The treatise Εύδημος η περί ψυχής,
portion of Aristotle's writings in point of criticism a dialogue called after Eudemus of Cyprus, the
and explanation.
portion of Aristotle's writings in point of criticism a dialogue called after Eudemus of Cyprus, the
and explanation.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
v.
the idea of the thing (abyos, or to ti fv elvai). 26; printed in Arist. Opp. , ed. Du Val. vol. ii. p.
Aristotle reproaches the older investigators with 848), and a fragment extant only in a Latin form,
having neglected to penetrate into the purpose and De Nili Incremento.
idea (τέλος and λόγος) of the individual sides and The close of the fourth book of the Meteorologics
parts of nature, and with having always sought conducts us to the consideration of earthly natural
merely for the material cause of things. (De bodies composed of homogeneous parts (óporouepñ).
Generatione, v. ), ii. 6. ) In this investigation of Separate treatises on the inorganic bodies of the
the purpose, the leading idea is always to shew, same class, e. g. Tepl metaAww (Olympiod. ad
that the natural object, which forms the subject of Arist. Meteorol. i. 5, vol. i. p. 133, Ideler), and
investigation, corresponds most completely in the Tepl tñs Aldov (Diog. L. v. 26), have perished.
way in which it exists to the idea intended to be Among the works on organic natural bodies, Aris-
realized, and accordingly best fulfils its purpose. totle himself (Meteor. i. 1) places first those on
(De Partib. Anim. i. 5; Phys. i. 8; De Incessu the animal kingdom, to the scientific consideration
Anim. 2. )
of which he devoted, according to Pliny (H. N.
According to this mode of considering the writ- viii. 17), fifty, according to Antigonus Carystius
ings of this pragmaty, they will be arranged in the (c. 66), seventy treatises. Respecting the scien-
following manner :-
tific arrangenient of the extant works of this
1. The eight books of Physics (Puoint) åkpoaois, pragmaty see Trendelenburg, ad Arist. de Anima
called also by others repl åpxwv; the last three Procem. p. 114, &c. The work which we must
books are likewise entitled repl kivhoews by Sim- place first is
plicius, Prooem. ad Phys. and ad vi. pp. 404-5, 6. The History of Animals (Tepl Suwv iotopía
ed. Berol. ) In these Aristotle develops the called by Aristotle himself ai tepi tà Śwa ioto-
general principles of natural science. (Cosmology. ) piai and Swimti iotoplam De Partibus, iii. 14. $ 5)
The investigation of the principles of the uni- in nine books. In this work Aristotle treats,
verse is naturally succeeded by the consideration chiefly in the way of description, of all the peculi-
of the principal parts of it, the heaven, the heavenly arities of this division of the natural kingdom,
bodies, and the elements. There follows accord according to genera, classes, and species ; making
ingly,
it his chief endeavour to give all the characteristics
2. The work concerning the Heaven (tepl oupa of each animal according to its external and in-
voù), in four books, which is entitled repl koomov ternal vital functions ; according to the manner of
by Alexander of Aphrodisias. (Fabric. Bill. Gr. its copulation, its mode of life, and its character.
iii. p. 230, Harl. ) According to an astronomical This enormous work, partly the fruit of the kingly
notice in i. 12, the work was composed after the liberality of Alexander, has not reached us quite
year B. c. 357. See Keppler, Astron. opt. p. 357; complete. On the other hand, respecting a tenth
Bailly, Histoire de l'Astronomie, p. 244.
book appended in the MSS. , which treats of the
3. The two books on Production and Destruction conditions of the productive power, scholars are not
(sep! gevérews kal peopâs, de Generatione et Cor- agreed. Scaliger wants to introduce it between
ruptione), develop the general laws of production the 7th and 8th books ; Camus regards it as the
and destruction, which are indicated more definitely treatise spoken of by Diogenes Laërtius: Únep
in the process of formation which goes on in Toù uti yevvav; Schneider doubts its authenticity.
inorganic nature, or in meteorological phaenomena According to a notice in several MSS. (p. 633, ed.
