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Ter. Maur. Addas, hexameter profecto jiet.
Sid. Apoll. Illico barbaries: necnon sibi capta videri.
Their derivation however (firo facto--in loco) seems to
countenance the idea, that the O in these should be re-
garded as common, since it could not be naturally and con-
stantly short.
Ego and homo have the final letter common, though more
frequently short than long.
Virg. Ille ego qui quondam gracili modulatus avend.
Plaut. Sed nunc rogare ego vicisaim te volo.
Lucr. Ncc tota pars, homo terrai quota totius units.
Mart. Miraris Aule ? semper bonus homo tiro est.
FINAL U, B, D, T.
U firoduc. B, D, T flurum, corrifie semfier.
U final is generally long; as Manu, cornu; and such
Greek vocatives as Pant hit, Melamfiit, Etc/
Virg. Tela manu miserijactabant irrita Teucri.
Ovid. Nec mora, curvavit cornit, nervoque sagittam.
Virg. Quoressumma loco, Panthu? quamprendimusarcem?
Stat. Quidfurtimlacrymas? Ilium venerande Melampu.
Exceptions. --Indu and nenus have the U short. It
continues short also in those words which naturally end in
f Well ending in u are long, in consequence of the broad and full
sound given to that vowel in Latin, like the double o or broad w in English.
The sound of the Latin u may be ascertained from the following passage in
Plautus, Mtn. i, 2, BO. where the parasite makes an allusion to the cry o?
the owl:--
Pe. Tu, Tu ittic, inquam, wV afferri noctuam,
Quit, Tu, Tu, usque dicat tibi? nam nosjam not defessi sumus.
In such vocatives as Panthu, Melampu, ccc. the final letter is long, because
written in the original with the diphthong cu.
g Indu is the old Latin form for in, and nenu for non. The former ap-
peal s to have come from the Greek M<fon> the latter is said to have been
thi- parent of the Latin lion. They hot! ) occur in the older Latin writers,
and also in Lucretius. According to Wakefield, the more correct ortho-
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? EINAL SYLLABLES.
short US, and are only deprived of the S by the ancient
mode of pronunciation, in order to preserve the syllable
from becoming long by its position before a consonant at the
beginning of the following word; as Plenit' for filaius. ,
bonu' for bonus, &c. h
Lucr. Nec jacere indu manus, vie? qua munita fidei.
Idem. JVenu queunt rafiidei contra constare leones.
'Ennius. Suavis homo, facundii', suo contentu', bealus.
Idem. Ills vir baud magna cum re scd filenu' Jtdei.
Final syllables ending in B or D are short; as ctb, ad,
quid, Mud ; and also those ending in T pure, that is, T im-
mediately preceded by a vowel; as et, at, amat. But if
preceded by another consonant, as dst, ancdnt, or by a diph-
thong, as aut, the syllable must of course remain long: so
likewise must baud.
Ovid. Ifise decet quid agam. Fas est et ab hoste doceri.
Tibul. Luce sacra requiescdt humus, requiescdt arator.
Ovid. Ast ubi blandiliis, agitur nihil horridus ira.
Virg. Aut onera accifiiunt venientum, aut agmine facta.
Idem. Hand obscurd cadens mittet tibi signa Bootes,
Exception. --Those third persons singular of the perfect
tense, active voice, which contract IVIT or IIT to IT, or
AVIT to AT, have the final syllable necessarily long 5 aa
Petit for fietiit, subit for subiit, credt for creavit, irritdt for
irritavit, Sec'
Ovid. Flamma fietit altum : profiior locus aSra cefiit,
Stat. Quo non dignior has subit habtnas.
Lucr. Irritdt animi virtutem, ecfringere ut arcta.
Idem. Disturbdt urbes, et terra motus obortui.
FINAL C.
C longum est. Brevia Nec, Fac; quibus adjice DonSc,
Hie fironomen, et Hoc firima quartoquey nec ultra.
grapliy in the first, is endv when it stands singly, and indu when com.
pounded. Vide Lucr. 2, 1065. and 1, 83. ed. Wakefield, Among the com-
pounds of indu may be mentioned indupedire for impedire, ijiduperatop
for imperutoj\ inditgredi for ingredi.
h Vide remarks under " Ecthlipsis. "
i For other instances of this species of contraction see Virgil, Geo. 1, 279.
