(1879); (Francesco da Barberino
and Provençal Literature in Italy) (1883).
and Provençal Literature in Italy) (1883).
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
A Danish poet;
born at Copenhagen, 1749; died 1821. Some
of his dramatic compositions, among them
(The Birthday) and Peter's Wedding,' are
regarded as equal to the best in Danish liter-
ature. His Song of Love and Fatherland)
ranks as a lyrical classic.
Thacher, John Boyd. An American critical
scholar and bibliographer; born in 1847. He was
chairman of the Committee of Awards at the
World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, in
1893; mayor of Albany in 1897. He has pub-
lished: (Charlecote : A Drama); (The Conti-
nent of America, its Discovery and its Bap-
tism'; Little Speeches. '
Thackeray, William Makepeace. A cele-
brated English novelist; born in Calcutta, India,
July 18, 1811; died Dec. 24, 1863. His works
include: "The Paris Sketch-Book) (1840);
(Comic Tales and Sketches) (1841), which con-
tained (Yellowplush Papers,' 'Major Gahagan,
and (The Bedford Row Conspiracy); (The
Great Hoggarty Diamond (1841: in book form
1848); A Shabby-Genteel Story) (1841); (The
Chronicle of the Drum? (1841); Barry Lyn-
don) (1842); Men's Wives) (1842); (Irish
Sketch-Book) (1843); Notes of a Journey from
Cornhill to Grand Cairo) (1846); Vanity Fair)
(Jan. 1847- July 1848);"Our Street) (1847); (The
Book of Snobs) (1848); Mrs. Perkins's Ball
(1848); Dr. Birch and his Young Friends)
(1848); (The History of Samuel Titmarsh
(1848), a reissue of various articles; (The His.
tory of Pendennis) (Nov. 1848 - Oct. 1850);
(English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century)
(1851-52), a series of lectures; (The History
of Henry Esmond) (1852); (The Newcomes)
(1853-55); (The Rose and the Ring) (1854);
(The Four Georges) (1855-56), a series of
lectures; (The Virginians) (1857-59); Lovel
the Widower) (1860-61); (The Adventures of
Philip) (1861-62); <Roundabout Papers) (1862),
being a volume of previously printed pieces;
(Denis Duval (1867), left unfinished. His
drawings and caricatures were posthumously
published in book form under the title (Thack-
eravana (1876). *
Thaer, Wilhelm Albrecht (tä'er). A Ger.
man agriculturist; born at Lüdersdorf, near
Wriezen on the Oder, Aug. 6, 1828. He was
appointed professor in the University of Gies-
sen, 1871. He is author of a “System of Agri-
culture ) (1877); (Ancient Egyptian Husbandry)
(1881); (Weeds in Rural Economy) (1881);
(Researches in Tenant-Farming (1890).
Thales (thā'lēs). The earliest of the Greek
philosophers, called the father of philosophy;
born at Miletus, 640 B. C. ; died about 550.
He was the founder of the Ionic school, one
of the chief sources of Grecian philosophy.
He visited Egypt for instruction in the sciences
professed by the priesthood. Besides abstract
philosophy, he studied geometry and astronomy,
and tradition credits him with predicting a so-
lar eclipse. His ancient biographers mention
among his services to astronomy a calculation
of the length of the year, and of the interval
:
)
## p. 521 (#537) ############################################
THANET - THEOPHRASTUS
521
between solstices and equinoxes. He left noth-
ing in writing.
Thanet, Octave, pseudonym of Alice French.
An American novelist; born in Massachusetts,
1850. She has published: (Knitters in the
Sun); Otto the Knight); (Stories of a West-
ern Town); (An Adventure in Photography);
(Expiation); etc. *
Thausing, Moritz (tou'sing). An Austrian
art critic; born at Leitmeritz in Bohemia,
June 3, 1838; died there, Aug. 14, 1884. He
became professor of the science of æsthetics
in the University of Vienna, 1873. He wrote:
(Dürer: History of his Life and his Art)
(1876); (J. J. Callot's Sketch-Book) (1881);
(Art Letters from Vienna) (1884).
Thaxter, Mrs. Celia (Leighton). An Amer-
ican poet; born at Portsmouth, N. H. , June
20, 1836; died 1894. She spent her childhood
and most of her later life at the Isles of Shoals.
Her works are: (Poems) (1872); (Among the
Isles of Shoals) (1873); Poems (1874); “Drift-
Weed) (1879); Poems for Children (1884);
"The Cruise of the Mystery, etc. (1886); (Idyls
and Pastorals) (1886); (The Yule Log (1889);
(An Island Garden (1894); Letters) (1895);
"Stories and Poems for Children' (1895). *
Thayer, Alexander Wheelock. An Ameri.
can writer on music and musicians, whose life
has mostly been spent abroad; born in 1817.
He contributed to the Dictionary of Music);
was musical critic of the New York Tribune;
afterwards was consul at Trieste, 1859-82. He
published: (Signor Masoni, etc. (1862); “The
Hebrews and the Red Sea) (1883); and three
volumes of Life of Beethoven) (1866–87).
Thayer, Mrs. Emma (Homan) (Graves). A
writer and artist of Colorado; born 1842. She
has written: «Wild Flowers of Colorado);
(Wild Flowers of the Pacific Coast); (An
English American (a novel).
Thayer, Joseph Henry. An American cler-
gyman, Biblical scholar, and translator; born
in 1828. He graduated from Harvard in 1850,
from Andover in 1857. He was pastor of a
Congregational church, and a military chap-
lain, 1859–64; secretary of the American Board
of Revision for the New Testament, 1877; and
professor in Harvard Divinity School since
1884. He has written : (Grammar of the Idiom
of the New Testament); Books and Their
Use); translations of (Grammar of the New
Testament Greek); (Greek-English Lexicon of
the New Testament); and published a volume
of Critical Essays. )
Thayer, William Makepeace. An Ameri-
can clergyman, retired from the Congregational
church and devoted to literature.
He was
born at Franklin, Mass. , Feb. 23, 1820. His
books have attained great popularity, several
being reprinted abroad in German, French,
Italian, Greek, Swedish, etc. Among his works
are: (The Bobbin Boy) (1859); (The Pioneer
Boy) (1863); a Series of Biographies (10 vols. ,
1859-63); (Youth's History of the Rebellion)
(1863-65); (White House Stories) (1880-85);
(Marvels of the New West' (1887); "Life of Gar-
field); (Men who Win); (Women who Win. )
Theiner, Augustin (ti'ner). A German can-
onist; born at Breslau, April 11, 1804; died
Aug. 10, 1874. He was appointed prefect of
the Vatican archives, 1855; but was deprived
of that office during the Vatican Council on the
charge of giving to certain oppositionist bishops
secret documents of the curia. His first nota.
ble work was a tractate in opposition to the
rule of clerical celibacy, (The Introduction of
Obligatory Celibacy) (2 vols. , 1828; new ed.
enlarged, 3 vols. , 1856-57). His other principal
works are : History of the Return of the Reign-
ing Houses of Brunswick and Saxony to the
Bosom of the Catholic Church (1843); an edi.
tion of Baronius's Church Annals, with a con-
tinuation (3 vols. , 1856-57); Diplomatic Code
of the Temporal Dominion of the Holy See)
(1863); (Temporal Sovereignty of the Holy
See Judged by the General Councils of Lyons
and Constance (1867).