The consideration of this forms the contents of the Berolin. ), it originates in the Latin recension of
4. Four books on Meteorology (Metewpodoyund, the writings of Aristotle. Respecting the plan,
de Meteoris). This work, which is distinguished contents, history, and editions of the work, Schnei-
by the clearness and ease of its style, was com- der treats at length in the Epimetra in the first
posed after B. C. 341, and before the time when an vol. of his edition. The best edition is by Schnei-
acquaintance with India was obtained by Alex- der, in four vols. 8vo. , Lips. 1811.
ander's expedition. (St. Croix, Eaamen critique This work, the observations in which are the
des Hist. d'Alex. p. 703 ; Ideler, Meteorologia ret. triumph of ancient sagacity, and have been con-
Graecor. et Rom. , Berol. 1832. ) It contains the firmed by the results of the most recent investiga-
groundwork of a physical geography. It has been tions (Cuvier), is followed by
edited by Ideler, Lips. 1834, 2 vols. , with a pro- 7. The four books on the Parts of Animals (Tepl
fuse commentary. This work is commonly fol. Šuw yopiwv), in which Aristotle, after describing
lowed in the editions by the treatise
the phaenomena in each species develops the causes
5. On the Universe (Tepi koopov, de Mundo), a of these phaenomena by means of the idea to be
letter to Alexander, which treats the subject of the formed of the purpose which is manifested in the
last two works in a popular tone and a rhetorical formation of the animal. According to Titze (de
style altogether foreign to Aristotle. The whole Arist. Opp. Serie, pp. 55–58), the first book of this
is probably a translation of a work with the same work forms the introduction to the entire preceding
title by Appuleius, as Stabr (Arist. bei den Römern, work on animals, and was edited by him under
p. 165, &c. ) has endeavoured to prove. Osann | the title Λόγος περί φύσεως μάλιστα μεθοδικός,
ascribes it to the Stoic Chrysippus (Beiträge zur Prag. 1819, and Leipzig, 1823, 8vo. , with a Ger-
Griech. u. Röm. Litt. Gesch. , Darmstadt, 1835, vol. i. man translation and remarks. This work, too, as
pp. 141-283. ) The latest editor of Appuleius regards its form, belongs to the most complete and
(Hildebrand, Prolegg. ad Appul. vol. i. p. xli. , &c. ), attractive of the works of Aristotle. There is a
on the contrary, looks upon the Latin work as the separate work in five books
translation.
8. On the Gencration of Animals (Tepl uwr
To the same division of this pragmaty belongs gevénews), which treats of the generation of ani-
## p. 330 (#350) ############################################
330
ARISTOTELES.
ARISTOTELES.
mals and the organs of generation. The fifth book The organization of plants had been treated of
howerer does not belong to this work, but is a by Aristotle in a separate work (Tepi Outwv).
treatise on the changes which the several parts of The extant
the body suffer.
15. Two books Nep! Autwv (de Plantis), accord-
9. De Incessu Animalium (mepl Suwv nopelas), ! ing to a remark in the preface, are a translation
the close of which (c. 19. p. 713, ed. Bekk. ), after from a Latin translation, which again was founded
the external phaenomena of the animal kingdom on an Arabic version of the original. In spite of
and of animal organization have been treated of, all the doubts which have been raised against their
Icads us to the consideration of the internal cause authenticity, there are many expressions found in
of these, the soul. The consideration of this is them which bear an undoubtedly Aristotelian
taken up by Aristotle in the
stamp. (Compare Henschel, de Arist. Botan. Philos.
10. Three books on the Soul (Tepl yuxñs). After Vratislaviae, 1823. )
he has criticised the views of earlier investigators, Several anatomical works of Aristotle have been
he himself defines the soul to be “the internal lost. He was the first person who in any especial
formative principle of a body which may be per- manner advocated anatomical investigations, and
ceived by the senses, and is capable of life" (eloos shewed the necessity of them for the study of the
σώματος φυσικου δυνάμει ζωήν έχοντος). Such an natural sciences. He frequently refers to investi-
internal formative principle is an evrené Xela; (re- gations of his own on the subject. (Hist. Anim.
specting this expression, see Biese, Phil. des Arist. i. 17, extr. , ii. 2, vi. 10. ) Diog. Laërt. (v. 25)
pp. 355, 452, 479, &c. ); the soul is therefore the mentions eight books avatouaw, and one book
entelecheia of a body capable of life, or organized : ékdom dvatouwv, by Aristotle. According to
it is its essence (ovola), its lógos. This work has Aristotle's own intimations (de Gen. An. ii. 7, de
been edited by Trendelenburg, Jenae, 1833, 8vo. — Part. An. iv. 5), these writings were illustrated by
one of the most excellent editions of any separate | drawings.
