Casaubon
supposes this Aeneas to be
Pelasgians: hence also the worship of the Idaean the same, and the supposition is confirmed by a
Aphrodite in all places the foundation of which is passage (Comment.
Pelasgians: hence also the worship of the Idaean the same, and the supposition is confirmed by a
Aphrodite in all places the foundation of which is passage (Comment.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
305), and when she too (Comp.
Strab.
l.
c.
)
was wounded, Apollo carried him from the field of The farther part of the story of Aeneas, after
battle to his temple, where he was cured by Leto leaving mount Ida with his friends and the images
and Artemis. (Il. v. 345, &c. ) In the attack of of the gods, especially that of Pallas (Palladium,
the Trojans upon the wall of the Greeks, Aeneas Paus. ii
. 23. & 5) presents as many variations as
commanded the fonrth host of the Trojan. (11. that relating to the taking of Troy. All accounts,
xii. 98. ) He avenged the death of Alcathous by however, agree in stating that he left the coasts of
slaying Oenomaus and Apharens, and hastened to Asia and crossed over into Europe. According to
the assistance of Hector, who was thrown on the some he went across the Hellespont to the penin-
ground by Ajax. The last feat Homer mentions sula of Pallene and died there ; according to others
is his fight with Achilles. On this as on all other he proceeded from Thrace to the Arcadian Orcho-
occasions, a god interposed and saved him, and this menos and settled there. (Strab. l. c. ; Paus. viii.
time it was by Poseidon, who although in general 12. & 5; Dionys. Hal. i. 49. ) By far the greater
hostile towards the Trojans, yet rescued Aeneas, number of later writers, however, anxious to put
that the decrees of destiny might be fulfilled, and him in connexion with the history of Latium and
Aeneas and his offspring might one day rule over
to make him the ancestorial hero of the Romans,
Troy. (N. xx. 178, &c. , 305, &c. ) Thus far only state that he went to Italy, though some assert
is the story of Aeneas to be gathered from the that the Aeneas who came to Italy was not the
Homeric poems, and far from alluding to Aeneas son of Anchises and Aphrodite, and others that
having emigrated after the capture of Troy, and after his arrival in Italy he returned to Troy,
having founded a new kingdom in a foreign land, leaving his son Ascanius behind him. (Lycophr.
the poet distinctly intimates that he conceives 1226, &c. ; Dionys. i. 53; Liv. i. 1. ) A de
Aeneas and his descendants as reigning at Troy scription of the wanderings of Aeneas before he
after the extinction of the house of Priam. (Comp. reached the coast of Latium, and of the various
Strab. xiii. p. 608. )
towns and temples he was believed to have found-
Later Stories. According to the Homeric hymn ed during his wanderings, is given by Dionysius
on Apbrodite (257, &c. ), Ženeas was brought up (i. 50, &c. ), whose account is on the whole the
by the nymphs of mount Ida, and was not taken same as that followed by Virgil in his Aeneid,
to his father Anchises, until he had reached his although the latter makes various embellishments
fifth year, and then he was, according to the wish and additions, some of which, as his landing at
of the goddess, given out as the son of a nymph. Carthage and meeting with Dido, are irreconcilable
Xenophon (De Venat. 1. $ 15) says, that he was with chronology. From Pallene (Thrace), where
instructed by Cheiron, the usual teacher of the Aeneas stayed the winter after the taking of Troy,
heroes. According to the “Cypria,” he even took and founded the town of Aeneia on the Thermaic
part in carrying off Helen. His bravery in the gulf (Liv. xl. 4), he sailed with his companions to
war against the Greeks is mentioned in the later Delos, Cythera (where he founded a temple of
3
a
## p. 32 (#52) ##############################################
32
AENEAS.
AENEAS.
met
at war.
into one.
Aphrodite), Boine in Laconia (where he built Etis Respecting the inconsistencies in the legends
and Aphrodisias, Paus. iii. 22. $ 9), Zrcynthus about Acneas and the mode of solving them, see
(temple of Aphrodite), Leucre, Actium, Arnbrucia, Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, i. p. 179, &c Respret-
and to Dodona, where he the Trojan ing the colonies he is said to have foundeel,
Helenus. From Epirus he sailed across the Fiedler, De Erroribus Aeneae ad Phoenicum colmas
Jonian sea to Italy, where he landed at the pertinentibus, Wesel, 1827, 4to. About the wor-
lapygian promontory. Hence he crossed over to ship and religious character of Aeneas, see l'schold,
Sicily, where he met the Trojans, Elymus and Geschichte des Trojanischen Krigs, Stutigari,
Aegestus (Acestes), and built the towns of Elyme 1836, p. 302, &c. ; Hartung, Geschichte der Keluja
and Aegesta. From Sicily he sailed back to lials, der Römer, i. p. 83, &c. ; and above all R. I.
landed in the port of Palinurus, came to the Klausen, Aeneas und die Penaten, especially book i.
island of Leucasia, and at last to the coast of p. 34, &c.
(L. S. )
Latium. Various signs pointed out this place as AENE'AS (Aivelas) GAZAEUS, so called
the end of bis wanderings, and he and his Trojans from his birth-place, flourished A. D. 487. He
accordingly settled in Latium. The place where was at first a Platonist and a Sophist, being a
they had landed was called Troy. Latinus, king disciple of the philosoper Hierocles (as appears
of the Aborigines, when informed of the arrival of from his Theophrustus, Galland. p. 629) and a
the strangers, prepared for war, but afterwards friend of Procopius (as we know from his Epistles).
concluded an alliance with them, gave up to them His date thus ascertained is confirmed by his
a part of his dominions, and with their assistance stating, that he had heard speak some of the Con-
conquered the Rutulians, with whom he was then fessors whose tongues Hunneric had cut out, a. D.
