No More Learning

^ According to the Irish Tripartite Life.
^7 According to the Latin Tripartite Life.
^^
According to the Irish Tripartite Life.
694 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [March 17-
or Mochatoc. He built another church at Inisbeg,77 the Lesser or Little Island,72 ji-j ^vhich he left Erdit^s or Eruditus, and Augustine,^° who are thought to have been the companions of St. Palladius. ^* We are told, like- wise, that St. Patrick next visited Magh-Reta, also called Magh-Reicheat. ^^ He happened to be there, on a Sunday, when the people were then engaged, building a royal fort in that district, and they had just laid its foundations. ThisfortwasknownasRath-Bacain. ^3 Patricksentamessagetopreventtheir
"
work, but no notice was taken of his remonstrances. Therefore he said,
Its
building shall be troublesome, unless offering be done there every day. " He also said, that the fort should not be inhabited, until the wind, called "gaeth," in Irish, should come from the lower part of hell. This seems to have been a play upon words, and it was intended to mean Gaithin,^4 son of Cinaed, who rebuilt Rathbacain,25 in the time of Fedhlimidh,^^ and of Con- chobhar,^7 at Tara. ^^ In Rath-Bacain, it is said, the church of Domnach-
or the " was afterwards erected. ' The late Dr. O'Donovan, great church,"
mor,^9
who well knew the locality of Morett,9° considers this townland,? ' with a vast
plain extending around it,9^ comprehending the Great Heathss of Mary. close to Wexford Haven. See Professor county of Wexford. He adds, likewise,
O'Curry's "Lectures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish History," Ap-
pendix, No. ii. , n. 22, p. 480.
7^ The Tripartite Life makes St. Patrick
appoint as pastors, St, Conoc and St. Cadoc, over Inisfail ; but, Conoc, or Mo-
chonoc, and Cadoc, who was his nephew,
flourished elsewhere. Nor did they live, as
well-known persons, until the sixth century.
See Colgan's "Acta Sanctorum Hibernise,"
at the lith of February, where he treats
about St. Conoc, and also, Rev. Dr. Lani-
gan's "Ecclesiastical History of Ireland," the Four Masters, vol. i. , n. (d), pp. 36,
vol. i. , chap, vi. , sect, v. , n. 58, p. 279. "See Colgan's "Trias Thaumaturga,"
nn. so, 51, 52, p. 186.
7^ Both places are said to have been, in
the diocese of Ferns. See Archdall's
"
Monasticon Hibernicum," p. 747, for un- satisfactory notices of them, under the county of Wexford.
37. There was another fort, having the same name in Latharna, or Lame, but that denomination is obsolete there, at present. See ibid. , n. (g).
^^ He was the son of Crimthann, King of
Munster, and he died, a. d. 847, according to the " Chronicon Scotorum. " He is numbered among the Irish Saints, and his festival is on the i8th or 28th of August.
^7 He is said, to have reigned as King of Ireland, from A. D. 818 to 831.
79 By Erdicus was probably meant Bene-
dict. With Augustin, he had been in Ire-
land, it is stated, in the time of Palladius. Afterwards, he is said to have called upon ®^ St. Patrick, at Eboria.
this sentence, to have
^°
After the Gentiles occupied the church of Sletty, these churches were ruined and de- serted ; but, these saints' shrines are said to have been in Sleibte. This paragraph, as a parenthesis, was evidently added, by the transcriber, after A. D. 819, when Inis-Fail, or Beg-Erin, had been plundered.
^' He is venerated, on the 6tli of July. It would require great credulity, as Dr. Lani- gan asserts, to believe, that those two com- panions of Palladius could have been left, at an obscure church, of which no trace is now to be found. In addition to this confusion, Augustin of Innisbeg is said to have been a disciple of St. Fiach. In such case, he was not placed there, by St. Patrick. Archdall, as usual, has changed these two churches into monasteries, and placed them in the
Colgan supposes
been an interpolation, in the Latin Tripar- tite Life, which he deems to have been more ancient, than it seems in reality to be.
^9 It has not been identified.
5° This is a manor, in the parish of Cool- banagher, and in the barony of Portnahinch. It is shown, on the " Ordnance Survey Townland Maps for the Queen's County," Sheets 8, 9, 13, 14. It lies near the old church ruins of Cuil-Beannchoir, alias, White Church.
