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his reign the North men Danes and Norwegians frequently invaded Ireland, and
defeated them many battles.
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554 ANNALS OF THE FOUR MASTERS, A. D. 1586.
on dry land in Ireland a stronger or more impreg Lough Masg (Hag's Castle, in Lough Mask, county
nable castle than Cluain Dubhain. The governor of Mayo), which castle was the stronghold of the afterwards marched against Caslen-na-Caillighe in province of Connaught; the persons who were
troops Tara, had himself proclaimed monarch the Rath the ancient kings. When Brian threatened the throne Mala chy, the latter applied for aid the Eugenians Ulster, but
Concovar or Conor, son of king Donogh, of the race of Clan Colman, succeeded 14 years, and died A. D. 833; he also fought many battles with the Danes.
Niall III. , surnamed Caille or Cailne, son of king Hugh Oir nidhe, of the Tyrone branch of the Hy Niall, succeededas monarch 13 years, to his death in A. D. 846; he was drowned in the river Calne or Callan, near Armagh, from which it is said was derived his surname Cailne. Niall was a valiant prince, and defeated the Danish forces in many battles.
Tyrone, indignant the exclusion give Malachy any assistance, and thus Eogan were kings Ireland they maintained the crown against competitors; the Clan Colman
Kinneth Mac Alpin, the celebrated king Scotland,
had son named Niall Glundubh, who was afterwards Ireland, and from him the O'Neills, princes Tyrone, and kings Ulster, took their name. Hugh was surnamed Finn
liath, from the colour his hair, signifying white grey-haired; he died Druiminesclain Crioch Conaille, now Dromiskin Louth, where there was ancient times great monastery.
and few months, making his reign altogether about 30 years;
fought several battles with the Danes and provincial kings, and having retired the abbey the island Iniscro, Lough
Annin, now Lough Ennell, near Mullingar, adjoining which was his palace Dun-na-Sciath, the Fortress the Shields, died 1022, Sunday, the 4th the Nones September,
the 73d year his age. After the death Malachy there was monarch elected for long time, and according O'Flaherty
and others, there was an Interregnum 70 years, but Ware and others make only 20 years during this period several the provincial kings exercised, great extent, the authority monarchs, but their rights were disputed, and the kingdom fell into great disorder and anarchy, there being legitimate king generally acknowledged monarch, and many competitors con
daughter whom
monarch
Flann Sionna, son succeeded, and after
king Malachy the House Clan Colman,
reign May,
on Saturday, the 24th
age. Flann highly praised
his person, and great valour;
time with the Danes and with the provincial kings, recorded by the historians.
prince the house Clan Col king Donogh, and nephew
are not able sustain the sceptre Tara let them resign. ” By the abdication Malachy, and the accession Brian, the sceptre passed from the Heremonians the race Heber, after the royal line Hy Niall, descendedfrom king Niall the Hostages, had, with the exception two kings the House Hy Fiachra, namely, Dathi and Oilioll, the 5th century, ruled over Ireland,
Maolseachlin or Malachy
man, king Meath, grandson
king Concovar, succeeded Niall monarch, and after reign about years, died 863, Tuesday the 30th November, and was buried the cathedral Clonmacnois. Malachy was valiant prince, defeated the Northmen many battles, and put
death their famous king, Turgesius.
Aodh Finnliath, the son king Niall Caille, succeeded, and
after reign years, according Ogygia, died Friday the
12th December, 879. He was married Malmaria, was then king Meath, resumed the monarchy, and reigned years
years, died Tailtean Meath, 916, the 68th year his
the annalists for the beauty fought many battles during his
their king, Hugh O'Neill his own House, refused replied—“When the race
the number about fifty kings, from the 5th
the 11th cen reign
1014, de
tury, for period
years, was slain scribed 510
600 years. Brian Boru, after the battle Clontarf,
these notes.
Malachy II. -On the death Brian Boru, Malachy II. , who
Niall IV. , surnamed Glundubh, the son king Hugh Finn tested the crown. Those kings who were not generally acknow
liath, the Eugenian ceeded, and, after reign Wednesday, the 17th
O'Neill branch the Hy Niall, suc years, this valiant prince was slain October, 919, great battle
ledged were designated Righe Freasabhra, that kings with opposition, while the acknowledged monarchs were styled Lain Righe, Full Kings.
Cuan Lochain. —On the death Malachy 1022, the Hy Niall elected, under the title Protector, Regent the King
dom, Cuan O'Lochain, the celebrated chief Bard and Antiquary Ireland that time, and man highly distinguished for his great
abilities and virtues; after having ruled about years, was slain
with the Danes near Dublin. From this king Niall the chiefs his descendants took the name of O’Neill.
Donogh II. , the son king Flann, man, succeeded 25 years, his death,
the House D. 944.
Clan Col During the
Donogh many fierce battles were fought with the
Comgalach Congal III. , the Meath Hy Niall, suc ceeded 12 years; he was valiant warrior, and defeated the
reign Danes.
D. 1024, Teffia, Westmeath. Corcran Cleireach, Cor
Danes many battles, but was
great battle with these invaders, of the Danish Wars.
length slain, before recorded
956,
the account
Primate the Irish Anchorites, and the most eminent ecclesiastic western Europe, was appointed co-regent the kingdom,
Donal O’Neill, son the famous warrior, Murkertach Mac
Neill, and grandson king Niall Glundubh, succeeded, and reigned
24 years, his death, D. 980, Armagh, whither had re
tired penitence. Donal O'Neill was distinguished for his valour, was married Dervorgilla, daughter Donogh O'Brien, king
and during his time fought many battles with the Danes, and against the provincial kings.
Malachy II. , grandson king Donagh II. , the House
Munster, and having reduced subjection the kings Munster, Connaught, and Meath, and likewise the Danes Dublin, he be came king the southern half Ireland, and was likewise gene rally acknowledged
Clan Colman, succeeded,and after reign 1002, Brian Boroimhe, king
monarch of Ireland.
