Schuh/ (Paris,
collection
de la Pleiade, 1964), p.
Hadot - The Inner Citadel The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius
Renan, Marc Aurele et la n du monde antique (Paris, 1882).
O en
3 1 6 Abbreviations
reprinted. The edition I cite is in the collection entitled "Le livre de poche," "Biblio/Essais," no. 4015 (Paris: Librairie generale a aise, 1984).
Stobaeus Anthol. : K. Wachsmuth and 0. Hense. , eds. , Ioannis Stobaei Antholo gium, 5 vols. (Berlin, 1884-1912).
Stoidens: Les Stoidens, trans. E. Brehier, ed. under the direction ofP. M. Schuhl; Bibliotheque de la Plfaade (Paris: NRF, 1962). Contains French transla tions of texts by Cleanthes, Diogenes Laertius, Plutarch, Cicero, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius.
S : H. von Arnim, ed. , Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, 4 vols. (Leipzig, 1905- 1924). Contains only Latin and Greek texts.
Theiler: W. Theiler, ed. , Kaiser Marc Aurel: Wege zu sich selbst (Zurich, 1951-). To date, this is the best edition ofthe Greek text ofthe Meditations, as
we as the best translation (in German).
NOTES
1 . The Emperor-Philosopher
l. On these ctories, see H. Bloch, I bolli laterzi e la storia edilizia romana (Rome, 1947 [19682]), especially pp. 204-210, 331; Margareta Steinby, "Ziegel stempel von Rom und Umgebung," in Paulys Realencyclopadie, Supplement, XV, 1978, col. 1489-l59r.
2 . On the relationship between these births, mintings of coinage, and impe rial propaganda, see K. Fittschen, Die Bildnistypen der Faustina Minor und die Fecunditas Augustae (Gottingen, 1982).
3 . Cf E. Champlin, Pronto and Antonine Rome (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1980), pp. l39-142.
4 . J a m e s F . G i l l i a m , " T h e P l a g u e u n d e r M a r c u s A u r e l i u s , " A m e r i c a n Jo u a l e f Philology, 82 (1961): 225-25r.
5. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 36, 3.
6. F. Lot, La Fin du monde antique et le debut du Moyen Age (Paris, 195l),
pp. 198-199.
7. See the works ofE. Renan, A. R. Birley, and P. Grimal.
8. On this aspect ofancient philosophy, see P. Hadot, Exercices spirituels et
philosophie antique (Paris, 19923) [English translation: Philosophy As a Way ofL e, Chicago, 1995); Hadot, pre ce to R. Goulet, ed. , Dictionnaire des philosophes antiques, vol. I (Paris, 1989), pp. ll-16.
9. J. M. Rist, "Are You a Stoic? The Case ofMarcus Aurelius," in B. F. Meyer and E. P. Sanders, eds. ,Jewish and Christian Se De nition, vol. III (Lon don, 1983), p. 23.
ro. It is true that the Christian apologist Justin, a contemporary of Marcus Aurelius (cf Andre Wartelle, SaintJustin, Apologies [Paris, 1987), pp. 3 1-32), at the beginning ofhis Apology, gives the title of"philosophers" to Marcus Aurelius and to Verus. Melito of Sardis, another apologist (cf Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History IV, 26, 7) associates Commodus with the philosophical repu tation of his ther, Marcus Aurelius. In both these cases, it was obviously because of Marcus that his associates were digni ed with this title. On the notion of "philosopher" in the Imperial period, see the excellent work by
J. Hahn, Der Philosoph und die Gesellsch (Stuttgart, 1 989) .
318 Notes to Pages 5-13
rr. Fronto, AdAntonin. Imper. , De eloquentia, 2, 15, p. 143, 19 Van den Hout; vol. II, p. 70 Haines.
