No More Learning

Gordon-Cumming, Constance Frederica.
An English traveler and writer, sister of the
famous sportsman Roualeyn Gordon-Cumming ;
born at Altyre, Morayshire, Scotland, May 26,
1837. She traveled extensively in Great Britain
in her early years, and recently has passed her
time in Oriental countries. Among her works
are: (In the Hebrides); Via Cornwall to
Egypt); (In the Himalayas); (At Home in
Fiji”; “A Lady's Cruise in a French Man-of-
War); (Two Happy Years in Ceylon); “Work
for the Blind in China. '
Gore, Catherine Grace. An English novel-
ist; born (Moody) in East Retford, Nottingham,
1799; died at Linwood, Hampshire, Jan. 27,
1861. She married a captain in the army, saw
much high life, and wrote of it in many novels.
(Women as They Are) (1830), Mothers and
Daughters) (1831), and "Cecil) (1845) are the
best known of her works.
Gore, Charles. An English clergyman and
author; born in 1853. He is a Fellow of Trin-
ity College, Oxford, and is now vicar of Rad-
ley, close to Oxford. He is best known as the
editor of "Lux Mundi,' and author of the essay
on (The Holy Spirit and Inspiration in that
volume. He has also written: "The Church
and the Ministry); the Bampton Lecture for
1891 on (The Incarnation of the Son of God);
and Roman Catholic Claims) (1888).
Görner, Karl August (gėr'ner). A German
playwright; born in Berlin, Jan. 29, 1806; died
in Hamburg, April 9, 1884. He ran away from
home when a lad in order to become an actor;
eventually had a company of his own; and
wrote over 100 successful plays, beginning with
(The Gardener and his Wife. ) Niece and
Aunt); Black Peter); A Happy Paterfamil-
ias); and (The Ennobled Shopkeeper, are
some of the others.
Gorostiza y Cepeda, Don Manuel Eduardo
de (gôr-ôs-tē'thä ē thā-pā'thä). A Mexican
comedy-writer and diplomat; born in Vera
Cruz, Nov. 13, 1791; died at Tacubaya, Oct.
23, 1851. His father was Spanish governor of
Mexico. At 25 he had made theatre-goers of
Madrid familiar with his name, but his impli-
cation in schemes of Mexican independence
interfered with his literary career. He was
made Mexican minister to England when in.
dependence was secured, and later had himself
transferred to Paris, in which city he achieved
his most enduring renown as a writer of plays.
Among them, Bread and an Onion, with Thee,
Love, merits special notice as the source of
Scribe's 'A Cottage and its Heart. His (Al-
lowance for All' and 'Such as It Is are master-
pieces in comedy construction.
Görres, Joseph (ger'es). A celebrated
German publicist and philosopher; born at
Coblentz, Jan. 25, 1776; died 1848. His Rhein-
ischer Merkur, in which he combatted French
republican ideas was by far the most powerful
journal in Germany: it was called by Napoleon
(the fifth power” of Europe. He was a man
of vast learning and great versatility; a few
of his writings are : (Aphorisms on Art); (Faith
and Science); History of Asian Myths); “The
Hero-Book of Iran,' translated from Persian;
(The Holy Alliance); “Swedenborg, his Visions
and his Relation to the Church);(Christian Mys-
ticism,' a work of high authority (latest ed. 5 vols. ,
1879); Athanasius,' a strong polemic against
Protestantism and Prussian bureaucracy; the
author had shortly before embraced Catholicism.
Goschen, George Joachim. An English
statesman; born in London, Aug. 10, 1831, of
German parentage. From Oxford he entered
mercantile life; became vice-president of the
Board of Trade and director of the Bank of
England; Liberal M. P. 1863; Privy-Councilor
1865; First Lord of the Admiralty 1871-74. He
was sent on important missions to Cairo and
Constantinople. In 1887 he seceded from the
Liberal party and joined the Liberal-Unionists,
and was Chancellor of the Exchequer in Lord
Salisbury's administration.
Besides speeches
and addresses on political, educational, and
economical questions, he published: (The The-
ory of the Foreign Exchanges) (1864; 14th ed.
