etmria in quality of propraetor. {Lit. , 9, 44. --Id. ,
15, 91. )--IV. S. Paetinus Nobilior, was consul A. U. C.
199, B. C. 255, along with yEmilius Paulus Lcpidus.
These two commanders sailed for Africa after the
overthrow of Regulus by the Carthaginians, gained a
uval victory, compelled the foe to raise the siege of
Clypea, and carried off an immense booty from the
Carthaginian territories. They were shipwrecked,
However, on their return to Italy, and of 200 vessels
only 80 were saved. --V. Q. Flaccus, was consul
A. U. C. 517, 530, 542, and 545 (B. C. 237, 224, 212,
and 209. ) He defeated Hanno near Bovianum, and
laid siege to Capua, which surrendered to him after
the lapse of a year. The conquered were treated with
great cruelty. ( Vid. Capua. ) Some time subsequent
to this, he marched against the Hirpini, Lucanians,
and other nations of Italy, who, alarmed at the severi-
ties indicted on Capua, surrendered to him the garri-
sons which had been placed in their cities by Hannibal.
Ibmy. 23, SI. --Id. , 24, 29-- Id. , 25, 2. )--VI. M.
Nobilior, was praetor in Spain A. U. C. 588, B. C. 196,
and carried the Roman arms to the Tagus, making him-
self master also of Toletum {Toledo),up to that period
deemed impregnable. Having obtained the consulship,
A. U. C. 565, he was intrusted with the war in Greece,
during which he took Ambracia, traversed Epirtis as
conqueror, and reduced to submission the island of
Cephallenia. Two years after this he was accused
before the senate of having maltreated the allies of the
Roman people, but was acquitted of the charge, and
received the honour of a triumph. In the year 573
he was elected censor along with . <Emilius Lcpidus,
his bitter foe. Apprehending injury to the state from
their known enmity, the leading men of the senate ad-
jured both individuals to lay aside their differences for
the good of their country. A reconciliation accord-
ingly took place, and nothing occurred to disturb these
friendly feelings during the rest of their joint magis-
tracy. Fulvius raised many public structures, a basil-
ica, a forum, &c. He also constructed a port at the
mouth of the Tiber. (Liv , 33. 42. --Id. , 35, 7. --Id. ,
20, 22, dec. )--VII. Q. Flaccus, was praetor A. U. C.
573, B. C. 181. He took, in this capacity, the city of
Urbicua in Farther Spain, and defeated the Celtiberi
in the battle of Ebura, killing in this and in another
encounter 35,000 men. On his return to Rome he
received a triumph, and in the same year (575) the
consulship. In A. U. C. 680 he was elected censor
? ? along with Posthumius Albinus. These two censors
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? aa a
GAB
o> whicb tneir rcscnblance to hounds was expressed.
(Mailer, Eumemd. , p. 216, seq. ) According to the
more common mode of delineating the Furies, they
are represented as brandishing each a lurch in one
hand, and a scourge of snakes in the other. --For some
remarks or. the term Erinnyes, consult that article.
(Keightley's Mythology, p. 196. )
Furii, a family which migrated from Medullia in
Latium, aril came to settle at Koine under Romu-
lus, and was admitted among the patricians. Camil-
. 11- was of this family, and it was he who first raised
it to distinction. (PliU. , Vit. Camill. )
Furina, an early Latin goddess, whose name, in the
time of Varro, was hardly known to a few. (Varro,
L. L. , 5, 3. ) There was a sacred grove of this god-
dess beyond the Tiber (in which Cams Gracchus was
slain), and this, with the similitude of the name, led
Cicero and others to identify Furina with the Furies.
(Cic, N. D. , 3, 18-- Plut. , Vit. C. Gracch. , c. 17.
