Generated for (University of
Chicago)
on 2014-12-19 10:33 GMT / http://hdl.
Thomas Carlyle
Founder of Paris in directing my attention to the sources
of information on the French Civilians of the sixteenth cen-
tury, and I should wi6h to express something of the regret
that every serious student of mediaeval civilisation must feel
at the loss which we have suffered in the death of so great,
so learned, so judicial a student of Canon Law. We are indeed
glad that he was able to complete his work on the Collections
of Canon Law from Pseudo Isidore to Gratian; and we look
forward to the forthcoming treatment of Gratian himself by
Foumier's learned successor in Paris, Professor Le Bras.
By the kindness of Professor Giorgio del Vecchio of Eome,
one chapter of this work (Chap. II. Part II. ) was translated
into Italian and published in the 'Bivista Internationale
di filosofia del diritto. '
I cannot end without once again expressing my profound
indebtedness to Dr B. Lane Poole, the most learned of English
mediaeval scholars. Looking back after fifty years I remember
not only his continual kindness to an immature student, but
also that it was from his ' Illustrations of Mediaeval Thought'
that I first learned something of the real character of the
political principles of the Middle Ages.
A. J. CAELYLE.
March 1036.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-19 10:33 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015002404211 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-19 10:33 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015002404211 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? CONTENTS OF THE SIXTH VOLUME.
PAET I.
FOUETEENTH CENTURY.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I.
THE SOURCE AND AUTHORITY OF LAW.
The supremacy of Justice and Law the most important political
conception of the Middle Ages, 3--actual methods of legislation
in England, Castile, France, and the Empire, 4--theory of
legislation: Britten, Fleta, 'Mirror of Justices,' 7--Marsilius of
Padua, 8.
CHAPTER II.
THE LAW, ITS SOURCE AND AUTHORITY. CIVILIANS.
The prince derives his authority from the people, 13--Cynus, how
far had the Roman people retained its legislative authority, 14
--emperor is "legibus solutus," ought to obey the law, "de
honestate," not "de necessitate," 15--emperor can take a man's
property, "de facto," not "de iure," 16--Bartolus and Baldus,
custom of Roman people overrides written law, 16--prince
bound by his contracts, 19--Joannes Faber and Jacobus Butri-
garius hold the same view, 22--Canonists of fourteenth century
on custom, 23--powers of Italian cities in making municipal
laws, and methods of legislation, 25.
CHAPTER HI.
SOURCE AND NATURE OF THE AUTHORITY OF THE RULER.
THEORY.
Fleta, Britten, 'Mirror of Justices,' ' Modus tenendi Parliamentum,'
30--' Somnium Viridarii,' 37--Lupoid of Bebenburg, 39--
Marsilius of Padua, 40--William of Occam, 44--Wycliffe, theory
of the " Divine Right," meaning of "Dominium," 51.
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? xiv
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IV.
NATURE OF AUTHORITY OP RULER: CONSTITUTIONAL PRACTICE.
France, Castile, England, 64--examples of contractual conception,
Dauphine, Castile, 67--deposition of Richard II. , 70.
CHAPTER V.
NATURE OF THE AUTHORITY OF THE RULER. CIVILIANS.
Bartolus, 'De Regimine Civitatis,' 76--'De Tyranno,' 80--Baldus,
prince not under the law, "de necessitate " ; can do anything,
"supra ius, et contra ius, et extra ius," 82--prince and contracts,
83--prince and private property, Bartolus, Baldus, Faber,
Angelo de Perusia, 85--deposition of tyrant, Bartolus and
Joannes Faber affirm that subjects can do this, Baldus denies
it, 86.
CHAPTER VI.
DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS.
The Cortes of Castile and Leon, their frequent meetings, and func-
tions, 89--their control of taxation, 92--legislation and general
authority, 93--France, States General and Provincial Estates,
their general powers, 96--their authority in taxation, 98--aboli-
tion of all illegal taxes in 1381, 101--control over taxation till
end of the century, 103--constitutional crisis of 1355-1358, 105
--development of Parliament and its authority in England, 108.
CHAPTER VII.
CONCEPTION OF UNITY OF EUROPE.
Dante, 'Commedia,' 'Convivio,' 'De Monarchia,' 112--Engelbert of
Admont and Bartolus, 123--Dubois, 'De Recuperatione Terras
Sanctae,' 124.
CHAPTER VIII.
SUMMARY OF POLITICAL THEORY OF THE FOURTEENTH
CENTURY, 128.
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? CONTENTS.
XV
PAET II.
FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
CHAPTER I.