Theocritus (the-ok'rē-tus). The greatest of
Greek bucolic poets; commonly reputed to
have been a native of Syracuse, but Cos also
claims him; he lived in the first half of the
third century B. C. He wrote in he Doric
dialect, pastorals and idyls of lowly life, which
have ever since been regarded as the con-
summate models of that kind of poetry. Vir-
gil imitated him in his (Bucolics. ' We have
31 of his idyls and pastorals, and a number
of his epigrams: there are English translations
by Calverley (1869) in verse, by Andrew Lang
(1860) in prose, and by others. *
Theodoret (the-od'Ō-ret). A celebrated
Greek church historian and theological writer;
born at Antioch about 390; died about 400.
He became bishop of Cyrrhus, a city in Syria,
423, and there passed the remainder of his
liie. He wrote voluminous commentaries on
the Scriptural books, of which many are ex-
tant; we have also his "Church History) in
five books, covering the period 324-429, and
several of his theological tractates, besides
about 200 of his (Letters.
Theognis of Megara (thé-og'nis). A Greek
elegiac poet who flourished in the latter half
of the sixth century B. C. There are 1389
verses preserved under his name, of import-
ance in enabling us to understand the state
of parties and the problems of society in the
Greece of that time. Translated by Frere
(1842). *
Theophrastus of Eresus in Lesbos (the-o.
fras'tus). A Greek philosopher; became the
head of the Peripatetic school after the death
of its founder Aristotle, presiding over it for
35 years (322-287 B. C. ). His treatises on
(Practical Botany,' in nine books, and (The-
oretical Botany,' in six books, are still extant;
besides fragments of works on mineralogy, on
the senses, and on metaphysics. The work by
## p. 522 (#538) ############################################
522
THEOPHYLACTUS - THOLUCK
>
which he is best known is his treatise called
(Characters.
Theophylactus, surnamed Simocatta (thē.
o-fil-ak'tus). A Byzantine historian; born at
Locri about 570 A. D. ; died about 640. Three
of his works are extant: History of the Em-
peror Maurice); Problems of Physics); "Let-
ters, Moral, Rural, and Amorous,' — of these
there are 85, in which are imitated the letters
of Aristænetus.
Theopompus of Chios (the'o-pom'pus). A
Greek historian and rhetorician; born about
378 B. C. His principal historical works were
(The Hellenics,' in 12 books, and (The Phi-
lippics,' in 58 books; the former being a con-
tinuation of Thucydides, and the latter a gen-
eral history of his own times, with the reign
of Philip of Macedon as central point: of both
only fragments remain.
Theuriet, André (tér-yā'). A French poet
and novelist; born at Marly-le-Roi, Oct. 8, 1833.
He began his literary work with the verses
(In Memoriam (1857). Subsequent poems
are : (The Road through the Woods) (1867);
(The Peasants of L'Argonne, 1792) (1871);
(The Blue and the Black) (1873); “Our Birds
(1886). His novels are numerous, comprising
among others : “Tales of Familiar Life) (1870);
(Mlle. Guignon (1874); Dangerous Charm)
(1891). Among his dramatic productions are :
(Jean-Marie) (1871); (The House of the Two
Barbeaux) (1885); “Raymonde) (1887). As an
art critic he has also written Jules Bastien-
Lepage, the Man and the Artist) (1885). *
Thibaudeau, Antoine Claire, Count (te-bo-
do'). A French statesman and historian; born
at Poitiers, March 23, 1765; died March 8,
1854. Among his writings are: (Memoirs on
the Convention and the Directory) (1824); "Gen-
eral History of Napoleon Bonaparte) (5 vols. ,
1827-28); (Memoirs on the Consulate and the
Empire) (10 vols. , 1835); “History of the States-
General) (2 vols. , 1843). After his death ap-
peared (My Biography: My Memoirs 1765-92)
(1875).
Thibaut, Anton Friedrich Justus (tē-bo').
A distinguished German legist; born at Hameln,
Jan. 4, 1772; died March 28, 1840, at Heidel-
berg, where he was professor in the university.
His greatest work is (System of the Laws in
the Pandects) (1803); some of his other writ-
ings are: (Juristic Encyclopedy and Method-
ology) (1797); “Essays on Questions of Civil
Law) (1814).
Thierry, Amédée (tyār-7'). A French his-
torian, brother of J. N. A. ; born at Blois, Aug.
2, 1797 ; died March 27, 1873. Among his works
are: History of the Gauls to the Roman
Domination) (3 vols. , 1828); "History of Gaul
under the Roman Domination) (3 vols. , 1840-
47); Later Times of the Western Empire )
(1860); History of Attila and his Successors)
(1864); (St. Jerome: Christian Society at Rome)
(1867).
Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin. A
French historian of the picturesque school,
a member of the Academy; born at Blois,
May 10, 1795; died in Paris, May 22, 1856. In
1817 he became a contributor to Le Censeur
Européen, edited by Comte; afterward to the
Courrier Français, in which he published his
(Letters on the History of France. In 1825
appeared his History of the Conquest of Eng.
land by the Normans. He also wrote: (Ten
Years of Historic Studies) (1834); (Tales of
Merovingian Times) (1840); (Formation and
Progress of the Third Estate (1853). (Com.
plete Works, 1856-60. ) *
Thiers, Jean Baptiste (tyår). A French
theological writer; born at Chartres, 1636; died
at Vibraye in Maine, 1703. His treatises on
theological and ecclesiastical subjects are very
numerous; but he owes whatever celebrity
he has to his History of Wigs, wherein is
Shown their Origin, their Use, their Form, the
Abuse and Irregularity of Ecclesiastics' Wigs)
(1690).
Thiers, Louis Adolphe. A French states.
man and author of the first rank; born at
Marseilles, April 16, 1797 ; died at St. -Germain,
Sept. 3, 1877. In 1822 he moved to Paris, and
became contributor to the Constitutionnel; in
1823 he began to publish his History of the
French Revolution, which was finished in 1827,
in 10 vols. ; in 1830 he founded the National,
in connection with Mignet and Armand Car-
rel; in 1832 he became Minister of the Interior;
in 1836 he was made prime minister, and again
in 1840; in 1852 he was banished by Louis
Napoleon, but returned and lived in retire.
ment until 1863, when he was elected member
of the Representative Assembly by Paris; he
was elected a member of the National As.
sembly, Feb. 8, 1871, after the collapse of the
monarchy; and on Aug. 31 received the title
of «President of the Republic. His great
literary work is that comprising the History
of the French Revolution (1823-27) and (His-
tory of the Consulate and the Empire) (1845-
62). Among his other works are : (History of
John Law) (1826; English translation, 1859);
(On Property) (1848); Man and Matter)
(1875). *
Thirlwall, Connop. An eminent English
historian; born at Stepney, London, Jan. II,
1797; died July 27, 1875, at Bath.
Bishop of St. David's 1840–74. His principal
work is a History of Greece) (8 vols. , 1835-
40; enlarged 1845-52). He made, with J. C.
Hare, the English translation of Niebuhr's
History of Rome) (2 vols. , 1828).
Tholuck, Friedrich August Gottreu (to-
Jök'). A German theologian and author of
great repute; born at Breslau, March 30, 1799 ;
died at Halle, June 10, 1877. His works,
most of which have been often reprinted in
Germany and translated into English, were
published at Gotha in an edition of vols.
( 1863–72), and treat of Oriental subjects :
He was
:
## p. 523 (#539) ############################################
THOMAS- THOMPSON
523
:
"Sufism; or, Pantheistic Theosophy of the Per-
sians) (1821); (The Epistle to the Romans)
(1824); (The Gospel of John (1827; trans-
lated into English by Kauffman, 1836); “The
Sermon on the Mount) (1833; translated into
English by R. L. Brown, Edinburgh, 1860);
"Early History of Rationalism (4 vols. , 1853–
62); (Church Life of the 17th Century' (1861-62).
