He
received his education mostly in California,
taking the degree of Ph.
received his education mostly in California,
taking the degree of Ph.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
The rare and some-
what hectic genius of the brother, enforcing
the sister's active participation, led to their
joint literary career. The Journals) and Let-
ters' comprise the result of this partnership. *
Guernsey, Alfred Hudson. An American
editor; born in Vermont, 1825. He was for
several years editor of Harper's Magazine and
associate editor of the American Cyclopæ-
dia' (1872-76). Together with Henry M. Alden
he was author of "Harper's Pictorial History
of the Great Rebellion, writing the Eastern
campaigns (2 vols. , 1862–65); and (The Spanish
Armada' (1882).
Guernsey, Lucy Ellen. An American juve-
nile-story writer; born in New York, 1826. She
has written : (Old Stanfield House); (Through
Unknown Ways); "Winifred'; etc.
Guéroult, Constant (gā-rö'). A French
writer of sensational fiction; born in Elbeuf,
>
## p. 238 (#254) ############################################
238
GUERRAZZI - GUILD
Feb. II, 1814; died at Paris, Nov. 29, 1882. At
first engaged in trade, he wrote novels in his
leisure, and soon made his fortune. (The
Stranglers of Paris, written partly in collabo-
ration, is his representative effort ; but (The
Beggar of Toledo, Captain Zamore, (The
Depths of Paris,' and 'The Marcellange Affair)
are powerful tales of the sensational order,
and gave rise to a school of imitators.
Guerrazzi, Francesco Domenico (gwer-
rät'sē). An Italian statesman, romance-writer,
and satirist; born in Livorno (Leghorn), Aug.
12, 1804; died there, Sept. 23, 1873. After a
turbulent political career, a dictatorship of some
months in 1848, and then a cell and exile, he
devoted himself mainly to literature. He had
already written at 23 (The Battle of Benevento,
a historical novel and his best work in fiction.
Other novels are : « The Siege of Florence, a
romance, published under the pseudonym An-
selmo Gualandi”; Beatrice Cenci, a highly
popular story; "Veronica Cybò, Duchess of San
Giuliano) and (The Hiding-Place in the Wall,
both fine efforts of the imagination. A drama,
(The Whites and the Blacks); a biographical
study, 'The Life of Andrea Doria); and a vol-
ume of orations, all show power. He founded
L'Asino (The Ass), a satirical sheet.
Guerrero, Teodoro (gā-ray'ro). A Cuban
poet and dramatist; born in Havana in 1825.
He was educated in Spain, returning to Cuba
in 1845, in which year his first volume of
poems was published. His drama (La Escala
del Poder, and his comedy (La Cabeza y
el Corazon,' were successful. Lecciones de
Mundo) reached many editions.
Guevara, Antonio de (gā-vä’rä). A Spanish
historical and moral essayist; born in Viscaya,
about 1490; died in 1545. After a short career
ai court ne became a Franciscan. Charles V.
made him his companion in some of his voyages,
and gave him a rich bishopric. His humility
was proverbial. His writings were an influence
in the development of Spanish letters, being
distinguished by a great purity of diction and
a courtly and graceful style. He applies the
teachings of history to daily conduct. His
(Marcus Aurelius, for example, is a sort of
"Cyropædia, and has been translated into
many languages. (The Prince's Time-Piece)
and (The First Ten Cæsars) are manuals for
the ethical guidance of youthful royalty.
Guevara y Dueñas, Luis Velez de (gā-vä'-
rä ē dwān'yäz). A Spanish dramatist and
romancer; born in Ecija, Andalusia, January
1570; died at Madrid, Nov. 10, 1646. As a
young lawyer he won the favor of King Philip,
who gave him his first literary encouragement.
He wrote four hundred plays, all very long
and full of wit. (Empire after Death) and
(The King is More Important than One's Own
Flesh and Blood' are the best known. He
also wrote a novel or romance, (The Lame
Devil, from which Le Sage freely borrowed in
writing upon the same theme.
Guicciardini, Francesco (gwe-chär-de'ne).
A distinguished Italian historian; born at Flor-
ence, March 6, 1483; died May 23, 1540. He
was a prominent figure in the Italian public
life of his time. His principal work, History
of Italy,' recounts without passion or partisan-
ship the political events of 1492-1534; it was
published in 1561-64, and republished ten times
! n the fifty years succeeding. Long after his
death, appeared as Unpublished Works) (1857–
67, 10 vols. ) his (Political Reminiscences,' a
series of aphorisms on politics; «The Govern-
ment of Florence,' an essay on the forms of
government suited for an Italian State; and a
History of Florence. )
Guidi, Carlo Alessandro (gwe'dē). An Ital-
ian poet; born in Pavia, June 14, 1650; died at
Frascati, June 12, 1712. He attracted notice at
the Roman court by his extreme hideousness
of aspect and precocious charm of mind and
character. The Queen of Sweden lodged him
in her villa on the Rialto, and Pope Clement
XI. was his patron. His fame depends prin-
cipally upon his graceful lyrics. Poems,'
(Daphne,' «Six Homilies of Pope Clement XI.
Done into Verse,' and Endymion,' are his
most admired compositions. He was killed by
the shock consequent upon discovering a typo-
graphical error in one of his works.
Guidiccioni, Giovanni (gwé-de-che-o'nē).
An Italian poet and ecclesiastic; born in
Lucca, Feb. 25, 1500; died at Macerata in 1541.
He lived at the court of the Cardinal Farnese,
afterwards Pope Paul III. , who employed him
in difficult diplomatic missions and made him
a bishop. He wrote a small volume of 'Poems,
distinguished by a correct taste and elegant
diction.
Guido y Spano, Carlos (gwē-dō ē spä'no).
An Argentine poet; born in Salta, March 8,
1832. He was graduated at the University of
San Carlos, Buenos Ayres; practiced law; was
elected deputy to the national congress, and
became its president. He gained reputation
as a poet, and is held in highest esteem by his
countrymen. His poems are gathered in the
volume entitled “Hojas al Viento, published
in 1871.
Guild, Curtis. An American journalist and
author; born in Massachusetts in 1828. He
was the editor of the Boston Commercial Bul-
letin, which he founded in 1859, and was the
author of several popular books of travel.
Among his works are: (Over the Ocean' (1871);
(Abroad Again (1877); (Britons and Musco-
vites) (1888); (A Chat about Celebrities.
Guild, Reuben Aldridge. An American
prose-writer; born in West Dedham, Mass. ,
May 4, 1822. His published works include:
(History of Brown University with Illustrative
Documents) (1867); (Chaplain Smith and the
Baptists) (1885). He edited (Rhode Island in
the Continental Congress, 1765-1790, by Wm.
R. Staples (1870); "Letter of John Cotton, and
Roger Williams' Reply) (1866); and (Queries
## p. 239 (#255) ############################################
GUILLAUME DE LORRIS - GUMMERE
239
of Highest Consideration,' by Roger Williams
(1867).
Guillaume de Lorris (ge-yom'dē lõ-rēs').
A French poet; born at Lorris, about 1211;
died between 1240 and 1260. He appears to
have been about 25 when he wrote the first
part of the famous (Roman de la Rose. This
poem has been the subject of extravagant
eulogy until well within the present century.
It has to do with a knight who arrives at the
Palace of Pleasure, and has varied experiences
with Venus and her alluring but erratic com-
panions. The rose in the story has no particu-
lar meaning, though the hero's task is to pluck
it. The poem is in two parts, the last being
from the pen of Jean de Meung.