Aeneas founded the town of Lavinium, 484. (Ibid. p. 603, c. ) When a Christian, he
called after Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, composed a dialogue, On the Immortality of the
whom he married. A new war then followed be- Soul and the Resurrection of the Body, called Theo
tween Latinus and Turnus, in which both chiefs phrastus from one of the interlocutors. This ap-
fell, whereupon Aeneas became sole ruler of the peared first in a Latin version by Ambrosiis
Aborigines and Trojans, and both nations united Camaldulensis, 8vo. , Ven. 1513, and 410, Basil.
Soon after this, however, Aencas fell in 1516. The original Greek, with the Latin version
a battle with the Rutulians, who were assisted by of Wolf, fol. Tigur. 1559 ; with the Latin version
Mezentius, king of the Etruscans. As his body and notes of C. Barthius, 4to. Lips. 1655 (see
was not found after the battle, it was believed that Fabricius, de Veritat. Relig. Christ. Syllabus, p. 107,
it had been carried up to heaven, or that he had Hamb. 1725); also in Gallandi's Bibliotheca Pa-
perished in the river Numicius. The Latins trum, vol. X. p. 629, Ven. 1766 ; and with the
erected a monument to him, with the inscription notes of Boissonade, 8vo. Par. 1836. In Ebert's
To the father and native god. (Jovi Indigetin Dictionary is the following reference: Wernsdorf
Liv. i. 2 ; Dionys. i. 64 ; Strab. v. p. 229, xjil Pr. de Aenea Gaz. , Numb. 1817, 4to. In the
p. 595; Ov. Met, xiï. 623, &c. , xiv. 75, &c. , xv. Aldine Collection of Episties by Greek Authors there
438, &c. ; Conon, Narrat. 46; Plut. Roin. 3. ) are 25 by Aeneas, Gr. 410. , Ven. 1499. See Fa-
Two other accounts somewhat different from those bricius, Biblioth. Graec. vol. i. pp. 676-690. Some
mentioned above are preserved in Servius (ad Aen. of the letters of Aeneas may be found in the Ency-
ix. 264, from the work of Abas on Troy), and in clopaedia Philologica of Joannes Patusa, Gr. 8vo. ,
Tzetzes (ad Lyophr. 1252). Dionysius places the Ven. 1710, vol. i
(A. J. C. )
landing of Aeneas in Italy and the building of AENE'AS SI'LVIUS, son of Silvius, and
Lavinium about the end of the second year after grandson of Ascanius. He is the third in the list
the taking of Troy, and the death of Aeneas in the of the mythical kings of Alba in Latium, and tbe
seventh year. Virgil on the other hand represents Silvii regarded him as the founder of their house.
Aeneas landing in Italy seven years after the fall (Liv. i. 3. ) Dionysius (i. 71) ascribes to him a
of Troy, and comprises all the events in Italy reign of 31 years. (Comp. Virg. Aen. vi. 769. )
from the landing to the death of Turnus within Ovid (Met. xiv. 610, &c. ) does not mention him
the
space of twenty days.
among the Alban kings.
(L. S. )
The story about the descent of the Romans AENE'AS (Aivelas), surnamed TACTICUS
from the Trojans through Aeneas was generally (ó TaktiKÓS), a Greek writer, whose precise date is
received and believed at Rome at an early period, not known. Xenophon (Hell. vii. 3. & 1) mentions
and probably arose from the fact, that the inhabit- an Aeneas of Stymphalus, who about the time of
ants of Latium and all the places which Aeneas the battle of Mantineia (362, B. C. ) distinguished
was said to have founded, lay in countries inhabit himself by his bravery and skill as general of the
ed by people who were all of the same stock, Arcadians.
Casaubon supposes this Aeneas to be
Pelasgians: hence also the worship of the Idaean the same, and the supposition is confirmed by a
Aphrodite in all places the foundation of which is passage (Comment. Poliorc. 27) where he speaks
ascribed to Aeneas. Aeneas himself, therefore, familiarly of an Arcadian provincialism. But,
such as he appears in his wanderings and final however this may be, the general character of this
settlement in Latium, is nothing else but the per- work, the names he mentions, and the historical
sonified idea of one common origin. In this notices which occur, with other internal eridence,
character he was worshipped in the various places all point to about this period. He wrote a large
which traced their origin to him. (Liv. xl. 4. ) work on the whole art of war, otpatnyırd Bibaia,
Aeneas was frequently represented in statues and Οι περί των στρατηγικών υπομνήματα (Polyb. Σ.
paintings by ancient artists. (Paus. ii. 21. & 2, v. 40; Suidas, s. r. Aivelas), consisting of several parts.
22. $ 2; Plin. H. N. xxxv. 10. $ 36. ) On gems of these only one is preserved, called TAKTIKOV TE
and coins he is usually represented as carrying his και πολιορκητικόν υπόμνημα περί του πως χρή
father on his shoulder, and leading his son Asca- Fotopkovuevov artéxelv, commonly called Com-
nius by the hand.
mentarius Poliorceticus. The object of the book
## p. 33 (#53) ##############################################
AENESIDEMUS.