The treatise Εύδημος η περί ψυχής,
portion of Aristotle's writings in point of criticism a dialogue called after Eudemus of Cyprus, the
and explanation. With this work the following friend of the philosopher, has also been lost. In
treatises are connected, in which individual sub- this work, of which a considerable fragment has
jects are carried out :
been preserved by Plutarch (de Consol. ad Apollon.
11. On the Motion of Animals (tepl uw kivt. p. 115, b. ), Aristotle refuted the proposition, that
σεως).
the soul is no independent essence, but only the
12. Parva Naturalia, a series of essays, which, harmony of the body. Whether the treatise quoted
according to their plan, form an entire work (de by Diog. Laërt. , DEVELS Tepl yuxñs, belongs to this
Sensu, c. 1) on sense and the sensible. These class of works, is doubtful
. Respecting the lost
treatises come next in the following succession : medical works, see Buhle, loc. p. 102.
(a) On Memory and Recollection (Tepi uvjuns
και αναμνήσεως).
3. Practical Philosophy, or Politics.
(6) On Sleep and Waking (Tepl Útvou kal typn- All that falls within the sphere of practical phi-
γόρσεως).
losophy is comprehended in three principal works :
(c) On Dreams (περί ενυπνίων).
the Ethics, the Politics, and the Oeconomics. In
(d) Iepi tñs ka ünvou uartucíhs (de Divinatione them Aristotle treats of the sciences which have
per Somnum).
reference to the operation of the reason manifesting
(e) Nepi Makpob16TYTOS Kal Bpa x ubi67ntos (de itself in particular spheres. Their subject, there
Longitudine et Brevitute Vitae).
fore, is action, morulity with reference to the indi-
(f) nepi veoTnTOS Kal pipws (de Juventute et vidual, to the family, and to the state.
Next to
Senectute).
these we place the sciences which have for their
(9) lepl avanvons (de Respirutione).
object the exercise of the creative faculty (Forev),
(1) Περί ζωής και θανάτου («le Tita et Morte). i. e. Art.
With these treatises closes the circle of the Ethics. -- The principal work on this subject is
Aristotelian doctrine of animals and animal life. 1. 'Ηθικά Νικομάχεια, in 10 books. Aristotle
13. The treatise dc Sensu, according to Trendel here begins with the highest and most universal
enburg's conjecture, has come down to us in an end of life, for the individual as well as for the
incomplete form, and the extant fragment repl community in the state. This is happiness (evõas-
åkovotwv* probably belongs to it. The same is movia); and its conditions are, on the one hand,
probably the case with the treatise
perfect virtue exhibiting itself in the actor, and on
14. On Colours (Trepi xowuatwa), which, how the other band, corresponding bodily advantages
ever, Titze (1. c. p. 67) regards as a fragment of the and favourable external circumstances. Virtue is
lost work on Plants. The fragment nepi aveúuatos the readiness to act constantly and consciously
(de Spiritu), of doubtful authenticity, and, accord according to the laws of the rational nature of man
ing to recent investigations, the production of a (općòs Aóyos). The nature of virtue shews itself
Stoic, is connected, as regards its subject, with the in its appearing as the medium between two ex-
treatise tepi ávanvoñs. The treatise on Physio tremes. In accordance with this, the several vir-
gnomics (quoioyrwuiká) printed in Franz, Scriptores tues are enumerated and characterized. The
Physiognomici veteres, in like manner, is connected authenticity of the work, which an ancient tradi-
with the scientific consideration of animal life. tion ascribes to Nicomachus, the son of Aristotle,
is indubitable, though there is some dispute as to
• Preserved by Porphyrius, ad Ptolemaei Har- the proper arrangement of the several books. The
monica, printed in Patrit. Discuss. Perip. p. 85, &c. title Nikouáxela Milkpá, under which David (Pro
and in Wallis, Opp. Oxon. 1699, vol. iii. p. 246, &c. leg. ad Categ. p. 25, a. 40, Schol. ed. Berolin. )
+ See Arist. Ilist. Anim. v. 1, de Partil. Anim. quotes the work, has not yet been explained. The
ji. 10, de Jurent. et Sencet. vi. 1, de Generat. Auin. best editions are by Zell, Heidelberg, 1320, 2 vols.
i. ? , cxtr. i. 23, and in other passages.
8vo. ; Corais, Paris, 1022, 8vo. ; Cardwell, Oxon.
## p. 331 (#351) ############################################
ARISTOTELES.
331
ARISTOTELES.