Guillaume de Machaut (ge-yom'dė mä-
cho'). A French poet and musician; born in
Machaut, Seine-et-Marne, between 1282 and
1284; died at Rheims about 1377. He first
appeared in menial office at the court of
Jeanne of Navarre, wife of Philip the Fair; be-
coming the latter's valet in time, and subse-
quently clerk to the King of Bohemia. A lady
of prominence at the French court - the wife of
the Comte de Foix according to some, Péronne
d'Armentières according to others — fell in love
with him, and their amours are set forth in
his (Voir Dit' or (Book of Said and Seen.
(The Taking of Alexandria' narrates the ad-
ventures of King Peter I. of Cyprus. His
musical compositions were much esteemed.
Guillemard, Francis Henry Hill (gil'.
mard"). An English traveler and scientist of
French descent; born in Eltham, Kent, in 1852.
He is a graduate of Cambridge, and for some
time taught there. He has traveled extens-
ively and explored many unfrequented lands.
Besides contributions to scientific, literary, and
medical reviews, he has published (The Cruise
of the Marchesa to Kamchatka and New
Guinea) (1886; 2d ed. 1887), interesting alike
to naturalist, traveler, and general reader.
Guiney, Louise Imogen. An American poet
and essayist; born in Boston, Jan. 7, 1861.
Among her volumes of verse may be men-
tioned: (Verse); (Songs at the Start); (A
Roadside Harp'; etc. She has also published:
(Goose-Quill Papers); “Brownies and Bogles );
Monsieur Henri'; A Little English Gallery);
Lovers' Saint Ruths); Patrins); etc. She
has edited an edition of Mangan's poems.
Guinicelli, Guido (gwê-në-chel'ē). An Ital-
ian poet; born in Bologna about 1240; died in
exile in 1276. He held a judgeship in Bologna
until expelled for political reasons. His im-
portance is due to his great influence upon
Dante, who pronounced him a model of grace
and style, and apostrophized him in the In-
ferno. The poems, so far as they have sur-
vived, scarcely justify Dante's praise. They
comprise seven canzone or songs in the style
of the ode, and five sonnets, all dealing with
love, and characterized more by feeling and
beauty of sentiment than by power.
Guinness, Mrs. Fanny E. An English evan-
gelist and religious writer, wife of Henry G. ;
born (Fitzgerald) in Dublin, Ireland, April
1831. She was one of the earliest woman
preachers of the gospel, and was secretary of
the first Christian mission on the Congo.
Besides works written in collaboration with
her husband, she has published : (She Spake
of Him: Being Recollections of Mrs. H. Den-
ning) (1872); (Sitwana's Story) (1882); (The
Wide World and Our Work) (1886); New
World of Central Africa.
Guinness, Henry Grattan. An Irish evan-
gelist and religious writer; born near Dublin,
August 1835. His chief work, (The Approach-
ing End of the Age, was issued in 1878, and
has passed through ten editions. He has also
written : (Preaching for the Million (1859);
and with his wife, 'Light for the Last Days)
(1886);( Romanism and the Reformation' (1887);
(The Divine Programme of the World's His.
tory) (1888).
Guiraud, Alexandre, Baron (ge-rõ”). A
French poet and dramatist; born in Limoux,
Dec. 25, 1788; died at Paris, Feb. 24, 1847. He
gave up the management of large inherited
business interests and took up literary pursuits
in Paris, writing poems, plays, and miscellane-
ous prose. (The Maccabees,' a tragedy, was
his first unqualified success. His ode addressed
to the Greeks had attracted some notice; and
he now brought out a volume of (Songs of
a Savoyard,' which attained great popularity,
especially (The Little Savoyard. He wrote
several other dramas, and a romance or two.
Guittone d'Arezzo (gwe-to'nā där-rets'o).
An Italian poet; born in Santa Firmina, near
Arezzo, about 1230; died at Florence, 1294. He
received a scholarly training and knew several
languages. When young he was a military ad-
venturer. In middle life he founded an order
of monks. His poetry is remarkable for ele.
gance of form and matter; to him the present
fixed form of the sonnet is largely due. He
left much verse, of which thirty-five sonnets and
four canzone have been preserved.
Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (gē-zo'
or güē-zo'). A great French historian and
statesman; born at Nîmes, Oct. 4, 1787; died at
Val Richer, near Lisieux, Sept. 12, 1874. His
most important works are : «The History of
Civilization in Europe); «The History of Civ.
ilization in France); History of the English
Revolution); (Shakespeare and his Time);
and his own (Memoirs. He also wrote:
Memoirs relating to the History of France
to the Thirteenth Century'; (Corneille and his
Time) (1852); Meditations on the Present
State of the Christian Religion (1865); (His-
tory of France for my Grandchildren) (1870-
75). *
Guldberg, Frederick Höegh. See Höegh-
Guldberg.
Gummere, Francis Barton (gum'ery). An
American teacher and author ; born at Burling.
ton, N. J. , March 6, 1855. He was instructor
## p. 240 (#256) ############################################
240
GUMPERT - GUSTAFSON
in Harvard College from 1881 to 1882; and in
1887 became professor of English at Haver-
ford College, Pa. Besides miscellaneous papers
in Germanic philology and English literature,
he has written: "The Anglo-Saxon Metaphor)
(1881); Handbook of Poetics) (1885); (Ger-
manic Origins) (1892).
Gumpert, Thekla von (göm'pārt). A Ger-
man juvenile writer ; born in Kalisch, June 28,
1810. She was the daughter of a prominent
physician. When comparatively young she
undertook the training of the Princess Czartor-
iski's children, developing then her talent as a
story-teller. (The Little Father and his Grand-
child, Aunt's Trip to the Baths,' and My
First White Hair,' are among her greatest
successes. In 1856 she married Franz von
Schober, under whose name she is also known.
Her later productions, especially (Fleart-leaf
Pastime,' and 'Treasury of Books for Ger-
many's Daughters,' have maintained her popu-
larity.
Günderode, Karoline von (gün'de-ro-dė). A
German poet ; born in Karlsruhe, Feb. II, 1780;
died at Winkel on the Rhine, July 26, 1806.
An unfortunate love affair with the scholar
Creuzer confirmed her natural tendency to mel-
ancholy and mysticism, by which her poetry
is much colored, and she finally committed sui-
cide. She sometimes used the pseudonym
<< Tian. ” (Poems and Fancies) and Poetic
Fragments) are her best efforts.
Gundulic, Ivan (gön'dö-litch). (“Giovanni
Gondola. ”] A Dalmatian poet ; born in Ra-
gusa, Jan. 8, 1588; died there, Dec. 8, 1638. His
writings show extensive acquaintance with the
philosophy, jurisprudence, and ethics of his
time, but little is known of this first dramatic
poet among the Slavs. His greatest poem is
Osman,' an epic in twenty books, presenting
a stirring panorama of the career of one of
the Turkish Sultans, with the Polish-Turkish
war of 1621 for a background. His dramas
are pleasing and finished productions. (Proser-
pina, Cleopatra,' (Arijadna,' and (Dubravka)
show a rich and fertile imagination. Among
his elegies, (The Tears of a Lost Son) is full
of lofty and tender expression.