33
AENESIDEMUS.
a
is to Bhew how a siege should be resisted, the va- the loogbéveia of things. In common life he may
rious kinds of instruments to be used, maneuvres act upon pauvoueva with the rest of men: nature,
to be practised, ways of sending letters without law, and custom are allowed to have their intiu-
being detected, and without even the bearers know- ence; only when impelled to any vehement effort
ing about it (c. 31, a very curious one), &c. It we are to remember that, here too, there is much
contains a good deal of information on many points to be said on both sides, and are not to lose our
in archæology, and is especially valuable as con- peace of mind by grasping at a shadow.
taining a large stock of words and technical terms The famous déka Tpórol of the sceptics were a
connected with warfare, denoting instruments, &c. , number of heads of argument intended to over-
which are not to be found in any other work. throw truth in whatever form it might appear.
From the same circumstance, many passages are (Pyrrhon. ) The opposite appearances of the
difficult.
moral and natural world (Sext. Emp. i. 14), the
The book was first discovered by Simler in the fillibility of intellect and sense, and the illusions
Vatican library. It was edited first by Isaac produced upon them by intervals of time and space
Casaubon with a Latin version and notes, and ap- and by every change of position, were the first
pended to his edition of Polybius. (Paris, 1609. ) arguments by which they assailed the reality of
It was republished by Gronovius in his Polybius, things. We cannot explain what man is, we can-
vol. in. Amsterdam, 1670, and by Ernesti, Leipzig, not explain what the senses are: still less do we
1763. The last edition is that of J. C. Orelli
, know the way in which they are acted upon by
Leipzig, 1818, with Casaubon's version and notes the mind (ii. 4–7): beginning with ovdev opisw,
and an original commentary, published as a supple we must end with ousėv pâržov. We are not
ment to Schweighaeuser's Polybius. Besides the certain whether material objects are anything but
Vatican M$. there are three at Paris, on which ideas in the mind: at any rate the different qua-
Casaubon founded his edition, and one in the Lau- lities which we perceive in them may be wholly
rentian library at Florence. This last is, according dependent on the percipient being; or, supposing
to Orelli (Praef. p. 6), the oldest of all. The work them to contain quality as well as substance, it
contains many very corrupt and mutilated passages. may be one quality varying with the perceptive
An epitome of the whole book, not of the frag- power of the different senses. (ii. 14. ) Having
ment now remaining, was made by Cineas, a Thes thus confounded the world without and the world
salian, who was sent to Rome by Pyrrhus, 279, within, it was a natural transition for the sceptic
B. (Aelian, Tacl. 1. ) This abridgment is re- to confound physical and metaphysical arguments.
ferred to by Cicero (ad Fam. ix. 25). (A. A. ] The reasonings of natural philosophy were over-
AENE'IUS or AENE'SIUS (Ainhos or Air thrown by metaphysical subtleties, and metaphy.
Glos), a surname of Zeus, under which he was sics made to look absurd by illustrations only ap-
worshipped in the island of Cephalenia, where he plicable to material things. The acknowledged
bad a temple on mount Aenos. (Hes. ap. Schol. imperfection of language was also pressed into the
ad Apollon. Rhod. ii. 297. )
[L. S. ]
service; words, they said, were ever varying in
AENESIDE'MUS (Almoionuos), the son of their signification, so that the ideas of which they
Pataïcus, and one of the body-guards of Hippo- were the signs must be alike variable. The lead-
crates, tyrant of Gela was the son of Theron, the ing idea of the whole system was, that all truth
ruler of Agrigentum, in the time of the Persian war. involved either a vicious circle or a petitio prin-
(Herod. vii. 154, 165. ) [THERON. ]
cipii, for, even in the simplest truths, something
AENESIDE'MUS (Ainolonuos), a celebrated must be assumed to make the reasoning applicable.
sceptic, born at Cnossus, in Crete, according to The truth of the senses was known to us from the
Diogenes Laertius (ix. 116), but at Aegae, accord- intellect, but the intellect operated through the
ing to Photius (Cod. 212), probably lived a little senses, so that our knowledge of the nature of
later than Cicero. He was a pupil of Heracleides either depends upon the other. There was, how-
and received from him the chair of philosophy, ever, a deeper side to this philosophy. Every
which had been handed down for above three hun- thing we know, confessedly, runs up into some
dred years from Pyrrhon, the founder of the sect. thing we do not know: of the true nature of cause
For a full account of the sceptical system see and effect we are ignorant, and hence to the
PYRRHON. A. Aenesidemus difered on many | favourite method, από του εις άπειρον εκβάλλειν, or
points from the ordinary sceptic, it will be conve- arguing backward from cause to cause, the very
nient before proceeding to his particular opinions, imperfection of human faculties prevents our
to give a short account of the system itself. giving an answer. We must know what we
The sceptic began and ended in universal. believe ; and how can we be sure of secondary
doubt. He was equally removed from the aca- causes, if the first cause be wholly beyond us?
demic who denied, as from the dogmatic philoso. To judge, however, from the sketch of Sextus
pher who affirmed ; indeed, be attempted to con- Empiricus (Pyrrh. Hyp. ), it was not this side
found both in one, and refute them by the same of their system which the sceptics chiefly urged:
arguments. (Sext. Emp. i. 1. ) Truth, he said, for the most part, it must be confessed, that they
was not to be desired for its own sake, but for the contented themselves with dialectic subtleties,
sake of a certain repose of mind (drapašia) which which were at once too absurd for refutation, and
followed on it, an end which the sceptic best at- impossible to refute.
tained in another way, by suspending bis judg- The causes of scepticism are more fully given
ment (éroxń), and allowing himself literally to under the article PYRRHON. One of the most re-
rest in doubt. (i. 4. ) With this view he must markable of its features was its connexion with the
travel over the whole range of moral, metaphysi- later philosophy of the Ionian school. From the fail
cal, and physical science. His method is the ure of their attempts to explain the phenomena of
comparison of opposites, and his sole aim to prove the visible world, the Ionian philosophers were in-
that nothing can be proved, or what he termed, sensibly led on to deny the order and harmony or
a
D
## p. 34 (#54) ##############################################
34
AENESIDEMUS.