1828, 2 vols. ; Michelet, Berlin, 1828, 2 vols. I best editions are by Schneider, Lips. 1815; and
Beside the Nicomachcan Ethics, we find' aniongst Göttling, Jenac, 1830.
the works of Aristotle
Among the lost writings of this pragmaty we
2. 'Hoikà Evdtuerch in seven books, of which have to mention,
only books i. ii. iii. ana vii. are independent, while 1. Nipot pentikos, an exhortation to the study of
the remaining books iv. v. and vi. agree word for philosophy.
word with books y, vi. and vii. of the Nicomachean 2. Tepl eúrevelas, on Nobility, which, however,
Ethics. This ethical work is perhaps a recension ancient critics (as Plut. Aristid. 27) already looked
of Aristotle's lectures, edited by Eudemus.
upon as spurious ; in which opinion most modern
3. 'Hound Méyana (in David, Lc. 'HO. Méy. scholars agree with them. (See Luzac. Lectt. Atticae,
Nikouexela) in two books, which Pansch (de Arist pp. 82—85; Welcker, ud Theognid. p. lix. &c. )
magnis moral. subditicio libro, 1841), has lately
B. HistoriCAL WORKS.
endeavoured to shew not to be a work of Aristotle,
but an abstract, and one too not made by a very Of the large number of writings, partly politico-
skilful hand; wköst another critic, Glaser (die historical, partly connected with the history of
Metaph. des Arist. pp. 53, 54), looks upon it as the literature, and partly antiquarian, belonging to this
authentic first sketch of the larger work.
class, only scanty fragments and solitary notices
4. The treatise Nepi dpetwv Kai Kaki@v, a collec- have been preserved. The extant treatise, de
tion of definitions, is of very doubtful origin, though | Xenophane, Zenone, et Gorgia, which is important
probably belonging to the later age of extracts. for an acquaintance with the Eleatic philosophy, is
The Ethics conduct us to the Politics. (See Elh. only a fragment of a more comprehensive work on
Nic. X. extr. ) The connexion between the two the history of philosophy. (Spalding, Comment. in
works is so close, that in the Ethics by the word prim. part. libelli de Xen. Zen. et Gorg. Berol. 1793. )
Üotepov reference is made by Aristotle to the Poli- The lost writings belonging to this pragmaty are
tics, and in the latter by apótepov to the Ethics. 1. The Polities (Toliteiai), a description and
The Aristotelian Politics (TOActiká; in Diogenes history of the constitutions, manners, and usages
Laërtius, v. 24, TOMITIKT) dxp. aois) in eight books, of 158 (Diog. Laërt. v. 27; according to others,
have for their object to shew how happiness is 250 or more) states, the historical foundation of
to be attained for the human community in the the Politics. The numerous fragments of this in-
state; for the object of the state is not merely valuable work have not yet been collected with
the external preservation of life, but happy sufficient care. The collection by Neumann (Hei-
life, as it is atiained by means of virtue” (dperă, delb. 1827) is quite unsatisfactory.
perfect development of the whole man). Hence 2. Νόμιμα βαρβαρικά, the Manners and Customs
also ethics form the first and most general founda- of the Barbarians.
tion of political life, because the state cannot attain 3. Ktigers, Legends of the foundings of Cities.
its highest object, if morality does not prevail 4. Περί ευρημάτων.
among its citizens. The house, the farnily, is the For poetical literature and chronology the fol-
element of the state. Accordingly Aristotle begins lowing treatises were important :
with the doctrine of domestic economy, then pro- 5. 'Ολυμπιονίκαι. (Πυθιονικών αναγραφή, Νίκαι
ceeds to a description of the different forms of ALOvvolakal, Diog. Laërt. v. 26. )
government, after which he gives an historico 6. Τα εκ του Τιμαίου και των Αρχυτείων, και
critical delineation of the most important Hellenic work the first part of which is preserved in Timaeus
constitutions,* and then investigates which of the Locrus (ale Anima Mundi), just as the second part,
constitutions is the best (the ideal of a state). on Archytas, is in the fragments preserved in Sto-
The doctrine concerning education, as the niost baeus under the name of Archytas. (0. F. Gruppe,
important condition of this best state, forms the | Ueber die Fragmente des Archytas, Berlin, 1840. )
conclusion. Doubts have been raised by scholars 7. Didascalia, a critico-chronological specification
respecting the arrangement of the several books; of the repertory of the Athenian stage. Diog.
and lately St. Hilaire, in the introduction to his Laërt. v. 26. )
edition (p. lxxvi. ), bas urged the adoption of a 8. Kúkdos tepl Fontwv. (Comp. Welcker,
transposition, in accordance with which the follow- über die Cyklischen Dichter, p. 48.
the idea of the thing (abyos, or to ti fv elvai). 26; printed in Arist. Opp. , ed. Du Val. vol. ii. p.