Gunsaulus, Frank Wakeley. An American
clergyman, novelist, and poet; born at Chester-
ville, O. , Jan. I, 1856. He graduated at the
Ohio Wesleyan University in 1875. Since 1887
he has been the pastor of a Congregational
church in Chicago, and has been for some
years director of the Armour Institute. Among
his works are: (The Transfiguration of Christ)
(1886); Monk and Knight: An Historical
Study in Fiction (1890); Phidias and Other
Poems) (1892); “Songs of Night and Day)
Gunter, Archibald Clavering. An Ameri-
can civil engineer, stock-broker, playwright,
publisher, and novelist; born in Liverpool, Eng-
land, Oct. 25, 1847. When five years old he
was taken to California by his parents.
He
received his education mostly in California,
taking the degree of Ph. B. at University Col.
lege, San Francisco. He was a mining and
civil engineer in the West from 1867 until 1874,
when he became a stock-broker. In 1877 he
removed to New York, where he devoted him-
self to writing plays and novels. The best-
known of the former are : 'Courage); (Prince
Karl); (The Deacon's Daughter. His most
popular novels are : (Mr. Barnes of New York)
(1887), translated into several foreign languages,
and Mr. Potter of Texas) (1888), both suc-
cessfully dramatized ; (That Frenchman' (1889);
(Miss Nobody of Nowhere? (1890); "Baron
Montez of Panama and Paris) (1893); (A
Florida Enchantment.
Günther, Albert Karl Ludwig Gotthelf
(gün'ter). A German librarian and ichthyolo.
gist; born at Esslingen, Würtemberg, Oct. 3.
1830. He is co-editor of the (Annals and
Magazine of Natural History,' and author of
(The Reptiles of British India) (1864); (The
Fishes of the South Seas) (1873-78); (The
Gigantic Land Tortoises, Living and Extinct)
(1877); (An Introduction to the Study of Fishes)
(1880).
Günther, Johann Christian. A German
poet; born in Striegau, Lower Silesia, April 8,
1695; died at Jena, March 15, 1723. He is
celebrated for his (Peace of Passarowitz) and
numerous lyrics.
Gurowski, Adam de, Count (grof'skē). A
Polish scholar and author; born at Kalisz, Sept.
10, 1805; died at Washington, D. C. , May 4.
1866. In early life he was a leading Polish
patriot, and an instigator of the revolution of
1830. Later he became an advocate of Pan-
slavism, and was employed in Russia. In 1841
he left the latter country and studied in Ber-
lin, and in Bern, Switzerland. In 1849 he came
to the United States, and from 1861 to 1863
was a translator in the State Department at
Washington. Among his works, several of
which were written in French and German,
are : "Civilization and Russia' (1840); Pan-
slavism) (1848); (Russia as It Is) (1854); (The
Turkish Question' (1854); My Diary: Notes
on the Civil War) (1862 to 1866).
Guseck, Bernd von (gös'ek), pseudonym
of Gustave von Berneck, a German novelist
and writer on military topics; born in Kirch-
hain, Niederlausitz, Oct. 28, 1803; died at
Berlin, July 8, 1871. His novels have for
the most part a historical background, and
are meritorious without being great. (The
Hand of the Stranger,' (The First Robbery in
Germany,' and Katharina von Schwarzburg,
are noteworthy in a somewhat extended list.
He wrote a play or two, translated Dante's
(Divine Comedy,' and completed a history of
the art of war.
Gustafson, Zadel Barnes Buddington. An
American poet and prose-writer; born in Mid-
dletown, Conn. , about 1841. Her poem Little
Martin Craghan) was very popular. Among
her well-known works are: Can the Old
(
## p. 241 (#257) ############################################
GUSTAV VOM SEE-GYULAI
241
Love ? ) (1871); Meg, a Pastoral); and other
poems, 1879.
Gustav vom See (gös'täf vom sā), pseudonym
of Gustav von Struensee. A German novelist;
born in Greifenberg, Pomerania, Dec. 13, 1803;
died at Breslau, Sept. 29, 1875. He gave up
law to write the series of romances and nov-
els - notably "Rancé, (The Siege of Rheinfels,
and “The Egoists) – which have given him a
name.
Guthrie, James Cargill. A Scotch poet;
born in Forfarshire, Aug. 27, 1814; a promi-
nent clergyman, but for years a librarian at
Dundee. He has written some exceedingly
happy studies in verse, - ( Village Scenes)
(1851), “Wedded Love) (1865), and (Woodland
Echoes) (1878); besides a volume on (Old
Scottish Customs) (1885), a pleasing work in
prose.
Guthrie, Thomas A. See Anstey.
Gutierrez, Antonio Garcia (gö-tē-ār'eth).
A Spanish dramatist; born in Chiclana, Cadiz,
in 1812; died at Madrid, Aug. 26, 1884. He
gave up medicine for the profession of letters;
living at first in great destitution, until the
play (El Trovador) made him famous and
immensely popular. He visited the United
States in 1844. Later he became a theatrical
manager in Madrid, writing (The Campaign
of Huesca, (The Page, and other noble tra-
gedies.
Guttinguer, Ulric (gü-tang-wā'). A French
poet, journalist, and man of letters; born in
Rouen in 1785; died at Paris, Sept. 21, 1866.
He was an extreme partisan of the romantic
school. He won fame with Nadir,' a collec-
tion of criticisms, and essays on literary and
sentimental subjects. His masterpiece, how-
ever, is the volume of Poetic Miscellany,' ori-
ginally contributed to the Muse Française.
He wrote several novels, a (Dithyrambon
Lord Byron's Death,' impressions of travel,
and much fugitive verse.
Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand (götsſko). A
German poet, journalist, dramatist, and critic;
born in Berlin, March 17, 1811; died at Sachs-
enhausen, near Frankfort on the Main, Dec. 16,
1878. He was an early and thorough student
of history and literature. His essay "On the
Fate-Decreeing Deities) (De Diis Fatalibus)
won him a prize and reputation; and his next
performance, The Forum of Literature and the
Press,' obtained for him a place as assistant
to Wolfgang Menzel, then the greatest editor
in Stuttgart. (The Letters of a Fool of a Man
to a Fool of a Woman,' and a fanciful tale,
(Maha Gurn, the Story of a God,' were very
popular. He incurred the censure of the au-
thorities, and brought about a rupture with
Menzel, by injudicious utterances in his journal;
and was thrown into prison, where he wrote
his Philosophy of History. He had already
brought out his (Wally, the Skeptic,' a novel
which added as much to his troubles as to
his fame. His plays are considered his best
work: notably Queue and Sword,' a comedy;
(Uriel Acosta,' a tragedy; (The King's Lieu-
tenant,' a drama in which the young Goethe
is portrayed; and five or six others. Of his
novels, 'Die Ritter vom Geiste) (The Knights
of the Soul) and (The Magician of Rome)
have attained a wide popular circulation and
influence.
Guyot, Arnold Henry (gē-o'). A Swiss
geographer and author; born near Neuchâtel,
Switzerland, Sept. 28, 1807; died at Princeton,
N. J. , Feb. 8, 1884. He studied at several Eu-
ropean universities, and graduated as Ph. D.
from Berlin in 1835. After four years of study
in Paris he became the colleague of Agassiz
at the Academy of Neuchâtel, as professor of
physical geography there. He removed to the
United States in 1848, and from 1854 till his
death was professor of physical geography at
Princeton, N. J. Among his numerous works
are : (Earth and Man) (1849); (Directions for
Meteorological Observations) (1850); a series
of school geographies (1866-75); (A Memoir of
Louis Agassiz) (1883); Biblical Cosmogony)
(1884).