AEOLIDES.
creation : they saw nothing but a perpetual and probability. The same remark applies to his dis
ever-changing chaos, acted upon, or rather self- iinction of kimos into urtabatint and meta6A9p
acting, by an inherent power of motion, of which Tiks, simple motion and change. He seems also to
the nature was only known by its effects. This have opposed the perplexity which the sceptics en-
was the doctrine of Heracleitus, that “the world deavoured to bring about between matter and
was a fire ever kindling and going out, which made mind; for he asserted that thought was indepen-
all things and was all things. ” It was this link of dent of the body, and that the sentient power
connexion between the sceptical and lonian schools looked out through the crannies of the senses.
which Aenesidemus attempted to restore. The (Adv. Log. i. 349. ) Lastly, his vigorous mind
doctrine of Heracleitus, although it spoke of a sub- was above the paltry confusion of physical and
tle fire, really meant nothing more than a principle metaphysical distinctions; for he declared, after
of change; and although it might seem absurd 10 Heracleitus, "that a part was the same with the
a strict sceptic like Sextus Empiricus to offrm even whole and yet different from it. " The grand pe-
a principle of change, it inrolved no real inconsis culiarity of his system was the attempt to unite
tency with the sceptical system. We are left to scepticism with the earlier philosophy, to raise a
conjecture as to the way in which Aenesidemus positive foundation for it by accounting from the
arrived at his conclusions : the following account of nature of things for the never-ceasing changes both
them seems probable. It will be seen, from what , in the material and spiritual world.
has been said, that the sceptical system had de Sextus Empiricus has preserved his argument
Atroyed everything but sensation. But sensation is against our knowledge of causes, as well as a table
the effect of change, the principle of motion work of eight methods by which all a priori reasonings
ing internally. It was very natural then that the may be confuted, as all arguments whatever may
sceptic, proceeding from the only ápxri which re- be by the Sena TPÓTOL. 1. Either the cause given
mained to him, should suggest an explanation of is unseen, and not proven by things seen, as if a
the outward world, derived from that of which person were to explain the motions of the planets
alone he was certain, his own internal sensations by the music of the spheres. II. Or if the cause
The mere suggestion of a probable cause might be seen, it cannot be shewn to exclude other
seem inconsistent with the distinction which ihe hypotheses : we must not only prove the cause,
sceptics drew between their own absolute uncer. but dispose of every other cause. III. A regular
tainty and the probability spoken of by the effect may be attributed to an irregular cause ;
Academics : indeed, it was inconsistent with their as if one were to explain the motions of the
inetaphysical paradoxes to draw conclusions at all : heavenly bodies by a sudden impulse. IV. Men
if so, we must be content to allow that Aeneside argue from things seen to things unseen, as-um-
inus (as Sextus Empiricus implies) got a little being that they are governed by the same laws.
yond the dark region of scepticism into the light V. Causes only mean opinions of causes, which are
of probability.
inconsistent with phenomena and with other opi-
Other scattered opinions of Aenesidemus have nions. VI. Equally probable causes are accepted
been preserved to us, some of which seem to lead or rejected as they agree with this or that precon-
to the same conclusion. Time, he said, was Tº Ovceived notion. VII. These causes are at variance
and to ap@tov owua (Pyr. Hyp. iii. 17), probably with phenomena as well as with abstract principles
in allusion to the doctrine of the Stoics that all | Vill. Principles must be uncertain, because the
really existing substances were owuara: in other facts from which they proceed are uncertain. (Pyrrh.
words, he meant to say that time was a really ex- Hyp. i. 17, ed. Fabr. )
isting thing, and not merely a condition of thought. It is to be regretted that nothing is known of
This was connected with the principle of change, the personal history of Aenesidemus. A list of his
which was inseparable from a notion of time : if works and a sketch of their contents have been
the one had a real existence (and upon its exist-preserved by Photius. (Cod. 212. ) He was the
ence the whole system depended), the other must author of three books of Tupsuverai 'TTOTUTWO ELS,
likewise have a real existence. In another place, and is mentioned as a recent teacher of philosophy
adapting his language to that of Heracleitus, he by Aristocles. (Apud Euseb. Praeparat. Evang.
said that “time was air” (Sext. Emp. adv. Logicos, xiv. 18. ) It is to Aenesidemus that Sextus Em-
iv. 233. ), probably meaning to illustrate it by the piricus was indebted for a considerable part of his
imperceptible nature of air, in the same way that work.