12. HistoriaAugusta, MarcusAurelius (herea er ), II, r: "Fuitaprima infantia gravis. "
13. Fronto, Ad Marc. Caes. , II, 16, p. 34, 2 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 150 Haines.
14. According to the Historia Augusta ( IV, 9, vol. I), Diognetus or Dioge- netus was Marcus' painting teacher.
15. SeeJ. Taillardat, Les Images d'A stophane (Paris, 1962), p. 268, §474; n. 2. 16. Historia Augusta, , II, 6.
17. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 18, 5-7; 20, 9; Pliny the Younger, Letters, I, 22,
4; Musonius, 20, in A. -J. Festugiere, trans. , Deux predicateurs de l'Antiquite, les et Musonius (Paris, 1978), pp. 123-124.
18. C Strabo, Geography, V, 47.
19. C Polybius, Histories, I, 32, r; Plutarch, Agesilaus 2; Cleomenes I I , 3-4; Dionysius ofHalicarnassus, Antiquities Rome, 2, 23, 2, r.
20. Plutarch, Lycu us, 16, 12.
2r. F. Ollier, Le Mirage spartiate, 2 vols. (Paris, 1933-1943). C E. N. Tig erstedt, The Legend of Sparta in Classical Antiquity, 2 vols. (Stockholm, 1965- 1973).
22. Musonius, in Festugiere, Deux predicateurs de l'Antiquite, pp. 52; 124. 23. C Plato, Symposium, 219b; Xenophon, Memorabilia, I, 6, 2.
24. Historia Augusta, MA, III, 3 .
25. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 35, r.
26. Themistius, Orationes quae supersunt, ed. G. Downey and A. F. Norman (Leipzig: Teubner, 1969-1974), vol. I (orat. 17), p. 307, 28; vol. II (o t. 34),
pp. 218, 6; 226, 9.
27. I. Hadot, Seneca und diegreichisch-romische Tradition der Seelenleitung (Berlin,
1969), pp. 167-168.
28. Epictetus, Discourses, IV, 8, 12.
29. Fronto, Ad Antonin. Imper. , I, 2, 3, p. 88, 4 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. 36
Haines .
30. Fronto, AdMarc. Caesar. , IV, 13, pp. 67-68 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 214
Haines. On the idea ofconversion, c A. D. Nock, Conversion: The Old and the New in Religion om Alexander the Great to Augustine ofHippo (Ox rd, 1933); P. Hadot, Exercices spirituels, pp. 175-182.
3 r. It is highly improbable that Marcus, as a Caesar, should have been the assessor ofAu dius.
32. E. Champlin, "The Chronology ofFronto,"Journal ofRoman Studies, 64 (1974): r44
3 3 . R. B. Rutherford, The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius: A Study (Oxford, 1989), p. ro6 n. 41; H. Gargemanns, "Der Bekehrungsbrief Marc Aurels," Rheinisches Museumfur Philologie, 134 (1991): 96-109; P. Hadot, in Ecole Pratique
Notes to Pages 13-17 319
des Hautes Etudes, Section. Annuaire XCII (1983-1984) (hereafter Annuaire EPHE), pp. 331-336.
34. H. Gorgemanns ("Der Bekehrungsbrief Marc Aurels," pp. 102-108) shows that this description contains an allusion to the wrath of Achilles in the rst book of Homer's iad. The irony was intended by the young Marcus, in order to attenuate the pain he was in icting upon his teacher Fronto, by allow ing him to glimpse his growing love r philosophy.
35. Cf the rmula "Silent leges inter arma" ("laws are silent during wars"), in A. Otto, Die Sprichworter (Hildesheim, 1962), p. 192, and cf Plutarch, Agesilaus, 30, 4.
36. Les Stoidens, textes traduits par E. Brehier, edites sous la direction de M.
Schuh/ (Paris, collection de la Pleiade, 1964), p. 68 (§163); cited in what llows as Stoidens. On this philosopher, cf I. Ioppolo, Aristone di Chio e lo stoicismo antico (Naples, 1981).
37. Cf SVF, vol. I, §§383-403.
3 8 . Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 94, 2; Cicero, On Ends, III, 50; IV, 43 ; 79.
39. On this point, correct what I said about Aristo in P. Hadot, Exercices
spirituels, p. l 30, and in Annuaire EPHE XCII.
40. Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius, X, 4.
4r. [There is an untranslatable play on words here, between the French
"tendu" and "detendu. " -Trans. ]
42. Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius, X, 5.