Brian Boroimhe, that Brian
years, was deposed Munster, who became
monarch for period about 30 years, 1072, when he was slain great battle Dowth, Meath, between Drogheda and
the Tributes, commonly called Brian Boru, and latinised Brianus Boromeus, and Boruma.
before mentioned under the Danish wars. the Welsh Caradoc Lancarvan, king Dermod mentioned
Brian Boru, king Munster, the tribe the Dalcassians Thomond, and race Heber, was one the most renowned the Irish kings; after having traversed with his victorious forces all parts Ireland, and reduced the provincial kings and princes subjection, and compelled them do him homage, and give him hostages and tributes, finally, after various contests, subdued the monarch, Malachy II. , and having deposed him A. D. 1002, assumed the crown Ireland, and marching with his victorious
The O'Briens, Kings Munster. —On the death Brian Boru, his sons, Donogh and Teige O'Brien, contended for the crown
Munster, but length, the mediation the clergy, were reconciled, and agreed rule conjointly over that province, which
they did till 1023, when new discords having arisen between
cran the Clerick, who was abbot Inis Caltra, abbey that is land, Lough Derg, the Shannon, Clare, and who was styled
along with Cuan O'Lochain; Corcran died 1040, the monastery Lismore, Waterford.
Dermod Mac Maolnambo, the race the Cahirians, king Leinster, was powerful and warlike prince this period;
from
fought
Slane,
Chronicle
follows—“Dermitium optimum dignissimum principem qui un quam Hibernia regnavit,” “Dermod was the best and worthiest prince that ever reigned Ireland. ”
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REIGN OF ELIZABETH. 555
guarding it at that time were Richard Burke, com Edmond, son of Rickard Ui Cuairsgi, and Walter, monly called Deamhan-an-Chorrain, who was the the son of Edmond, son of Ulick, son of Edmond,
son of Rickard, son of Richard, son of William, son of son of Rickard Ui Cuairsgi, who had gone into
them, Teige was slain, and Donogh became sole king of Munster;
he carried on contests with the kings of Leinster, Meath, and Connaught, and partly reduced them to subjection, and becoming very powerful, was for some years acknowledged king of Leath Mogha, or Leinster and Munster. Torlogh O'Brien, son of the deceased Teige, and nephew of Donogh, a very valiant prince, be ing supported by the kings of Leinster and Connaught, aspired to the throne of Munster, and after many fierce contests between himself and his uncle, Donogh was finally victorious, and in A. D. 1063, Donogh abdicated the throne of Munster, after a reign of 49
powerful force of the men of Munster, Leinster, Meath, and Con naught, to Ulster, marched to Easroe, or Ballyshamnon, and thence to Inisowen and Donegal, in A. D. 1101, and having taken the famous fortress of Aileach, the ancient residence of the kings of Ulster, he demolished it to its foundations, in retaliation for the destruction of Kincora. In A. D. 1103,0'Brien mustered a great army, and marched
against Ulster, but was defeated by Mac Loghlin and the Ultonians with great slaughter on the plains of Moy Coba in Dalaradia, near Downpatrick. In this mannertheserival kings, during their fierce contests of more than 20 years, repeatedly ravaged the various provinces of Ireland. The reign of Murtogh O'Brien is remarkable
years, and retired on a pilgrimage to Rome, and took a religious
habit in the monastery of St. Stephen, where he died in a few for some great regulations made in the church. In A. D. 1001,
years after, in the 88th year of his age.
Torlogh O'Brien, grandson of Brian Boru, on the abdication of
his uncle Donogh, as before stated, became king of Munster in 1064, and on the death of Dermod Mac Maolnambo, in 1072, he was acknowledged as titular monarch, being then the most powerful of the provincial kings, and having collected his forces, and traversed various parts of the kingdom, and received homageand hostages from the kings and princes of Leinster, Meath, and Con
naught, and likewise from Godfrey, Danish king of Dublin, whom he defeated, and appointed his son, Murtogh O'Brier, king over the
Danes. Turlogh made incursions into Ulster, but his forces were defeated by the O'Neills, and that province did not acknowledge his authority. After a reign of 14 years as monarch, and 22 years as king of Munster, Torlogh died at his palace in Kincora, in Clare, in July, 1086, in the 77th year of his age, and was buried in the cathedral of Killaloe, according to the Annals of Inisfallen. Torlogh is celebrated as a wise, just, pious, and valiant prince; a letter ad dressed to him by Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, commences as follows—“Magnifico Regi Hiberniae Tordelvacho,” “To Tor logh the magnificent king of Ireland,” and another by Pope Gre gory VII. , commences thus—“Gregorius Episcopus servus ser vorum Dei, Terdelvaco incly to Regi Hiberniæ. ” “Gregory the Bishop, servant of the servants of God, to Torlogh the illustrious King of Ireland. ”
Murtogh O'Brien. —On the death of Torlogh, the kindom of Munster was divided among his three sons, Teige, Murtogh, and Dermod, but Teige the eldest, dying soon after, and Derinod be
ing banished into Connaught, Murtogh became king of Munster. He led his forces through Leinster and Meath, and reduced their kings to subjection, and likewise the Danes, and appointed his son
Donal as king of Dublin and Fingall. Murtogh thus becameking of Leinster, Munster, and Meath, and had frequent and fierce con tests for the monarchy with Donal Mac Loghlin, king of Ulster; he made hostile incursions into Ulster, and Donal Mac Loghlin, in his turn, joined by the troops of Roderick O'Conor, king of Con naught, marched to Munster with powerful forces, defeated the Momonians, burned Limerick, and likewise the palace of Kincora, the celebrated seat of the kings of Munster, which, in A. D. 1088, he demolished to the ground. Murtogh O'Brien soon after laid waste Leinster and Connaught, and proceeded with a powerful force to Ulster, but in A. D. 1090, he and Mac Loghlin held a con vention on the banks of Lough Neagh, and having amicably ar ranged their disputes, it was mutually agreed upon that Murtogh O'Brien should be king of Leath Mogha, or Leinster and Munster, and Donal Mac Loghlin king of Leath Cuinn, or Meath, Ulster and Connaught. These two great rivals soon after renewed their fierce contests, and in 1094, O'Brien again invaded Leinster and Meath, defeated the forces of the Methians, and slew their king, Donal O’Melaghlin. In the year 1099, O'Brien marched into Ulster with an immense force, and was met near Slieve Fuadh, or
the Fews Mountains, in Armagh, by Mac Loghlin, at the head of
Murtogh convened a great assembly of the chiefs, bishops, and clergy of Munster at Cashel, and solemnly made a donation to the
church in honour of God and St. Patrick, of the city of Cashel, the ancient seat and patrimony of the kings of Munster, and in the year 1111,a great national synod, or council of bishops, clergy, chiefs, &c. , was convened by king Murtogh, at Uisneach in West meath. After he had reigned over Munster, and a great part of Ireland for 30 years, he resigned the kingdom of Munster to his brother Dermod, in 1116, and retired to the monastery of Lismore,
the Ultonians. . Both armies being on the point of engaging in fierce
conflict, were fortunately prevented by the archbishops of Armagh
and Cashel, who, with their clergy, interposed between the en
raged opponents, and succeeded in making peace. In the year Horn of Brian Boru. O'Brien retired in exile to Ulster, where he
1100 war recominencedbetweenthe kings, and O'Brien havingieda was honourably received by Murtogh Mac Loghlin, king of that
where he died in 1119, at an advanced age, and was buried with great pomp in the cathedral of Killaloe.