(B. J. )
the motion of the world was said to work by a • AENE'TE (Ainhon), a daughter of Eusorus,
subtle and invisible fire. All things, according to and wife of Aeneas, by whom she bad a son,
his doctrine, were but Paivóueva which were Cyzicus, the founder of the town of this name.
brought out and adapted to our perceptions by (Apollon. Rhod. i. 950; Orph. Argon. 502, where
their mutual opposition : metaphorically they might she is called Aenippe. )
(L. S. )
be said to shine forth in the light of Heracleitus's AE'NICUS (Alvikos), a Greek poet of the old
fire. He did not, indeed, explain how this union comedy, whose play "Avtela is referred to by Sui-
of opposites made them sensible to the faculties of das. (s. v.
was wounded, Apollo carried him from the field of The farther part of the story of Aeneas, after
battle to his temple, where he was cured by Leto leaving mount Ida with his friends and the images
and Artemis. (Il. v. 345, &c. ) In the attack of of the gods, especially that of Pallas (Palladium,
the Trojans upon the wall of the Greeks, Aeneas Paus. ii
. 23. & 5) presents as many variations as
commanded the fonrth host of the Trojan. (11. that relating to the taking of Troy. All accounts,
xii. 98. ) He avenged the death of Alcathous by however, agree in stating that he left the coasts of
slaying Oenomaus and Apharens, and hastened to Asia and crossed over into Europe. According to
the assistance of Hector, who was thrown on the some he went across the Hellespont to the penin-
ground by Ajax. The last feat Homer mentions sula of Pallene and died there ; according to others
is his fight with Achilles. On this as on all other he proceeded from Thrace to the Arcadian Orcho-
occasions, a god interposed and saved him, and this menos and settled there. (Strab. l. c. ; Paus. viii.
time it was by Poseidon, who although in general 12. & 5; Dionys. Hal. i. 49. ) By far the greater
hostile towards the Trojans, yet rescued Aeneas, number of later writers, however, anxious to put
that the decrees of destiny might be fulfilled, and him in connexion with the history of Latium and
Aeneas and his offspring might one day rule over
to make him the ancestorial hero of the Romans,
Troy. (N. xx. 178, &c. , 305, &c. ) Thus far only state that he went to Italy, though some assert
is the story of Aeneas to be gathered from the that the Aeneas who came to Italy was not the
Homeric poems, and far from alluding to Aeneas son of Anchises and Aphrodite, and others that
having emigrated after the capture of Troy, and after his arrival in Italy he returned to Troy,
having founded a new kingdom in a foreign land, leaving his son Ascanius behind him. (Lycophr.
the poet distinctly intimates that he conceives 1226, &c. ; Dionys. i. 53; Liv. i. 1. ) A de
Aeneas and his descendants as reigning at Troy scription of the wanderings of Aeneas before he
after the extinction of the house of Priam. (Comp. reached the coast of Latium, and of the various
Strab. xiii. p. 608. )
towns and temples he was believed to have found-
Later Stories. According to the Homeric hymn ed during his wanderings, is given by Dionysius
on Apbrodite (257, &c. ), Ženeas was brought up (i. 50, &c. ), whose account is on the whole the
by the nymphs of mount Ida, and was not taken same as that followed by Virgil in his Aeneid,
to his father Anchises, until he had reached his although the latter makes various embellishments
fifth year, and then he was, according to the wish and additions, some of which, as his landing at
of the goddess, given out as the son of a nymph. Carthage and meeting with Dido, are irreconcilable
Xenophon (De Venat. 1. $ 15) says, that he was with chronology. From Pallene (Thrace), where
instructed by Cheiron, the usual teacher of the Aeneas stayed the winter after the taking of Troy,
heroes. According to the “Cypria,” he even took and founded the town of Aeneia on the Thermaic
part in carrying off Helen. His bravery in the gulf (Liv. xl. 4), he sailed with his companions to
war against the Greeks is mentioned in the later Delos, Cythera (where he founded a temple of
3
a
## p. 32 (#52) ##############################################
32
AENEAS.
AENEAS.
met
at war.
into one.
Aphrodite), Boine in Laconia (where he built Etis Respecting the inconsistencies in the legends
and Aphrodisias, Paus. iii. 22. $ 9), Zrcynthus about Acneas and the mode of solving them, see
(temple of Aphrodite), Leucre, Actium, Arnbrucia, Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, i. p. 179, &c Respret-
and to Dodona, where he the Trojan ing the colonies he is said to have foundeel,
Helenus. From Epirus he sailed across the Fiedler, De Erroribus Aeneae ad Phoenicum colmas
Jonian sea to Italy, where he landed at the pertinentibus, Wesel, 1827, 4to. About the wor-
lapygian promontory. Hence he crossed over to ship and religious character of Aeneas, see l'schold,
Sicily, where he met the Trojans, Elymus and Geschichte des Trojanischen Krigs, Stutigari,
Aegestus (Acestes), and built the towns of Elyme 1836, p. 302, &c. ; Hartung, Geschichte der Keluja
and Aegesta. From Sicily he sailed back to lials, der Römer, i. p. 83, &c. ; and above all R. I.
landed in the port of Palinurus, came to the Klausen, Aeneas und die Penaten, especially book i.
island of Leucasia, and at last to the coast of p. 34, &c.
(L. S. )
Latium. Various signs pointed out this place as AENE'AS (Aivelas) GAZAEUS, so called
the end of bis wanderings, and he and his Trojans from his birth-place, flourished A. D. 487. He
accordingly settled in Latium. The place where was at first a Platonist and a Sophist, being a
they had landed was called Troy. Latinus, king disciple of the philosoper Hierocles (as appears
of the Aborigines, when informed of the arrival of from his Theophrustus, Galland. p. 629) and a
the strangers, prepared for war, but afterwards friend of Procopius (as we know from his Epistles).
concluded an alliance with them, gave up to them His date thus ascertained is confirmed by his
a part of his dominions, and with their assistance stating, that he had heard speak some of the Con-
conquered the Rutulians, with whom he was then fessors whose tongues Hunneric had cut out, a. D.