--Martian, de Nupt. , 2, 40. ) The Furinalia were
celebrated on the 25th July. (Keighlley's Mythology,
p. 540, seq. )
Fur jus, M. Bibaculus, a Latin poet of Cremona,
who wrote aonals in Iambic verse.
manuscripts, and from a passage of Lactantius, some
nti:s have concluded that the Epitome is the work of
Seneca the philosopher. Lactantius (Inst, divin. . 7,
15) lays, that Seneca divided the history of the Ro-
mui people into four periods; that of infancy, youth,
manhood, and old age. This division occurs also in
Floras, hut in no other writer of antiquity, which would
tend to strengthen the opinion that Lactantius has ci-
ted Florus under the name of Seneca. To this, how-
ever, it may be objected, that, though Florus adopts
four periods or divisions in his work, his arrangement
is not exactly tbe same with that mentioned hy Lactan-
tius; besides, Florus might have borrowed from Sen-
eca. The best edition of Florus is that of Duker,
Lugd. Sal. , 1722, and 1744, 2 vols. 8vo. The edi-
tion of Fischer is also valuable, Lips. , 1760, 8vo.
(Schbll, Hist. Lit. Rom. , vol. 2, p. 389, seqq. --Bdhr,
Gesch. Rim. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 452, seqq. )--II. A young
Roman, the friend of Horace, who accompanied Ti-
berius in his expedition into Dalmatia (A. U. C. 731),
and subsequently into Armenia (A. U. C. 734). Hor-
ace addresses two epistles to him (1, 3, and 2, 2).
Some make him the same with Florus the historian.
(Consult preceding* article. )
Font Sous. rid. Ammon.
Foxteics, Capito, I. an intimate friend of Horace,
and who, in the conference at Brundisium, acted for
Antony, while Maecenas had charge of the interests of
Oetavius. (Herat. , Sat. , 1, 5, 32. )--II. A Roman
who raised commotions in Germany during the reign
jf Galba. He was put to death by the lieutenants
? ? ? tationed there, before even orders reached them from
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? FOR
f ft A
fit eternal verdure, and bloomed with the richest
Sowers; while the productions of earth were poured
lorth spontaneously in the utmost profusion. The le-
gend of the Island of the Blessed in the Western Ocean
may possibly have given rise to the tale of the Fortu-
nate Islands. ( Vat Elysium. )--Many at the present
day regard the Fortunate Islands of antiquity as geo-
graphical realities. Some make them identical with
the Canartcs, and this opinion is grounded upon the
s. '. union and temperature of thoae islands, and the d-:
bcious fruits which they oroduce. (Plin. , 6, 32. --
Diod. Sic, 5, Id. )
Forum Romanum, Vetus vel Magnum, a large open
space between the Capitoline and Palatine Hills, called
until lately Campo Vaccina, or the Cow-field, or mar-
ket. The Italians, however, have grown ashamed of
so vulgar a name, and have restored to the place its
ancient appellation of Forum Romanum. It is now
a mere open space, strewed for the most part with
ruins. It is collected from Livy (1, 12) and Dio-
nysius of Halicarnassus (2, 66), that the Forum was
s'tuale between the Capitoline and Palatine Hills; and
from Vitruvius we learn that its shape was that of a
rectangle, the length of which exceeded the breadth by
one third. From these data, which agree with other
incidental circumstances, it is generally thought that
the four angles of the Roman forum were formed by
the arch of Sevens at the foot of the Capitol; the
Fabian arch, at (he termination of the Via Sacra;
the church of Si. Theodore, at the foot of the Pala-
tine; and that of the Consolazione, below the Capi-
tol. Here the assemblies of the people used general-
ly to be held, and here also justice was administered,
and public business transacted. It was formed by
Romulus, and surrounded with porticoes, shops, atid
DinldingsbyTarquinius Priscus. (Lav. , 1,35. --Dion.
Hal, 3, 67. ) Around the Forum were built spacious
halls, called Basilica;, where courts of justice might
sit, and other public business be transacted. The
present surface of the Forum is from fifteen to twenty
fco: above its ancient level. -^-There was only one For-
um under the republic;Ca\sar added another; Au-
gustus a third; a fourth was begun by Uoinitian, and
finished by Nerva, after whom it was named. But the
most splendid was that of Trajan, adorned with the
spoils he had taken in war. Besides these, there were
various fora or places where commodities were sold.