9' There is no place, called Rath-Baccain, or Beggan, within the manor of INIorett, which was granted to the Earls of Kildare ; but, there is a townland, named Ra—thmore —and it was a very large enclosure adjoining parish and barony of Stradbally, a little to the south.
9^ About the middle of the third century,
that they had been founded, by St. Patrick.
'^^
Keating places this plain in Laoighis, or Leix ; but, according to the Preface to the Feilire of St. ^ngus, its position was to be found in Offaly.
^3 It has not been identified.
**" Although he was a very celebrated chieftain of Leix, his deeds and death are omitted, in our Annals. His son Cinneidigh
died, A. D. 898.
^5 This shows, it was within the territory
of Leix. See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of "
in the
March 17. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 695
borough, and a level tract of country, extending to the base of that chain of
conical hills,94 reaching to the rock of Dunamase, to have been anciently called Laoighis Reta. 93
Having left his blessing on the territory of Hy-Kinsellagh, St. Patrick entered Ossory, and he passed through Bealach-Gabhran,9^ on his way. The exact course he took is not very clearly defined. He had the consolation of en- rollingunderhisstandardoftheCrossvastnumbersofpeople. Welearn,that having preached with great effect, the truths of revelation and the name of Christ, he founded many churches within Ossory's limits. According to a
local writer, St. Patrick, when proceeding from Loaghis into the adjoining territory of Ui Duach, in Ossory, commenced the erection of a church, at a remarkable place, near the banks of the River Dineen. But, he was insulted by the chief of this territory, who forcibly drove him from that locality. Patrick was a man, possessing great force of character, and he had no notion of allowing this insult to pass unpunished. Thereupon, he pronounced anathema on the Chief of Ui Duach, and on his descendants. 97 We must sup- pose,9^ that all opposition to the teaching of our National Apostle, in Idough, ceased with this episode ; since, he appears to have founded some churches
a fierce battle is said to have been fought, on this plain, between the people of Leinster and those of Munster. The latter were de- feated, with great slaughter.
53 This is situated, partly in the parish of
Kilteale, barony of Maryborough East, and
partly in the parish of Coolbanagher, in the barony of Portnahinch. It is shown, on the
thatch of their corn ricks. This rhyme, it appears, was sufficient to avert the curse, so far as it was pronounced by St. Patrick ; but, his anger was not yet appeased, and he opened his lips again to bann the territory, saying, Mtdlaheen, Alullaheen, Ui Duach ; the disciple added. Bee shiti ar vaur na luachra—let that be on the tops of the rushes. The saint commenced his denun- ciation a third time, saying, Mullaheen, Mtdlaheen, Ui Duach, and the disciple averted it once more, from the land of the people, by adding. Bee shin ar an Dineen 7-uah—let it be on the red Dineen. Finding the counteracting lines of his disciple so opportunely added, after his own maledic- tory ones, St. Patrick felt his anger subsid- ing, and laelieving his disciple was inspired by heaven, thus to save his native territory from a heavy malediction, he left the matter so. The effects of the three curses are said still to remain, wonderfully plain, in the territory of Ui Duach. The thatch of the stacks and hay ricks is there most furiously assailed and stripped, by the winds ; also, the tops of the rushes exhibit all the withering influence of the curse ; and, the River Dineen, which has deserved for itself the soubriquet of the red and deceitful Dineen, is so subject to sudden floods and inundations, as to sweep away and destroy, not only men, cattle, and corn, but also the churchyards, which lie within the reach of its floods. See a paper, pub- lished in the Journal of the Kilkenny and
South-East of Ireland Archjeological "
*'
Ordnance Survey Townland Maps for the
Queen's County," Sheet 13.
9* The old ^iap of Leis, as shown in the
"Journal of the Kilkenny and South-East of
Ireland Archaeological Society," presents Muret and its castle, as near the border of Leis, but in that part of Offaly, called Clan- malier, over which the O'Dempseys were chiefs. See vol. iv. New Series, p. 345. See John O'Donovan's " Leabhar na g- Ceart, or Book of Rights," n. (b), p. 192, and n. (r), pp. 216, 217.
s5 See Dr. O'Donovan's communication,
dated Stradbally, December 9th, 1838, in his Antiquarian Letters of the Irish Ordnance
Survey, relating to the Queen's County, vol. i. , pp. 220, 221.