Aristotle reproaches the older investigators with 848), and a fragment extant only in a Latin form,
having neglected to penetrate into the purpose and De Nili Incremento.
idea (τέλος and λόγος) of the individual sides and The close of the fourth book of the Meteorologics
parts of nature, and with having always sought conducts us to the consideration of earthly natural
merely for the material cause of things. (De bodies composed of homogeneous parts (óporouepñ).
Generatione, v. ), ii. 6. ) In this investigation of Separate treatises on the inorganic bodies of the
the purpose, the leading idea is always to shew, same class, e. g. Tepl metaAww (Olympiod. ad
that the natural object, which forms the subject of Arist. Meteorol. i. 5, vol. i. p. 133, Ideler), and
investigation, corresponds most completely in the Tepl tñs Aldov (Diog. L. v. 26), have perished.
way in which it exists to the idea intended to be Among the works on organic natural bodies, Aris-
realized, and accordingly best fulfils its purpose. totle himself (Meteor. i. 1) places first those on
(De Partib. Anim. i. 5; Phys. i. 8; De Incessu the animal kingdom, to the scientific consideration
Anim. 2. )
of which he devoted, according to Pliny (H. N.
According to this mode of considering the writ- viii. 17), fifty, according to Antigonus Carystius
ings of this pragmaty, they will be arranged in the (c. 66), seventy treatises. Respecting the scien-
following manner :-
tific arrangenient of the extant works of this
1. The eight books of Physics (Puoint) åkpoaois, pragmaty see Trendelenburg, ad Arist. de Anima
called also by others repl åpxwv; the last three Procem. p. 114, &c. The work which we must
books are likewise entitled repl kivhoews by Sim- place first is
plicius, Prooem. ad Phys. and ad vi. pp. 404-5, 6. The History of Animals (Tepl Suwv iotopía
ed. Berol. ) In these Aristotle develops the called by Aristotle himself ai tepi tà Śwa ioto-
general principles of natural science. (Cosmology. ) piai and Swimti iotoplam De Partibus, iii. 14. $ 5)
The investigation of the principles of the uni- in nine books. In this work Aristotle treats,
verse is naturally succeeded by the consideration chiefly in the way of description, of all the peculi-
of the principal parts of it, the heaven, the heavenly arities of this division of the natural kingdom,
bodies, and the elements. There follows accord according to genera, classes, and species ; making
ingly,
it his chief endeavour to give all the characteristics
2. The work concerning the Heaven (tepl oupa of each animal according to its external and in-
voù), in four books, which is entitled repl koomov ternal vital functions ; according to the manner of
by Alexander of Aphrodisias. (Fabric. Bill. Gr. its copulation, its mode of life, and its character.
iii. p. 230, Harl. ) According to an astronomical This enormous work, partly the fruit of the kingly
notice in i. 12, the work was composed after the liberality of Alexander, has not reached us quite
year B. c. 357. See Keppler, Astron. opt. p. 357; complete. On the other hand, respecting a tenth
Bailly, Histoire de l'Astronomie, p. 244.
book appended in the MSS. , which treats of the
3. The two books on Production and Destruction conditions of the productive power, scholars are not
(sep! gevérews kal peopâs, de Generatione et Cor- agreed. Scaliger wants to introduce it between
ruptione), develop the general laws of production the 7th and 8th books ; Camus regards it as the
and destruction, which are indicated more definitely treatise spoken of by Diogenes Laërtius: Únep
in the process of formation which goes on in Toù uti yevvav; Schneider doubts its authenticity.
inorganic nature, or in meteorological phaenomena According to a notice in several MSS. (p. 633, ed.