Thomas, Antoine (to-mä'). A French phi-
lologist; born at St. Irieix-la-Montagne, Nov.
29, 1857. He was appointed professor in the
University of Paris, 1889. His chief works are :
"The Provincial Estates of Central France under
Charles VII.
(1879); (Francesco da Barberino
and Provençal Literature in Italy) (1883).
Thomas, Cyrus. An American archäologist
now in the government service; born 1825,
at Kingsport, Tenn. He was at first devoted
to natural science; State entomologist of Illi-
nois 1875-82, and has written much in that
field. Of special interest in his later line are
his (Study of the Manuscript Troano) (1882);
Notes on Certain Maya and Mexican Manu-
scripts) (1884); (Mound Exploration (1888).
Thomas, Edith Matilda. An American poet;
born in Chatham, O. , Aug. 12, 1854; resides in
New York. She has contributed to many peri-
odicals, and published in book form: A New.
Year's Masque, etc. (1885); (The Round Year)
(1886); (Lyrics and Sonnets) (1887); (Children
of the Seasons) Series (1888); Babes of the
Year! (1888); "Babes of the Nations) (1889);
“Heaven and Earth" (1889); (The Inverted
Torch (1890); (Fair Shadow Land) (1893);
In Sunshine Land' (1895); (In the Young
World” (1895). *
Thomas, Frederick William. An American
journalist and author ; born in Charleston, S. C. ,
1811; died in Washington, D. C. , Sept. 30, 1866.
He was professor of English literature in the
University of Alabama. He contributed much
in prose and verse to periodicals, and pub-
lished: (The Emigrant,' poem (1833); “Clinton
Bradshaw) (1835), East and West (1836),
“Howard Pinckney) (1840), novels; (The
Beechen Tree, and Other Poems) (1844);
(Sketches of Character, etc. (1849); and (John
Randolph of Roanoke, etc. (1853).
Thomas, Isaiah. An American editor, pub-
lisher, and littérateur; born in Boston, Jan. 17,
1719; died at Worcester, April 4, 1831. He
established and printed the Massachusetts Spy,
1770-1801; imported and used the first font of
music type; established the Massachusetts
Magazine (1789-96); printed noted editions of
the Bible and Watts's (Psalms and Hymns);
founded the Antiquarian Society, Worcester,
Mass. , and endowed it with a library and funds
for its maintenance; and was the authof and
publisher of the History of Printing. '
Thomas, John R. A Welsh-American song.
writer and musician; born in Newport, Wales,
in 1830; died 186, He came to America at
an early age, taught music, and sang in opera
and oratorio. His songs were highly popular.
Among the best-known are : (Cottage by the
Seal; (Happy Be thy Dreams); (Some One
to Love); ('Tis but a Little Faded Flower);
(Beautiful Isle of the Sea); “The Flag of the
Free); (The Mother's Prayer); and No Crown
without the Cross.
Thomas, Lewis Foulke. An American poet
and dramatist; born in Baltimore, Md. , 1815;
died in Washington, 1868. He was author of
India and Other Poems (St. Louis, 1842),
the first book of poetry published west of the
Mississippi; and the tragedies (Osceola,' suc-
cessfully performed in Cincinnati (1838), and
(Cortez) (Washington, 1857).
Thomas à Kempis. See Kempis.
Thomas Aquinas or Thomas of Aquin,
Saint (a-kwi'nas). A great mediæval theolo-
gian and philosopher; born at Aquino in the
kingdom of Naples, about 1225; died at Fossa
Nuova, in the diocese of Terracina, March 7,
1274. His writings are very voluminous, being
comprised in 28 vols. quarto. His greatest work
is the (Sum of Theology. Among his other
works are : (Sum of Catholic Belief against
the Heathen'; Exposition of all the Epistles
of St. Paul. *
Thomas of Celano. An Italian hymnist;
born at Celano in the Abruzzi; died about
1255. He was one of the first disciples of St.
Francis. He is probably the author of the
(Dies Iræ. He is also believed to have writ.
ten the biography of St. Francis found in the
Bollandists' (Acta Sanctorum.
Thomasius, Christian (to-mäs’yös). A Ger-
man legist; born at Leipsic, Jan. 1, 1655;
died professor of jurisprudence at Halle, Sept.
23, 1728. Among his writings are: (Serious
but Lively and Sensible Remarks on all Sorts
of Juristic Works) (1720); Reasonable and
Christianlike but not Pharisaical Considera-
tions on all Sorts of Philosophical and Juristic
Works) (3 vols. , 1723); History of Wisdom and
Folly:
Thomasius, Gottfried. A German theo-
logical writer; born at Egenhausen, in Fran-
conia, July 26, 1802 ; died professor of dogmatics
at Erlangen, Jan. 24, 1875. Among his writings
are : (Origen) (1837); (Contributions to Christ-
ology) (1845); (The Person and the Work of
Christ) (1852); (Resuscitation of Evangelical
Life in the Lutheran Church of Bavaria (1867);
(History of Christian Dogma) (1874).
Thompson, Benjamin. See Rumford.
Thompson, Charles Miner. An American
journalist, writer on the staff of the Youth's
Companion ; born 1864. He has written : (The
Nimble Dollar); Life of Ethan Allen.
Thompson, Francis. An English poet; son
of a Lancashire physician. He was educated
at Ushaw College, near Durham, and stud-
ied medicine at Owens College, Manchester.
He determined to take up literature, however,
and came to London. His first appearance
in print was in the columns of Merry England.
## p. 524 (#540) ############################################
THOMPSON - THONISSEN
524
Collected volumes have appeared as follows:
(Poems) (1893); (Sister-Songs' (1890); (Vew
Poems) (1897).
Thompson, (James) Maurice. An American
essayist and novelist; born in Fairfield, Ind. ,
Sept. 9, 1844. He was a Confederate soldier in
the Civil War; afterwards State geologist of
Indiana, 1885-89. He writes charmingly of
nature subjects. He has published in book
form : Hoosier Mosaics) (1875); (The Witch-
ery of Archery) (1878); “A Tallahassee Girl
(1882); His Second Campaign (1883); “Songs
of Fair Weather (1883); “At Love's Extremes)
(1885); Byways and Bird Notes) (1885); (The
Boy's Book of Sports) (1886); (A Banker of
Bankersville) (1886); (Sylvan Secrets) (1887);
(A Fortnight of Folly) (1888); (The Story of
Louisiana) (1888); Poems) (1892); "King of
Honey Island (1892); (The Ocala Boy) (1895).
Thompson, Mortimer M. [“Q. K. Philan-
der Doesticks, P. B. ”] An American humorous
writer and lecturer; born in 1830; died in 1875.
He contributed at first to the daily and in
later years regularly to the weekly newspapers,
and published in book form in 1855-57: (Doe-
sticks: What He Says); Plu-Ri-Bus-Tah,' a
travesty of Hiawatha'; (The Witches of New
York); Nothing to Say); (The Elephant
Club.
Thomsen, Vilhelm Ludvig Peder (tom'sen).
A Danish philologist; born at Copenhagen,
Jan. 25, 1842. His principal works are : (The
Magyar Language) (1806); Influence of the
Germanic Languages on the Finno-Lappish)
(1870); (Relations between Ancient Russia and
Scandinavia) (1879); (Relations between the
Finnish and the Baltic Languages) (1890).