Donal Mac Loghlin. -As already explained in the account of
the race of Hy Niall, a branch of the O'Neills, kings of Ulster,
took the name of Mac Loghlin, the first prince of that name being Donal, the son of Ardgal, son of Loghlin O'Neill, from whom they
took the surname Mac Loghlin, and some of them also were called
O'Loghlin. This Donal Mac Loghlin, a prince of great abilities
and valour, was head of the North Hy Niall, and had the titles
of prince of Aileach and king of Ulster, and became king of Leath
Cuinn. His contests for the monarchy with Murtogh O'Brien,
king of Munster, have been above related, and, on the death of O'Brien, he was acknowledged monarch of Ireland; he retired to
the monastery of Columkille at Derry, where he died on the 9th of February, A. D. 1121, in the 73rd year of his age, the 11th of his reign as king of Ulster, and 7th as monarch of Ireland. He is extolled by the annalists for his great valour, fine person, wis dom, munificence, and charity.
Torlogh O'Conor. —After the death of Donal Mac Loghlin, there was an interregnum of 15 years, during which there were several competitors for the crown. On the abdication of Murtogh O'Brien, in A. D. 1116, as above stated, his brother Dermod be came king of Munster, and in A. D. 1120, Conor O'Brien, son of Dermod, succeeded his father as king of that province, and having extended his power likewise over Leinster, was styled king of Leath Mogha. Torlogh, son of Roderick O'Conor, king of Con naught, succeeded his brother Donal as king of that province in A. D. 1106, and being a very warlike, politic, and valiant prince, extended his power not only over Connaught, but over parts of Ulster and Meath, and was acknowledged as king of Leath Cuinn. He had various contests with Derinod O'Brien, and his successor Conor O'Brien, kings of Munster, and having finally reduced the kings and princes of Munster, Leinster, Meath, and Ulster, to sub jection after long contests and many fierce battles, he was acknow ledged as monarch of Ireland in the year 1136. Amongst, the great battles he fought with the O’Briens, kings of Munster, may be mentioned that of Moin Mor, near the river Blackwater in Cork, in which the troops of the Dalcassians of Thomond, under king Torlogh O'Brien, were totally defeated, and upwards of seven thousand of them slain in A. D. 1151, as described at p. 149 in the notes to these Annals. The day after that battle Torlogh O'Conor marched with his victorious forces to Limerick, and Tor logh O'Brien submitted, gave him hostages, and did him homage, and was likewise obliged to pay for his liberty a ransom of 200 ounces of gold, with many precious articles, amongst others the
w
4B2
556 ANNALS OF THE FOUR MASTERS, A. D. 1586.
that castle to avoid the session, and to protect their persons. The governor laid siege to the castle, and sent the crews of four or five boats of the best
province, who in A. D. 1152, collected the forces of Ulster, and marched into Meath, where they were attacked by the troops of king Torlogh O'Conor, and a fierce battle was fought at Fordruim, in which O'Conor's forces were defeated with great slaughter, and many of the Connaught chiefs fell on the field of battle. After this victory Mac Loghlin restored Torlogh O'Brien to the throne of Munster. Torlogh O'Conor having reigned king of Connaught
macnois and other churches. The reign of Torlogh O'Conor is remarkable for the great synod or council of the Irish church held in A. D. 1152, at Kells in Meath, which was attended by the Pope's Legate, cardinal John Paparo, together with 3000 ecclesi astics, bishops, monks, and clergy, at which the four archbishops' sees of Ireland were established, and many other regulations made with respect to the church.
Murtogh Mac Loghlin or O'Loghlin, grand-nephew of Donal, former monarch of Ireland, was then a powerful prince, and car ried on contests with king Torlogh O'Conor for the monarchy, and on the death of Torlogh, was acknowledged as monarch of Ireland by the provincial kings except Roderick O'Conor, king Con naught, the son Torlogh, who carried contests with Mac Loghlin, and many battles were fought between them. Murtogh Mac Loghlin had various contests with Eochy Mac Dunlevey, prince Ulidia, and, the course their conflicts, Eochy was taken prisoner, and his eyes were put out order Murtogh,
men in the camp, at mid-day, to attack the castle, but it was of no avail to them, for some of their
people were slain, and they left after them one of
the Mac Carthys, princes Desmond, and Dermod Mac Murrogh, king Leinster, whom refused acknowledge his authority; but having finally reduced them submission, and having also marched Dublin reduced the Danes subjection, and was then generally acknowledged monarch. 1167, king Roderick assembled great national convention near Athboy, Meath, which was attended many the princes and chiefs Meath, Ulster, and Connaught, together with many bishops and clergy, and immense number the people; according the Four
50 years, and 20 years as monarch of Ireland, died at Dunmore in
Galway, A. D. 1156, in the 68th year of his age, and was buried
with great honours and solemnity in the cathedral of St. Kiaran
at Clonmacnois. He is designated by the historians the Augustus
of Western Europe, and highly praised for his valour, wisdom,
munificence, and piety, and the annalists enumerate various costly
gifts and valuable articles, great quantities of gold and silver, Tailtean, Meath. The abduction Dervorgilla, wife Tiarnan goblets, chalices, vases, gems, &c. , which he bequeathed to Clon
avenge which outrage Donogh the men Brefney and
both armies met, and
Litterluin, near Lough Neagh,
the monarch's forces were defeated, and himself slain, together with many his chiefs, and immense number common sol diers. King Murtogh Mac Loghlin thus fell the 10th year
violation their treaty peace, O'Carroll, prince Oirgiall, joined
the Ulidians, marched the head
rone. King Murtogh having
nine thousand men into Ty the meantime collected his forces,
his reign; was
the Thunderbolt
tor every battle
his solemn vows, fell sacrifice justice. King Murtogh was
munificent benefactor the church, and his time 1157,
Louth, great synod bishops, clergy, princes, and chiefs, convened the consecration that celebrated Cistercian monastery, which occasion king Murtogh gave the monks extensive grants land, together with 140 oxen, and 60 ounces gold; Donogh O'Carroll, prince Oirgiall, also gave 60 ounces gold, and 60 ounces more were presented Dervor
was held Mellifont
vestments, and various ornaments for each the nine altars the great church. This Dervorgilla, called the Irish Helen, was the princess celebrated Irish history, whose abduction from her husband Dermod Mac Murrogh, king Leinster, led the Anglo-Norman invasion under Strongbow and his followers; the death Dervorgilla
specimen, the reign Ethelred, the ninth century:—“Of
the Anglo-Saxon governments, the kingdom Northumbria had been always the most perturbed; usurper murdering usurper, the pervading incident. crowd ghastly monarchs pass swiftly along the page history, we gaze, and scarcely has the sword
the assassin been cleansed from its horrid pollution, before its
recorded D. 1193, these Annals, her age; she spent the latter part her life penitence one the monasteries Drogheda, and was buried
point turned upon master, and
which had just closed upon another.
the last century and half, fewer than
each other from their joyless thrones, and the deaths the
the 85th year
carried the sepulchre this manner, during
at Mellifont.