43 . Historia Augusta, MA, III, 2.
44. Suidae Lexikon, ed. A. Adler, vol. I (Stuttgart, 19712), §235, p. 34r.
45. Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, II, 557. This Lucius is obviously not
Lucius Verus, Marcus' adoptive brother, as is supposed by Grimal (p. 89), but a philosopher about whom Philostratus tells other anecdotes as well, within the same context. Note Marcus' tolerance of Lucius' uninhibited speech; cf Ruther rd, Meditations, p. 89.
46. Fronto, Ad Antonin. Imper. , De eloquentia, I, 4, p. 135, 3 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. 50 Haines.
47. Ibid. , 2, l, p. 144, 2; 5, 4, p. 151, 22 Van den Hout = vol. II, pp. 66; 83 Haines .
48. See G. W. Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Ox rd, 1969), pp. 53-54; Philostratus, Lives the Sophists, II, 5, 57r.
49. Historia Augusta, MA, III, 2; III, 3.
50. Galen, De p ecognitione = Galen, On Prognosis, ed. , Engl. trans. , and commentary by V. Nutton (= Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, V, 8 , l ) , Berlin, 1979, p. 82, 6. In his review of R. MacMullen's Enemies the Roman Order ou al ofRoman Studies, 59 [1969]: 265), 0. Murray puts rth the hypothesis that Marcus' iend and teacher is the same Claudius Severus mentioned by Galen-that is, Marcus' own son-in-law.
3 20 Notes to Pages 1 7-22
5 1 . On these sessions, see P. Moraux, Galien de Pergame: Souvenirs d'un medecin (Paris, 1985), pp. 83, IOI.
52. Fronto, AdAmicos, I, 14, p. 180, 2 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. IO Haines.
53. Fronto, Ad Anton. Imper. , De eloquentia, 2, 11, p. 140, 6 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. 62 Haines.
54. Fronto, Deferiis Alsiensibus, 6, p. 230, 14 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. IO Haines.
55. C Rist, "Are You a Stoic? "
56. Fronto, Ad Marc. Caesar. , V, 24, p. 73, 7 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 196 Haines.
57. Fronto,AdAntonin. Imper. ,I,3,2,p. 91,21VandenHout=vol. 2,p. 120 Haines.
58. Historia Augusta, , XXIII, 5.
5 9 . O n Galen's testimony, see the remarks of V. Nutton in his commentary on Galen, On Prognosis, pp. 163 , as well as Hahn, Der Philosoph und die Gesell sch , p. 29 n. 42; pp. 148 (on philosophical li in Rome during Galen's time). On the careers of these personages, see G. Al ldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (Bonn, 1977); Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Em
pire, p. 82.
60. Persius, Satires, III, 54.
61. Galen, In Hippocrat. Epidem. , VI, ed. Wenkelbach/P (Berlin, 19562),
p. 206 = vol. XVII B, p. 15 K hn. The conclusions drawn om this text by Dailly and van E enterre, in "Le cas Marc-Aurele," Revue des Ctudes anciennes, 56 (1954): 365, are risky to say the least. Remarks on Imperial shions in hairstyles may be und in ]. Marquardt, Das Privatleben der Romer (1886; reprinted Darmstadt, 1980), vol. II, p. 602.
62. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 35, 2.
2. A First Glimpse the Meditations
1. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 24, 1; c A. S. L. Farquharson, The Meditations ofthe EmperorMarcus Aurelius (Ox rd, 1968), vol. I, p. xiv.
2. Themistius, Oratio 6 (Philadelphoi), 81c.
3. Aurelius Victor, Book the Caesars, 16, 9; Historia Augusta, Avidius Cas sius, III, 6-7.
4. Nicephoras Callistos Xanthopoulos, Ecclesiastical Histo , III, 3 1 , in Mi gne's Patrologia Graeca, vol. 145, col. 960.