JSn. 7,303. 8,141. Ovid,Fast,0,709, Lucretius, 1,71, 3,710. 5,443. 6,58S>
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? 46
FINAL SYLLABLES.
C final has the preceding vowel for the most part long;
as dc, sic, hue, the adverb hie, the ablative hoc.
Virg. Sic oculos, sic ille manus, sic oraferebat.
Idem. Classibus hie locus : hie acies ceriare solebant.
Claud. Prodigio : quodcumque fiarant hoc omine fata.
Exceptions. --Aec and Donee are short, as also the im-
perative fac, the pronoun hie, and its nominative and accu-
sative neuter, hoc. k
Ovid. Parve, nee invideo, sine me liber ibis in urbem.
Idem. Donee eris felix, multos numerabis amicos.
Mart. Signa rarius, aut semel fac illud.
Virg. Hie vir hie est tibi quem firomitti safiius audis.
Plaut. Quid hoc hie clamoris audio ante tedes meas ?
FINAL L.
Corrifie L. At firoduc Sal, Sol, Nil, multaque Hebrxea.
L final has the preceding vowel for the most part short;
as Semel, vigil, consul, simul, mel, fel.
Ovid. Cum semel in fiartem criminis ifisa venit.
Idem. Vesta eadem est, qua terra : subest vigil ignis
utrique.
Iilem. Jura dabat fiofiulis fiosito modo consul aratro.
Virg. Obstufiuit simul ifise, simulfierculsus Achates.
k The rule commonly laid down is, that the xerb fac, the pronoun Ate,
tond its neuter hoc in the nominative and accusative cases, are common. It
is far more correct however to call them all short. The authorities which
are cited to prove that fac is sometimes long, are the two following lines
from Ovid:--" J/os fac Jlrmenios: hac est uanaeia Fersis. " Art. 1,225.
--" Durius incedit; fac ambulat. Omne papillae" Hem. 337. --In the
best editions however, neither of these readings appear. Burmann, for
instance, substitutes facito in place of fac in the first line, and face inam*
bulet for fac ambulat in the second.
With respect to the pronoun hie, the ancient grammarians expressly as-
sert, that wnei-ever the masculine hie or the neuter hoc (nom. or accus ) is
made long, it ought to be written with double c, viz. hicc', hocc', from
hicce, hocce, being otherwise properly short.
The adverb hie, on the contrary, is long, being a contraction from heic, a
form which is often found in ancient inscriptions. The ablative hue is long
for a similar reason, being contracted from hoic.
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? FINAL SYLLABLES.
*7
Exception I,--Sal,1 sdl,m and nil,0 are long.
Auson. Sal, oleum, fianis, mel, fiifier, herba ; novem.
Stat. Non sal, oxyfiorumve, caseusve.
Ovid. Ulterius sfiatium medio sol alius habebat.
Claud. Nil ofiis externa cufiiens, nil indiga laudis.
Exception II Hebrew names ending in L, have the
final syllable generally long; as Daniel, Rafifiael, Ismail.
Tert. Quam magnus Daniel, qualis vir, quanta fiotestas ?
Fortun. Qualiter aut Rafihael occursum imfienderit alma.
Victor. Nec tamen Ismail, Agar de semine natus.
TINAI. M.
M vorat Ecthlifisis : firisci breviare solebant.
When a syllable ends in M, and is immediately followed
by a word beginning with a vowel, that syllable is struck off
by Ecthlifisis.
Pers. O curas hominum ! o quantum est in rebus inane !
Virg. Monstrum horrendum informe ingens, cui lumen
adtmfitum.
The early poets however, frequently preserved the final
M before a vowel, and made the syllable short.
Ennius. Insignitajere turn millia militum octo.
I Sal comes from the old nominative" sate by apocope, and Charisius even
maintains that the word should alwavs be written sale. The following line
of Ennius, in which the old form sa'e occurs, is quoted by Aulus Gellius,
2, 26.