Roderick O'Conor, king Connaught, son king Torlogh,
sceptred chiefs hurled
1166, fought fierce battle the borders Tyrone, which
valiant prince, and styled the annalists War, and the Hector Western Europe, vic ever fought, but this alone, when, forgetting
gilla, the wife Tiarnan O'Rourke, prince Brefney, and daugh
ter Murtogh O'Melaghlin, king Meath; she also gave
golden chalice for the altar the Virgin, and silver chalices, rich Anglo-Saxons, from which single passage may afford striking
succeeded monarch Ireland, A. 1166, the death greatest number wereaccompanied hecatombs their friends.
” Murtogh Mac hlin; had several contests with the The learned Charles O'Conor, his Dissertations the History O'Neills, kings Ulster, with the O'Briens, kings Thomond, Ireland, makes the following reflections the fall the mo
Masters,
assembly,
notes.
sembly which had been held for many ages ancient times
less than thirteen thousand horsemen attended this which account has been given 298 these 1168, king Roderick revived the celebrated as
O'Rourke, prince Brefney,
Leinster, took place about
neously placed ten years sooner
event led the Anglo-Norman invasion, under Strongbow and his followers, the years 1169, 1170, and under king Henry II. , 1171 and 1172. An account the contests Roderick O'Conor, with Dermod Mac Murrogh, king Leinster, and his Anglo-Norman allies, given the various histories Ireland, and the chief occurrences the English invasion have been men tioned from 40, and also pp. 196, 197, these Annals, and the annotations. Roderick O'Conor, the last Milesian monarch Ireland, after various contests with the Anglo-Norman
died
Fall the Monarchy. —The disorganization and anarchy church and state, and the derangement both civil and ecclesi
astical authority, produced the sanguinary and destructive Danish wars, incessantly continued for more than three centuries, together with the fierce and interminable feuds, discords, and ruinous con tests the kings, princes, and chiefs, amongst themselves, inevi
tably paved the way for the downfall the Irish monarchy. The contests the Irish Kings were fierce, and far longer protracted, than those of the rival Houses of York and Lancaster for the crown
England. During those contests, continued incessantly through the 11th and 12th centuries, from the deposition the monarch Malachy II. , Brian Boru, the year 1002, the reign Roderick O'Conor and the English invasion 1172, period 170 years, probable that, the innumerable conflicts and battles, not less than one hundred and fifty thousand men were slain. But, the middle ages were times tumult, anarchy, and violence, over the various nations Europe, well Ireland, and the contests
the kings the Irish Pentarchy were not more fierce, barba rous, and bloody, than the feuds the Anglo-Saxon kings the Heptarchy, abundantly evident from Turner's History the
Dermod Mac Murrogh, king 1166, though that event erro some modern historians; this
English invaders, abdicated the throne
year his reign, and retired the monastery
where, after religious seclusion years,
according the Ogygia, Sunday, the 27th of November,
the 82nd year his age, and was buried the north side the great altar, the cathedral St. Kiaran Clonmacnois.
nine years after his remains were exhumed, and placed stone coffin, recorded the year 1207 these Annals.
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REIGN OF ELIZABETH. 557
their boats; and the other party returned to the not to continue guarding any castle against the camp in a drowning condition. After those had sovereign of England, and two boats full of women departed, the resolution the Burkes came to was, and children proceeded to the other side of the
narchy:—“Since the death of Malachy this nation was falling
into state political reprobation; each province set itself,
the monarchy grew indifferent, and the monarch hateful the
majority the chieftains. When Roderick mounted the throne,
their measureofiniquity was full; laboured unite parties, for
common defence, against desperate provincial tyrant (Dermod
Mac Murrogh, king Leinster), and his foreign allies, but the
Oligarchs the time were rather unanimous rejecting their Armagh the Mac Dunleveys, O'Flinns, Magennises, and Mac king, than the common enemy; they loved their country only
the second place; domestic animosities and personal revenge were uppermost, and the gratification these passions they sacri ficed, every consideration, favourable their native country, useful their own common safety. What ensued was very natu ral, although, superficial view, appears extremely surpri sing. The majority the chieftains delivered the nation
prey handful foreign freebooters, and deserted the reigning prince, under whose standard they could have easily preserved
Donegal; conquer Louth,
Ulidia Dalaradia,
Courcy's battles with the Irish
more than 20 years, are recorded Hanmer's Chronicle, which
their liberties. ” Such are the judicious still may observed, that the fall
the 12th century, was not sudden
remarks O'Conor, but
the Milesian monarchy, surprising that
Battles Downpatrick. -Hanmer, hisChronicle, relatestwo Courcy's batties fought Downpatrick with Mac Dunlevey, O'Dunlevey, whom and Cox erroneously call O'Donnell. The
chief commanders the English these battles were Courcy, sir Armoric St. Laurence, and his son, sir Nicholas, Roger Poer, and Geoffrey Montgomery, the standard bearer; their forces consisted cavalry called men-at-arms, who were covered with armour, and armed with spears, swords, &c. , and archers, some whom were mounted horses, and others foot. The Irish galloglasses, heavy infantry, were armed with swords and battle-axes, and the Kerns, light foot, with spears, darts, slings, &c. ; they were commanded chiefly by Mac Dunlevey and Conor O'Loghlin. The battle was fierce and long continued, and the slaughter great both sides, and, amongst the English, Lionel St. Laurence and other leaders were slain; but Hanmer says the Irish were length defeated. This battle was fought
1177, and, according the Four Masters, the same year John Courcy plundered Downpatrick, and erected castle there, and had many conflicts with the Irish chiefs, several whom were
slain, namely, the Mac Dunleveys, O'Donnellys, O'Carolans,
&c. , and the O'Flahertys, who appear have been branch the O'Neills, and, therefore, different from the O'Flahertys Connaught.