1890); Probable Result of an Increase in the
Purchasing Power of Gold) (1883).
Goslavski, Maurycy (gôs-läv'skē). A Polish
poet ; born in Podolia in 1802; died in Stan-
islavof, Aug. 17, 1834. He was a soldier by
profession; but published a volume of poetry
in 1828. He took part in the war for Polish in-
dependence in 1830, at which time he produced
his most famous stanzas, (The Poems of a Pol-
ish Uhlan. They were very popular among his
countrymen during the great agitation.
Gosse, Edmund William. An English poet,
essayist, and critic; born in London, Sept. 21,
1849. He attracted attention when very young
by the grace and finish of papers contributed
to London periodicals, and for many years his
literary judgments have been regarded as of
considerable weight. As a poet he is known
by (Madrigals, Songs, and Sonnets); "On Viol
and Flute); (The Unknown Lover); etc. Some
of his literary criticisms and biographies are
contained in “Seventeenth-Century Studies) and
(From Shakespeare to Pope. *


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GOSSE - GOULD
227
>
man.
Gosse, Philip Henry. An English natural-
ist and author; born in Worcester, 1810;
died 1888. In 1827 he started on a scientific
tour through Canada, the Southern United
States, and Jamaica, and on his return pub-
lished: (The Canadian Naturalist) (1840); (The
Birds of Jamaica) (1845); (A Naturalist's So-
journ in Jamaica. In 1856 he was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society. His works, which
amount to nearly fifty volumes, also include:
(Rambles of a Naturalist on the Devonshire
Coast (1853); (Aquarium (1854).
Gosson, Stephen. An English poet and
satirist; born in Kent (? ), 1555; died at Bishops-
gate, Feb. 13, 1623 or 1624. He was a clergy-
The (School of Abuse (1576) contains
good prose, and the Pleasant Quips) (1595)
good rhymes, but the latter are disfigured by
coarse language.
Goszczynski, Severin (gösh-chin'skē). A
Polish poet; born 1803, in Ilinze in the Ukraine;
died in Lemberg, Feb. 25, 1876. The influence
of Byron is unmistakable in his youthful Castle
of Kanioff. In the struggle for independence
in 1830 he achieved brilliant feats of arms, and
composed national odes that spread his fame
throughout Europe. Polish freedom proving a
chimera, he wandered through France and
Switzerland, writing poetry and prose as occas-
ion served. "The Terrible Huntsman,' (The
Three Chords,' and (Dziela are powerful poems.
Götter, Friedrich Wilhelm (göt'ter). An
important and even epoch-making German
poet; born in Gotha, Sept. 3, 1746; died there,
March 18, 1797. He wrote dramas while study.
ing foreign literatures at the University; entered
the diplomatic service, but gave it up to be.
come a private tutor, and fell under the in-
fuence of Goethe. Media,' a drama, a volume
of collected Poems, and numerous comedies
and minor pieces, represent his highest efforts.
He was the last German poet to use French
models largely.
Gottfried von Strassburg (got'frēt fön
sträsóbörg). A German poet of the middle
ages, and the most brilliant bard of chivalry;
born in the tv elfth century, and died between
1210 and 1220. In collaboration with Von
Eschenbach, he was author of "Parsifal, the
popular minna” song of its time; but he owes
his permanent fame to (Tristan and Isolde,
apparently written between 1204 and 1215, and
left unfinished. In this story-poem Tristan is
sent to woo Isolde in his uncle's name; but
he having swallowed a philtre, the two young
people fall deeply in love. Straszburg's work
is graceful and simple, ani. he chooses his
legendary material with nice critical judgment.
Gotthelf, Jeremias (got'helf), pseudonym of
Albert Bitzius. A Swiss novelist and poet;
born in Murton, Canton of Freiburg, Oct. 4,
1797; died at Lützelflüh, Bern, Oct. 22, 1854.