Forum, a name given in Roman geography to many
places where there was either a public market, or
where the prater held his court (Forum sire Conven-
tut); of these the most important were: I. Forum,
a town of Latium, on the Appian Way, about twenty-
three miles from Aricia, and sixteen from Tres Ta-
bernae It is mentioned by St. Taul in the account of
his journey to Rome (Acts. 28, 15), and is also well
known as Horace's second resting-place in his jour-
ney to Brundisium. Holstenius and Corradini agree
in fixing ihe position of Forum Appii at Casarillo di
Santa Maria. Bui D'Anville, from an exact compu-
tation of distances and relative positions, inclines to
place it at Borgo hungo, near Trtponti, on the present
road (Anal. Geogr. de I'Italic, p. 186); and he would
seem to be correct, especially as it appears clear from
Horace, that here it was usual to embark on a canal,
which ran parallel to the Via Appia, and which was
called Decennovium, its length being nineteen miles.
(Proeop. , Her. Got. , 1, 2. ) Vestiges of this canal
? ? may still be traced a little beyond Borgo Lungo. It
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? Kb
FRO
>>as, nevertheless, by no means commensurate wilh
modern France, consisting of merely the northern Ger-
man provinces on probably both banks of the Rhine,
of the present kingdom of the Netherlands, and of so
much of Franco as lies north of the Loire, wilh the
exception of Brittany, where large bodies of Britons,
exposed from their insular home by the Saxons, had
estaolished themselves, and long maintained their in-
dependence. Of the southern half of France, the lar-
ger part, situated to the west of the Rhone, was in-
cluded in the Visigothic kingdom of Spain; while the
provinces to the cast of that river were held, together
with Savoy and Switzerland, by the Burgundians.
Chlodwig attacked both. Against the Burgundians he
effected little or nothing, but he was more successful
against their western neighbours. Assisted by the
hatred which the Catholic natives entertained towards
their Arian master, he, before his death, reduced the
Visigothic dominions in Gaul to the single province
of Languedoc, incorporating all the rest in his Frank
realm. His sons and grandsons, in time, not only sub-
dued Burgundy, but brought many German states, as
the Thunngians, Allcmaus, and Bavarians, into com-
plete feudal subjection. (Foreign Quarterly Review,
No 13, p. 169, seqq. )
Fif. cki. l. c, a city of Latium, situate near the I,iris,
and close to the Via Latina, as appears from the men-
tion of a station called Fregcllanum in the Itineraries
which describe that route. Frcgella; is stated by Stra-
bo (238) to have been once a place of some conse-
quence, and the capital of a considerable district. It
was taken by the Romans A. U. C. 427. After suffer-
ing from Pyrrhus, and subsequently from Hannibal,
this place attained to so considerable a degree of im-
portance and prosperity as to suppose that it could
compete even with Rome; its inhabitants revolted,
and probably under circumstances peculiarly offensive
to the Romans. L. Opimius was ordered to reduce
the f regellani. Their town was immediately besieged,
and, after a vigorous resistance, was taken through
the treachery of . Numitorius Pullus, one of their own
citizens, whose name has been handed down to us
by Cicero. (De Fin,, 5, 22. --PAL'. , 3, 6. ) Fregel-
le was on this occasion destroyed, the discontented
state of the allies of Rome at that period probably ren-
dering such severe measures necessary. (Lie. , Epit. ,
60 -- Met. ad Her. , I, 9. ~VeU. Paten. , 2, 6. --
Vol. Max. , 2, 8. ) In Strabo's time the condition of
this city was little better than that of a village, to
which the neighbouring population resorted at certain
periods for religious purposes. Its ruins, according to
Cluverius, are to be seen at Ceperano, a small town
on the right of the Garigliano. (Ital. Ant. , vol. 1, p.
1036--Compare Moist, ad Stcph. Byz. , p. 220, and
De Clumpy, vol - 3, p. 474 ) A more modern writer,
however, faxes this ancient site at S. Giovanni Incari-
co, aboot three miles farther down the river. (Pas-
quaie Cayro, Cttta del Lazio, vol. I. --Romanelli, vol.
3, p. 3S0. --Cramers Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 111. )
FiektIni, a people of Italy, on the Adriatic coast,
east of Samnium and northwest of Apulia, who re-
ceived their name from the river Frento, now Fortore,
which runs through the eastern part of their country,
and falls into the -Vdriatic opposite the islands of Dio-
rr. ede. The Freritani appear to have possessed a
separate political existence, independent of the Sam-
nitic confederacy, though we are assured that they de-
? ? rived their descent from that warlike and populous
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? FK O
I UL
te was succeeded by Pliny. Frontinus wrote a work
on the Roman aqueducts, and another on military
stratagems. The former of these, to which the copy-
ists of the middle ages have given the barbarous title
of " De aquaductibus urbis Roma Commcntanus," is
written in an easy style, but without the least elegance.