5. Suidae Lexikon, ed. A. Adler (Stuttgart, 1967'), vol. III, §214, p. 328, 24.
6. Arethae Scripta Minora, ed. L. G. Westerink (Leipzig [Teubner], 1968), vol. I, p. 305.
7. Ibid. , vol. II, p. I05, 5 (= Meditations, I, 7, 7); Scholia in Lucianum, ed. H. Rabe (Leipzig [Teubner], 1906), pp. 189, 207 (= Meditations, VIII, 25; 37).
8. C P. Meyer, "Des Joseph Bryennios Schri en, Leben und Bildung,"
Notes to Pages 22-32 321
Byzantinische Zeitschr i , 5 (l 896): IO, who points out several literal citations om Marcus in the writings ofthis eenth-century author.
9. Ioannis Reuchlin, De arte cabalistica libri tres (Hagenau, l517), p. verso (quoting Meditations, IV, 36, designated by the rmula "in libro ad se ipsum tertio," as well as VII, 23); p. xlviii verso (quoting IV, 28, 2, where the verb haploun is understood not in the sense of"to simpli onesel " but "to get rid o " "to ee oneself": explicare se). On the manuscript ofMarcus used by Reuch lin, c L. Bergson, "Fragment einer Marc-Aurel-Handschrift," Rheinisches Mu seum, 129 (1986): l 57-169.
IO. Marci Antonini Imperatoris de rebus suis, sive de eis quae ad se pertinere censebat libri XII, commentario perpetuo explicati atque illustrati studio Thomae Gatak eri, Cambridge, 1652.
l l. C P. Hadot, "Pre ce" to the Dictionnaire desphilosophes antiques, publish ed under the direction ofRichard Goulet, vol. I (Paris, 1989), p. IO.
12. P. Moraux, Galien de Pergame: Souvenirs d'un medicin (Paris, 1985), p. 153; L . Brisson, M. -0. Goulet-Caze, e t al. , Po hyre, e de Plotin, vol. I (Paris,
1982), p. 283.
13. Arethae Scripta Minora, vol. I, p. 305.
14. Anthologia Palatina, book XV, §23, in The Greek Anthology, XII, 135: "If
you want to vanquish sadness, open this blessed book and go over it care lly; with its help, you will easily persuade yourself of this oh so uit l truth: whether past, present or ture, pleasures and pains are naught but smoke. "
15.
3 1 6 Abbreviations
reprinted. The edition I cite is in the collection entitled "Le livre de poche," "Biblio/Essais," no. 4015 (Paris: Librairie generale a aise, 1984).
Stobaeus Anthol. : K. Wachsmuth and 0. Hense. , eds. , Ioannis Stobaei Antholo gium, 5 vols. (Berlin, 1884-1912).
Stoidens: Les Stoidens, trans. E. Brehier, ed. under the direction ofP. M. Schuhl; Bibliotheque de la Plfaade (Paris: NRF, 1962). Contains French transla tions of texts by Cleanthes, Diogenes Laertius, Plutarch, Cicero, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius.
S : H. von Arnim, ed. , Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, 4 vols. (Leipzig, 1905- 1924). Contains only Latin and Greek texts.
Theiler: W. Theiler, ed. , Kaiser Marc Aurel: Wege zu sich selbst (Zurich, 1951-). To date, this is the best edition ofthe Greek text ofthe Meditations, as
we as the best translation (in German).
NOTES
1 . The Emperor-Philosopher
l. On these ctories, see H. Bloch, I bolli laterzi e la storia edilizia romana (Rome, 1947 [19682]), especially pp. 204-210, 331; Margareta Steinby, "Ziegel stempel von Rom und Umgebung," in Paulys Realencyclopadie, Supplement, XV, 1978, col. 1489-l59r.
2 . On the relationship between these births, mintings of coinage, and impe rial propaganda, see K. Fittschen, Die Bildnistypen der Faustina Minor und die Fecunditas Augustae (Gottingen, 1982).
3 . Cf E. Champlin, Pronto and Antonine Rome (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1980), pp. l39-142.
4 . J a m e s F . G i l l i a m , " T h e P l a g u e u n d e r M a r c u s A u r e l i u s , " A m e r i c a n Jo u a l e f Philology, 82 (1961): 225-25r.
5. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 36, 3.