As a pastor in retired districts, he saw the
hard conditions of the poor, and in 1837 wrote
(The Peasant's Mirror,' a vividly realistic pres-
entation of peasant life,- the imaginary auto-
biography of one Jeremias Gotthelf; the im-
mense success of the book led him to adopt
the name as a pseudonym. He worked this
vein with unflagging industry: Joys and So
rows of a Schoolmaster, (How Five Maids
Came to Grief through Brandy, How Uli,
the Servant, was Made Happy,' and numerous
others, tendency » novels, followed swiftly.
Gottschall, Rudolf von (got'shäl). A Ger-
man novelist, poet, and critic; born in Bres-
lau, Sept. 30, 1823. As a critic his subtlety
and acuteness of treatment give him a grow-
ing influence. Among his works in criticism
are: Pictures of Travel in Italy); Portraits and
Studies); (Studies in the Direction of a New
German Literature); and Literary Silhouettes. '
His critical studies are not permitted to inter-
rupt the production of brilliant plays, stories,
and poems. *
Gough, John Ballentine. An eminent Amer-
ican temperance advocate; born in England,
1817; died 1885. He published an Autobi-
ography); (Temperance Lectures); (Sunlight
and Shadow); Platform Echoes); etc.
Goulburn, Edward Meyrick. An English
clergyman and religious writer; born in 1818.
He became head-master of Rugby in 1850, and
dean of Norwich, 1886-89. Besides many sin-
gle sermons and lectures, he has published
over forty works, among which are: (Intro-
duction to the Devotional Study of the Holy
Scripture) (1854); Manual of Confirmation)
(1855); a collection of Family Prayers) (1857);
(The Functions of Our Cathedrals) (1869);
(The Holy Catholic Church) (1873); Fare-
well to Norwich Cathedral (1891).
Gould, Benjamin Apthorp. A distinguished
American astronomer; born in Boston, 1824;
died 1896. He graduated at Harvard in
1844 and pursued his scientific studies abroad.
In 1849 he received an appointment to the
United States Coast Survey, and devised meth-
ods for determining the longitudes telegraph-
ically. From 1870 to 1885 he was director of
the national observatory at Cordova, Argen-
tine Republic, where he completed three ex-
tensive catalogues of stars, and conducted
meteorological and climatological investiga-
tions. He was the founder and editor of the
Astronomical Journal (1849-61). His princi-
pal works are : "On the Transatlantic Longi-
tude, as Determined by the Coast Survey)
(1869); “Uranometria Argentina' (1879), which
gives the brightness and the position of every
fixed star, to the seventh magnitude inclusive,
within 100 degrees of the South Pole.
Gould, Edward Sherman. An American
prose-writer; born in Connecticut, 1808; died
1885. He published: (The Sleep Rider); “The
Very Age,' a comedy ; (John Doe and Richard
Roe,' a tale of New York life; etc.
Gould, Hannah Flagg. An American poet;
born in Vermont, 1789; died 1865. Among the
collections of her verse are “Hymns and Poems


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228
GOULD-GRABOVSKI
for Children'; 'The Golden Vase); (The
Youth's Coronal”; etc. The best-known piece
by her is 'The Snow-Flake and the Frost.
Gould, John. An English ornithologist ; born
in 1804; died in 1881. In 1827 he was appointed
curator to the Zoological Society's Museum, and
in 1838 proceeded to study the Australian birds
in Tasmania, South Australia, and New South
Wales. The results of his researches are em-
bodied in his great work on the Birds of
Australia) (7 vols. , 1840-48). His other import-
ant works are: (A Century of Birds from the
Himalayan Mountains); (The Birds of Europe)
(1832–37); “The Mammals of Australia); “The
Birds of Great Britain. )
Gould, John W. An American story-writer;
born in Connecticut, 1814; died 1838. He wrote
(Forecastle Yarns); Private Journal of Voyage
from New York to Rio Janeiro); etc.
Gould, Robert Freeke. An English barris-
ter and writer on Freemasonry; born at Ilfra-
combe, Devonshire, England, in 1836. From
1860 to 1862 he participated, under the rank of
lieutenant, in military campaigns in southern
China, and in different expeditions against the
Tai Ping rebels. His works include: (The
Atholl Lodges) (1879); (The Four Old Lodges)
(1879); (The History of Freemasonry: Its An-
tiquities, Symbols, Constitutions, Customs, etc. ?