Aeneas founded the town of Lavinium, 484. (Ibid. p. 603, c. ) When a Christian, he
called after Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, composed a dialogue, On the Immortality of the
whom he married. A new war then followed be- Soul and the Resurrection of the Body, called Theo
tween Latinus and Turnus, in which both chiefs phrastus from one of the interlocutors. This ap-
fell, whereupon Aeneas became sole ruler of the peared first in a Latin version by Ambrosiis
Aborigines and Trojans, and both nations united Camaldulensis, 8vo. , Ven. 1513, and 410, Basil.
Soon after this, however, Aencas fell in 1516. The original Greek, with the Latin version
a battle with the Rutulians, who were assisted by of Wolf, fol. Tigur. 1559 ; with the Latin version
Mezentius, king of the Etruscans. As his body and notes of C. Barthius, 4to. Lips. 1655 (see
was not found after the battle, it was believed that Fabricius, de Veritat. Relig. Christ. Syllabus, p. 107,
it had been carried up to heaven, or that he had Hamb. 1725); also in Gallandi's Bibliotheca Pa-
perished in the river Numicius. The Latins trum, vol. X. p. 629, Ven. 1766 ; and with the
erected a monument to him, with the inscription notes of Boissonade, 8vo. Par. 1836. In Ebert's
To the father and native god. (Jovi Indigetin Dictionary is the following reference: Wernsdorf
Liv. i. 2 ; Dionys. i. 64 ; Strab. v. p. 229, xjil Pr. de Aenea Gaz. , Numb. 1817, 4to. In the
p. 595; Ov. Met, xiï. 623, &c. , xiv. 75, &c. , xv. Aldine Collection of Episties by Greek Authors there
438, &c. ; Conon, Narrat. 46; Plut. Roin. 3. ) are 25 by Aeneas, Gr. 410. , Ven. 1499. See Fa-
Two other accounts somewhat different from those bricius, Biblioth. Graec. vol. i. pp. 676-690. Some
mentioned above are preserved in Servius (ad Aen. of the letters of Aeneas may be found in the Ency-
ix. 264, from the work of Abas on Troy), and in clopaedia Philologica of Joannes Patusa, Gr. 8vo. ,
Tzetzes (ad Lyophr. 1252). Dionysius places the Ven. 1710, vol. i
(A. J. C. )
landing of Aeneas in Italy and the building of AENE'AS SI'LVIUS, son of Silvius, and
Lavinium about the end of the second year after grandson of Ascanius. He is the third in the list
the taking of Troy, and the death of Aeneas in the of the mythical kings of Alba in Latium, and tbe
seventh year. Virgil on the other hand represents Silvii regarded him as the founder of their house.
Aeneas landing in Italy seven years after the fall (Liv. i. 3. ) Dionysius (i. 71) ascribes to him a
of Troy, and comprises all the events in Italy reign of 31 years. (Comp. Virg. Aen. vi. 769. )
from the landing to the death of Turnus within Ovid (Met. xiv. 610, &c. ) does not mention him
the
space of twenty days.
among the Alban kings.
(L. S. )
The story about the descent of the Romans AENE'AS (Aivelas), surnamed TACTICUS
from the Trojans through Aeneas was generally (ó TaktiKÓS), a Greek writer, whose precise date is
received and believed at Rome at an early period, not known. Xenophon (Hell. vii. 3. & 1) mentions
and probably arose from the fact, that the inhabit- an Aeneas of Stymphalus, who about the time of
ants of Latium and all the places which Aeneas the battle of Mantineia (362, B. C. ) distinguished
was said to have founded, lay in countries inhabit himself by his bravery and skill as general of the
ed by people who were all of the same stock, Arcadians.
Casaubon supposes this Aeneas to be
Pelasgians: hence also the worship of the Idaean the same, and the supposition is confirmed by a
Aphrodite in all places the foundation of which is passage (Comment. Poliorc. 27) where he speaks
ascribed to Aeneas. Aeneas himself, therefore, familiarly of an Arcadian provincialism. But,
such as he appears in his wanderings and final however this may be, the general character of this
settlement in Latium, is nothing else but the per- work, the names he mentions, and the historical
sonified idea of one common origin. In this notices which occur, with other internal eridence,
character he was worshipped in the various places all point to about this period. He wrote a large
which traced their origin to him. (Liv. xl. 4. ) work on the whole art of war, otpatnyırd Bibaia,
Aeneas was frequently represented in statues and Οι περί των στρατηγικών υπομνήματα (Polyb. Σ.
paintings by ancient artists. (Paus. ii. 21. & 2, v. 40; Suidas, s. r. Aivelas), consisting of several parts.
22. $ 2; Plin. H. N. xxxv. 10. $ 36. ) On gems of these only one is preserved, called TAKTIKOV TE
and coins he is usually represented as carrying his και πολιορκητικόν υπόμνημα περί του πως χρή
father on his shoulder, and leading his son Asca- Fotopkovuevov artéxelv, commonly called Com-
nius by the hand.
mentarius Poliorceticus. The object of the book
## p. 33 (#53) ##############################################
AENESIDEMUS.