It is important, however, for archaeology, since we lind
in it a detailed history of those remarkable monuments,
the aqueducts of Rome. As regards the title of the
work, it may be remarked, that the term aquaductus
doc-i not appear in the treatise itself: and an old edi-
tion gives as the superscription, " De Aquis, qua. in
Urbcm influutit, Melius mirabilis. " The other work,
entitled "Stratagematicon libri IV. ," is partly of a
military and partly of an historical character; it is a
mere compilation, sometimes written with great neg-
ligence, especially in the historical part. Still, even
in an historical point of view, the work is not with-
out interest, since it contains some particulars which
are not to be found in the other historians that have
come down to us. To Frontinua are ascribed other
productions, which are, however, of a later age. One
is entitled " De Re Agraria," or "De Agrorum Qual-
itate;" the others, "De Limitibus" and "De Colo-
niia. " The last two are merely fragments, and their
authors lived after the time of the Anlonines, who are
mentioned in them. The be<< edition 1/ Frontinus is
that of Oudendorp, Lugd. iii , 1779, 8vo. (B'dhr,
Gesch. Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, |? P*',, seqq. )
Fbonto, I. a Latin writer, Dorn at Cirta, in Africa,
of an Italian family. After studying in his own coun-
try, he came to Rome in the reign of Hadrian, and ac-
quired great reputation as a rhetorician and gramma-
rian. Antoninus Pius appointed him preceptor to his
two adopted sons Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus,
whose confidence and affection he gained, as is proved
by their letters. After being consul, Fronto was ap-
pointed '? "> a government in Asia, which his bad health
prevented him from rilling. His learning and his in-
structive conversation are mentioned with praise by
Aulus Gellius, the historianaAppian, and others of his
contemporaries.
He died in the reign of Marcus Au-
lelius, at an advanced age. (Klugling, Suppl. ad.
Harks. Notit. Brev. , p. 320. --Mai, Comment. pr<zv. ,
v iv. , seqq. --B'dhr, Gesch. Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 595. )
--Until of late years we had nothing of Fronto's works,
excopt fragments of his treatise " De Differentia Ver-
boru/n," being a vocabulary of the so-called synonyms.
But in 1815, Angelo Mai having discovered in the
Ambrosian Library at Milan a palimpsest MS. , on
which had been originally written some letters of
Fronto to his two pupils, deciphered the text wherever
the writing was not entirely obliterated, and published
Jt with notes. It happened, by singular good fortune,
"hat Mai, being some years after appointed librarian
of the Vatican, discovered in another palimpsest vol-
ume another part of Fronto's letters, with the answers
>f Marcus Aurelius and Verus. Both the volumes came
originally from the monastery of St. Columbanus, at
Bobbio, the monks having written them over with the
Acts of the First Council of Chalcedon. It happened,
that one of the volumes was transferred to Milan, and
the other to Rome. Mai published the whole in a new
edition, entitled, "M. Cornclii Frontonit et M. Au-
relii imperatoris epistula; L,. Vcri et Antonini Pii
et Appiani epistiuarum reliquiee: Fragmenta Fronto-
nu et Seripta Grammatica, 8vo, Rom, 1823. " These
? ? letters are very valuable, as throwing additional light
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? FUL
FUR
ffr. ited efforts, however, on Her part, she was besieged
with her brother-in-law at Perusia, and compelled to
surrender to the power of Octavius. Fulvia, after
this, retired to Greece, and rejoined her husband, but
was coldly received by him. She died at Sicyon,
S. 'JC. 712, through chagrin and wounded pride, as
was believed, at her husband's attachment to Cleo-
patra. (Veil. Palcre. , 2, H. --Plut. , Vit. Ant. --Id. ,
Vit. Cic. )
Folvius, I. L. Curvus, was consul A. U. C. 432,
B. C. 320, and six years after master of the horse to
the dictator L. --Embus. (Liv. , 8, 38. -- Id. , 9, 21. )
-II. M. Curvos Pxtinus, wasconsul in place of T.