Thomson, Charles. An American patriot
and publicist; born in Maghera, County Derry,
Ireland, Nov. 29, 1729 ; died in Lower Merion,
Pa. , Aug. 16, 1824. At first a teacher at New
London, Pa. , be became the first secretary of
the Continental Congress (1774-79), and was
said in compliment to be the soul of that polit-
ical body. ” He destroyed his notes of its pro-
ceedings for fear of giving pain to descendants
of some of the members. He published: (An
Enquiry into the Causes of the Alienation of
the Delaware and Shawaneese Indians, etc.
( 1759); a translation of the Greek (Septuagint)
Bible (4 vols. , 1808), which was the first Eng-
lish version of it; a "Synopsis of the Four
Evangelists) (1815). etc.
Thomson, Edward William. An American
writer, editor, and civil engineer; torn in On-
tario, 1849. He has written: 'Old Man Savarin,
and Other Stories); (Walter Gibbs,' a book
for boys; also the metrical portions of M. S.
Henry's Version of (Aucassin and Nicolette. )
Thomson, James. A Scotch poet; born at
Ednam, Sept. II, 1700; died Aug. 27, 1748. He
was educated at Jedburgh School and Edin-
burgh University, and studied for the ministry.
In 1725 he went to London and became a tutor.
In 1733 he held a position in the Court of
Chancery, and on losing this position was given
a pension. In 1744 he was appointed surveyor-
general of the Leeward Islands. His most
famous poem is (The Seasons (1726–1730), and
next to this (The Castle of Indolence) (1748).
He wrote some plays, among them being
(Sophonisba (1730) and (Tancred and Sigis.
munda! (1745). *
Thomson, James. A Scotch poet; born at
Port Glasgow, Nov. 23, 1834; died June 3, 1882.
He was brought up in an orphan asylum, and
became an army tutor. Most of his life was
spent in journalism, though he came to America
at one time to investigate a silver mine; thence
he was sent to Spain as the New York World's
special correspondent. He suffered much from
insomnia, which he made the subject of a most
powerful poem by that name; and died a victim
to the drugs he used to relieve it. His best-
known work is The City of Dreadful Night
(1870-74); others of high quality are (The
Doom of a City) (1857), and Our Ladies of
Death (1861). *
Thomson, Joseph. A Scotch traveler; born
at Thornhill in Dumfriesshire, Feb. 14, 1858;
died at London, Aug. 2, 1895. He wrote :
(To the Central African Lakes and Back)
(3d ed. 1881); (Through Masai Land) (1885);
(Ulu, an African Romance) (1888); Mungo
Park and the Niger? (1890); (Travels in the
Atlas and Southern Marocco (1890).
Thomson, Sir William - Lord Kelvin. A
British physicist, mathematician, engineer, and
inventor of the highest rank; born in Belfast,
Ireland, June 1824. He has been professor of
natural philosophy in the University of Glas-
gow since he was 22. As such he has not
only done enduring work of his own, but has
guided the careers of several other great sci-
entists. His scientific papers have been pub-
lished under the titles (Reprints of Papers on
Electrostatics and Magnetism (1872); Mathe.
matical and Physical Papers) (1882–90); Pop-
ular Lectures and Addresses); "On Heat);
(On Elasticity! In 1867, in collaboration with
Professor Tait of Edinburgh, he issued his first
volume of (A Treatise on Natural Philosophy)
(2d ed. in 2 parts, 1879). From 1846 to 1853
he was editor of the Cambridge and Dublin
Mathematical Journal; and also connected with
the Philosophical Magazine. He has been pres-
ident of the British Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, and of the Royal Society
of London. He was made a peer in 1892.
Thomson, William McClure. An American
clergyman of the Presbyterian Church; born in
Ohio, Dec. 3, 1806; died in 1894. In 1833 he
went as missionary to Syria and Palestine, re-
maining until 1876. His chief work, ' The Land
and the Book) (2 vols. , 1859-60; 3 vols. , 1880-
86), is an accepted authority on Palestine and
Syria. He has also published: (The Land of
Promise); (Travels in Palestine) (1865).
Thonissen, Jean Joseph (ton'is-sen). A
Belgian jurist and political economist; born at
## p. 525 (#541) ############################################
THORBECKE - TICKELL
525
Hasselt, Jan. 21, 1817; died Aug. 17, 1891, at
Louvain, where he was professor of jurispru-
dence. Among his writings are: (Socialism
and its Promises) (1850); (Socialism in the
Past) (1851); (Belgium in the Reign of Leo-
pold I. (4 vols. , 1855); “The Pretended Neces-
sity of the Death Penalty) (1864); (The Penal
Laws of the Athenian Republic) (1876).
Thorbecke, Heinrich (tor-bek'e). A Ger-
man Orientalist; born at Meiningen, March 14,
1837 ; died at Mannheim, Jan. 3, 1890. He was
appointed professor in the University of Halle,
1887. His studies were directed mainly to the
poetry of the Bedawîn and the history of Ara-
bic. He is author of Life of Antarah, the
Pre-Islamite Poet) (1868); (Al Ashâ's Song of
Praise to Mohammed) (1875); M. Sabbâg's
Grammar of Conversational Arabic in Syria
and Egypt) (1886).
Thorburn, Grant. [“Lawrie Todd. " ] A
Scottish-American craftsman, merchant, and
author. He was born at Dalkeith, 1773; emi-
grated to America, 1794; died at New Haven,
Conn. , Jan. 21, 1863. As the hero of Galt's
novel, (Lawrie Todd,' he was a well-known
figure in New York. His publications in book
form include : (Forty Years' Residence in Amer.
ica) (1834); Men and Manners in Great Brit-
ain) (1834); (Fifty Years' Reminiscences of
New York) (1845); (Hints to Merchants, etc.
(1847); Notes on Virginia) (1848); Life and
Writings of Grant Thorburn (1852–53).
Thoreau, Henry David. A distinguished
American writer; born in Concord, Mass. , July
12, 1817; died there, May 6, 1862. His works
include: (A Week on the Concord and Mer-
rimac Rivers) (1848); (Walden; or, Life in
the Woods) (1854); “Echoes of Harper's Ferry)
( 1860 ); Excursions) (1863 ); (The Maine
Woods) (1864); "Cape Cod (1865); Letters
to Various Persons) (1865); (A Yankee in Can-
ada) (1866); Early Spring in Massachusetts)
( 1881 ); (Summer) ( 1884 ); Winter) (1888 );
(Autumn) (1892); (Works) (10 vols. , 1894);
(Familiar Letters) (1894); Poems of Nature)
(1895). The posthumous volumes are made up
mostly from his daily journal, begun in 1835,
which numbered 30 vols. when he died. *
Thoresen, Anna Magdalena (Kragh) (tö'.
re-sen). A Danish novelist; born at Fredericia,
June 3, 1819. Among the best of her works
are : (Tales) (1863); “Si Historiæ. (Signs
of History: 1864); Pictures from the West
Coast of Norway) (1872); Herluf Nordal: A
Tale from the Last Century) (1879); “Short
Tales) ( 1891 ). She is also the author of sev-
eral dramas.
Thorild, Thomas (tör'ild). A Swedish poet;
born at Kongelf in Bohuslän, 1759; died at
Greifswald, 1808. His poetry was of less influ-
ence on the thought of his day than his polem-
ics. One of these, (A Critique of the Critics,
with a Project of a Code for the Kingdom of
Genius) (1791), had much to do with the de
velopment of Swedish poetry. He wrote also
(Maximum, or Archimetria' (1799), an attempt
at a system of philosophy.