Battle Glenrighe, 1178,John Courcy, with his foreigners, marched Machaire Conaill, the Plain Louth, which they plundered, and encamped Glenrighe, the vale the Newry river, the borders Louth and Down but they were attacked the Irish forces, under Murrogh O'Carroll, prince
Oirgiall, and Cu-uladh Mac Dunlevey, prince Ulidia; the English were defeated, and 450 them slain, and the Irish 150 fell the field battle. Shortly after, Courcy's forces were defeated with great slaughter the Irish, under Cumidhe O'Flinn, lord Hy Tuirtre, territory near Lough Neagh, the borders Down and Antrim Courcy himself with difficulty
escapedfrom the battle, and fled Dublin, coveredwith wounds. These battles, and many others fought Courcy, Ulster and
Connaught, are recorded by the Four Masters.
Battle Farney. —The circumstances mentioned Hanmer
are follows:–De Courcy having erected many castles
accompanied Ireland his valiant brother-in-law Almeric Tristram, St. Laurence, ancestor the earls Howth soon after their landing Howth, 1177, they marched with their forces Ulster, and were accompanied Roger Poer,
and other chiefs. De Courcy and his forces carried fierce con tests for many years with the northern princes and chiefs, the O'Carrolls, Mac Mahons, and O’Hanlons Louth, Monaghan and
Cartans, Down and Antrim the O'Neills and O'Loghlins
Tyrone; the O’Kanes Derry, and the O’Donnells
but length Courcy and his followers succeeded ing part the country, and madesettlements Oirgiall,
Monaghan and Armagh, and
Down and Antrim. Many chiefs Ulster, for period
parts
these Annals, and some also
the following were the most remarkable.
England the 11th century, under the Saxons, who were subdued,
with Harold their king, one battle Hastings, and the Anglo Saxon sceptre transferred the Normans under William the Con queror single day, while the Anglo-Norman kings and warlike barons,the descendants the Normans France, who quick
made complete conquest England, could only effect partial subjugation Ireland, after fierce contests many cen
turies. Of the contests the Irish kings and chiefs amongst themselves,for many centuries, abundantaccountsare given the
course these Annals, and these contests were continued even with greater violence and fury after the English invasion, which
addedfresh elements discord. appears that the great Anglo Norman families, the Fitzgeralds, Butlers, Burkes, &c. , carried
almost fierce contests amongst themselves the Irish chiefs; and Cox, speaking those dissensions, both the En glish and Irish, amongst themselves and against each other, the 13th century, says—“That appeared some malignant star had influenced all the inhabitants Ireland contention. ”
the various articles preceding notes the Danish wars, has beenshown that those contests were continued more than 300 years; and the wars the Anglo-Normans and English Ireland were continned incessantly for 500 years,thus, for more than eight centuries, violent wars were carried on, with enormousdestruction
property, cattle, corn, &c. , burning churches, cities, and towns, and innumerable fierce contests, furious battles, conflicts, and massacres,took place, that the history Ireland, during period
more than 800 years, through which the people fought against foreign foes, presents continued scene rapine and slaughter. The Anglo-Normans Ulster. —At the commencement
theseAnnals, account given Strongbow and his followers, andtheir progress various parts Ireland. John Courcy,
and his forces, first attacked Ulster, which territory he got grant from King Henry much could conquer. Sir John Courcy was descended from the Dukes Lorraine, France, and his ancestor came England with william the Con Queror; was the most renowned leader the Anglo-Normans
Ireland, man
immensebodily strength, gigantic stature, and Holinshed says, “de Courcy was mighty
Ulster, amongst others, two Farney, them Mac Mahon, chief Farney
gave the guarding Monaghan, who entered 1180 Mac Mahon demo
indomitable valour. limb, and strong
*t
fight, noble and right valiant warrior. ” Campion, his Chro nicle, says, “John Courcy was warrior noble courage, and
body like giant. ” Holinshed and others state that
white horse, and had three eagles painted his
order fulfil prophecy made Merlin the Welsh $nchanter,that knight riding white horse, and bearing
him,
warlike
soldier, field,
the first the and the foremost the
castles; dared so,
Courcy, hearing this, why
pitch rode standards,
was contrary his nature couch himself within cold stones, and that he would much rather live the warm woods. This contemptuous reply enraged Courcy, and having mustered his forces preyed and plundered Mac Mahon's country; the immense prey cattle
sinews, very tall, and broad proportion,
into alliance with
but about
birds shield, would the first the English who, with
force arms, would enter and conquer Ulster. De Courcy was ceeding with them they covered distance three miles. Mac
lished the
demanded
had not promised
which Mac Mahon replied hold stones for him, but land, and that
he
which drove off was divided into three parts, and when pro
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558 ANNALS OF THE FOUR MASTERS, A. D. 1586.
lake opposite the camp. The governor afterwards Rickard Oge, commonly called Fal-fa-Eirin (the
demolished the castle, and it was in that camp he hanged the son of Mac William Burke, namely,
Mahon collected his forces, and they attacked the English with great fury, and such loud shouts as made the woods ring ; the cows frightened ran furiously on the drivers, and broke through the ranks, overturning men and horses, and great numbers of the
English were trodden to death by the cattle, and many hundreds
of them slain by the Irish. De Courcy, and sir Armoric de St.
Laurence, attacked Mac Mahon's men, and rescued Roger le Poer,
who had been taken prisoner; the Irish, having rallied their forces,
came again to the contest with terrific shouts, and were command
ed by Art Buighe Mac Mahon; the English being environed with
woods, bogs, and marshes, great numbers of them were slain, and
many also of the Irish fell, amongst others Mac Mahon the chief.