(6 vols. , 1884–87).
Goulding, Francis Robert. An American
story-writer; born in Georgia, 1810; died 1881.
He was a Presbyterian clergyman. He wrote:
(Young Marooners on the Florida Coast);
(Marooner's Island); and other tales for boys.
Govean, Felice (gõ'vā"än). An Italian
dramatist and publicist; born in Racconigi,
Piedmont, 1819. He began as a miscellaneous
prose-writer, and founded the democratic Gaz-
zetta del Popolo, which reached an immense
circulation. His true success, however, was in
the drama. His first plays, (The Waldenses)
and Jesus Christ,' attracted wide notice; and
the success of (The Siege of Turin) and (The
Siege of Alessandria) made his reputation in-
ternational. His plays are essentially popular
in theme and character. He has written a
variety of meritorious short stories.
Gower, John. An English poet; born in
Kent (? ) in 1325 (? ); died at London in August
or September 1408. At one time ranked high
among Britain's early singers, his note has been
decried by modern critics, and to-day he is
falling into neglect. Still his "Mirror of Med-
itation' (Speculum Meditantis), “Voice of One
Crying) (Vox Clamantis), and (Lover's Con-
fession! (Confessio Amantis), contain speci-
mens of genuine poetry. He wrote excellent
sonnets in French. *
Gozlan, Léon (goz-lon'). A French novel-
ist; born in Marseilles, Sept. I, 1803; died at
Paris, Sept. 14, 1866. From clerk in a Paris
book-store he became a writer for Figaro, and
then produced novels; sometimes socialistic,
but well conceived and executed, with a vein
of peculiar irony, but an over-elaboration that
spoils at times his best effects. The Notary
of Chantilly, (A Millionaire's Most Beautiful
Dream,' and (The Lambert Family, deserve
special mention.
Gozzi, Carlo, Count (got'sē). An Italian
comedy-writer; born in Venice, Dec. 13, 1720 ;
died there (? ), April 4, 1806. Forced into the
army by poverty while a boy, he left it for
literature; at first under French influence, but
later turning his native folk-lore into delight-
ful comedies, worked up with infinite clever-
ness. (The Love of the Three Oranges,' Lady
Serpent, and (The Triumph of Friendship,'
may be mentioned.
Gozzi, Gasparo, Count.
An Italian poet
and essayist, brother of Carlo; born in Ven-
ice, Dec. 4, 1713; died at Padua, Dec. 25,
1786. He married at 26 Louise Bergalli, the
celebrated painter and poet, who was 36, the
alliance bringing him into literary and artistic
associations. He founded the Gazzetta Veneta,
which was a great popular success; but his
(Osservatore Veneto, on the model of the
Spectator, is of a higher order as literature.
His polemic writings on Dante's 'Divine Com-
edy) are classic authorities on the resources
of the Italian language. His Horatian poems
are graceful; and his literary essays are as
good in thought as in style.
Grabbe, Christian Dietrich (gräb'bė). A
German dramatic poet; born in Detmold, Dec.
11, 1801 ; died there, Sept. 12, 1836. Developing
from an unhappy boy to a man of brilliant
powers and ripe scholarship, his incurable pas-
sion for drink spoiled his married life and his
fortunes, though Heine, Tieck, and others, per-
suaded him to spasmodic reform; he was suc-
cessively lawyer, actor, and soldier. Yet he won
a place in German drama second only to Goethe
and Schiller. His plays are striking and origi-
nal in conception, and commanding in execu-
tion. The impression they leave is of an
uncontrolled, discordant, and unrestful genius.
(Hannibal, Don Juan,' and (Faust,' the frag-
ment entitled (Marius and Sulla,' and (The
Hermann Battle,' exemplify these conditions
in a marked degree.