^ This is said to have been a well-known opening, under the Sliabh Margie, or Gabhran Hills, which gave name to that central district of Ossory, lying between the present town of Gowran and the borders of Tipperary. See John Hogan's " St. Ciaran, Patron of Ossory," &c. , part ii. , chap, xiv. , P- 133-
97 Dr. John O'Donovan thus relates the popular tradition : He opened his lips to curse the territory, and pronounced the
I
Society. It is entitled, Traditions of the wordsMtdlaheen,Mitllaheen, UiDuach— CountyKilkenny. "
curse, I curse, Ui Duach ; but one of his
disciples, who was related to the noble
f-imily of Ui Duach, with a view to avert
the malediction from the territoiy and the
added — after Bee shin ar people, immediately
deen a gruack let that curse be on the
»8 See "The O'Brenans and the ancient
Territory of Hy-Duach. " A Lecture, de- livered to the Members of the Ballyragget Temperance Club. By the Rev. Nicholas
9? "
It is shown, on the Ordnance Survey
Murphy.
696 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [March 17.
and ecclesiastical establishments, in the territory, the principal of which is said to have been the old church at Donoughmore,99 in the present barony of Fassadinin. This is only one of the four churches bearing such a name in the ancient principality of Ossory. ^°° It is stated, that the old church of
Dysart,^°' in the barony of Fassadinin,^°^ and situated at the confluence of the River Dineen, with the Duan Stream, is a church of Patrician origin,^°3
and it is also in the territory of Ui-Duach,'°* or Idough. Again, it is re- corded, that he left the relics of certain holy men, and some of his own
people, in that place, where Martar-tech,'°3 or "the house of relics," is this
day, in Magh-Roighne territory. '"^ The Apostle founded churches and establishments there ; and, he said, that distinguished laics and clerics should
spring from the district, and that no province should have sway over them, while they remained obedient to his law.
At Druim-Conchind,"7 or " the ridge of Conchind," '°^ in Mairge, according to one account, the cross-beam of Patrick's chariot broke, while he was going onwards towards IMunster. He made another beam, from the wood of the
or "
procuredanother,anditbroke,inlikemanner. Patricksaid,thatthereshould neverbeanyimplementmadeoutofthetimber,inthatwood. Thisprediction had been fulfilled, in after time, for even a wooden pin was not made from it. There, also, was shown a place, called Patrick's Desert, "° and, as a waste, it was subsequently associated with his memory. According to a popular tradition, in Ossory, St. Patrick had an interview with St. Ciaran,"^ the patron, who had already preached the Gospel there, and who had converted many to the true faith. This meeting is said to have been near the banks of the River Suir, and the townlands of Rathpatrick"^ and Rathkieran"^ are supposed to indicate the mansion places of the two saints, while sojourning
Townland Maps for the County of Kil- fair wide plain of the Feoir," or Nore, and kenny," Sheets 4, 5, 9, 10. The townland its chief is called O'Braonain. See Dr.
druim,^°^
ridge. " This, however,
broke when he immediately afterwards,
proper is shown, on the latter Sheet.
O'Donovan's "Topographical Poems of
veagh, in the barony of Galmoy. See Dr. O'Donovan's "Annals of the Four
"
'°° to Rev. Dr. Reeves According
and Giolla na Naomh
Every place where Patrick used to remain on Sunday is called Domnach Mor, that is, from the number of the hosts that used to be about him, and used to give him great
See a " on the townland dis- paper,
gifts. "
tribution of Ireland," published in "The Masters," vol. i. , n. (e), p. 484.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy," vol. vii. , pp. 488, 489.
'°' No remains of the church can now be
seen, and only a corner of the burial-ground,
the red Dineen having carried away the re-
mainder.
"
'°5 This place has not been identified.
"-
Ordnance Survey Townland Maps for the
of ancient but its limits do not seem Ossory,
to be well defined. See Rev. John Francis Shearman's "Loca Patriciana," No. xi. , n.
266.
(i), p.
^°? According to the Irish Tripartite Life.