33
AENESIDEMUS.
a
is to Bhew how a siege should be resisted, the va- the loogbéveia of things. In common life he may
rious kinds of instruments to be used, maneuvres act upon pauvoueva with the rest of men: nature,
to be practised, ways of sending letters without law, and custom are allowed to have their intiu-
being detected, and without even the bearers know- ence; only when impelled to any vehement effort
ing about it (c. 31, a very curious one), &c. It we are to remember that, here too, there is much
contains a good deal of information on many points to be said on both sides, and are not to lose our
in archæology, and is especially valuable as con- peace of mind by grasping at a shadow.
taining a large stock of words and technical terms The famous déka Tpórol of the sceptics were a
connected with warfare, denoting instruments, &c. , number of heads of argument intended to over-
which are not to be found in any other work. throw truth in whatever form it might appear.
From the same circumstance, many passages are (Pyrrhon. ) The opposite appearances of the
difficult.
moral and natural world (Sext. Emp. i. 14), the
The book was first discovered by Simler in the fillibility of intellect and sense, and the illusions
Vatican library. It was edited first by Isaac produced upon them by intervals of time and space
Casaubon with a Latin version and notes, and ap- and by every change of position, were the first
pended to his edition of Polybius. (Paris, 1609. ) arguments by which they assailed the reality of
It was republished by Gronovius in his Polybius, things. We cannot explain what man is, we can-
vol. in. Amsterdam, 1670, and by Ernesti, Leipzig, not explain what the senses are: still less do we
1763. The last edition is that of J. C. Orelli
, know the way in which they are acted upon by
Leipzig, 1818, with Casaubon's version and notes the mind (ii. 4–7): beginning with ovdev opisw,
and an original commentary, published as a supple we must end with ousėv pâržov. We are not
ment to Schweighaeuser's Polybius. Besides the certain whether material objects are anything but
Vatican M$. there are three at Paris, on which ideas in the mind: at any rate the different qua-
Casaubon founded his edition, and one in the Lau- lities which we perceive in them may be wholly
rentian library at Florence. This last is, according dependent on the percipient being; or, supposing
to Orelli (Praef. p. 6), the oldest of all. The work them to contain quality as well as substance, it
contains many very corrupt and mutilated passages. may be one quality varying with the perceptive
An epitome of the whole book, not of the frag- power of the different senses. (ii. 14. ) Having
ment now remaining, was made by Cineas, a Thes thus confounded the world without and the world
salian, who was sent to Rome by Pyrrhus, 279, within, it was a natural transition for the sceptic
B. (Aelian, Tacl. 1. ) This abridgment is re- to confound physical and metaphysical arguments.
ferred to by Cicero (ad Fam. ix. 25). (A. A. ] The reasonings of natural philosophy were over-
AENE'IUS or AENE'SIUS (Ainhos or Air thrown by metaphysical subtleties, and metaphy.
Glos), a surname of Zeus, under which he was sics made to look absurd by illustrations only ap-
worshipped in the island of Cephalenia, where he plicable to material things. The acknowledged
bad a temple on mount Aenos. (Hes. ap. Schol. imperfection of language was also pressed into the
ad Apollon. Rhod. ii. 297. )
[L. S. ]
service; words, they said, were ever varying in
AENESIDE'MUS (Almoionuos), the son of their signification, so that the ideas of which they
Pataïcus, and one of the body-guards of Hippo- were the signs must be alike variable. The lead-
crates, tyrant of Gela was the son of Theron, the ing idea of the whole system was, that all truth
ruler of Agrigentum, in the time of the Persian war. involved either a vicious circle or a petitio prin-
(Herod. vii. 154, 165. ) [THERON. ]
cipii, for, even in the simplest truths, something
AENESIDE'MUS (Ainolonuos), a celebrated must be assumed to make the reasoning applicable.
sceptic, born at Cnossus, in Crete, according to The truth of the senses was known to us from the
Diogenes Laertius (ix. 116), but at Aegae, accord- intellect, but the intellect operated through the
ing to Photius (Cod. 212), probably lived a little senses, so that our knowledge of the nature of
later than Cicero. He was a pupil of Heracleides either depends upon the other. There was, how-
and received from him the chair of philosophy, ever, a deeper side to this philosophy. Every
which had been handed down for above three hun- thing we know, confessedly, runs up into some
dred years from Pyrrhon, the founder of the sect. thing we do not know: of the true nature of cause
For a full account of the sceptical system see and effect we are ignorant, and hence to the
PYRRHON. A. Aenesidemus difered on many | favourite method, από του εις άπειρον εκβάλλειν, or
points from the ordinary sceptic, it will be conve- arguing backward from cause to cause, the very
nient before proceeding to his particular opinions, imperfection of human faculties prevents our
to give a short account of the system itself. giving an answer. We must know what we
The sceptic began and ended in universal. believe ; and how can we be sure of secondary
doubt. He was equally removed from the aca- causes, if the first cause be wholly beyond us?
demic who denied, as from the dogmatic philoso. To judge, however, from the sketch of Sextus
pher who affirmed ; indeed, be attempted to con- Empiricus (Pyrrh. Hyp. ), it was not this side
found both in one, and refute them by the same of their system which the sceptics chiefly urged:
arguments. (Sext. Emp. i. 1. ) Truth, he said, for the most part, it must be confessed, that they
was not to be desired for its own sake, but for the contented themselves with dialectic subtleties,
sake of a certain repose of mind (drapašia) which which were at once too absurd for refutation, and
followed on it, an end which the sceptic best at- impossible to refute.
tained in another way, by suspending bis judg- The causes of scepticism are more fully given
ment (éroxń), and allowing himself literally to under the article PYRRHON. One of the most re-
rest in doubt. (i. 4. ) With this view he must markable of its features was its connexion with the
travel over the whole range of moral, metaphysi- later philosophy of the Ionian school. From the fail
cal, and physical science. His method is the ure of their attempts to explain the phenomena of
comparison of opposites, and his sole aim to prove the visible world, the Ionian philosophers were in-
that nothing can be proved, or what he termed, sensibly led on to deny the order and harmony or
a
D
## p. 34 (#54) ##############################################
34
AENESIDEMUS.