The consideration of this forms the contents of the Berolin. ), it originates in the Latin recension of
4. Four books on Meteorology (Metewpodoyund, the writings of Aristotle. Respecting the plan,
de Meteoris). This work, which is distinguished contents, history, and editions of the work, Schnei-
by the clearness and ease of its style, was com- der treats at length in the Epimetra in the first
posed after B. C. 341, and before the time when an vol. of his edition. The best edition is by Schnei-
acquaintance with India was obtained by Alex- der, in four vols. 8vo. , Lips. 1811.
ander's expedition. (St. Croix, Eaamen critique This work, the observations in which are the
des Hist. d'Alex. p. 703 ; Ideler, Meteorologia ret. triumph of ancient sagacity, and have been con-
Graecor. et Rom. , Berol. 1832. ) It contains the firmed by the results of the most recent investiga-
groundwork of a physical geography. It has been tions (Cuvier), is followed by
edited by Ideler, Lips. 1834, 2 vols. , with a pro- 7. The four books on the Parts of Animals (Tepl
fuse commentary. This work is commonly fol. Šuw yopiwv), in which Aristotle, after describing
lowed in the editions by the treatise
the phaenomena in each species develops the causes
5. On the Universe (Tepi koopov, de Mundo), a of these phaenomena by means of the idea to be
letter to Alexander, which treats the subject of the formed of the purpose which is manifested in the
last two works in a popular tone and a rhetorical formation of the animal. According to Titze (de
style altogether foreign to Aristotle. The whole Arist. Opp. Serie, pp. 55–58), the first book of this
is probably a translation of a work with the same work forms the introduction to the entire preceding
title by Appuleius, as Stabr (Arist. bei den Römern, work on animals, and was edited by him under
p. 165, &c. ) has endeavoured to prove. Osann | the title Λόγος περί φύσεως μάλιστα μεθοδικός,
ascribes it to the Stoic Chrysippus (Beiträge zur Prag. 1819, and Leipzig, 1823, 8vo. , with a Ger-
Griech. u. Röm. Litt. Gesch. , Darmstadt, 1835, vol. i. man translation and remarks. This work, too, as
pp. 141-283. ) The latest editor of Appuleius regards its form, belongs to the most complete and
(Hildebrand, Prolegg. ad Appul. vol. i. p. xli. , &c. ), attractive of the works of Aristotle. There is a
on the contrary, looks upon the Latin work as the separate work in five books
translation.
8. On the Gencration of Animals (Tepl uwr
To the same division of this pragmaty belongs gevénews), which treats of the generation of ani-
## p. 330 (#350) ############################################
330
ARISTOTELES.
ARISTOTELES.
mals and the organs of generation. The fifth book The organization of plants had been treated of
howerer does not belong to this work, but is a by Aristotle in a separate work (Tepi Outwv).
treatise on the changes which the several parts of The extant
the body suffer.
15. Two books Nep! Autwv (de Plantis), accord-
9. De Incessu Animalium (mepl Suwv nopelas), ! ing to a remark in the preface, are a translation
the close of which (c. 19. p. 713, ed. Bekk. ), after from a Latin translation, which again was founded
the external phaenomena of the animal kingdom on an Arabic version of the original. In spite of
and of animal organization have been treated of, all the doubts which have been raised against their
Icads us to the consideration of the internal cause authenticity, there are many expressions found in
of these, the soul. The consideration of this is them which bear an undoubtedly Aristotelian
taken up by Aristotle in the
stamp. (Compare Henschel, de Arist. Botan. Philos.
10. Three books on the Soul (Tepl yuxñs). After Vratislaviae, 1823. )
he has criticised the views of earlier investigators, Several anatomical works of Aristotle have been
he himself defines the soul to be “the internal lost. He was the first person who in any especial
formative principle of a body which may be per- manner advocated anatomical investigations, and
ceived by the senses, and is capable of life" (eloos shewed the necessity of them for the study of the
σώματος φυσικου δυνάμει ζωήν έχοντος). Such an natural sciences. He frequently refers to investi-
internal formative principle is an evrené Xela; (re- gations of his own on the subject. (Hist. Anim.
specting this expression, see Biese, Phil. des Arist. i. 17, extr. , ii. 2, vi. 10. ) Diog. Laërt. (v. 25)
pp. 355, 452, 479, &c. ); the soul is therefore the mentions eight books avatouaw, and one book
entelecheia of a body capable of life, or organized : ékdom dvatouwv, by Aristotle. According to
it is its essence (ovola), its lógos. This work has Aristotle's own intimations (de Gen. An. ii. 7, de
been edited by Trendelenburg, Jenae, 1833, 8vo. — Part. An. iv. 5), these writings were illustrated by
one of the most excellent editions of any separate | drawings.
The treatise Εύδημος η περί ψυχής,
portion of Aristotle's writings in point of criticism a dialogue called after Eudemus of Cyprus, the
and explanation. With this work the following friend of the philosopher, has also been lost. In
treatises are connected, in which individual sub- this work, of which a considerable fragment has
jects are carried out :
been preserved by Plutarch (de Consol. ad Apollon.