The Latin version has Druim-chonchinn, but without particularizing the district.
^°^ This name is said to have been derived
f rom an ancient hero, and the place itself is
stated, to have been near Sleibhte, by the Rev. John Francis Shearman, in " Loca Patriciana," No. xi. , p. 270.
'°^ It is often Latinized "dorsum. "
"° The church site, at the bridge of Dysart, is said to represent the Latinized form " Desertum Patricii. "
'" His feast occurs, at the 5th of March.
This parish of Dysart is defined, on the
"
County of Kilkenny,
The townland proper, Dysart Glebe, is on Sheet 10.
'°3 Although the church had been founded by St. Patrick, its titular is said to have been St. Brendan, or Brenan, a native of Ui Duach. From him, it has been con- jectured, that Brandon Hill derives its name. See Rev. John Francis Shearman's " Loca Patriciana," No. xi.
"* For several centuries, this territory was considered, as co-extensive with the barony
of Fassadinin, in the county of Kilkenny.
By O'Huidhrin, it is characterized, as "the the
Sheets 5, 6, 10, 11.
:
John O'Dubhagain
O'Huidhrin," pp. 94, 95, and p. lix. , nn. 496, 497. In more ancient times, Ui-Duach had a greater extent, and it included Rath-
'"^
This is said to have been the nucleus
'"
This townland is in the parish, so
named, and barony of Ida, as described, on
''
Ordnance Survey Townland Maps for
March 17. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 697
inthatneighbourhood. "* Howeverthismaybe,Patrickatlengthtookhis leave of the Leinster province, and having founded there a great number of churches and establishments, he left a blessing on the people, and the holy man prepared for a new mission, by crossing the lines, which bounded the Munster province. "^
CHAPTER XIX.
MISSIONARIES IN MUNSTER, BEFORE THE VISIT OF ST. PATRICK TO THAT PROVINCE—HIS PREACHING AT CASHEL, AND THE CONVERSION OF KING ^NGUS WITH HIS PEOPLE— ST. PATRICK VISITS MUSCRAIGHE-I5RE0GAIN AND HI-CUANACH—HE GOES TO ARA- CHLIACH AND TO HY-FIDHGENTE, SO FAR AS THE RIVER SHANNON, AND THEN HE RETURNS TOWARDS EASTERN MUNSTER.
The reason why St. Patrick deferred his mission to Munster, for so many years, did not arise from any want of good feeling, towards the people of that province ; but, from the fact, most probably, of their having had some apostles already at work, while he was journeying througli the other Irish
provinces. ^ Those holy men are said to have been, chiefly Saints Ailbe,^ Declan,3 Ibar,* and Kieran. 5 In addition to those persons, already converted by tlie preaching of his saintly predecessors, Patrick was now destined to add many thousandstotheranksofChristianity. Hiscourse,andthatofhisdisciples, was turned towards Cashel of the Kings. It was so called, most probably, on account of a " stone ^ which crowned its celebrated from
Sioth-Druim,7
" the
sequestered hill,"
we
fortress," Rock,
It is said, that in more ancient times, this city was also
a very early period.
called druim,
"
should seem to be the true root for its denomination.
At this time, the celebrated ^nguss,^ or ^ngussius,9 the son of Nad-
fraich, is said to have been king over Munster. '° It seems probable, his royal
or "the of a hill. "
from
"
and
Rather,
" " or fairy
ridge
sprite-hill," it having been in pagan times the scene of pagan worship,
the County of Kilkenny," Sheets 43, 44, 46, 47. The townland proper is on Sheets 43,
having undertaken this southern mission, in order to extend and revive the Christian Faith. According to the Tripartite, his ob-
44.
-'3 This parish has its boundaries center- jects were, " fidei propagandae et refo-
minous with the former, but lying more to the west, in the barony of Iverk.
"••See John Hogan's "St. Ciaran, Patron of Ossory," &c. , part ii. , chap, xiv. , pp. 135 to 137. Here, too, it is stated, that the Irish Apostle was waited upon, by St. Declan, who came from Ardmore, over the mountains of Sliabh-Cua, to Hynneone, now Mullachinneone, a townland in the
of New near Clonmel. parish Chapel,
vendse. " See " Vita Tripartita S. Patricii," lib. iii. , cap. xxxi. , p. 156.