Fence of Ireland), who was the son of Rickard, son of John of the Termon; his other brother had
ment taken from the Patent Rolls in the Tower of London, which has been obtained from the Library of Sir William Betham, and not hitherto published, it is shown that king John, in the year 1204, gave a grant of Ulster to Hugh de Lacy the younger, who was son of the first Hugh de Lacy, lord of Meath, and de Lacy was to possess Ulster and earldom fully held Courcy the
The contest continued a great part of the day, and night coming
“Concessio terrae Ultonia Hugoni Lacy (per gladium), salvis tamen Regi Crociis de terra illa. ”
“Rex, &c. , Meilero filio Henrici (Myler Fitz-Henry), Baro nibus Hibernia, &c. Sciatis quod dedimus concessimus Hu goni Lacy pro homagio servitio suo terram Ultonia cum pertinentiis suis, habendum tenendum sicut Johannes Curcy eam tenuit die qua idem Hugo eum campo seisivit, vel die proximo precedente, salvis tamen nobis Crociis terra illa; sciatis quod retinuinus nobiscum predictum Hugonem ipsumque nobiscum ducimus servitio nostro. Et ideo vobis mandamus quod terram suam omnia sua custodiatis manuteneatis de fendatis sicut nostra dominia. Teste meipso apud Windlesor, 2do die Maii, A. D. 1204. ”
on, de Courcy entrenched himself in an old fortress; the Irish re
mained within about half a mile of him, and made great fires in
the woods during the night. The conflict was renewed the next
day and great numbers slain on both sides; according to some ac
counts the English were victorious, but other accounts state that
they were defeated, and de Courcy forced to fly with a remnant
of his forces, and pursued for a distance of 30 miles from the field of battle.
determined bravery, the Irish being commanded by O’Hanlon, and other chiefs; de Courcy displayed great valour, wielding his two
handed sword, with which he cut down many champions; sir Armoric de St. Laurence, and his son sir Nicholas, also fought with great bravery. After a long contest, de Courcy was sorely wounded, and, according to Hammer, the slaughter on both sides was immense, “few of the Irish, and fewer of the English, being left alive. ” After the battle, the Irish forces retired to the Fews, in Armagh, and the English to Dundalk.
De Courcy and his followers succeeded in making many settle
ments in Ulster, in the counties of Louth, Monaghan, Armagh,
Down, and Antrim, and he erected several castles in Ulster, and
John Courcy and his followers, and the English settlers general from the 12th the 17th century. the course these Annals ample accounts are given the incessant wars waged with those British settlers, and with the English the Pale, the great northern chiefs, the O'Neills Tyrone, the O'Donnells Done gal, the Maguires Fermanagh, the Mac Mahons Monaghan, the O'Reillys Cavan, &c. ; these wars were incessantly con tinued for period 500 years, and vast numbers were slain both sides. The Mac Donnells the Hebrides, styled lords
had his chief castle and residence at Downpatrick; he was cre
the Isles, celebrated Scottish clan, originally frequently came Ulster with powerful forces 12th the 16th century, and made settlements
ated by Henry II. earl of Ulster, and lord of Connaught, and was
also Scottish clan Irish descent, make remarkable figure the history Ulster during the 16th century, famous military commanders, and galloglasses, and generally fought alliance with the Irish against the English, but very often there were fierce contests between them and the Irish chiefs. The Mac Quillans, another powerful clan Antrim, also make considerable figure
king John, on which the king commanded de Lacy to take him
prisoner; and in the year 1203, while de Courcy was performing
his devotions, on Good Friday, at the church of Downpatrick,
he was attacked unawares and unarmed by de Lacy's men, on
which the valiant warrior, having no weapon at hand, seized the
shaft of a wooden cross, with which he slew thirteen of de Lacy's
men; but being overpowered by numbers, he was at length made
prisoner, sent to England, and confined in the Tower; but being land, assumethe sovereignty Ireland, send them some prince
liberated after some time, he went to France, where he died about
the year 1210; his extensive estates and honours were conferred
by king John on Hugh de Lacy, of which an account is given in Lodge's Peerage on the Barons of Kinsale.
Grant of Ulster to Hugh de Lacy. -By the following docu
one of the chief governors of Ireland in 1179; he was married to Afreca, daughter of Godred, king of the Isle of Mann, and from
him were descended the de Courcys, barons of Kinsale, in Cork. De Courcy had various contests with his powerful rivals the de Lacys, lords of Meath, and sir Hugh de Lacy charged de Courcy with disaffection, and with having refused to do homage to
the history Ulster for long time, and had many contests with the Mac Donnells, by whom they were finally vanquished the 16th century.
day was taken prisoner, except the lands the Cross lands, bishopricks, and abbeys, and the king gave charge lord justice, Myler Fitz-Henry, defend and preserve lands as he would the demesnesof the crown.
church the Lacy's
Battle of Lurgan. —About A, D, 1180, de Courcy having sent
to England for some munitions of war, a vessel arrived, which was
driven into a creek in Oriel or Louth, called Torshead, but O'Han
lon, a chief of Armagh, and others, took the ship, and having put
the mariners to death, seized all the cargo ; de Courcy then
marched his forces from Downpatrick to Newry, while O'Hanlon
andthe Irish mustered their men,andencampedsouth of Dundalk,
and north of the river Dondygon. De Courcy, Armoric de St.
Laurence, and Roger le Poer, came with the English forces to
within half a mile of the Irish camp, and having advanced to the
attack, a fierce conflict ensued at the river; de Courcy being di
rected by a Friar to a ford, the English passed over, and the fight
was continued at a broad part of the water, about a mile from Lur
gan, on the south side from Dunnalk. Both parties fought with families Anglo-Normans who made settlements Ulster under
After the attainder the Lacy's the 13th century, Walter de Burgo, lord Connaught, succeeded the lands and earldom
Ulster, right his wife, who was daughter sir Hugh
Lacy, and the earldom Ulster afterwards passed intermar riage with daughter Walter Burgo, Lionel, duke
Clarence, son king iodward III. next the Mortimers, earls March England, and lordsof Meath, and lastly the earldom Ulster came into the possession the royal family England,
and, modern times, the dukes York are earls Ulster.
the notes Oirgiall, Ulidia, Dalaradia, Dalrieda, Tir-Eogain,
Brefney, and Fermanagh, account has beengiven the chief
Irish descent, Scots from the Antrim the head chiefs the Mac Donnells after times became earls of An trim. These Mac Donnells and the Mac Sheehys, who were
his family,
the crown kings who were
Bruce. —In the beginning the 14th century Tyrone, and several other Irish princes and make more effectual effort shake off the
The Invasion
O'Neill, prince
chiefs, order
English yoke, invited the renowned Robert Bruce, king Scot
they considered the House Bruce had claim Ireland, being descended from the old Scottish Irish Milesian race. consequence this invitation, king Robert sent his brother Edward Bruce Ireland,
and landed Olderfleet, the bay Larne, the coast
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of which copious accounts are given in the course of these Annals. The Plantation of Ulster. —In consequenceof the adherence of the Irish chiefs to Hugh O'Neill, earl of Tyrone, in the war against
Elizabeth, six entire counties in Ulster, namely, Armagh, Tyrone,
sists immensenumber basaltic columns, now admitted volcanic origin; and some basaltic columns are also found along
Derry, Donegal, Fermanagh, and Cavan, were confiscated, and
ticle Knocklade, account
earthquake which took place
castle, the county Antrim,
phenomenon was preceded by noise resembling continued crash
seized by the crown in the reign of James I. , in the beginning of
May, 1788; this remarkable
the 17th century, from A. D. 1610 to 1620. These territories were transferred from the Irish chiefs and clans to various British
colonies; some were English, but most of them were Scottish settlers. They were denominated Undertakers and Planters, hence this project was called the Plantation of Ulster. Accounts of these colonies and undertakers are given in Pynnar's Survey of Ulster, in Harris's Hibernica, in the Historical Tracts of sir John Davis, and in Cox's Hibernia Anglicana. An account of the Plantation of Ulster has been also given in these Annals, in the topographical notes on Oirgiall, Tir-Eogain, Tirconnell, Brefney, and Fermanagh.