Gyllembourg - Ehrensvärd, Thomasine
Christine, Countess (gul'em-börg" a'rens-
vėrd"'). A Danish writer of fiction; born
(Buntzen) in Copenhagen, Nov. 19, 1773; died
there (? ), July 2, 1856. Her first marriage at
16 being annulled at 25 by her husband's exile
for liberalism, she married a Swedish noble-
man, who, implicated in Gustavus III. 's assas-
sination, had taken refuge in Denmark. At 53
she wrote her first novel, the Polonius Family,
as a contribution to her son's paper; and its
success induced the production of Dream and
Reality, (Two Ages, and many others that
made her famous. She signed herself “The
Author of Every-Day History, and concealed
her identity until death.
Gyp. See Martel de Janville.
Gyulai, Pál (jöʻli). A Hungarian poet and
critic; born at Klausenburg in 1826. He began
as a journalist. Later he was made professor
of Hungarian literature at the University of
Buda-Pesth. His works include "The Life of
Vörösmarty,' Memorial Addresses, and many
literary studies and criticisms. His collected
poems appeared in 1867, in a volume entitled
(Sketches and Pictures. ' For many years past
he has been at work upon a satirical poem
scathing the present age and its follies, called
(Romhányi) and modeled upon Byron. He
edits the Buda-Pesth Szemle, a monthly maga-
zine.
16
## p. 242 (#258) ############################################
242
HAAR- HAGEDORN
H
Haar, Bernard ter (här). A Dutch poet;
born in Amsterdam, June 13, 1806; died at Velp,
near Arnheim, Nov. 19, 1880. For a time he
held the professorship of church history at the
Utrecht University. His work, chiefly on the
subject of Christianity and its development, is
characterized by elegance of diction and wealth
of imagery. His Herbert and Clara,' first pub-
lished in 1844, is now one of the most popular
pieces of verse with the people of the Nether-
lands. His other works include Eliza's Flight,
and a collected edition of the various poems.
Habberton, John. An American journalist
and novelist; born at Brooklyn, N. Y. , Feb.
24, 1842. After service in the Civil War, he
became literary editor of the Christian Union
(1874), and editorial writer on the New York
Herald (1877). His best known novel is
(Helen's Babies) (1876), of which over 150,000
copies were sold. Among the others are: “The
Barton Experiment) (1876); (The Worst Boy
in Town) (1880); (Mrs. Mayburn's Twins)
(1882); “Who was Paul Grayson ? ) (Brueton's
Bayou'; 'Grown-Up Babies.
Haberstich, Samuel. See Bitter.
Habicht, Ludwig (häb'icht). A German
novelist; born in Sprottau, July 23, 1830. His
first success was the novel (The Town Clerk
of Liegnitz, which still remains his best-known
work; but among his popular fictions, “Will
and World,' (In the Sunshine,' and Before
the Storm, are worthy of special mention.
Hackett, Horatio Balch. A distinguished
American Baptist divine; born at Salisbury,
Mass. , Dec. 27, 1808; died at Rochester, N. Y. ,
Nov. 2, 1875. He was one of the committee
of New Testament revision, and with Ezra
Abbot edited the American edition of Smith's
(Bible Dictionary) (1868–70). His chief work
was a Commentary on Acts) (1851); besides
which he wrote Memorials of Christian Men
in the War) (1864); (Tour in the Holy Land'
(new ed. 1882); etc.
Hackett, James Henry. A famous Ameri.
can actor; born at New York, March 15, 1800 ;
died at Jamaica, N. Y. , Dec. 28, 1871. He was
particularly successful in impersonating Yan-
kees and Westerners, but was best known by
his Falstaff, which he played first about 1832.
He wrote (Notes and Comments on Shakes-
peare ) (1863).
Hackländer, Friedrich Wilhelm von (häk'-
len-der). A German romance-writer and hu-
morist; born 1816; died 1877. He was in both
military and mercantile life for a time, and
based some of his most popular works on his
personal experiences. Among his writings are:
(Scenes of Military Life); (The Soldier's Life
in Peace); (Traffic and Trade) (Handel und
Wandel); Anonymous Stories); Pilgrimage to
Mecca'; (Pictures of Life): Forbidden Fruit. ?
His position in German literature is one of
great distinction.
Hadlaub, Johann (häd’loub). A German
writer of pleasing minne or love songs; four-
ished about 1400; lived mostly in or near Zü-
rich. His poetry is of special historical value
as affording our sole insight into some customs
of private life and the way they were then
viewed. Harvests and autumn scenes also af-
ford him themes for attractive lines.
Hadley, Arthur Twining. An American
political economist, son of the noted professor
of Greek at Yale ; born at New Haven, Conn. ,
April 23, 1856. He has published: (Railroad
Transportation (1885); “Private Property and
Public Welfare); and a manual of Economics.
Haeckel, Ernst (hek'el). A German natur-
alist of the first rank, born at Potsdam, Feb.
16, 1834. His purely scientific works have been
translated into many languages. His popular
books include : "On the Division of Labor
in Nature and Human Life) (1869); "On the
Origin and Genealogy of the Human Race)
(1870); Life in the Great Marine Animals)
(1870); (The Arabian Corals) (1873); (The
System of the Medusa' (1880); and (A Visit
to Ceylon. *
Haffner, Karl (häf'ner). An Austrian play-
wright; born in Königsberg, Nov. 8, 1804; died
at Vienna, Feb. 29, 1876. He went on the
stage at 16, and rose rapidly to eminence. He
wrote a hundred or so dramatic pieces of vari-
ous kinds; (Theresa Krones) alone merits
notice, the others being local and ephemeral.
Hāfiz, Khwaja Shams-ad-din Muhammad
(Pers. pro. hâ-fiz). Persia's famous lyric poet;
born at Shiraz, about 1300; died there, 1389.
The most complete English edition of his
works is that of H. Wilberforce Clarke : (The
Divān i Hāfiz, Translated (1891). Hāfiz seems
to be most characteristic in his many “Ghazels)
or odes, whose themes are his own emotions.
Sir William Jones was one of the first English
translators. Other English translations include:
(Selections from Hāfiz) (1875), by H. Bicknell;
(Persian Poetry for English Readers) (pri-
vately printed, 1883), by S. Robinson; (Ghazels
from the Divan of Hāfiz) (1893), by Justin
Huntley McCarthy. There is a complete Ger-
man translation by V. von Rosenzweig (3 vols. ,
1856-64). *
Hagedorn, Friedrich von (hä'ge-dorn). A
German poet; born at Hamburg, April 23,
1708; died there, Oct. 28, 1754. He was suc-
cessively in diplomacy, law, and trade, giving
:
## p. 243 (#259) ############################################
HAGGARD-HALE
243
3
his leisure to literature. A volume of Poetry,
Fables, and Narratives,' in 1738, after Lafon-
taine's style, was well received, and followed
by (Odes and Songs, and versified tales of a
moral tendency. He is noted for good taste
and a pleasing style.
Haggard, Henry Rider. An English nov-
elist; born at Beadenham, Norfolk, June 22,
1856. His long residence in South Africa
afforded him much of the material for his
fictions. (King Solomon's Mines) (1885) and
Allan Quatermain) (1887) were not particu-
larly successful; but (She, an extravaganza of
adventure and supernaturalism, made his name
really celebrated, His later works include (Mr.