AEOLIDES.
creation : they saw nothing but a perpetual and probability. The same remark applies to his dis
ever-changing chaos, acted upon, or rather self- iinction of kimos into urtabatint and meta6A9p
acting, by an inherent power of motion, of which Tiks, simple motion and change. He seems also to
the nature was only known by its effects. This have opposed the perplexity which the sceptics en-
was the doctrine of Heracleitus, that “the world deavoured to bring about between matter and
was a fire ever kindling and going out, which made mind; for he asserted that thought was indepen-
all things and was all things. ” It was this link of dent of the body, and that the sentient power
connexion between the sceptical and lonian schools looked out through the crannies of the senses.
which Aenesidemus attempted to restore. The (Adv. Log. i. 349. ) Lastly, his vigorous mind
doctrine of Heracleitus, although it spoke of a sub- was above the paltry confusion of physical and
tle fire, really meant nothing more than a principle metaphysical distinctions; for he declared, after
of change; and although it might seem absurd 10 Heracleitus, "that a part was the same with the
a strict sceptic like Sextus Empiricus to offrm even whole and yet different from it. " The grand pe-
a principle of change, it inrolved no real inconsis culiarity of his system was the attempt to unite
tency with the sceptical system. We are left to scepticism with the earlier philosophy, to raise a
conjecture as to the way in which Aenesidemus positive foundation for it by accounting from the
arrived at his conclusions : the following account of nature of things for the never-ceasing changes both
them seems probable. It will be seen, from what , in the material and spiritual world.
has been said, that the sceptical system had de Sextus Empiricus has preserved his argument
Atroyed everything but sensation. But sensation is against our knowledge of causes, as well as a table
the effect of change, the principle of motion work of eight methods by which all a priori reasonings
ing internally. It was very natural then that the may be confuted, as all arguments whatever may
sceptic, proceeding from the only ápxri which re- be by the Sena TPÓTOL. 1. Either the cause given
mained to him, should suggest an explanation of is unseen, and not proven by things seen, as if a
the outward world, derived from that of which person were to explain the motions of the planets
alone he was certain, his own internal sensations by the music of the spheres. II. Or if the cause
The mere suggestion of a probable cause might be seen, it cannot be shewn to exclude other
seem inconsistent with the distinction which ihe hypotheses : we must not only prove the cause,
sceptics drew between their own absolute uncer. but dispose of every other cause. III. A regular
tainty and the probability spoken of by the effect may be attributed to an irregular cause ;
Academics : indeed, it was inconsistent with their as if one were to explain the motions of the
inetaphysical paradoxes to draw conclusions at all : heavenly bodies by a sudden impulse. IV. Men
if so, we must be content to allow that Aeneside argue from things seen to things unseen, as-um-
inus (as Sextus Empiricus implies) got a little being that they are governed by the same laws.
yond the dark region of scepticism into the light V. Causes only mean opinions of causes, which are
of probability.
inconsistent with phenomena and with other opi-
Other scattered opinions of Aenesidemus have nions. VI. Equally probable causes are accepted
been preserved to us, some of which seem to lead or rejected as they agree with this or that precon-
to the same conclusion. Time, he said, was Tº Ovceived notion. VII. These causes are at variance
and to ap@tov owua (Pyr. Hyp. iii. 17), probably with phenomena as well as with abstract principles
in allusion to the doctrine of the Stoics that all | Vill. Principles must be uncertain, because the
really existing substances were owuara: in other facts from which they proceed are uncertain. (Pyrrh.
words, he meant to say that time was a really ex- Hyp. i. 17, ed. Fabr. )
isting thing, and not merely a condition of thought. It is to be regretted that nothing is known of
This was connected with the principle of change, the personal history of Aenesidemus. A list of his
which was inseparable from a notion of time : if works and a sketch of their contents have been
the one had a real existence (and upon its exist-preserved by Photius. (Cod. 212. ) He was the
ence the whole system depended), the other must author of three books of Tupsuverai 'TTOTUTWO ELS,
likewise have a real existence. In another place, and is mentioned as a recent teacher of philosophy
adapting his language to that of Heracleitus, he by Aristocles. (Apud Euseb. Praeparat. Evang.
said that “time was air” (Sext. Emp. adv. Logicos, xiv. 18. ) It is to Aenesidemus that Sextus Em-
iv. 233. ), probably meaning to illustrate it by the piricus was indebted for a considerable part of his
imperceptible nature of air, in the same way that work.
(B. J. )
the motion of the world was said to work by a • AENE'TE (Ainhon), a daughter of Eusorus,
subtle and invisible fire. All things, according to and wife of Aeneas, by whom she bad a son,
his doctrine, were but Paivóueva which were Cyzicus, the founder of the town of this name.
brought out and adapted to our perceptions by (Apollon. Rhod. i. 950; Orph. Argon. 502, where
their mutual opposition : metaphorically they might she is called Aenippe. )
(L. S. )
be said to shine forth in the light of Heracleitus's AE'NICUS (Alvikos), a Greek poet of the old
fire. He did not, indeed, explain how this union comedy, whose play "Avtela is referred to by Sui-
of opposites made them sensible to the faculties of das. (s. v.