11. On the Motion of Animals (tepl uw kivt. p. 115, b. ), Aristotle refuted the proposition, that
σεως).
the soul is no independent essence, but only the
12. Parva Naturalia, a series of essays, which, harmony of the body. Whether the treatise quoted
according to their plan, form an entire work (de by Diog. Laërt. , DEVELS Tepl yuxñs, belongs to this
Sensu, c. 1) on sense and the sensible. These class of works, is doubtful
. Respecting the lost
treatises come next in the following succession : medical works, see Buhle, loc. p. 102.
(a) On Memory and Recollection (Tepi uvjuns
και αναμνήσεως).
3. Practical Philosophy, or Politics.
(6) On Sleep and Waking (Tepl Útvou kal typn- All that falls within the sphere of practical phi-
γόρσεως).
losophy is comprehended in three principal works :
(c) On Dreams (περί ενυπνίων).
the Ethics, the Politics, and the Oeconomics. In
(d) Iepi tñs ka ünvou uartucíhs (de Divinatione them Aristotle treats of the sciences which have
per Somnum).
reference to the operation of the reason manifesting
(e) Nepi Makpob16TYTOS Kal Bpa x ubi67ntos (de itself in particular spheres. Their subject, there
Longitudine et Brevitute Vitae).
fore, is action, morulity with reference to the indi-
(f) nepi veoTnTOS Kal pipws (de Juventute et vidual, to the family, and to the state.
Next to
Senectute).
these we place the sciences which have for their
(9) lepl avanvons (de Respirutione).
object the exercise of the creative faculty (Forev),
(1) Περί ζωής και θανάτου («le Tita et Morte). i. e. Art.
With these treatises closes the circle of the Ethics. -- The principal work on this subject is
Aristotelian doctrine of animals and animal life. 1. 'Ηθικά Νικομάχεια, in 10 books. Aristotle
13. The treatise dc Sensu, according to Trendel here begins with the highest and most universal
enburg's conjecture, has come down to us in an end of life, for the individual as well as for the
incomplete form, and the extant fragment repl community in the state. This is happiness (evõas-
åkovotwv* probably belongs to it. The same is movia); and its conditions are, on the one hand,
probably the case with the treatise
perfect virtue exhibiting itself in the actor, and on
14. On Colours (Trepi xowuatwa), which, how the other band, corresponding bodily advantages
ever, Titze (1. c. p. 67) regards as a fragment of the and favourable external circumstances. Virtue is
lost work on Plants. The fragment nepi aveúuatos the readiness to act constantly and consciously
(de Spiritu), of doubtful authenticity, and, accord according to the laws of the rational nature of man
ing to recent investigations, the production of a (općòs Aóyos). The nature of virtue shews itself
Stoic, is connected, as regards its subject, with the in its appearing as the medium between two ex-
treatise tepi ávanvoñs. The treatise on Physio tremes. In accordance with this, the several vir-
gnomics (quoioyrwuiká) printed in Franz, Scriptores tues are enumerated and characterized. The
Physiognomici veteres, in like manner, is connected authenticity of the work, which an ancient tradi-
with the scientific consideration of animal life. tion ascribes to Nicomachus, the son of Aristotle,
is indubitable, though there is some dispute as to
• Preserved by Porphyrius, ad Ptolemaei Har- the proper arrangement of the several books. The
monica, printed in Patrit. Discuss. Perip. p. 85, &c. title Nikouáxela Milkpá, under which David (Pro
and in Wallis, Opp. Oxon. 1699, vol. iii. p. 246, &c. leg. ad Categ. p. 25, a. 40, Schol. ed. Berolin. )
+ See Arist. Ilist. Anim. v. 1, de Partil. Anim. quotes the work, has not yet been explained. The
ji. 10, de Jurent. et Sencet. vi. 1, de Generat. Auin. best editions are by Zell, Heidelberg, 1320, 2 vols.
i. ? , cxtr. i. 23, and in other passages.
8vo. ; Corais, Paris, 1022, 8vo. ; Cardwell, Oxon.
## p. 331 (#351) ############################################
ARISTOTELES.
331
ARISTOTELES.