Meeson's Will,? (Cleopatra, (The World's De-
sire,' and some others.
what hectic genius of the brother, enforcing
the sister's active participation, led to their
joint literary career. The Journals) and Let-
ters' comprise the result of this partnership. *
Guernsey, Alfred Hudson. An American
editor; born in Vermont, 1825. He was for
several years editor of Harper's Magazine and
associate editor of the American Cyclopæ-
dia' (1872-76). Together with Henry M. Alden
he was author of "Harper's Pictorial History
of the Great Rebellion, writing the Eastern
campaigns (2 vols. , 1862–65); and (The Spanish
Armada' (1882).
Guernsey, Lucy Ellen. An American juve-
nile-story writer; born in New York, 1826. She
has written : (Old Stanfield House); (Through
Unknown Ways); "Winifred'; etc.
Guéroult, Constant (gā-rö'). A French
writer of sensational fiction; born in Elbeuf,
>
## p. 238 (#254) ############################################
238
GUERRAZZI - GUILD
Feb. II, 1814; died at Paris, Nov. 29, 1882. At
first engaged in trade, he wrote novels in his
leisure, and soon made his fortune. (The
Stranglers of Paris, written partly in collabo-
ration, is his representative effort ; but (The
Beggar of Toledo, Captain Zamore, (The
Depths of Paris,' and 'The Marcellange Affair)
are powerful tales of the sensational order,
and gave rise to a school of imitators.
Guerrazzi, Francesco Domenico (gwer-
rät'sē). An Italian statesman, romance-writer,
and satirist; born in Livorno (Leghorn), Aug.
12, 1804; died there, Sept. 23, 1873. After a
turbulent political career, a dictatorship of some
months in 1848, and then a cell and exile, he
devoted himself mainly to literature. He had
already written at 23 (The Battle of Benevento,
a historical novel and his best work in fiction.
Other novels are : « The Siege of Florence, a
romance, published under the pseudonym An-
selmo Gualandi”; Beatrice Cenci, a highly
popular story; "Veronica Cybò, Duchess of San
Giuliano) and (The Hiding-Place in the Wall,
both fine efforts of the imagination. A drama,
(The Whites and the Blacks); a biographical
study, 'The Life of Andrea Doria); and a vol-
ume of orations, all show power. He founded
L'Asino (The Ass), a satirical sheet.
Guerrero, Teodoro (gā-ray'ro). A Cuban
poet and dramatist; born in Havana in 1825.
He was educated in Spain, returning to Cuba
in 1845, in which year his first volume of
poems was published. His drama (La Escala
del Poder, and his comedy (La Cabeza y
el Corazon,' were successful. Lecciones de
Mundo) reached many editions.
Guevara, Antonio de (gā-vä’rä). A Spanish
historical and moral essayist; born in Viscaya,
about 1490; died in 1545. After a short career
ai court ne became a Franciscan. Charles V.
made him his companion in some of his voyages,
and gave him a rich bishopric. His humility
was proverbial. His writings were an influence
in the development of Spanish letters, being
distinguished by a great purity of diction and
a courtly and graceful style. He applies the
teachings of history to daily conduct. His
(Marcus Aurelius, for example, is a sort of
"Cyropædia, and has been translated into
many languages. (The Prince's Time-Piece)
and (The First Ten Cæsars) are manuals for
the ethical guidance of youthful royalty.
Guevara y Dueñas, Luis Velez de (gā-vä'-
rä ē dwān'yäz). A Spanish dramatist and
romancer; born in Ecija, Andalusia, January
1570; died at Madrid, Nov. 10, 1646. As a
young lawyer he won the favor of King Philip,
who gave him his first literary encouragement.
He wrote four hundred plays, all very long
and full of wit. (Empire after Death) and
(The King is More Important than One's Own
Flesh and Blood' are the best known. He
also wrote a novel or romance, (The Lame
Devil, from which Le Sage freely borrowed in
writing upon the same theme.
Guicciardini, Francesco (gwe-chär-de'ne).
A distinguished Italian historian; born at Flor-
ence, March 6, 1483; died May 23, 1540. He
was a prominent figure in the Italian public
life of his time. His principal work, History
of Italy,' recounts without passion or partisan-
ship the political events of 1492-1534; it was
published in 1561-64, and republished ten times
! n the fifty years succeeding. Long after his
death, appeared as Unpublished Works) (1857–
67, 10 vols. ) his (Political Reminiscences,' a
series of aphorisms on politics; «The Govern-
ment of Florence,' an essay on the forms of
government suited for an Italian State; and a
History of Florence. )
Guidi, Carlo Alessandro (gwe'dē). An Ital-
ian poet; born in Pavia, June 14, 1650; died at
Frascati, June 12, 1712. He attracted notice at
the Roman court by his extreme hideousness
of aspect and precocious charm of mind and
character. The Queen of Sweden lodged him
in her villa on the Rialto, and Pope Clement
XI. was his patron. His fame depends prin-
cipally upon his graceful lyrics. Poems,'
(Daphne,' «Six Homilies of Pope Clement XI.
Done into Verse,' and Endymion,' are his
most admired compositions. He was killed by
the shock consequent upon discovering a typo-
graphical error in one of his works.
Guidiccioni, Giovanni (gwé-de-che-o'nē).
An Italian poet and ecclesiastic; born in
Lucca, Feb. 25, 1500; died at Macerata in 1541.
He lived at the court of the Cardinal Farnese,
afterwards Pope Paul III. , who employed him
in difficult diplomatic missions and made him
a bishop. He wrote a small volume of 'Poems,
distinguished by a correct taste and elegant
diction.
Guido y Spano, Carlos (gwē-dō ē spä'no).
An Argentine poet; born in Salta, March 8,
1832. He was graduated at the University of
San Carlos, Buenos Ayres; practiced law; was
elected deputy to the national congress, and
became its president. He gained reputation
as a poet, and is held in highest esteem by his
countrymen. His poems are gathered in the
volume entitled “Hojas al Viento, published
in 1871.
Guild, Curtis. An American journalist and
author; born in Massachusetts in 1828. He
was the editor of the Boston Commercial Bul-
letin, which he founded in 1859, and was the
author of several popular books of travel.
Among his works are: (Over the Ocean' (1871);
(Abroad Again (1877); (Britons and Musco-
vites) (1888); (A Chat about Celebrities.
Guild, Reuben Aldridge. An American
prose-writer; born in West Dedham, Mass. ,
May 4, 1822. His published works include:
(History of Brown University with Illustrative
Documents) (1867); (Chaplain Smith and the
Baptists) (1885). He edited (Rhode Island in
the Continental Congress, 1765-1790, by Wm.
R. Staples (1870); "Letter of John Cotton, and
Roger Williams' Reply) (1866); and (Queries
## p. 239 (#255) ############################################
GUILLAUME DE LORRIS - GUMMERE
239
of Highest Consideration,' by Roger Williams
(1867).
Guillaume de Lorris (ge-yom'dē lõ-rēs').
A French poet; born at Lorris, about 1211;
died between 1240 and 1260. He appears to
have been about 25 when he wrote the first
part of the famous (Roman de la Rose. This
poem has been the subject of extravagant
eulogy until well within the present century.
It has to do with a knight who arrives at the
Palace of Pleasure, and has varied experiences
with Venus and her alluring but erratic com-
panions. The rose in the story has no particu-
lar meaning, though the hero's task is to pluck
it. The poem is in two parts, the last being
from the pen of Jean de Meung.