6. F. Lot, La Fin du monde antique et le debut du Moyen Age (Paris, 195l),
pp. 198-199.
7. See the works ofE. Renan, A. R. Birley, and P. Grimal.
8. On this aspect ofancient philosophy, see P. Hadot, Exercices spirituels et
philosophie antique (Paris, 19923) [English translation: Philosophy As a Way ofL e, Chicago, 1995); Hadot, pre ce to R. Goulet, ed. , Dictionnaire des philosophes antiques, vol. I (Paris, 1989), pp. ll-16.
9. J. M. Rist, "Are You a Stoic? The Case ofMarcus Aurelius," in B. F. Meyer and E. P. Sanders, eds. ,Jewish and Christian Se De nition, vol. III (Lon don, 1983), p. 23.
ro. It is true that the Christian apologist Justin, a contemporary of Marcus Aurelius (cf Andre Wartelle, SaintJustin, Apologies [Paris, 1987), pp. 3 1-32), at the beginning ofhis Apology, gives the title of"philosophers" to Marcus Aurelius and to Verus. Melito of Sardis, another apologist (cf Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History IV, 26, 7) associates Commodus with the philosophical repu tation of his ther, Marcus Aurelius. In both these cases, it was obviously because of Marcus that his associates were digni ed with this title. On the notion of "philosopher" in the Imperial period, see the excellent work by
J. Hahn, Der Philosoph und die Gesellsch (Stuttgart, 1 989) .
318 Notes to Pages 5-13
rr. Fronto, AdAntonin. Imper. , De eloquentia, 2, 15, p. 143, 19 Van den Hout; vol. II, p. 70 Haines.
12. HistoriaAugusta, MarcusAurelius (herea er ), II, r: "Fuitaprima infantia gravis. "
13. Fronto, Ad Marc. Caes. , II, 16, p. 34, 2 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 150 Haines.
14. According to the Historia Augusta ( IV, 9, vol. I), Diognetus or Dioge- netus was Marcus' painting teacher.
15. SeeJ. Taillardat, Les Images d'A stophane (Paris, 1962), p. 268, §474; n. 2. 16. Historia Augusta, , II, 6.
17. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 18, 5-7; 20, 9; Pliny the Younger, Letters, I, 22,
4; Musonius, 20, in A. -J. Festugiere, trans. , Deux predicateurs de l'Antiquite, les et Musonius (Paris, 1978), pp. 123-124.
18. C Strabo, Geography, V, 47.
19. C Polybius, Histories, I, 32, r; Plutarch, Agesilaus 2; Cleomenes I I , 3-4; Dionysius ofHalicarnassus, Antiquities Rome, 2, 23, 2, r.
20. Plutarch, Lycu us, 16, 12.
2r. F. Ollier, Le Mirage spartiate, 2 vols. (Paris, 1933-1943). C E. N. Tig erstedt, The Legend of Sparta in Classical Antiquity, 2 vols. (Stockholm, 1965- 1973).
22. Musonius, in Festugiere, Deux predicateurs de l'Antiquite, pp. 52; 124. 23. C Plato, Symposium, 219b; Xenophon, Memorabilia, I, 6, 2.
24. Historia Augusta, MA, III, 3 .
25. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 35, r.
26. Themistius, Orationes quae supersunt, ed. G. Downey and A. F. Norman (Leipzig: Teubner, 1969-1974), vol. I (orat. 17), p. 307, 28; vol. II (o t. 34),
pp. 218, 6; 226, 9.
27. I. Hadot, Seneca und diegreichisch-romische Tradition der Seelenleitung (Berlin,
1969), pp. 167-168.
28. Epictetus, Discourses, IV, 8, 12.
29. Fronto, Ad Antonin. Imper. , I, 2, 3, p. 88, 4 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. 36
Haines .
30. Fronto, AdMarc. Caesar. , IV, 13, pp. 67-68 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 214
Haines. On the idea ofconversion, c A. D. Nock, Conversion: The Old and the New in Religion om Alexander the Great to Augustine ofHippo (Ox rd, 1933); P. Hadot, Exercices spirituels, pp. 175-182.