Thornbury, George Walter.
born at Copenhagen, 1749; died 1821. Some
of his dramatic compositions, among them
(The Birthday) and Peter's Wedding,' are
regarded as equal to the best in Danish liter-
ature. His Song of Love and Fatherland)
ranks as a lyrical classic.
Thacher, John Boyd. An American critical
scholar and bibliographer; born in 1847. He was
chairman of the Committee of Awards at the
World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, in
1893; mayor of Albany in 1897. He has pub-
lished: (Charlecote : A Drama); (The Conti-
nent of America, its Discovery and its Bap-
tism'; Little Speeches. '
Thackeray, William Makepeace. A cele-
brated English novelist; born in Calcutta, India,
July 18, 1811; died Dec. 24, 1863. His works
include: "The Paris Sketch-Book) (1840);
(Comic Tales and Sketches) (1841), which con-
tained (Yellowplush Papers,' 'Major Gahagan,
and (The Bedford Row Conspiracy); (The
Great Hoggarty Diamond (1841: in book form
1848); A Shabby-Genteel Story) (1841); (The
Chronicle of the Drum? (1841); Barry Lyn-
don) (1842); Men's Wives) (1842); (Irish
Sketch-Book) (1843); Notes of a Journey from
Cornhill to Grand Cairo) (1846); Vanity Fair)
(Jan. 1847- July 1848);"Our Street) (1847); (The
Book of Snobs) (1848); Mrs. Perkins's Ball
(1848); Dr. Birch and his Young Friends)
(1848); (The History of Samuel Titmarsh
(1848), a reissue of various articles; (The His.
tory of Pendennis) (Nov. 1848 - Oct. 1850);
(English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century)
(1851-52), a series of lectures; (The History
of Henry Esmond) (1852); (The Newcomes)
(1853-55); (The Rose and the Ring) (1854);
(The Four Georges) (1855-56), a series of
lectures; (The Virginians) (1857-59); Lovel
the Widower) (1860-61); (The Adventures of
Philip) (1861-62); <Roundabout Papers) (1862),
being a volume of previously printed pieces;
(Denis Duval (1867), left unfinished. His
drawings and caricatures were posthumously
published in book form under the title (Thack-
eravana (1876). *
Thaer, Wilhelm Albrecht (tä'er). A Ger.
man agriculturist; born at Lüdersdorf, near
Wriezen on the Oder, Aug. 6, 1828. He was
appointed professor in the University of Gies-
sen, 1871. He is author of a “System of Agri-
culture ) (1877); (Ancient Egyptian Husbandry)
(1881); (Weeds in Rural Economy) (1881);
(Researches in Tenant-Farming (1890).
Thales (thā'lēs). The earliest of the Greek
philosophers, called the father of philosophy;
born at Miletus, 640 B. C. ; died about 550.
He was the founder of the Ionic school, one
of the chief sources of Grecian philosophy.
He visited Egypt for instruction in the sciences
professed by the priesthood. Besides abstract
philosophy, he studied geometry and astronomy,
and tradition credits him with predicting a so-
lar eclipse. His ancient biographers mention
among his services to astronomy a calculation
of the length of the year, and of the interval
:
)
## p. 521 (#537) ############################################
THANET - THEOPHRASTUS
521
between solstices and equinoxes. He left noth-
ing in writing.
Thanet, Octave, pseudonym of Alice French.
An American novelist; born in Massachusetts,
1850. She has published: (Knitters in the
Sun); Otto the Knight); (Stories of a West-
ern Town); (An Adventure in Photography);
(Expiation); etc. *
Thausing, Moritz (tou'sing). An Austrian
art critic; born at Leitmeritz in Bohemia,
June 3, 1838; died there, Aug. 14, 1884. He
became professor of the science of æsthetics
in the University of Vienna, 1873. He wrote:
(Dürer: History of his Life and his Art)
(1876); (J. J. Callot's Sketch-Book) (1881);
(Art Letters from Vienna) (1884).
Thaxter, Mrs. Celia (Leighton). An Amer-
ican poet; born at Portsmouth, N. H. , June
20, 1836; died 1894. She spent her childhood
and most of her later life at the Isles of Shoals.
Her works are: (Poems) (1872); (Among the
Isles of Shoals) (1873); Poems (1874); “Drift-
Weed) (1879); Poems for Children (1884);
"The Cruise of the Mystery, etc. (1886); (Idyls
and Pastorals) (1886); (The Yule Log (1889);
(An Island Garden (1894); Letters) (1895);
"Stories and Poems for Children' (1895). *
Thayer, Alexander Wheelock. An Ameri.
can writer on music and musicians, whose life
has mostly been spent abroad; born in 1817.
He contributed to the Dictionary of Music);
was musical critic of the New York Tribune;
afterwards was consul at Trieste, 1859-82. He
published: (Signor Masoni, etc. (1862); “The
Hebrews and the Red Sea) (1883); and three
volumes of Life of Beethoven) (1866–87).
Thayer, Mrs. Emma (Homan) (Graves). A
writer and artist of Colorado; born 1842. She
has written: «Wild Flowers of Colorado);
(Wild Flowers of the Pacific Coast); (An
English American (a novel).
Thayer, Joseph Henry. An American cler-
gyman, Biblical scholar, and translator; born
in 1828. He graduated from Harvard in 1850,
from Andover in 1857. He was pastor of a
Congregational church, and a military chap-
lain, 1859–64; secretary of the American Board
of Revision for the New Testament, 1877; and
professor in Harvard Divinity School since
1884. He has written : (Grammar of the Idiom
of the New Testament); Books and Their
Use); translations of (Grammar of the New
Testament Greek); (Greek-English Lexicon of
the New Testament); and published a volume
of Critical Essays. )
Thayer, William Makepeace. An Ameri-
can clergyman, retired from the Congregational
church and devoted to literature.
He was
born at Franklin, Mass. , Feb. 23, 1820. His
books have attained great popularity, several
being reprinted abroad in German, French,
Italian, Greek, Swedish, etc. Among his works
are: (The Bobbin Boy) (1859); (The Pioneer
Boy) (1863); a Series of Biographies (10 vols. ,
1859-63); (Youth's History of the Rebellion)
(1863-65); (White House Stories) (1880-85);
(Marvels of the New West' (1887); "Life of Gar-
field); (Men who Win); (Women who Win. )
Theiner, Augustin (ti'ner). A German can-
onist; born at Breslau, April 11, 1804; died
Aug. 10, 1874. He was appointed prefect of
the Vatican archives, 1855; but was deprived
of that office during the Vatican Council on the
charge of giving to certain oppositionist bishops
secret documents of the curia. His first nota.
ble work was a tractate in opposition to the
rule of clerical celibacy, (The Introduction of
Obligatory Celibacy) (2 vols. , 1828; new ed.
enlarged, 3 vols. , 1856-57). His other principal
works are : History of the Return of the Reign-
ing Houses of Brunswick and Saxony to the
Bosom of the Catholic Church (1843); an edi.
tion of Baronius's Church Annals, with a con-
tinuation (3 vols. , 1856-57); Diplomatic Code
of the Temporal Dominion of the Holy See)
(1863); (Temporal Sovereignty of the Holy
See Judged by the General Councils of Lyons
and Constance (1867).