Grabovski, Michael (gräb-ov'skē). A Polish
novelist, essayist, and critic; born in Volhynia
in 1805; died at Warsaw, Nov. 18, 1863. While
still a student at Warsaw, he won a literary
reputation in the war of the romantic upon the
then dominant classical school. Thoughts on
Polish Literature) and Melodies from the
Ukraine ) were his first noteworthy volumes;
but the revolution of 1830 interrupted his lit-
erary career for nearly ten years, when he com-
pleted (Criticism and Literature. Two histor-
ical novels, one based on a tragic episode in
the Ukraine, and the other upon a peasant out-
break in the same region, entitled respectively
(The Koliszezysna and the Steppe Dwellers)
and (The Storm in the Steppes,' are fine ex-
amples of Polish literature. An och-making
work is his (The Old and the New Ukraine. '


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GRAF-GRANT
229
Graf, Arturo (gräf). An Italian poet, his-
torian of literature, and critic; born in Athens,
oí German parentage, in 1848. His youth was
spent in Roumania; he studied law at Naples;
became a tutor at the University of Rome in
1874, and in 1882 professor of literature at
Turin, a post he still holds.
Poems, light in
spirit and substance, Medusa, a powerful but
somewhat heavy tragic outburst, and some oc-
casional effusions, speak well for his poetic
talent. In prose he is a master when dealing
with (The Origin of the Modern Drama, (His-
torical Literature and its Methods,' and (The
Legend of the Terrestrial Paradise. )
Graffigny, Françoise d'Issembourg d'Hap-
poncourt, Madame de (gräf-fin'y? ). A
French epistolary writer; born in Nancy, Feb.
13, 1695; died at Paris, Dec. 12, 1758. Married
young, but separating from her husband, she
took refuge at Cirey with Madame du Châte-
let and Voltaire. Her first appearance in lit-
erature was with the Peruvian Letters,' a
palpable imitation of Montesquieu's Persian
Letters, but successful. A volume of her let.
ters appeared posthumously under the title
(The Private Life of Voltaire and Madame
du Châtelet,' a gossipy and trifling but very
readable work.
Graham, Nellie. See Dunning.
Grand, Mme. Sarah. An English novelist;
born (Frances Elizabeth Clarke) in Ireland.
She married a British naval officer almost im-
mediately upon leaving school, and has trav-
eled widely. (The Heavenly Twins) made her
famous. Singularly Deluded' and 'Ideala)
are among her other works of fiction.
Grand-Carteret, John (grän-kär-ter-ā). A
French journalist and critic; born in Paris,
about 1850. He is of Swiss origin, and first
distinguished himself in French journalism
through the accuracy and acuteness with which
he treated German themes. Of late years he
has made important studies of life and man-
ners in Europe. (Character and Caricature in
Germany, Austria, and Switzerland,' (France
Judged by a German,' "Woman and Germany,
and J. J. Rousseau, Judged by a Frenchman
of To-Day, are among his many successes.
Grant, Alexander, Sir. An English edu-
cator and writer; born in New York city,
Sept. 13, 1826; died in Edinburgh, Scotland,
Nov. 30, 1884. After graduating at Oxford he
went in 1859 to Madras, where he became pro-
fessor of history and political economy. He
was subsequently appointed director of public
instruction at Bombay, his administration mark-
ing an epoch in the history of education in
India. From his return to Scotland in 1868
till his death he was principal of the University
of Edinburgh. Besides contributions to peri-
odicals and the Encyclopædia Britannica, he
published a translation of the Ethics of Aris.
totle) (1857-58), his best-known work; lives of
Xenophon and Aristotle in Ancient Classics
for English Readers) (1871-77); (The Story of
the University of Edinburgh) (1883).
Grant, Anne. A Scotch memoirist and de-
scriptive prose-writer; born in Glasgow, Feb.
21, 1755; died in Edinburgh, Nov. 7, 1838.
She was in this country when a child, and
from her observations gathered at that time
wrote Memoirs of an American Lady) (1808),
a highly attractive delineation of our colonial
life. She is also the author of Essays on the
Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland)
(1811), besides miscellaneous prose.