3 r. It is highly improbable that Marcus, as a Caesar, should have been the assessor ofAu dius.
32. E. Champlin, "The Chronology ofFronto,"Journal ofRoman Studies, 64 (1974): r44
3 3 . R. B. Rutherford, The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius: A Study (Oxford, 1989), p. ro6 n. 41; H. Gargemanns, "Der Bekehrungsbrief Marc Aurels," Rheinisches Museumfur Philologie, 134 (1991): 96-109; P. Hadot, in Ecole Pratique
Notes to Pages 13-17 319
des Hautes Etudes, Section. Annuaire XCII (1983-1984) (hereafter Annuaire EPHE), pp. 331-336.
34. H. Gorgemanns ("Der Bekehrungsbrief Marc Aurels," pp. 102-108) shows that this description contains an allusion to the wrath of Achilles in the rst book of Homer's iad. The irony was intended by the young Marcus, in order to attenuate the pain he was in icting upon his teacher Fronto, by allow ing him to glimpse his growing love r philosophy.
35. Cf the rmula "Silent leges inter arma" ("laws are silent during wars"), in A. Otto, Die Sprichworter (Hildesheim, 1962), p. 192, and cf Plutarch, Agesilaus, 30, 4.
36. Les Stoidens, textes traduits par E. Brehier, edites sous la direction de M.
Schuh/ (Paris, collection de la Pleiade, 1964), p. 68 (§163); cited in what llows as Stoidens. On this philosopher, cf I. Ioppolo, Aristone di Chio e lo stoicismo antico (Naples, 1981).
37. Cf SVF, vol. I, §§383-403.
3 8 . Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 94, 2; Cicero, On Ends, III, 50; IV, 43 ; 79.
39. On this point, correct what I said about Aristo in P. Hadot, Exercices
spirituels, p. l 30, and in Annuaire EPHE XCII.
40. Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius, X, 4.
4r. [There is an untranslatable play on words here, between the French
"tendu" and "detendu. " -Trans. ]
42. Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius, X, 5.
43 . Historia Augusta, MA, III, 2.
44. Suidae Lexikon, ed. A. Adler, vol. I (Stuttgart, 19712), §235, p. 34r.
45. Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, II, 557. This Lucius is obviously not
Lucius Verus, Marcus' adoptive brother, as is supposed by Grimal (p. 89), but a philosopher about whom Philostratus tells other anecdotes as well, within the same context. Note Marcus' tolerance of Lucius' uninhibited speech; cf Ruther rd, Meditations, p. 89.
46. Fronto, Ad Antonin. Imper. , De eloquentia, I, 4, p. 135, 3 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. 50 Haines.
47. Ibid. , 2, l, p. 144, 2; 5, 4, p. 151, 22 Van den Hout = vol. II, pp. 66; 83 Haines .
48. See G. W. Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Ox rd, 1969), pp. 53-54; Philostratus, Lives the Sophists, II, 5, 57r.
49. Historia Augusta, MA, III, 2; III, 3.
50. Galen, De p ecognitione = Galen, On Prognosis, ed. , Engl. trans. , and commentary by V. Nutton (= Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, V, 8 , l ) , Berlin, 1979, p. 82, 6. In his review of R. MacMullen's Enemies the Roman Order ou al ofRoman Studies, 59 [1969]: 265), 0. Murray puts rth the hypothesis that Marcus' iend and teacher is the same Claudius Severus mentioned by Galen-that is, Marcus' own son-in-law.
3 20 Notes to Pages 1 7-22
5 1 . On these sessions, see P. Moraux, Galien de Pergame: Souvenirs d'un medecin (Paris, 1985), pp. 83, IOI.
52. Fronto, AdAmicos, I, 14, p. 180, 2 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. IO Haines.
53. Fronto, Ad Anton. Imper. , De eloquentia, 2, 11, p. 140, 6 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. 62 Haines.