Theocritus (the-ok'rē-tus). The greatest of
Greek bucolic poets; commonly reputed to
have been a native of Syracuse, but Cos also
claims him; he lived in the first half of the
third century B. C. He wrote in he Doric
dialect, pastorals and idyls of lowly life, which
have ever since been regarded as the con-
summate models of that kind of poetry. Vir-
gil imitated him in his (Bucolics. ' We have
31 of his idyls and pastorals, and a number
of his epigrams: there are English translations
by Calverley (1869) in verse, by Andrew Lang
(1860) in prose, and by others. *
Theodoret (the-od'Ō-ret). A celebrated
Greek church historian and theological writer;
born at Antioch about 390; died about 400.
He became bishop of Cyrrhus, a city in Syria,
423, and there passed the remainder of his
liie. He wrote voluminous commentaries on
the Scriptural books, of which many are ex-
tant; we have also his "Church History) in
five books, covering the period 324-429, and
several of his theological tractates, besides
about 200 of his (Letters.
Theognis of Megara (thé-og'nis). A Greek
elegiac poet who flourished in the latter half
of the sixth century B. C. There are 1389
verses preserved under his name, of import-
ance in enabling us to understand the state
of parties and the problems of society in the
Greece of that time. Translated by Frere
(1842). *
Theophrastus of Eresus in Lesbos (the-o.
fras'tus). A Greek philosopher; became the
head of the Peripatetic school after the death
of its founder Aristotle, presiding over it for
35 years (322-287 B. C. ). His treatises on
(Practical Botany,' in nine books, and (The-
oretical Botany,' in six books, are still extant;
besides fragments of works on mineralogy, on
the senses, and on metaphysics. The work by
## p. 522 (#538) ############################################
522
THEOPHYLACTUS - THOLUCK
>
which he is best known is his treatise called
(Characters.
Theophylactus, surnamed Simocatta (thē.
o-fil-ak'tus). A Byzantine historian; born at
Locri about 570 A. D. ; died about 640. Three
of his works are extant: History of the Em-
peror Maurice); Problems of Physics); "Let-
ters, Moral, Rural, and Amorous,' — of these
there are 85, in which are imitated the letters
of Aristænetus.
Theopompus of Chios (the'o-pom'pus). A
Greek historian and rhetorician; born about
378 B. C. His principal historical works were
(The Hellenics,' in 12 books, and (The Phi-
lippics,' in 58 books; the former being a con-
tinuation of Thucydides, and the latter a gen-
eral history of his own times, with the reign
of Philip of Macedon as central point: of both
only fragments remain.
Theuriet, André (tér-yā'). A French poet
and novelist; born at Marly-le-Roi, Oct. 8, 1833.
He began his literary work with the verses
(In Memoriam (1857). Subsequent poems
are : (The Road through the Woods) (1867);
(The Peasants of L'Argonne, 1792) (1871);
(The Blue and the Black) (1873); “Our Birds
(1886). His novels are numerous, comprising
among others : “Tales of Familiar Life) (1870);
(Mlle. Guignon (1874); Dangerous Charm)
(1891). Among his dramatic productions are :
(Jean-Marie) (1871); (The House of the Two
Barbeaux) (1885); “Raymonde) (1887). As an
art critic he has also written Jules Bastien-
Lepage, the Man and the Artist) (1885). *
Thibaudeau, Antoine Claire, Count (te-bo-
do'). A French statesman and historian; born
at Poitiers, March 23, 1765; died March 8,
1854. Among his writings are: (Memoirs on
the Convention and the Directory) (1824); "Gen-
eral History of Napoleon Bonaparte) (5 vols. ,
1827-28); (Memoirs on the Consulate and the
Empire) (10 vols. , 1835); “History of the States-
General) (2 vols. , 1843). After his death ap-
peared (My Biography: My Memoirs 1765-92)
(1875).
Thibaut, Anton Friedrich Justus (tē-bo').
A distinguished German legist; born at Hameln,
Jan. 4, 1772; died March 28, 1840, at Heidel-
berg, where he was professor in the university.
His greatest work is (System of the Laws in
the Pandects) (1803); some of his other writ-
ings are: (Juristic Encyclopedy and Method-
ology) (1797); “Essays on Questions of Civil
Law) (1814).
Thierry, Amédée (tyār-7'). A French his-
torian, brother of J. N. A. ; born at Blois, Aug.
2, 1797 ; died March 27, 1873. Among his works
are: History of the Gauls to the Roman
Domination) (3 vols. , 1828); "History of Gaul
under the Roman Domination) (3 vols. , 1840-
47); Later Times of the Western Empire )
(1860); History of Attila and his Successors)
(1864); (St. Jerome: Christian Society at Rome)
(1867).
Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin. A
French historian of the picturesque school,
a member of the Academy; born at Blois,
May 10, 1795; died in Paris, May 22, 1856. In
1817 he became a contributor to Le Censeur
Européen, edited by Comte; afterward to the
Courrier Français, in which he published his
(Letters on the History of France. In 1825
appeared his History of the Conquest of Eng.
land by the Normans. He also wrote: (Ten
Years of Historic Studies) (1834); (Tales of
Merovingian Times) (1840); (Formation and
Progress of the Third Estate (1853). (Com.
plete Works, 1856-60. ) *
Thiers, Jean Baptiste (tyår). A French
theological writer; born at Chartres, 1636; died
at Vibraye in Maine, 1703. His treatises on
theological and ecclesiastical subjects are very
numerous; but he owes whatever celebrity
he has to his History of Wigs, wherein is
Shown their Origin, their Use, their Form, the
Abuse and Irregularity of Ecclesiastics' Wigs)
(1690).
Thiers, Louis Adolphe. A French states.
man and author of the first rank; born at
Marseilles, April 16, 1797 ; died at St. -Germain,
Sept. 3, 1877. In 1822 he moved to Paris, and
became contributor to the Constitutionnel; in
1823 he began to publish his History of the
French Revolution, which was finished in 1827,
in 10 vols. ; in 1830 he founded the National,
in connection with Mignet and Armand Car-
rel; in 1832 he became Minister of the Interior;
in 1836 he was made prime minister, and again
in 1840; in 1852 he was banished by Louis
Napoleon, but returned and lived in retire.
ment until 1863, when he was elected member
of the Representative Assembly by Paris; he
was elected a member of the National As.
sembly, Feb. 8, 1871, after the collapse of the
monarchy; and on Aug. 31 received the title
of «President of the Republic. His great
literary work is that comprising the History
of the French Revolution (1823-27) and (His-
tory of the Consulate and the Empire) (1845-
62). Among his other works are : (History of
John Law) (1826; English translation, 1859);
(On Property) (1848); Man and Matter)
(1875). *
Thirlwall, Connop. An eminent English
historian; born at Stepney, London, Jan. II,
1797; died July 27, 1875, at Bath.
Bishop of St. David's 1840–74. His principal
work is a History of Greece) (8 vols. , 1835-
40; enlarged 1845-52). He made, with J. C.
Hare, the English translation of Niebuhr's
History of Rome) (2 vols. , 1828).
Tholuck, Friedrich August Gottreu (to-
Jök'). A German theologian and author of
great repute; born at Breslau, March 30, 1799 ;
died at Halle, June 10, 1877. His works,
most of which have been often reprinted in
Germany and translated into English, were
published at Gotha in an edition of vols.
( 1863–72), and treat of Oriental subjects :
He was
:
## p. 523 (#539) ############################################
THOMAS- THOMPSON
523
:
"Sufism; or, Pantheistic Theosophy of the Per-
sians) (1821); (The Epistle to the Romans)
(1824); (The Gospel of John (1827; trans-
lated into English by Kauffman, 1836); “The
Sermon on the Mount) (1833; translated into
English by R. L. Brown, Edinburgh, 1860);
"Early History of Rationalism (4 vols. , 1853–
62); (Church Life of the 17th Century' (1861-62).