The Insurrection of 1641, and the Cromwellian Wars. -In consequenceof the confiscation of the possessionsof the old Irish chiefs in Ulster, and the transfer of their lands to British settlers, they formed a powerful confederacy for the recovery of their ter ritories, and a tremendous insurrection took place on the 23d of October, 1641, which raged incessantly for a period of about seven years,mixed up with the Civil War in Ireland, betweenthe English Parliamentary forces and the adherents of Charles and followed
the Cromwellian Wars, for period about three years, from 1649 1652. The great leaders the Irish these events Ulster were, sir Phelim, and the celebrated Owen Roe O'Neill, the O'Reillys Cavan, the Maguires Fermanagh, the Mac Mahons
Monaghan, &c. , and accounts these wars are given Cox, Leland, Temple, Borlase, Warner, Carte, Curry, Mac Geoghe gan, &c.
Numbers slain the Wars the ancient history Ulster
Ulster. —In the course
the several articles these notes,
estimatemay formed the numbers slain from data afforded the accounts the various wars and battles. the wars the Irish kings and chiefs amongstthemselves,and various battles with foreigninvaders, from the first the eighth century, period
700 years, probable that about 240,000 men were slain. the Danish wars, from the latter end the 8th, the 12th
REIGN OF ELIZABETH.
559
Mayo), and that castle had the governor, who demolished
been put to death before that for his crimes, namely Thomas Roe, who had Caislen-ne-Nenuige on
Fionnloch-Ceara (Lough Carra, in the barony of
Antrim, on the 25th of May, A. D. 1315, with a fleet of 300 sail and 600 Scots, and being joined by the Irish chiefs of Ulster, he
took from the English various castles and garrisons, as Carrick fergus, Coleraine, Carlingford, Dundalk, &c. , and was crowned
as king of Ireland near Dundalk. He made a victorious progress through the English Pale, with his Scottish forces and Irish allies, took the towns of the English, and plundered and laid waste their territories. During his career in Ireland for about three years and a half, he traversed all the provinces, and is said to have defeated the English forces in 18 battles, but his followers were at length mostly cut off by a dreadful famine. An account of Bruce's progress in Ireland has been given at p. 111 in these Annals; his forces were finally defeated and himself slain in a great battle at Faughart near Dundalk, by the English of the Pale, under the command of sir John Bermingham, who for this signal service was created earl of Louth by king Edward II. The battle of Faughart and death of Bruce took place on St. Calixtus's day, namely Saturday the 14th of October, A. D. 1318, not on the 28th of May, as erroneously stated in Lodge's Peerage, and quoted at p. 111 in these notes, which mistake the reader will please to correct.
The Wars of Elizabeth. -In the latter end of the 16th century,
from1560 to 1600, the wars of the Irish princes and chiefs against
queen Elizabeth, form the most remarkable events in the Anglo
Irish history. These wars were incessantly continued for a period
of about forty years, chiefly in Ulster, during which time the
Northern Irish, under the O'Neills, O'Donnells, O'Reillys, Ma Giants' Causeway, which resembles some vast work art, and con guires, &c. , fought many fierce battles against the English forces,
Kilmain, county given up
had similarly demolished the other castles,
century, period more than 300 years, there were slain Ulster about 100,000 men both sides. the wars with the Anglo-Normans, from the 12th the 14th century, about 50,000 were slain; and the battles during the invasion Edward
Bruce, about 30,000 fell by the sword and famine; the subse quent wars with the English, down the reign Elizabeth, for
period about 240 years, the number slain may about 80,000. the wars Elizabeth, for period
there could not have beenless than 100,000 men slain
Ulster. the insurrection 1641, 1649, and the subsequent Cromwellian wars, from 1649 1652, the many fierce battles,
conflicts, and massacres, including the massacre Cromwell Drogheda, which town was ancient Ulster, there were least 100,000 men slain both sides; and lastly, the war the Revolution, from 1689 1691, the various battles, sieges &c. ,
Ulster, there were probably about 30,000 slain both sides. From these calculations appears that from the 1st the 18th century, there were about 700,000 men slain the various wars
Ulster.
Eruption Lakes and Earthquakes—In the article Uls
the sea coast, that stupendous production nature called the
Seward's Topography, the ar given volcanic eruption and the hill Knocklade, near Bally
the shores Lough Neagh.
thunder, and column fire and smoke burst forth, and as cended about 60 yards into the air, followed shower ashes and stones, which extended quarter mile round the hill; about 46 minutes after the first shock, stream lava poured out, and rushed sheet liquid fire, about 60 yards breadth, down the fields, until entered the adjoining village Ballyowen, where involved the houses and their unfortunate inhabitants conflagration and ruin, none having escaped but one man, his wife, and two children; after the lava had continued flow 39 hours,
then totally ceased.
History Ireland. —In the various articles Ulster, these notes, the course the Annals, not more than outline the history Ulster could given, embracing short account the chief events, and referring various sources for further informa tion, the object being give data for provincial history future writers. One the best modes, probably, illustrating Irish his tory, would give separate histories the five ancient king doms Meath, Ulster, Connaught, Leinster, and Munster, these five kingdoms, constituting the Irish Pentarchy, were distinct their government, each having its own kings, laws, cus toms, regulations, and separate interests, under the old monarchy, down the invasion the English the latter end the 12th century, and even the end the 16th century, when complete breaking up the Irish princes, chiefs, and clans, took place the reign Elizabeth, the five kingdoms the ancient Pentarchy were recognised the Milesian Irish, and representatives still re mained the old kings, princes, and chiefs, who were looked upon
the people their legitimate rulers. From these considera tions, appears that five distinct histories the kingdoms the Irish Pentarchy would probably the best plan illustrate and make intelligible the History Ireland; these provincial histories would most important and valuable works, ably executed,
giving the history each province, and the events from the earliest era, Pagan and Christian, Irish, Danish, and English, military and
estimated years,
both sides
ter, 338, account has beengiven the suddeneruption, very remote times, manygreat lakes that province, Loughs
Neagh, Erne, &c. ; and these phenomena are considered have arisen from volcanic action, earthquakes, and may observed that basaltic strata abound various parts Antrim, particularly
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560 ANNALS OF THE FOUR MASTERS, A. D. 1586.
after Rickard, the son of Thomas, had been put to man who kept a house of hospitality; they also death. It was at the same time that the governor took prisoner Owen, the son of Donal-an-Chog hanged the two sons of Walter Fada (the Tall), aidh (of the War), the son of Gilladuff, son of
the son of David, son of Edmond, son of Ulick Burke, whose names were Theobald and Myler.