Guillaume de Machaut (ge-yom'dė mä-
cho'). A French poet and musician; born in
Machaut, Seine-et-Marne, between 1282 and
1284; died at Rheims about 1377. He first
appeared in menial office at the court of
Jeanne of Navarre, wife of Philip the Fair; be-
coming the latter's valet in time, and subse-
quently clerk to the King of Bohemia. A lady
of prominence at the French court - the wife of
the Comte de Foix according to some, Péronne
d'Armentières according to others — fell in love
with him, and their amours are set forth in
his (Voir Dit' or (Book of Said and Seen.
(The Taking of Alexandria' narrates the ad-
ventures of King Peter I. of Cyprus. His
musical compositions were much esteemed.
Guillemard, Francis Henry Hill (gil'.
mard"). An English traveler and scientist of
French descent; born in Eltham, Kent, in 1852.
He is a graduate of Cambridge, and for some
time taught there. He has traveled extens-
ively and explored many unfrequented lands.
Besides contributions to scientific, literary, and
medical reviews, he has published (The Cruise
of the Marchesa to Kamchatka and New
Guinea) (1886; 2d ed. 1887), interesting alike
to naturalist, traveler, and general reader.
Guiney, Louise Imogen. An American poet
and essayist; born in Boston, Jan. 7, 1861.
Among her volumes of verse may be men-
tioned: (Verse); (Songs at the Start); (A
Roadside Harp'; etc. She has also published:
(Goose-Quill Papers); “Brownies and Bogles );
Monsieur Henri'; A Little English Gallery);
Lovers' Saint Ruths); Patrins); etc. She
has edited an edition of Mangan's poems.
Guinicelli, Guido (gwê-në-chel'ē). An Ital-
ian poet; born in Bologna about 1240; died in
exile in 1276. He held a judgeship in Bologna
until expelled for political reasons. His im-
portance is due to his great influence upon
Dante, who pronounced him a model of grace
and style, and apostrophized him in the In-
ferno. The poems, so far as they have sur-
vived, scarcely justify Dante's praise. They
comprise seven canzone or songs in the style
of the ode, and five sonnets, all dealing with
love, and characterized more by feeling and
beauty of sentiment than by power.
Guinness, Mrs. Fanny E. An English evan-
gelist and religious writer, wife of Henry G. ;
born (Fitzgerald) in Dublin, Ireland, April
1831. She was one of the earliest woman
preachers of the gospel, and was secretary of
the first Christian mission on the Congo.
Besides works written in collaboration with
her husband, she has published : (She Spake
of Him: Being Recollections of Mrs. H. Den-
ning) (1872); (Sitwana's Story) (1882); (The
Wide World and Our Work) (1886); New
World of Central Africa.
Guinness, Henry Grattan. An Irish evan-
gelist and religious writer; born near Dublin,
August 1835. His chief work, (The Approach-
ing End of the Age, was issued in 1878, and
has passed through ten editions. He has also
written : (Preaching for the Million (1859);
and with his wife, 'Light for the Last Days)
(1886);( Romanism and the Reformation' (1887);
(The Divine Programme of the World's His.
tory) (1888).
Guiraud, Alexandre, Baron (ge-rõ”). A
French poet and dramatist; born in Limoux,
Dec. 25, 1788; died at Paris, Feb. 24, 1847. He
gave up the management of large inherited
business interests and took up literary pursuits
in Paris, writing poems, plays, and miscellane-
ous prose. (The Maccabees,' a tragedy, was
his first unqualified success. His ode addressed
to the Greeks had attracted some notice; and
he now brought out a volume of (Songs of
a Savoyard,' which attained great popularity,
especially (The Little Savoyard. He wrote
several other dramas, and a romance or two.
Guittone d'Arezzo (gwe-to'nā där-rets'o).
An Italian poet; born in Santa Firmina, near
Arezzo, about 1230; died at Florence, 1294. He
received a scholarly training and knew several
languages. When young he was a military ad-
venturer. In middle life he founded an order
of monks. His poetry is remarkable for ele.
gance of form and matter; to him the present
fixed form of the sonnet is largely due. He
left much verse, of which thirty-five sonnets and
four canzone have been preserved.
Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (gē-zo'
or güē-zo'). A great French historian and
statesman; born at Nîmes, Oct. 4, 1787; died at
Val Richer, near Lisieux, Sept. 12, 1874. His
most important works are : «The History of
Civilization in Europe); «The History of Civ.
ilization in France); History of the English
Revolution); (Shakespeare and his Time);
and his own (Memoirs. He also wrote:
Memoirs relating to the History of France
to the Thirteenth Century'; (Corneille and his
Time) (1852); Meditations on the Present
State of the Christian Religion (1865); (His-
tory of France for my Grandchildren) (1870-
75). *
Guldberg, Frederick Höegh. See Höegh-
Guldberg.
Gummere, Francis Barton (gum'ery). An
American teacher and author ; born at Burling.
ton, N. J. , March 6, 1855. He was instructor
## p. 240 (#256) ############################################
240
GUMPERT - GUSTAFSON
in Harvard College from 1881 to 1882; and in
1887 became professor of English at Haver-
ford College, Pa. Besides miscellaneous papers
in Germanic philology and English literature,
he has written: "The Anglo-Saxon Metaphor)
(1881); Handbook of Poetics) (1885); (Ger-
manic Origins) (1892).
Gumpert, Thekla von (göm'pārt). A Ger-
man juvenile writer ; born in Kalisch, June 28,
1810. She was the daughter of a prominent
physician. When comparatively young she
undertook the training of the Princess Czartor-
iski's children, developing then her talent as a
story-teller. (The Little Father and his Grand-
child, Aunt's Trip to the Baths,' and My
First White Hair,' are among her greatest
successes. In 1856 she married Franz von
Schober, under whose name she is also known.
Her later productions, especially (Fleart-leaf
Pastime,' and 'Treasury of Books for Ger-
many's Daughters,' have maintained her popu-
larity.
Günderode, Karoline von (gün'de-ro-dė). A
German poet ; born in Karlsruhe, Feb. II, 1780;
died at Winkel on the Rhine, July 26, 1806.
An unfortunate love affair with the scholar
Creuzer confirmed her natural tendency to mel-
ancholy and mysticism, by which her poetry
is much colored, and she finally committed sui-
cide. She sometimes used the pseudonym
<< Tian. ” (Poems and Fancies) and Poetic
Fragments) are her best efforts.
Gundulic, Ivan (gön'dö-litch). (“Giovanni
Gondola. ”] A Dalmatian poet ; born in Ra-
gusa, Jan. 8, 1588; died there, Dec. 8, 1638. His
writings show extensive acquaintance with the
philosophy, jurisprudence, and ethics of his
time, but little is known of this first dramatic
poet among the Slavs. His greatest poem is
Osman,' an epic in twenty books, presenting
a stirring panorama of the career of one of
the Turkish Sultans, with the Polish-Turkish
war of 1621 for a background. His dramas
are pleasing and finished productions. (Proser-
pina, Cleopatra,' (Arijadna,' and (Dubravka)
show a rich and fertile imagination. Among
his elegies, (The Tears of a Lost Son) is full
of lofty and tender expression.