Thomas, Antoine (to-mä'). A French phi-
lologist; born at St. Irieix-la-Montagne, Nov.
29, 1857. He was appointed professor in the
University of Paris, 1889. His chief works are :
"The Provincial Estates of Central France under
Charles VII.
(1879); (Francesco da Barberino
and Provençal Literature in Italy) (1883).
Thomas, Cyrus. An American archäologist
now in the government service; born 1825,
at Kingsport, Tenn. He was at first devoted
to natural science; State entomologist of Illi-
nois 1875-82, and has written much in that
field. Of special interest in his later line are
his (Study of the Manuscript Troano) (1882);
Notes on Certain Maya and Mexican Manu-
scripts) (1884); (Mound Exploration (1888).
Thomas, Edith Matilda. An American poet;
born in Chatham, O. , Aug. 12, 1854; resides in
New York. She has contributed to many peri-
odicals, and published in book form: A New.
Year's Masque, etc. (1885); (The Round Year)
(1886); (Lyrics and Sonnets) (1887); (Children
of the Seasons) Series (1888); Babes of the
Year! (1888); "Babes of the Nations) (1889);
“Heaven and Earth" (1889); (The Inverted
Torch (1890); (Fair Shadow Land) (1893);
In Sunshine Land' (1895); (In the Young
World” (1895). *
Thomas, Frederick William. An American
journalist and author ; born in Charleston, S. C. ,
1811; died in Washington, D. C. , Sept. 30, 1866.
He was professor of English literature in the
University of Alabama. He contributed much
in prose and verse to periodicals, and pub-
lished: (The Emigrant,' poem (1833); “Clinton
Bradshaw) (1835), East and West (1836),
“Howard Pinckney) (1840), novels; (The
Beechen Tree, and Other Poems) (1844);
(Sketches of Character, etc. (1849); and (John
Randolph of Roanoke, etc. (1853).
Thomas, Isaiah. An American editor, pub-
lisher, and littérateur; born in Boston, Jan. 17,
1719; died at Worcester, April 4, 1831. He
established and printed the Massachusetts Spy,
1770-1801; imported and used the first font of
music type; established the Massachusetts
Magazine (1789-96); printed noted editions of
the Bible and Watts's (Psalms and Hymns);
founded the Antiquarian Society, Worcester,
Mass. , and endowed it with a library and funds
for its maintenance; and was the authof and
publisher of the History of Printing. '
Thomas, John R. A Welsh-American song.
writer and musician; born in Newport, Wales,
in 1830; died 186, He came to America at
an early age, taught music, and sang in opera
and oratorio. His songs were highly popular.
Among the best-known are : (Cottage by the
Seal; (Happy Be thy Dreams); (Some One
to Love); ('Tis but a Little Faded Flower);
(Beautiful Isle of the Sea); “The Flag of the
Free); (The Mother's Prayer); and No Crown
without the Cross.
Thomas, Lewis Foulke. An American poet
and dramatist; born in Baltimore, Md. , 1815;
died in Washington, 1868. He was author of
India and Other Poems (St. Louis, 1842),
the first book of poetry published west of the
Mississippi; and the tragedies (Osceola,' suc-
cessfully performed in Cincinnati (1838), and
(Cortez) (Washington, 1857).
Thomas à Kempis. See Kempis.
Thomas Aquinas or Thomas of Aquin,
Saint (a-kwi'nas). A great mediæval theolo-
gian and philosopher; born at Aquino in the
kingdom of Naples, about 1225; died at Fossa
Nuova, in the diocese of Terracina, March 7,
1274. His writings are very voluminous, being
comprised in 28 vols. quarto. His greatest work
is the (Sum of Theology. Among his other
works are : (Sum of Catholic Belief against
the Heathen'; Exposition of all the Epistles
of St. Paul. *
Thomas of Celano. An Italian hymnist;
born at Celano in the Abruzzi; died about
1255. He was one of the first disciples of St.
Francis. He is probably the author of the
(Dies Iræ. He is also believed to have writ.
ten the biography of St. Francis found in the
Bollandists' (Acta Sanctorum.
Thomasius, Christian (to-mäs’yös). A Ger-
man legist; born at Leipsic, Jan. 1, 1655;
died professor of jurisprudence at Halle, Sept.
23, 1728. Among his writings are: (Serious
but Lively and Sensible Remarks on all Sorts
of Juristic Works) (1720); Reasonable and
Christianlike but not Pharisaical Considera-
tions on all Sorts of Philosophical and Juristic
Works) (3 vols. , 1723); History of Wisdom and
Folly:
Thomasius, Gottfried. A German theo-
logical writer; born at Egenhausen, in Fran-
conia, July 26, 1802 ; died professor of dogmatics
at Erlangen, Jan. 24, 1875. Among his writings
are : (Origen) (1837); (Contributions to Christ-
ology) (1845); (The Person and the Work of
Christ) (1852); (Resuscitation of Evangelical
Life in the Lutheran Church of Bavaria (1867);
(History of Christian Dogma) (1874).
Thompson, Benjamin. See Rumford.
Thompson, Charles Miner. An American
journalist, writer on the staff of the Youth's
Companion ; born 1864. He has written : (The
Nimble Dollar); Life of Ethan Allen.
Thompson, Francis. An English poet; son
of a Lancashire physician. He was educated
at Ushaw College, near Durham, and stud-
ied medicine at Owens College, Manchester.
He determined to take up literature, however,
and came to London. His first appearance
in print was in the columns of Merry England.
## p. 524 (#540) ############################################
THOMPSON - THONISSEN
524
Collected volumes have appeared as follows:
(Poems) (1893); (Sister-Songs' (1890); (Vew
Poems) (1897).
Thompson, (James) Maurice. An American
essayist and novelist; born in Fairfield, Ind. ,
Sept. 9, 1844. He was a Confederate soldier in
the Civil War; afterwards State geologist of
Indiana, 1885-89. He writes charmingly of
nature subjects. He has published in book
form : Hoosier Mosaics) (1875); (The Witch-
ery of Archery) (1878); “A Tallahassee Girl
(1882); His Second Campaign (1883); “Songs
of Fair Weather (1883); “At Love's Extremes)
(1885); Byways and Bird Notes) (1885); (The
Boy's Book of Sports) (1886); (A Banker of
Bankersville) (1886); (Sylvan Secrets) (1887);
(A Fortnight of Folly) (1888); (The Story of
Louisiana) (1888); Poems) (1892); "King of
Honey Island (1892); (The Ocala Boy) (1895).
Thompson, Mortimer M. [“Q. K. Philan-
der Doesticks, P. B. ”] An American humorous
writer and lecturer; born in 1830; died in 1875.
He contributed at first to the daily and in
later years regularly to the weekly newspapers,
and published in book form in 1855-57: (Doe-
sticks: What He Says); Plu-Ri-Bus-Tah,' a
travesty of Hiawatha'; (The Witches of New
York); Nothing to Say); (The Elephant
Club.
Thomsen, Vilhelm Ludvig Peder (tom'sen).
A Danish philologist; born at Copenhagen,
Jan. 25, 1842. His principal works are : (The
Magyar Language) (1806); Influence of the
Germanic Languages on the Finno-Lappish)
(1870); (Relations between Ancient Russia and
Scandinavia) (1879); (Relations between the
Finnish and the Baltic Languages) (1890).