Minucius, A. U. C. VI9, B. C. 305. He took the city
ofBovianum, in the country of the Samnites. {Liv. ,
9, 44. )--III. Cn. Pastinus, was consul A. U. C. 454,
B. C. 300. He gained a memorable victory over the
Samnites near Bovianum, and enjoyed a triumph.
Three years after he carried on successful operations
in Etmria in quality of propraetor. {Lit. , 9, 44. --Id. ,
15, 91. )--IV. S. Paetinus Nobilior, was consul A. U. C.
199, B. C. 255, along with yEmilius Paulus Lcpidus.
These two commanders sailed for Africa after the
overthrow of Regulus by the Carthaginians, gained a
uval victory, compelled the foe to raise the siege of
Clypea, and carried off an immense booty from the
Carthaginian territories. They were shipwrecked,
However, on their return to Italy, and of 200 vessels
only 80 were saved. --V. Q. Flaccus, was consul
A. U. C. 517, 530, 542, and 545 (B. C. 237, 224, 212,
and 209. ) He defeated Hanno near Bovianum, and
laid siege to Capua, which surrendered to him after
the lapse of a year. The conquered were treated with
great cruelty. ( Vid. Capua. ) Some time subsequent
to this, he marched against the Hirpini, Lucanians,
and other nations of Italy, who, alarmed at the severi-
ties indicted on Capua, surrendered to him the garri-
sons which had been placed in their cities by Hannibal.
Ibmy. 23, SI. --Id. , 24, 29-- Id. , 25, 2. )--VI. M.
Nobilior, was praetor in Spain A. U. C. 588, B. C. 196,
and carried the Roman arms to the Tagus, making him-
self master also of Toletum {Toledo),up to that period
deemed impregnable. Having obtained the consulship,
A. U. C. 565, he was intrusted with the war in Greece,
during which he took Ambracia, traversed Epirtis as
conqueror, and reduced to submission the island of
Cephallenia. Two years after this he was accused
before the senate of having maltreated the allies of the
Roman people, but was acquitted of the charge, and
received the honour of a triumph. In the year 573
he was elected censor along with . <Emilius Lcpidus,
his bitter foe. Apprehending injury to the state from
their known enmity, the leading men of the senate ad-
jured both individuals to lay aside their differences for
the good of their country. A reconciliation accord-
ingly took place, and nothing occurred to disturb these
friendly feelings during the rest of their joint magis-
tracy. Fulvius raised many public structures, a basil-
ica, a forum, &c. He also constructed a port at the
mouth of the Tiber. (Liv , 33. 42. --Id. , 35, 7. --Id. ,
20, 22, dec. )--VII. Q. Flaccus, was praetor A. U. C.
573, B. C. 181. He took, in this capacity, the city of
Urbicua in Farther Spain, and defeated the Celtiberi
in the battle of Ebura, killing in this and in another
encounter 35,000 men. On his return to Rome he
received a triumph, and in the same year (575) the
consulship. In A. U. C. 680 he was elected censor
? ? along with Posthumius Albinus. These two censors
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? aa a
GAB
o> whicb tneir rcscnblance to hounds was expressed.
(Mailer, Eumemd. , p. 216, seq. ) According to the
more common mode of delineating the Furies, they
are represented as brandishing each a lurch in one
hand, and a scourge of snakes in the other. --For some
remarks or. the term Erinnyes, consult that article.
(Keightley's Mythology, p. 196. )
Furii, a family which migrated from Medullia in
Latium, aril came to settle at Koine under Romu-
lus, and was admitted among the patricians. Camil-
. 11- was of this family, and it was he who first raised
it to distinction. (PliU. , Vit. Camill. )
Furina, an early Latin goddess, whose name, in the
time of Varro, was hardly known to a few. (Varro,
L. L. , 5, 3. ) There was a sacred grove of this god-
dess beyond the Tiber (in which Cams Gracchus was
slain), and this, with the similitude of the name, led
Cicero and others to identify Furina with the Furies.
(Cic, N. D. , 3, 18-- Plut. , Vit. C. Gracch. , c. 17.
--Martian, de Nupt. , 2, 40. ) The Furinalia were
celebrated on the 25th July. (Keighlley's Mythology,
p. 540, seq. )
Fur jus, M. Bibaculus, a Latin poet of Cremona,
who wrote aonals in Iambic verse.