Grant, George Monroe. A Canadian clergy-
man, educator, and author; born at Stellarton,
Pictou County, Nova Scotia, Dec. 22, 1835. He
received his education in his native province,
and subsequently won academic distinction in
the University of Glasgow, Scotland. On his
return to Nova Scotia he spent some time as a
missionary in the Maritime Provinces; became
pastor of St. Matthew's Church, Halifax; and
in 1877 accepted the principalship of Queen's
University. Besides contributions to periodical
literature his works include: 'Ocean to Ocean
(1872), an interesting diary of a tour across
the American continent; Picturesque Canada)
(1884), a valuable work on the scenery, in.
dustries, and social life of the Canadian Do.
minion.
Grant, James. A Scottish novelist and his-
torical writer; born in Edinburgh, Aug. 1, 1822;
died in London, May 5, 1887. He was a kins-
man of Sir Walter Scott. He entered the army
in 1839, but resigned in 1843, and devoted
himself to literary pursuits. (The Romance of
War) (1845) became at once popular, as also
(The Adventures of an Aide-de-Camp) (1848).
Among his other novels are: (Walter Fenton,
or the Scottish Cavalier) (1850); Bothwell)
(1851); Jane Seton) (1853); (The Phantom
Regiment (1856);( The Secret Dispatch) (1869);
(Under the Red Dragon' (1872); «Playing with
Fire) (1887), a story of the war in the Sou-
dan. He also wrote: (Memoirs of Kirkaldy
of Grange) (1849); Memorials of the Castle of
Edinburgh) (1850); (Old and New Edinburgh)
(1881); Scottish Soldiers of Fortune) (1889);
and others.
Grant, James Augustus. An English mili-
tary officer, explorer, and author; born at Nairn,
Scotland, in 1827; died Feb. 11 or 12, 1892. He
served in the Indian Mutiny at Multan and
Gujerat; and was wounded at Lucknow, when
as lieutenant-colonel he commanded the rear
guard. In 1860 63 he undertook with Capt.
Speke an expedition to find the sources of the
Nile, which resulted in the discovery of Lake
Victoria Nyanza. In 1868 he received “The
Star of India» for services rendered in the
Abyssinian campaign. He published: A Walk
Across Africa) (1863); (Botany of the Speke
and Grant Expedition (1872); Khartoum as
I Saw It in 1863' (1885).
Grant, Robert. An American lawyer and
author; born in Boston, Mass. , Jan. 24, 1852.
He graduated from Harvard in 1873 and the
Harvard Law School in 1879. Since 1893 he
has been a judge of probate and insolvency


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230
GRANT-GRAY
(
for Suffolk County, Mass. Among his most
popular works are: (The Little Tin Gods on
Wheels (1879); Confessions of a Frivolous
Girl' (1880); (An Average Man (1883); Face
to Face) (1886); (The Reflections of a Married
Man (1892); (The Art of Living. He also
wrote the well-known boys' stories, Jack Hall
(1887); Jack in the Bush) (1888).
Grant, Robert Edmond. A Scotch natural-
ist; born in Edinburgh, Scotland, 1793; died
in 1874. He was educated in his native city
and on the Continent. Upon his return to
Edinburgh in 1819 he became a Fellow of the
Royal College of Physicians, and began the
practice of medicine. In 1827 he was elected
professor of zoology and comparative anatomy
in University College, London, a position which
he occupied for the rest of his life. His chief
work is Outlines of Comparative Anatomy,
for many years a favorite text-book, not only
in Great Britain, but on the Continent and in
America.
Grant, Ulysses Simpson. The greatest of
American generals, and eighteenth President
of the United States; born at Point Pleasant,
0. , April 27, 1822; died at Mt. McGregor, near
Saratoga Springs, N. Y. , July 23, 1885. His
( Personal Memoirs) seem destined to give
him enduring literary fame. *
Gras, Felix. A Provençal poet and novelist;
born at Malemort (Vaucluse), France, May 3,
1844. He is a lawyer and juge de paix" in the
department of Vaucluse, and one of the lead-
ing Provençal writers, standing next in popular
estimation to Mistral. His most famous work is
the (Reds of the Midi, a story of the French
Revolution, translated into English by Mrs. T.