Thomson, Charles. An American patriot
and publicist; born in Maghera, County Derry,
Ireland, Nov. 29, 1729 ; died in Lower Merion,
Pa. , Aug. 16, 1824. At first a teacher at New
London, Pa. , be became the first secretary of
the Continental Congress (1774-79), and was
said in compliment to be the soul of that polit-
ical body. ” He destroyed his notes of its pro-
ceedings for fear of giving pain to descendants
of some of the members. He published: (An
Enquiry into the Causes of the Alienation of
the Delaware and Shawaneese Indians, etc.
( 1759); a translation of the Greek (Septuagint)
Bible (4 vols. , 1808), which was the first Eng-
lish version of it; a "Synopsis of the Four
Evangelists) (1815). etc.
Thomson, Edward William. An American
writer, editor, and civil engineer; torn in On-
tario, 1849. He has written: 'Old Man Savarin,
and Other Stories); (Walter Gibbs,' a book
for boys; also the metrical portions of M. S.
Henry's Version of (Aucassin and Nicolette. )
Thomson, James. A Scotch poet; born at
Ednam, Sept. II, 1700; died Aug. 27, 1748. He
was educated at Jedburgh School and Edin-
burgh University, and studied for the ministry.
In 1725 he went to London and became a tutor.
In 1733 he held a position in the Court of
Chancery, and on losing this position was given
a pension. In 1744 he was appointed surveyor-
general of the Leeward Islands. His most
famous poem is (The Seasons (1726–1730), and
next to this (The Castle of Indolence) (1748).
He wrote some plays, among them being
(Sophonisba (1730) and (Tancred and Sigis.
munda! (1745). *
Thomson, James. A Scotch poet; born at
Port Glasgow, Nov. 23, 1834; died June 3, 1882.
He was brought up in an orphan asylum, and
became an army tutor. Most of his life was
spent in journalism, though he came to America
at one time to investigate a silver mine; thence
he was sent to Spain as the New York World's
special correspondent. He suffered much from
insomnia, which he made the subject of a most
powerful poem by that name; and died a victim
to the drugs he used to relieve it. His best-
known work is The City of Dreadful Night
(1870-74); others of high quality are (The
Doom of a City) (1857), and Our Ladies of
Death (1861). *
Thomson, Joseph. A Scotch traveler; born
at Thornhill in Dumfriesshire, Feb. 14, 1858;
died at London, Aug. 2, 1895. He wrote :
(To the Central African Lakes and Back)
(3d ed. 1881); (Through Masai Land) (1885);
(Ulu, an African Romance) (1888); Mungo
Park and the Niger? (1890); (Travels in the
Atlas and Southern Marocco (1890).
Thomson, Sir William - Lord Kelvin. A
British physicist, mathematician, engineer, and
inventor of the highest rank; born in Belfast,
Ireland, June 1824. He has been professor of
natural philosophy in the University of Glas-
gow since he was 22. As such he has not
only done enduring work of his own, but has
guided the careers of several other great sci-
entists. His scientific papers have been pub-
lished under the titles (Reprints of Papers on
Electrostatics and Magnetism (1872); Mathe.
matical and Physical Papers) (1882–90); Pop-
ular Lectures and Addresses); "On Heat);
(On Elasticity! In 1867, in collaboration with
Professor Tait of Edinburgh, he issued his first
volume of (A Treatise on Natural Philosophy)
(2d ed. in 2 parts, 1879). From 1846 to 1853
he was editor of the Cambridge and Dublin
Mathematical Journal; and also connected with
the Philosophical Magazine. He has been pres-
ident of the British Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, and of the Royal Society
of London. He was made a peer in 1892.
Thomson, William McClure. An American
clergyman of the Presbyterian Church; born in
Ohio, Dec. 3, 1806; died in 1894. In 1833 he
went as missionary to Syria and Palestine, re-
maining until 1876. His chief work, ' The Land
and the Book) (2 vols. , 1859-60; 3 vols. , 1880-
86), is an accepted authority on Palestine and
Syria. He has also published: (The Land of
Promise); (Travels in Palestine) (1865).
Thonissen, Jean Joseph (ton'is-sen). A
Belgian jurist and political economist; born at
## p. 525 (#541) ############################################
THORBECKE - TICKELL
525
Hasselt, Jan. 21, 1817; died Aug. 17, 1891, at
Louvain, where he was professor of jurispru-
dence. Among his writings are: (Socialism
and its Promises) (1850); (Socialism in the
Past) (1851); (Belgium in the Reign of Leo-
pold I. (4 vols. , 1855); “The Pretended Neces-
sity of the Death Penalty) (1864); (The Penal
Laws of the Athenian Republic) (1876).
Thorbecke, Heinrich (tor-bek'e). A Ger-
man Orientalist; born at Meiningen, March 14,
1837 ; died at Mannheim, Jan. 3, 1890. He was
appointed professor in the University of Halle,
1887. His studies were directed mainly to the
poetry of the Bedawîn and the history of Ara-
bic. He is author of Life of Antarah, the
Pre-Islamite Poet) (1868); (Al Ashâ's Song of
Praise to Mohammed) (1875); M. Sabbâg's
Grammar of Conversational Arabic in Syria
and Egypt) (1886).
Thorburn, Grant. [“Lawrie Todd. " ] A
Scottish-American craftsman, merchant, and
author. He was born at Dalkeith, 1773; emi-
grated to America, 1794; died at New Haven,
Conn. , Jan. 21, 1863. As the hero of Galt's
novel, (Lawrie Todd,' he was a well-known
figure in New York. His publications in book
form include : (Forty Years' Residence in Amer.
ica) (1834); Men and Manners in Great Brit-
ain) (1834); (Fifty Years' Reminiscences of
New York) (1845); (Hints to Merchants, etc.
(1847); Notes on Virginia) (1848); Life and
Writings of Grant Thorburn (1852–53).
Thoreau, Henry David. A distinguished
American writer; born in Concord, Mass. , July
12, 1817; died there, May 6, 1862. His works
include: (A Week on the Concord and Mer-
rimac Rivers) (1848); (Walden; or, Life in
the Woods) (1854); “Echoes of Harper's Ferry)
( 1860 ); Excursions) (1863 ); (The Maine
Woods) (1864); "Cape Cod (1865); Letters
to Various Persons) (1865); (A Yankee in Can-
ada) (1866); Early Spring in Massachusetts)
( 1881 ); (Summer) ( 1884 ); Winter) (1888 );
(Autumn) (1892); (Works) (10 vols. , 1894);
(Familiar Letters) (1894); Poems of Nature)
(1895). The posthumous volumes are made up
mostly from his daily journal, begun in 1835,
which numbered 30 vols. when he died. *
Thoresen, Anna Magdalena (Kragh) (tö'.
re-sen). A Danish novelist; born at Fredericia,
June 3, 1819. Among the best of her works
are : (Tales) (1863); “Si Historiæ. (Signs
of History: 1864); Pictures from the West
Coast of Norway) (1872); Herluf Nordal: A
Tale from the Last Century) (1879); “Short
Tales) ( 1891 ). She is also the author of sev-
eral dramas.
Thorild, Thomas (tör'ild). A Swedish poet;
born at Kongelf in Bohuslän, 1759; died at
Greifswald, 1808. His poetry was of less influ-
ence on the thought of his day than his polem-
ics. One of these, (A Critique of the Critics,
with a Project of a Code for the Kingdom of
Genius) (1791), had much to do with the de
velopment of Swedish poetry. He wrote also
(Maximum, or Archimetria' (1799), an attempt
at a system of philosophy.
Thornbury, George Walter.