Gunsaulus, Frank Wakeley. An American
clergyman, novelist, and poet; born at Chester-
ville, O. , Jan. I, 1856. He graduated at the
Ohio Wesleyan University in 1875. Since 1887
he has been the pastor of a Congregational
church in Chicago, and has been for some
years director of the Armour Institute. Among
his works are: (The Transfiguration of Christ)
(1886); Monk and Knight: An Historical
Study in Fiction (1890); Phidias and Other
Poems) (1892); “Songs of Night and Day)
Gunter, Archibald Clavering. An Ameri-
can civil engineer, stock-broker, playwright,
publisher, and novelist; born in Liverpool, Eng-
land, Oct. 25, 1847. When five years old he
was taken to California by his parents.
He
received his education mostly in California,
taking the degree of Ph. B. at University Col.
lege, San Francisco. He was a mining and
civil engineer in the West from 1867 until 1874,
when he became a stock-broker. In 1877 he
removed to New York, where he devoted him-
self to writing plays and novels. The best-
known of the former are : 'Courage); (Prince
Karl); (The Deacon's Daughter. His most
popular novels are : (Mr. Barnes of New York)
(1887), translated into several foreign languages,
and Mr. Potter of Texas) (1888), both suc-
cessfully dramatized ; (That Frenchman' (1889);
(Miss Nobody of Nowhere? (1890); "Baron
Montez of Panama and Paris) (1893); (A
Florida Enchantment.
Günther, Albert Karl Ludwig Gotthelf
(gün'ter). A German librarian and ichthyolo.
gist; born at Esslingen, Würtemberg, Oct. 3.
1830. He is co-editor of the (Annals and
Magazine of Natural History,' and author of
(The Reptiles of British India) (1864); (The
Fishes of the South Seas) (1873-78); (The
Gigantic Land Tortoises, Living and Extinct)
(1877); (An Introduction to the Study of Fishes)
(1880).
Günther, Johann Christian. A German
poet; born in Striegau, Lower Silesia, April 8,
1695; died at Jena, March 15, 1723. He is
celebrated for his (Peace of Passarowitz) and
numerous lyrics.
Gurowski, Adam de, Count (grof'skē). A
Polish scholar and author; born at Kalisz, Sept.
10, 1805; died at Washington, D. C. , May 4.
1866. In early life he was a leading Polish
patriot, and an instigator of the revolution of
1830. Later he became an advocate of Pan-
slavism, and was employed in Russia. In 1841
he left the latter country and studied in Ber-
lin, and in Bern, Switzerland. In 1849 he came
to the United States, and from 1861 to 1863
was a translator in the State Department at
Washington. Among his works, several of
which were written in French and German,
are : "Civilization and Russia' (1840); Pan-
slavism) (1848); (Russia as It Is) (1854); (The
Turkish Question' (1854); My Diary: Notes
on the Civil War) (1862 to 1866).
Guseck, Bernd von (gös'ek), pseudonym
of Gustave von Berneck, a German novelist
and writer on military topics; born in Kirch-
hain, Niederlausitz, Oct. 28, 1803; died at
Berlin, July 8, 1871. His novels have for
the most part a historical background, and
are meritorious without being great. (The
Hand of the Stranger,' (The First Robbery in
Germany,' and Katharina von Schwarzburg,
are noteworthy in a somewhat extended list.
He wrote a play or two, translated Dante's
(Divine Comedy,' and completed a history of
the art of war.
Gustafson, Zadel Barnes Buddington. An
American poet and prose-writer; born in Mid-
dletown, Conn. , about 1841. Her poem Little
Martin Craghan) was very popular. Among
her well-known works are: Can the Old
(
## p. 241 (#257) ############################################
GUSTAV VOM SEE-GYULAI
241
Love ? ) (1871); Meg, a Pastoral); and other
poems, 1879.
Gustav vom See (gös'täf vom sā), pseudonym
of Gustav von Struensee. A German novelist;
born in Greifenberg, Pomerania, Dec. 13, 1803;
died at Breslau, Sept. 29, 1875. He gave up
law to write the series of romances and nov-
els - notably "Rancé, (The Siege of Rheinfels,
and “The Egoists) – which have given him a
name.
Guthrie, James Cargill. A Scotch poet;
born in Forfarshire, Aug. 27, 1814; a promi-
nent clergyman, but for years a librarian at
Dundee. He has written some exceedingly
happy studies in verse, - ( Village Scenes)
(1851), “Wedded Love) (1865), and (Woodland
Echoes) (1878); besides a volume on (Old
Scottish Customs) (1885), a pleasing work in
prose.
Guthrie, Thomas A. See Anstey.
Gutierrez, Antonio Garcia (gö-tē-ār'eth).
A Spanish dramatist; born in Chiclana, Cadiz,
in 1812; died at Madrid, Aug. 26, 1884. He
gave up medicine for the profession of letters;
living at first in great destitution, until the
play (El Trovador) made him famous and
immensely popular. He visited the United
States in 1844. Later he became a theatrical
manager in Madrid, writing (The Campaign
of Huesca, (The Page, and other noble tra-
gedies.
Guttinguer, Ulric (gü-tang-wā'). A French
poet, journalist, and man of letters; born in
Rouen in 1785; died at Paris, Sept. 21, 1866.
He was an extreme partisan of the romantic
school. He won fame with Nadir,' a collec-
tion of criticisms, and essays on literary and
sentimental subjects. His masterpiece, how-
ever, is the volume of Poetic Miscellany,' ori-
ginally contributed to the Muse Française.
He wrote several novels, a (Dithyrambon
Lord Byron's Death,' impressions of travel,
and much fugitive verse.
Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand (götsſko). A
German poet, journalist, dramatist, and critic;
born in Berlin, March 17, 1811; died at Sachs-
enhausen, near Frankfort on the Main, Dec. 16,
1878. He was an early and thorough student
of history and literature. His essay "On the
Fate-Decreeing Deities) (De Diis Fatalibus)
won him a prize and reputation; and his next
performance, The Forum of Literature and the
Press,' obtained for him a place as assistant
to Wolfgang Menzel, then the greatest editor
in Stuttgart. (The Letters of a Fool of a Man
to a Fool of a Woman,' and a fanciful tale,
(Maha Gurn, the Story of a God,' were very
popular. He incurred the censure of the au-
thorities, and brought about a rupture with
Menzel, by injudicious utterances in his journal;
and was thrown into prison, where he wrote
his Philosophy of History. He had already
brought out his (Wally, the Skeptic,' a novel
which added as much to his troubles as to
his fame. His plays are considered his best
work: notably Queue and Sword,' a comedy;
(Uriel Acosta,' a tragedy; (The King's Lieu-
tenant,' a drama in which the young Goethe
is portrayed; and five or six others. Of his
novels, 'Die Ritter vom Geiste) (The Knights
of the Soul) and (The Magician of Rome)
have attained a wide popular circulation and
influence.
Guyot, Arnold Henry (gē-o'). A Swiss
geographer and author; born near Neuchâtel,
Switzerland, Sept. 28, 1807; died at Princeton,
N. J. , Feb. 8, 1884. He studied at several Eu-
ropean universities, and graduated as Ph. D.
from Berlin in 1835. After four years of study
in Paris he became the colleague of Agassiz
at the Academy of Neuchâtel, as professor of
physical geography there. He removed to the
United States in 1848, and from 1854 till his
death was professor of physical geography at
Princeton, N. J. Among his numerous works
are : (Earth and Man) (1849); (Directions for
Meteorological Observations) (1850); a series
of school geographies (1866-75); (A Memoir of
Louis Agassiz) (1883); Biblical Cosmogony)
(1884).