54. Fronto, Deferiis Alsiensibus, 6, p. 230, 14 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. IO Haines.
55. C Rist, "Are You a Stoic? "
56. Fronto, Ad Marc. Caesar. , V, 24, p. 73, 7 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 196 Haines.
57. Fronto,AdAntonin. Imper. ,I,3,2,p. 91,21VandenHout=vol. 2,p. 120 Haines.
58. Historia Augusta, , XXIII, 5.
5 9 . O n Galen's testimony, see the remarks of V. Nutton in his commentary on Galen, On Prognosis, pp. 163 , as well as Hahn, Der Philosoph und die Gesell sch , p. 29 n. 42; pp. 148 (on philosophical li in Rome during Galen's time). On the careers of these personages, see G. Al ldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (Bonn, 1977); Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Em
pire, p. 82.
60. Persius, Satires, III, 54.
61. Galen, In Hippocrat. Epidem. , VI, ed. Wenkelbach/P (Berlin, 19562),
p. 206 = vol. XVII B, p. 15 K hn. The conclusions drawn om this text by Dailly and van E enterre, in "Le cas Marc-Aurele," Revue des Ctudes anciennes, 56 (1954): 365, are risky to say the least. Remarks on Imperial shions in hairstyles may be und in ]. Marquardt, Das Privatleben der Romer (1886; reprinted Darmstadt, 1980), vol. II, p. 602.
62. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 35, 2.
2. A First Glimpse the Meditations
1. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 24, 1; c A. S. L. Farquharson, The Meditations ofthe EmperorMarcus Aurelius (Ox rd, 1968), vol. I, p. xiv.
2. Themistius, Oratio 6 (Philadelphoi), 81c.
3. Aurelius Victor, Book the Caesars, 16, 9; Historia Augusta, Avidius Cas sius, III, 6-7.
4. Nicephoras Callistos Xanthopoulos, Ecclesiastical Histo , III, 3 1 , in Mi gne's Patrologia Graeca, vol. 145, col. 960.
5. Suidae Lexikon, ed. A. Adler (Stuttgart, 1967'), vol. III, §214, p. 328, 24.
6. Arethae Scripta Minora, ed. L. G. Westerink (Leipzig [Teubner], 1968), vol. I, p. 305.
7. Ibid. , vol. II, p. I05, 5 (= Meditations, I, 7, 7); Scholia in Lucianum, ed. H. Rabe (Leipzig [Teubner], 1906), pp. 189, 207 (= Meditations, VIII, 25; 37).
8. C P. Meyer, "Des Joseph Bryennios Schri en, Leben und Bildung,"
Notes to Pages 22-32 321
Byzantinische Zeitschr i , 5 (l 896): IO, who points out several literal citations om Marcus in the writings ofthis eenth-century author.
9. Ioannis Reuchlin, De arte cabalistica libri tres (Hagenau, l517), p. verso (quoting Meditations, IV, 36, designated by the rmula "in libro ad se ipsum tertio," as well as VII, 23); p. xlviii verso (quoting IV, 28, 2, where the verb haploun is understood not in the sense of"to simpli onesel " but "to get rid o " "to ee oneself": explicare se). On the manuscript ofMarcus used by Reuch lin, c L. Bergson, "Fragment einer Marc-Aurel-Handschrift," Rheinisches Mu seum, 129 (1986): l 57-169.
IO. Marci Antonini Imperatoris de rebus suis, sive de eis quae ad se pertinere censebat libri XII, commentario perpetuo explicati atque illustrati studio Thomae Gatak eri, Cambridge, 1652.
l l. C P. Hadot, "Pre ce" to the Dictionnaire desphilosophes antiques, publish ed under the direction ofRichard Goulet, vol. I (Paris, 1989), p. IO.
12. P. Moraux, Galien de Pergame: Souvenirs d'un medicin (Paris, 1985), p. 153; L . Brisson, M. -0. Goulet-Caze, e t al. , Po hyre, e de Plotin, vol. I (Paris,
1982), p. 283.
13. Arethae Scripta Minora, vol. I, p. 305.
14. Anthologia Palatina, book XV, §23, in The Greek Anthology, XII, 135: "If
you want to vanquish sadness, open this blessed book and go over it care lly; with its help, you will easily persuade yourself of this oh so uit l truth: whether past, present or ture, pleasures and pains are naught but smoke. "
15.