" Cxruleum spumat sale conferta rate pulsion. "
Dr. Carey is of opinion that sal was in reality short, and that Statins and
Ausonius made it long merely by poetic license, since the apocope could
never of itself lengthen sal from sale.
m Sol is long, because abbreviated from solus. " Cum sol dictus sit,
vel quia solus ex omnibus sideribus est tantus, vel quia, cum est exor-
tus, obscuratis omnibus solus apparet. " Cic. Nat. 1). 2, 27. --So also Bbe-
tliius, Cons. Phil. S, metr. 2.
" Quem quia respicit omnia solas
Ventm possis dicere solem. "
n Nil is long, because formed by contraction from nihil. With regard
to nihil, it is short according to the general rule. Ovid, it is true, makes it
long on two occasions; Met. 7, 644. and Ep. ex Pont. 3, 1, 113. ; but in
botii these instances it is lengthened by the csesai a.
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? 48
FINAL SYLLABLES.
Idem. Dum quidem unus homo Roma totu sufierescit.
Lucii. Pratexts ac tunica Lydorum oftu' sordidum omne.
A few instances also occur in poeis of a later age, as in
Lucretius, 3, 1095. 4, 1266. and in Horace, Sat. 2, 2, 28.
Lucr. Sed dum abest, quod arvemus, id exsufierare vi-
detur.
Idem. Vomerim atque locis avertit seminis ictum. "
Horat. Quam laudas, fllumd ? cocto num adest honor
idem. ?
But the best and purest writers seem, in general, to have
retained this practice only in words compounded of con, and
of circum ; as comes, comedo, eircumeo, circumago.
Ovid. Tu tibi du* cdmiii : tu comes ifisa duci.
Juv. Lactantur fiaucct, comedunt coliphia fiaucte.
Stat. Circumeunt Inlaws et ad alta cubilia ducunt.
Juv. Circumagal madidas a temfiestate cohortes.
See remarks upon the figure " Ecthlipsis. "
FINAL N.
N longum in Greets Latiisque. Sed EN breviabis
Dans breve INIS : Gracian ON (modo non filurale) se-
cundt
e
Jungito ; firater Athon et talia. Corrifle ubique
Graiorum quartum, si sit brevis ultima recti.
Forsitan, in, Forsan, Tamen, an, Viden', et Satin', addas.
N final has the preceding vowel for the most part long,
both in Latin words and in those of Greek origin; as JV6? i,
quin, sin, Titan, Orion, Actaon.
Virg. De grege nSn ausim quicquam defienere tecum.
Ovid. Non fiotuit mea mens, quln esset grata, teneri.
Virg. Sin absumfita salus, et te fiater ofitime, Teucrum.
Luc. Flammiger an Titan ut alentes hauriat undas.
Manil. Mersit et ardentcs Orion aureus ignes.
To these add Greek accusatives m" AN from nominatives
in AS, and accusatives in EN from nominatives in E or ES,
6 This lice is given according to the reading of the Bipont edition.
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? FINAL SYLLABLES.
49
as also Greek genitives plural in ON of every declension;
as JEnean, Tiresidn, Penelofien, Anchisen, Cimmerion, The-
reon, Philanon.
Virg. Et savum JEnedn, agnovit Turnus in armU.
Idem. Occurrit, veterem Anchisen agnoscit amicum.
Tibul. Cimmerion etiam obscuras accessiC ad oras.
Exception X. --Forsitcm, in, forsan, tamen, an, viden',
and satin', are short; and likewise nouns in EN, which in-
crease short in INIS in the genitive case; as Women, fiec-
ten, Jlumen, Jlamen.
Virg. Forsilan et Priami fuerint qua fata, requiras?
Ovid. Non tamen ut Priamus Nympha socer esse recuset.
Tibul. Volacadunt: viden', ut trepidantibus ttdvolet alis?
Ovid. Nomen Aribniwm Siculas impleverat urbes.