A great number of the people of the province of Connaught united with those Burkes, and joined
them in their treason, after the festival of St. John,
of this year; amongst these were the Clan Don
nell galloglasses (Mac Donnells), and the Seoaigh
of West Connaught (the Joyces of Connemara);
those sent their moveable properties, their women son of Mac Donnell, namely Donal Gorm and and people, into the strongholds and recesses of Alexander, and Gillespuic, the son of Dongall, son the country; the governor having gone to Ballin of Donogh Cam, son of Gillespuic Mac Cailin, to robe to attack them, sent seven or eight companies gether with several other chiefs besides, and their through West Connaught in pursuit of the insur fame and renown were greater than they actually de gents, and when they did not succeed in taking served. They formed camps abounding with provi the despoilers, they plundered Muinter Murchadh sions in the country on which they landed, and the a-na-dTuagh (the tribe-name of the O'Flahertys idle persons, and those who attended on festival of West Connaught, in Galway), and the people of occasions, and useless strollers of the neighbouring the tribe of Owen O'Flaherty, who, as they them districts, were in the habit of visiting them at that selves considered, were then under the law. Those place, and they left no property, either of corn or (the English), slew women, the common inhabi cattle, after them in Inisowen on that occasion. tants, and helpless people; they hanged Theobald They afterwards proceeded along the Finn and
Modharm (the rivers Finn and Mourne in Donegal),
ecclesiastical, civil and political, literary and scientific, arts, anti
quities, laws, &c. with catalogues and lives of the provincial kings,
princes, and distinguished chiefs, and of archbishops, bishops, and
eminent ecclesiastics, &c. For such works there are abundant
materials in the ancient annals, as those of the Four Masters, of
Ulster, Inisfallen, &c. , and in various Irish MSS. now in progress
of publication. After the Provincial Histories, a series of County
Histories, and separate Ecclesiastical Histories of each Diocese,
would, if well executed, be most important works, and are much
wanted. These Provincial, County, and Diocesan Histories,
would furnish materials for a full and general History of Ireland,
which is yet to be written, all those hitherto published being mise
rably defective. The History of Ireland must be written by im works on Irish history already published, and from the various partial Irishmen, if Milesians so much the better, for every people
O’Tuathalain, a supporter of the indigent, and a
should be the writers of their own history, and the writers must know their native language, and be good Irish scholars, otherwise it is a farce to attempt to write the ancient history of Ireland. It must be written free from party views, and anti-Irish prejudices, on the one hand, and on the other it must avoid excessive eulogies of the ancient Irish, and exaggerations of their former greatness. No full or fair history of Ireland has been yet written; one set of our historians are extravagantly anti-Irish and bigotted, distorting and falsifying every event in modern times, and representing our ancient annals, civil, military, and ecclesiastical, asfables, fictions, and legends, while, on the other hand, most of our native histo rians endeavour to give an undue importance to the history of the Irish people, and exaggerate the greatness of their country in other days, which is very injudicious, for as Ireland had in early ages attained considerable civilization, and eminencein the arts, and was particularly distinguished in her religious and literary fame, there fore, the real rank the country held amongst the European nations, in early times, should be shown, and requires no exaggerated embel lishments. Of all our annalists, the Four Masters are undoubtedly the most impartial, and in the extensive range of events which they
works, annals, &c. , now in progress of publication, ample materials could be collected for a full and general history of Ireland, but
Murrogh, son of Owen O'Flaherty, and after taking him they put him to death, and they then returned back to the governor with much prey and booty.
A Scottish fleet landed at Inisowen, on the es tate of O'Dogherty, in the north-eastern angle of Tirconnell; the chief commanders and head con stables of that fleet were the two sons of James, the son of Alexander, son of John Cathanach, the
record, they give faithful representations of affairs, as far as they go, showing the vices as well as virtues of their countrymen, and
give a fair view of things; but their narrative is too concise, and a more full account of events must be collected from numerous other
sources. Though many of our historians are excessively anti Irish, and others too Irish, yet they all contain immense and important information, and a vast mass of valuable materials,
which could be made available for a History of Ireland, if selected, arranged, and compiled with judgement. All the histories hitherto written are extremely defective, none of them containing a sixth part of the history of Ireland, and what they do contain is full of mistakes and misrepresentations. From the numerous
four large quarto volumes would be required for the purpose, two volumes for the antiquities, arts, military, civil, and political his
tory, and two more for the ecclesiastical, literary, and legal history. In order to execute such a great work, it would be necessary that the undertaking should receive the most extensive public patron age and national support; no one man could ever accomplish such a task, and it would be required to employ, in its execution, at least four of the ablest men who could be got in different depart ments, such as a profound Irish historian, who was at the same time a topographer and antiquary, and also had an extensive knowledge of the ancient history of various nations; secondly, a learned ecclesiastical historian; thirdly, an able Irish scholar, who must have a thorough knowledge of the history and ancient topography of Ireland; and fourthly, a first-rate classic scholar, writer, and critic. Such a work could not be adequately accomplished except at great cost; but if well executed, the pecuniary outlay would be fully
repaid, after some time, by the sale of the work, and it would ultimately produce ample remuneration.
REIGN OF ELIZABETH. 561
to Termon Magrath (parish of Templecarne, in those places fora fortnight, without either attacking
the baronies of Tirhugh, and Lurg, in Donegal the other. The Scots prepared depart the and Fermanagh), to Tuath Luirg (barony of beginning wet and very dark night, and they Lurg, in Fermanagh), and to Miodhbulg, (in proceeded north-westerly direction through the barony of Tirhugh, in Donegal), until they Tirerrill, cross the bridge Cul-Maoile (Colloo arrived at the very borders of the Erne.