Gyllembourg - Ehrensvärd, Thomasine
Christine, Countess (gul'em-börg" a'rens-
vėrd"'). A Danish writer of fiction; born
(Buntzen) in Copenhagen, Nov. 19, 1773; died
there (? ), July 2, 1856. Her first marriage at
16 being annulled at 25 by her husband's exile
for liberalism, she married a Swedish noble-
man, who, implicated in Gustavus III. 's assas-
sination, had taken refuge in Denmark. At 53
she wrote her first novel, the Polonius Family,
as a contribution to her son's paper; and its
success induced the production of Dream and
Reality, (Two Ages, and many others that
made her famous. She signed herself “The
Author of Every-Day History, and concealed
her identity until death.
Gyp. See Martel de Janville.
Gyulai, Pál (jöʻli). A Hungarian poet and
critic; born at Klausenburg in 1826. He began
as a journalist. Later he was made professor
of Hungarian literature at the University of
Buda-Pesth. His works include "The Life of
Vörösmarty,' Memorial Addresses, and many
literary studies and criticisms. His collected
poems appeared in 1867, in a volume entitled
(Sketches and Pictures. ' For many years past
he has been at work upon a satirical poem
scathing the present age and its follies, called
(Romhányi) and modeled upon Byron. He
edits the Buda-Pesth Szemle, a monthly maga-
zine.
16
## p. 242 (#258) ############################################
242
HAAR- HAGEDORN
H
Haar, Bernard ter (här). A Dutch poet;
born in Amsterdam, June 13, 1806; died at Velp,
near Arnheim, Nov. 19, 1880. For a time he
held the professorship of church history at the
Utrecht University. His work, chiefly on the
subject of Christianity and its development, is
characterized by elegance of diction and wealth
of imagery. His Herbert and Clara,' first pub-
lished in 1844, is now one of the most popular
pieces of verse with the people of the Nether-
lands. His other works include Eliza's Flight,
and a collected edition of the various poems.
Habberton, John. An American journalist
and novelist; born at Brooklyn, N. Y. , Feb.
24, 1842. After service in the Civil War, he
became literary editor of the Christian Union
(1874), and editorial writer on the New York
Herald (1877). His best known novel is
(Helen's Babies) (1876), of which over 150,000
copies were sold. Among the others are: “The
Barton Experiment) (1876); (The Worst Boy
in Town) (1880); (Mrs. Mayburn's Twins)
(1882); “Who was Paul Grayson ? ) (Brueton's
Bayou'; 'Grown-Up Babies.
Haberstich, Samuel. See Bitter.
Habicht, Ludwig (häb'icht). A German
novelist; born in Sprottau, July 23, 1830. His
first success was the novel (The Town Clerk
of Liegnitz, which still remains his best-known
work; but among his popular fictions, “Will
and World,' (In the Sunshine,' and Before
the Storm, are worthy of special mention.
Hackett, Horatio Balch. A distinguished
American Baptist divine; born at Salisbury,
Mass. , Dec. 27, 1808; died at Rochester, N. Y. ,
Nov. 2, 1875. He was one of the committee
of New Testament revision, and with Ezra
Abbot edited the American edition of Smith's
(Bible Dictionary) (1868–70). His chief work
was a Commentary on Acts) (1851); besides
which he wrote Memorials of Christian Men
in the War) (1864); (Tour in the Holy Land'
(new ed. 1882); etc.
Hackett, James Henry. A famous Ameri.
can actor; born at New York, March 15, 1800 ;
died at Jamaica, N. Y. , Dec. 28, 1871. He was
particularly successful in impersonating Yan-
kees and Westerners, but was best known by
his Falstaff, which he played first about 1832.
He wrote (Notes and Comments on Shakes-
peare ) (1863).
Hackländer, Friedrich Wilhelm von (häk'-
len-der). A German romance-writer and hu-
morist; born 1816; died 1877. He was in both
military and mercantile life for a time, and
based some of his most popular works on his
personal experiences. Among his writings are:
(Scenes of Military Life); (The Soldier's Life
in Peace); (Traffic and Trade) (Handel und
Wandel); Anonymous Stories); Pilgrimage to
Mecca'; (Pictures of Life): Forbidden Fruit. ?
His position in German literature is one of
great distinction.
Hadlaub, Johann (häd’loub). A German
writer of pleasing minne or love songs; four-
ished about 1400; lived mostly in or near Zü-
rich. His poetry is of special historical value
as affording our sole insight into some customs
of private life and the way they were then
viewed. Harvests and autumn scenes also af-
ford him themes for attractive lines.
Hadley, Arthur Twining. An American
political economist, son of the noted professor
of Greek at Yale ; born at New Haven, Conn. ,
April 23, 1856. He has published: (Railroad
Transportation (1885); “Private Property and
Public Welfare); and a manual of Economics.
Haeckel, Ernst (hek'el). A German natur-
alist of the first rank, born at Potsdam, Feb.
16, 1834. His purely scientific works have been
translated into many languages. His popular
books include : "On the Division of Labor
in Nature and Human Life) (1869); "On the
Origin and Genealogy of the Human Race)
(1870); Life in the Great Marine Animals)
(1870); (The Arabian Corals) (1873); (The
System of the Medusa' (1880); and (A Visit
to Ceylon. *
Haffner, Karl (häf'ner). An Austrian play-
wright; born in Königsberg, Nov. 8, 1804; died
at Vienna, Feb. 29, 1876. He went on the
stage at 16, and rose rapidly to eminence. He
wrote a hundred or so dramatic pieces of vari-
ous kinds; (Theresa Krones) alone merits
notice, the others being local and ephemeral.
Hāfiz, Khwaja Shams-ad-din Muhammad
(Pers. pro. hâ-fiz). Persia's famous lyric poet;
born at Shiraz, about 1300; died there, 1389.
The most complete English edition of his
works is that of H. Wilberforce Clarke : (The
Divān i Hāfiz, Translated (1891). Hāfiz seems
to be most characteristic in his many “Ghazels)
or odes, whose themes are his own emotions.
Sir William Jones was one of the first English
translators. Other English translations include:
(Selections from Hāfiz) (1875), by H. Bicknell;
(Persian Poetry for English Readers) (pri-
vately printed, 1883), by S. Robinson; (Ghazels
from the Divan of Hāfiz) (1893), by Justin
Huntley McCarthy. There is a complete Ger-
man translation by V. von Rosenzweig (3 vols. ,
1856-64). *
Hagedorn, Friedrich von (hä'ge-dorn). A
German poet; born at Hamburg, April 23,
1708; died there, Oct. 28, 1754. He was suc-
cessively in diplomacy, law, and trade, giving
:
## p. 243 (#259) ############################################
HAGGARD-HALE
243
3
his leisure to literature. A volume of Poetry,
Fables, and Narratives,' in 1738, after Lafon-
taine's style, was well received, and followed
by (Odes and Songs, and versified tales of a
moral tendency. He is noted for good taste
and a pleasing style.
Haggard, Henry Rider. An English nov-
elist; born at Beadenham, Norfolk, June 22,
1856. His long residence in South Africa
afforded him much of the material for his
fictions. (King Solomon's Mines) (1885) and
Allan Quatermain) (1887) were not particu-
larly successful; but (She, an extravaganza of
adventure and supernaturalism, made his name
really celebrated, His later works include (Mr.
Meeson's Will,? (Cleopatra, (The World's De-
sire,' and some others.