^
Ilis feast occurs, at the 12th of Septem- ber.
3 His festival belong? , to the 24th of July, "• Hisfeastisheld,onthe23rdofApril.
5 He is venerated, at the 5th of March,
"5 See " Trias
Colgan's Thaumaturga. "
lish " Dictionary.
^ Sidh-Dhridm or '* [Sheerim]
Fairy-
topo-
Quarta
Vita S.
Patricii, cap. Ixxv. , p. 44.
" is ridge by
no means an uncommon
Sexta Vita S. Patricii, cap. cxv. , cxvii. , cxx. ,
cxxvii. , pp. 91, 92, 93, and nn. 126, 127, p.
114. Septima Vita S. Patricii, pars, iii. ,
cap. xix. , XX. , xxi. , xxii. , xxiii. , xxiv. , xxv. ,
xxvi. , xxvii. , xxviii. , pp. 152, 153, and nn.
33 to 54, pp. 185, 186. Also Miss Cusack's
graphical designation, in Ireland, where we
have several places so named. See Dr. Joyce's *' Origin and History of Irish Names of Places," part ii. , chap, v. , p. 178.
* The name is also written Oengus, and Aongus, by the Irish.
? This is the Latin form, and it is also rendered ^nceas. Keating says, that ^ngus
"
Life of St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland,"
pp. 461 to 466, wit—h accompanying notes. '
Chapter xix. It seems, that there were Christians, in Munster, before St. Patrick's arrival, for he is represented, as
reigned for thirty-six years,
and that he was
^
Such is the English meaning of this
sioth, may say, Sig-Druim,
quiet,"
word, according to O'Reilly's "Irish-Eng-
killed, at the battle of Killosnadh, in the
"
county of Carlow. See General History
698 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [March 17.
castle was on the summit of the celebrated Rock, now so magnificently coro- netedwith ruins. Pagan idols had been erected, at that epoch, in the place. But, when the monarch arose, in the morning, and entered a heathen temple, all those idols were laid prostrate, on the advent of Patrick and his people in Cashel. Although the king set them up again, in their former position ; yet, still they tumbled down ; for, as Dagon could not stand before the Ark of God's Covenant," so these Idols could not remain in their place, when the blessed bishop drew near to them. Deservedly may he be called an Ark of the Covenant, for he carried, as in a golden vessel, the Divine Manna of con- templative sweetness, the table of the Divine Law, and the rod of heavenly discipline. Hearing about the glorious bishop's approach. King ^nguss then went forward to meet him, and he received the saint with great honour, at the side of the fort ; for, already he had some supernatural manifestation, regard- ing a superior power, who accompanied his august visitor. The monarch then bade him and his attendants welcome to his court ; and, he took them into the Fort, near to that place, where Leac-Patrick," or " Patrick's stone," was afterwards seen. While St. Patrick was at Cashel, it is stated, that he preached an eloquent sermon, '3 which had a powerful effect, on the minds of his auditors. The king and his chieftains believed in the doctrine of Christ, which they approved, and Patrick, placing his hand on the monarch's head, gave him a special blessing. ' After that, he baptized the sons of Nad- fraechj'S with many belonging to the household, and other Munster men be- sides, who were there. The Apostle left a blessing, and he predicted
prosperityforthem. Moreover,heblessedtheirstrongFortofCashel. '^
"While our Apostle was baptizing yEngus, the point of his crozier, on which Patrick was leaning, went through the king's sandle-covered foot. ^7 After-
of Ireland," book ii. lie does not mark the precise date, for that battle ; but, it is as- signed, by the Four Masters, to the year 489.
Again, St. Naol, or Natalis, of Kilmanagh, who died A. D. 564, is said to have been his
the Irish Celts," pp. 325, 326.
'"
" Acta Sanctorum Hi- bernise," xxvii. Januarii. De S. Natali
Abbate et Confessore, cap. i. , p. 169.