Exception II. --ON is short in the singular cases of
Greek nouns, which have those cases written in the original
with an O (micron); as, nom. IliHn, Erotion, Ptlion; acc.
Cerberon, Menelaon, Rhodon.
Ovid. Ilion, et Tenedos, Simoisque, et Xanthus, et Ide.
Mart. Pallida nec nigras horrescat Erotion umbras.
Ovid. Cerberdn abstraxit, rabida qui percitus ira.
Idem. Tu fore tam lentum credis Menelaon in armis ?
Horat. Laudabunt alii claram Rhodon, aut Mitylenen.
But Greek accusatives in ON, of the Attic dialect, having
an O (mega) in the original, are long; as Athbn, Androgeon,
Peneleon, Demoledn.
Exception III. --Greek accusatives in AN, of the femi-
nine gender, are also short; as Maian, Jflhigenidn, &ginan,
Oriihyian.
Ovid. Maian et Electram Taygetamque Jovi.
Stat. Namque ferunt raptam patriis JEgindn ab undis.
Ovid. Orithyian amansfulvis amplectitur alis.
Exception IV Greek accusatives in IN and YN are
likewise short; as Thyrsin, Dafihnin, Parin, Thetin, Itijn.
Prop. Thyrsin et attritis Daphnin arundinibus.
Ovid. TaiHaque nox animi est, Ityn hue arcessite, dixit,
-
E
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? . 50
FINAL SYLLABLES.
FINAL R.
R breve. Cur firoduc, Fur, Far, quibus adjice Ver, Nar,
Et Graium quotquot longum dant ERIS, et ^Ether,
Aer, Ser, et Iber. --Sit Cor breve. Celtiber ancefis.
Par cum comfiositis, et Lar, firoducere vulgo
Norma jubet: ted tu monitus variabis utrumque.
R final has the preceding vowel for the most part short; ,
as calcar, mulier, vlr, arbor.
Ovid. Nil nocet admisso subdere calcar equo.
Horat. Quod si pudica mulier in partem juvans.
Virg. Hie vir, hie est, tibi quem promitti sepius audis.
Ovid. Et mala radices altius arbor agit.
Exception I. --Cur is long, and also Nar, far, fur, vers
Ovid. Cur non ipsa venit ? cur heec certamina vitat ?
Virg. Sulfured Ndr albus aqua, fontesque Velini.
Ovid. Far erat, et puri lucida mica salis.
Mart. Callidus effracta nummosfur auferet area.
Virg. Ver adeofrondi nemorum, ver utile sylvis.
Exception II. --Greek nouns in ER, originally termi-
nating in <<{, and which form their genitive in ERIS long,
lengthen the final syllable; as Aer, tether, crater, firester,
Ser; to which add Iber, though its compound Celtiber is
common.
Lucr. Inde mare, inde air, inde ather ignifer ipse.
Manil. Crater auratis surgit ctelatus ab astris.
Lucan. Si tibi durus Iber, aut si tibi terga dedisset.
Catul. Nunc Celtiber in Celtiberid terra.
Mart. Ducit ad auriferas quod me Salo Celtibe'r oras.
Par with its compounds, and Lar, are usually accounted
long, but it is more consistent with accuracy to call them
p Cur, according to Vossius, who cites Velius Longus dc Orthog. is con.
tracted from quur, which is itself a contraction, from quare. --The
? t ' jt f . . -v"u nvuuu, Hum vHwe. --jine noun
far, if we may judge from its genitive/arm, was originally written fair --
1 he Latin fur, according to Aulus Gellius (1, 18,1 is derived frota the
Greek And lastly, yer is from the Greek >>{ (a contraction from
<<*S> witjh the d. gamma prefixed.
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? FINAL SYLLABLES.
51
common. i--The quantity of Cot* in like manner has been
? made a subject of dispute. The best opinion is in favour of
its being considered short.
FINAL AS.
AS firoduc. Breve Anas. Grtecorum tertia quarlum
Corriftit; et rectum, fier ADIS si fiatrius exit.
A S final is for the most part long; as AZneas, Pallas
(Pallantis,) fiietds, amds, eras, mas.