A. Janvier; next in importance, 'Li Carbounie)
(1876), and "Toloza' (1882), epic poems; (Lou
Roumancero Prouvençau' (1887), shorter poems;
(Li Papalino) (1891), Avignon stories. He is
also editor of the “Armana Prouvençau, a
literary annual; and since 1891 has been the
“Capouliè," or official head, of the “Félibrige,
the society of Provençal men of letters.
Grassi, Angela (gräs'sē). A Spanish poet,
novelist, and playwright; born in Crema, Italy,
April 2, 1826. Her childhood was passed at
Barcelona, where at 15 she wrote the success-
ful drama "Crime and Expiation. (Riches of
the Soul) and (The Drop of Water) won a
prize from the Spanish Academy. (The Son-
in-Law, (The First Year of Marriage, and
(The Snowball' are her best-known novels.
Grattan, Henry. An Irish orator and states-
man; born in Dublin, June (? ) or July (? ) 3,
1746; died in London, June 4, 1820. His works,
with the exception of the political pamphlets,
the (Correspondence, and (Letter on the Irish
Union,' consist wholly of his speeches as the
champion of Catholic emancipation and the
inviolability of the Irish Parliament. His lan-
guage is vivid, warm, and contagious. ) *
Grattan, Thomas Colley. An Irish novel-
ist and sketch-writer; born in Dublin, 1792;
died in London, July 4, 1864. He abandoned
law for the army, and from a wandering life
obtained materials for his "Highways and By-
ways) (1823), a collection of tales and studies
that proved highly popular. ( The Heiress of
Bruges) (1828) is a historical novel. Some less
important fictions, plays, and translations of
French poetry complete the sum of his literary
product.
Gravière, Jean Pierre Edmond Jurien de la
(gräv-yār'). A French admiral and author; born
in Brest, France, Nov. 19, 1812; died in Paris,
March 5, 1892. He served with distinction in
Chinese waters (1841), the Black Sea, and the
Mediterranean; and as commander of the expe-
dition against Mexico arranged the treaty of
Soledad (1861). He was chosen a member of
the French Academy in 1868. His numer-
ous works include: (Sardinia in 1841) (1841);
(Souvenir of an Admiral (1860); (The An.
cient Navy); (The Modern Navy); Mari-
time Wars of the Revolution and Empire);
(The Navy of the Ancients and the Cam-
paigns of Alexander) (10 vols. ), a great work
which places the author in the front rank of
military historians.
Gray, Asa. An eminent American botanist;
born at Paris, N. Y. , Nov. 18, 1810; died at
Cambridge, Mass. , January 1888. He was pro-
fessor of botany at Harvard from 1842 to
1873, when he resigned to take charge of the
herbarium of Harvard. In 1874 he was chosen
a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. He
was recognized throughout the world as one
of the leading botanists of the age. Besides
contributions to scientific journals, his numer-
ous works include: Elements of Botany)
(1836); Manual of the Botany of the North-
ern United States) (1848); Botany of the
United States Pacific Exploring Expedition'
(1854); (School and Field Book of Botany)
(1869); Natural Science and Religion (1880).
Gray, David. An American journalist and
poet; born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Nov. 9,
1836; died in Binghamton, N. Y. , March 18,
1888. He was on the editorial staff of the
Buffalo Courier from 1856 to 1882. A volume
of his letters, poems, and selected prose writ-
ings was published posthumously in 1888.
Gray, David. A Scotch poet; born in Merk-
land, Dumbartonshire, Jan. 29, 1838; died there,
Dec. 3, 1861. He was the son of a factory
operative, and his education was obtained
through many difficulties. The Luggie, a
poem of the didactic and descriptive order,
published posthumously, displays an exquisite
though ill-regulated genius.