•° The arrival of St. Patrick, in South
According to tlie Irish Life, he said, that only one race should be there for ever ; while, the Latin Life has it, that the blood of only one person should there be shed. In note 56, to the Third Life,
adopts an explanation, that this prophecy is not intended to apply, in reference to the Kings of Munster generally, of whom, nine or ten came to a violent death ; but, rather to the kings, descending from ^ngus alone,
son. See
Colgan's
p. 32, Colgan
Munster, is referred by Dr. LanigaTi, to the
beginning of A. D. 445, or according to
Ussher, to the year 449. But, although and being at the seat of Cashel, or, perhaps,
^ngus may have been a young prince, bap- tized at this time, it seems pretty evident, according to Dr. Lanigan, that he could not
have occupied the throne, until a period long subsequent to this arrival of the Apostle. It is more than probable, his father Natfraich was the hospitable entertainer of St. Patrick.
" See i. Kings, v. 3, 4, 5.
it referred to the posterity of ^inguss and of his brother Olild. As an additional objec- tion might arise, that no less than six princes of Munster, viz. : Ferguss Scandal, Moel- gual, Corbmac son of Culenn, Fingune son of Kinngegan, Moelforthartac, and Fergrad, belonging to the race of ^ngiiss, all perished by a violent death ; it may be re- plied, that the prophecy of St. Patrick did
" The Third Life calls it Leac Cothirge.
The latter was one of St. Patrick's names. not apply absolutel}', to the princes of
In Colgan's time, this object was a rock, called Leac-Phadruic, outside the walls of Cashel city, and greatly worn, through the effects of time. See n. 57, p. 32.
'3 The words and a summary of this dis-
IMunster, descending from ^nguss and Ailill, but only to one individual, who perished at Cashel, as the words of the pre- diction seem strictly to signify. However, the foregoing prophecy is poorly authenticated.
'7 As Aubrey De Vere, in his Poem, has it :—
"thus called to follow Him
whose feet
Were pierced with nails, haply the blisst rite
Some little pain included. "
in the Tract of Richard Stanihurst, " De Vita S. Patricii, Hiberniai
Apostoli," lib. ii. , pp. 44 to 56.
'•• According to the Third Life, cap. Ix. ,
p. 26.
's The baptism of Aongus is narrated, in
Patrick Kennedy's " Legendary Fictions of
course are
given,
March 17. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 699 wards, the saint asked, wliy he did not make that circumstance known/^
" said the heroic Because,"
" I it was a rule of the faith. " thought
king,
'* "
You shall have its rewards," '9 said Patrick,-*^
^^
for, your successors,^'
from this day forth, shall not die from wounds. "
From a Life of St. Ailbe, it has been supposed, Patrick convened a
Synod at Cashel, where it has been assumed, that the proto-missionaries of IMunster, Ailbe of Emly,^^ Declan^4 of Ardmore, Ibar of Beg-Erin,=5 and
Kieran of Saigir,^^ contended, at first, regarding their several privileges and jurisdictions. -7 At length, these matters are stated to have been satis-
^^
factorily arranged, by the respective saints, already mentioned.
they made various constitutions, for the good government of the Irish Churcli, and for the establishment of ecclesiastical discipline. "^9
After this, the saint went to Muscraidhe-Breogain,3° where he founded churches and establishments. One day, while he was washing his hands in a ford there, a tooth fell from his mouth into the water. Patrick went upon a hillock, to the north of that shallow ; and, some of his disciples began to look forthetooth. Forthwith,itglistenedintheford,liketothesun,ortoashining star ; wherefore, Ath-fiaclai was the future name of that sliallow, and Cill-fiacla, now said to be Kilfeacle,3' became the denomination of that church. There,
'^ " St. Patrick at Cashel, or the Baptism of Aengus" is one, among Aubrey De Vere's
"
'9 See John O'Daly's Kings of tlie Race of Eibher," a chronological Irish poem, by John O'Dugan, with an English translation, by Michael Kearney, a. d. 1635, pp. 15, 16, and n. 3. In Aubrey De Vere's Poem, we
(^6, The town is on Sheet 65.
-* In his Life, there is no account of Declan
having been at a Synod in Cashel.
-5 This is in the parish of St. Margaret's, in the barony of Sbelmaliere East. It is
Legends of St. Patrick," pp. 95 to 103. "
" "-'' have a forecast, that the kingly church
His Acts state, that he visited zEngus,
to be built on that "rock, higli-place of
at Cashel, on a certain occasion, but they
idols once," should
stored.