1828, 2 vols. ; Michelet, Berlin, 1828, 2 vols. I best editions are by Schneider, Lips. 1815; and
Beside the Nicomachcan Ethics, we find' aniongst Göttling, Jenac, 1830.
the works of Aristotle
Among the lost writings of this pragmaty we
2. 'Hoikà Evdtuerch in seven books, of which have to mention,
only books i. ii. iii. ana vii. are independent, while 1. Nipot pentikos, an exhortation to the study of
the remaining books iv. v. and vi. agree word for philosophy.
word with books y, vi. and vii. of the Nicomachean 2. Tepl eúrevelas, on Nobility, which, however,
Ethics. This ethical work is perhaps a recension ancient critics (as Plut. Aristid. 27) already looked
of Aristotle's lectures, edited by Eudemus.
upon as spurious ; in which opinion most modern
3. 'Hound Méyana (in David, Lc. 'HO. Méy. scholars agree with them. (See Luzac. Lectt. Atticae,
Nikouexela) in two books, which Pansch (de Arist pp. 82—85; Welcker, ud Theognid. p. lix. &c. )
magnis moral. subditicio libro, 1841), has lately
B. HistoriCAL WORKS.
endeavoured to shew not to be a work of Aristotle,
but an abstract, and one too not made by a very Of the large number of writings, partly politico-
skilful hand; wköst another critic, Glaser (die historical, partly connected with the history of
Metaph. des Arist. pp. 53, 54), looks upon it as the literature, and partly antiquarian, belonging to this
authentic first sketch of the larger work.
class, only scanty fragments and solitary notices
4. The treatise Nepi dpetwv Kai Kaki@v, a collec- have been preserved. The extant treatise, de
tion of definitions, is of very doubtful origin, though | Xenophane, Zenone, et Gorgia, which is important
probably belonging to the later age of extracts. for an acquaintance with the Eleatic philosophy, is
The Ethics conduct us to the Politics. (See Elh. only a fragment of a more comprehensive work on
Nic. X. extr. ) The connexion between the two the history of philosophy. (Spalding, Comment. in
works is so close, that in the Ethics by the word prim. part. libelli de Xen. Zen. et Gorg. Berol. 1793. )
Üotepov reference is made by Aristotle to the Poli- The lost writings belonging to this pragmaty are
tics, and in the latter by apótepov to the Ethics. 1. The Polities (Toliteiai), a description and
The Aristotelian Politics (TOActiká; in Diogenes history of the constitutions, manners, and usages
Laërtius, v. 24, TOMITIKT) dxp. aois) in eight books, of 158 (Diog. Laërt. v. 27; according to others,
have for their object to shew how happiness is 250 or more) states, the historical foundation of
to be attained for the human community in the the Politics. The numerous fragments of this in-
state; for the object of the state is not merely valuable work have not yet been collected with
the external preservation of life, but happy sufficient care. The collection by Neumann (Hei-
life, as it is atiained by means of virtue” (dperă, delb. 1827) is quite unsatisfactory.
perfect development of the whole man). Hence 2. Νόμιμα βαρβαρικά, the Manners and Customs
also ethics form the first and most general founda- of the Barbarians.
tion of political life, because the state cannot attain 3. Ktigers, Legends of the foundings of Cities.
its highest object, if morality does not prevail 4. Περί ευρημάτων.
among its citizens. The house, the farnily, is the For poetical literature and chronology the fol-
element of the state. Accordingly Aristotle begins lowing treatises were important :
with the doctrine of domestic economy, then pro- 5. 'Ολυμπιονίκαι. (Πυθιονικών αναγραφή, Νίκαι
ceeds to a description of the different forms of ALOvvolakal, Diog. Laërt. v. 26. )
government, after which he gives an historico 6. Τα εκ του Τιμαίου και των Αρχυτείων, και
critical delineation of the most important Hellenic work the first part of which is preserved in Timaeus
constitutions,* and then investigates which of the Locrus (ale Anima Mundi), just as the second part,
constitutions is the best (the ideal of a state). on Archytas, is in the fragments preserved in Sto-
The doctrine concerning education, as the niost baeus under the name of Archytas. (0. F. Gruppe,
important condition of this best state, forms the | Ueber die Fragmente des Archytas, Berlin, 1840. )
conclusion. Doubts have been raised by scholars 7. Didascalia, a critico-chronological specification
respecting the arrangement of the several books; of the repertory of the Athenian stage. Diog.
and lately St. Hilaire, in the introduction to his Laërt. v. 26. )
edition (p. lxxvi. ), bas urged the adoption of a 8. Kúkdos tepl Fontwv. (Comp. Welcker,
transposition, in accordance with which the follow- über die Cyklischen Dichter, p. 48.