Gray, Thomas. A great English poet; born
at Cornhill, London, Dec. 26, 1716; died at
Cambridge, July 24, 1771. He is known in every
household for the Elegy in a Country Church-
Yard,' published 1751, though begun seven years
before. The (Ode on a Distant Prospect of
Eton College) (1747); "Ode to Adversity';
(Progress of Poetry); and (The Bard) (1757),
are also famous.
:
*


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GRAZIANI - GREENE
231
Graziani, Girolamo (gräts''ē-an'ē). An Ital.
ian poet; born in Pergola in 1604; died there,
Sept. 10, 1675. He received his education at
Bologna and Padua, and became prominent in
the service of various Italian princes, until the
Duke of Modena, Francis I. , created him Count
of Sarzano (or Saryana), when he retired, to
devote himself to literature. (Cleopatra, a
heroic poem on the model of Tasso, and (The
Conquest of Granada, are his happiest efforts
in metre. A tragedy, Cromweil,' was extraor-
dinarily popular for a time.
Grazzini, Antonio Francesco (grät-së'nē).
An Italian humorist and poet; born in Flor-
ence, March 22, 1503; died there, Feb. 18, 1584.
Of much native humor, he graduated from
apothecary to writer of literary burlesques. He
was one of the founders of the celebrated
Florentine Academy; was expelled in conse-
quence of a disputed question of grammar, and
established the renowned Accadèmia della
Crusca, whose mission was the purification of
the Italian tongue. His literary reputation rests
on his "Suppers,' written on the model of Boc-
caccio, and vastly popular at one time. In
style they are pure and refined, and they con-
tributed much to the literary development of
the language. Seven highly amusing comedies,
of a not high literary flavor, and a burlesque
poem, (The War of Monsters, complete the
list of his remembered achievements.
Greeley, Horace. A famous American edi.
tor and controversial writer; born in Amherst,
N. H. , Feb. 3, 1811; died in New York, Nov.
29, 1872. In the countless articles, papers, and
pamphlets that issued from his pen, as well as
in "The American Conflict) and (Recollections
of a Busy Life,' he is revealed as the consist-
ent and able opponent of social wrongs and
ills of every description; and as a writer he is
gifted with a nervous, living style that power-
fully supports the arguments he advances. In
(Glances at Europe) and like works he is
happy in description. *
Greely, Adolphus Washington. An Amer-
ican soldier, Arctic explorer, and author; born
at Newburyport, Mass. , March 27, 1844. Be-
longing to the regular army, in 1881 he com-
manded an Arctic expedition to establish cir-
cumpolar stations for scientific purposes, in
accordance with a plan made by the Inter-
national Congress at Hamburg in 1879. He
reached the highest point north attained up to
that time, but endured great suffering and loss
of men from cold and starvation. Among his
works are: (Three Years of Arctic Service)
(1886); (American Weather) (1888); Hand-
book of Arctic Discoveries,
Green, Anna Katharine - Mrs. Rohlfs. An
American author; born in Brooklyn, N. Y. , Nov.
II, 1846. She graduated at Ripley (female) Col-
lege, Poultney, Vt. , 1867. Her novels are detect-
ive stories, and enjoy great popularity. (The
Leavenworth Case) (1878) is one of her best.
Included in her publications are: (Risifi's
Daughter) (1866), a dramatic poem; «The
Sword of Damocles); A Strange Disappear.
ance); (Hand and Ring); (The Mill Mystery);
(Behind Closed Doors); (X, Y, Z'; (That
Affair Next Door); etc.
Green, John Richard. An English clergy-
man and historian; born in Oxford, 1837 ; died
at Mentone, France, March 7, 1883. He ruined
his health and died early through fiery zeal in
work among the London poor; much of his
vast research and his writing were done in bed.
The (Short History of the English People!
is perhaps the highest combination in his-
torical writing of sound scholarship, immense
and perfectly assimilated reading, and a liter-
ary style of great charm, lucidity, and swiftness.
(The Making of England and “The Conquest
of England) are studies of special periods. *
Green, Joseph. An American poet, - famed
for his loyalty to England; born in Boston,
Mass. , in 1706; died in London, England, Dec.
II, 1780; graduated at Harvard 1726.