THE SOURCE AND AUTHORITY OF LAW. CONSTITUTIONAL
PRACTICE AND THEORY.
Cortes of Castile, and attempts of the king to override the law, 133
--Nicolas of Cusa. law made by community, and binds the
prmreT^^^^^toman people can take away his legislative power,
137--France, the States General of 1439, 138--Gagfliiand
Peter d'Ailly, 139--England, Fortescue, 'Dominium Politicum
THE SOURCE AND AUTHORITY OF LAW. CIVILIANS AND CANONISTS.
Porcius on legislative power of Roman people, could revoke the
election of the emperor, 144--Saliceto, Jacobus Butrigarius,
and Paulus de Castro on the same questions, 146--legislative
power of the prince, Paulus de Castro and Jason de Mayno,
148--Jason de Mayno cites Baldus as having said that Pope
and prince can act "supra ius, et contra ius. et extra ius," 149--
prince and custom, John of Imola, Bertachinus, Zabarella,
Fanormitanus, Turrecremata, 150--prince and contracts, John
of Imola, Paulus de Castro, Bertachinus, Jason de Mayno,
Philip Decius, 153--summary, 156.
THE AUTHORITY OF THE PRINCE: ITS SOURCE AND NATURE.
POLITICAL WRITERS.
Gereon and Peter d'Ailly, 158--Zabarella, 164--Turrecremata, 167
--Nicolas of Cusa, 169--Fortescue, 172--Philippe Pot, Sieur de
la Roche, 175--Wesselius of Groningen, 179--deposition of
Emperor Wenceslas, 182--summary, 183.
CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER HI.
CHAPTER IV.
THE THEORY OF THE DIVINE RIGHT.
Declaration of Cortes of Olmedo in 1445, 186--Aeneas Sylvius, 'De
Ortu et Auctoritate Imperii Romani,' 188. ^
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? xvi
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER V.
TAXATION.
France, States General and Provincial Estates, examples in first
part of the century, 192--States General of 1439 and the Tailles,
195--assembly of princes and nobles in 1441 and the Tailles,
1441, 197--Provincial Estates and taxation from 1439 to 1484,
197--States General of Tours, and taxation, 1484,199--Coramines
denies that King of France, or any other prince, could impose
taxation without the consent of his subjects, 201--Cortes of
Castile and taxation, 203--England, 205.
CHAPTER VI.
REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS.
Cortes of Castile met very frequently, 206--king not to interfere in
the election of representatives, 208--claim to be consulted on
all important affairs, 209--States General in France, and im-
portant public affairs, 210--States General of Tours, 1484, their
organisation, and claim to share in appointment of regency, 213
--Coalmines and importance of the States General, 214--
Nicolas of Cusa and Council of the Empire, 215--Diet of Worms,
1495, 216--Fortescue on Parliament, 210--Summary of fifteenth
century, 217.
PAET III.
THE EARLIER SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
CHAPTER I.
THE THEOBY OF A LIMITED MONARCHY.
De Seyssel, 'Grant Monarchic de France,' 219--French monarchy
neither completely absolute nor too much restrained, 220--
the three "Freins," 220--" La Justice," the king subject to
the "Parlemens" in civil matters, 221--judges independent,
because permanent, 222--"La Police," laws and ordinances, each
estate has its "preheminences," 222--king should take counsel,
the great Council sometimes includes men from the great cities,
224--Machiavelli, reference to Kings of France as bound by the
laws and under the " Parlemens," 225. '*
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? CONTENTS.
CHAPTER II.
THE SOURCE AND AUTHOBITY OF LAW.
The nature of law in general, St Germans, Soto, Calvin, 227--recogni-
tion of place of Cortes in making law, by Ferdinand and Isabella.
Juana, and Charles V. , 231--Royal Pragmatics contrary to
law invalid, 237 -- St Germans, Customs, and Statutes of
Parliament, 234 -- France, the Provincial Estates, 237--
Collection of Customs, as sanctioned by the estates of each
district, 238--on the other hand, declaration by President of
"Parlement" of Paris that the king was above the laws, 239--
Louis XII. forbids "Parlemens" to pay any attention to royal
dispensations contrary to Ordinance of justice of 1499, 239.
CHAPTER III.
THE SOURCE AND NATURE OF THE AUTHORITY OF THE RULER.
James Almain of Sens, 241--John Major, 247--Machiavelli, 'Dis-
courses on Livy,' 249--Soto, 254--St Germans, 258--Starkey,
'Dialogue between Cardinal Pole and Thomas Lupset,' 269--
Calvin, 263.
CHAPTER IV.
THE THEORY OF THE DIVINE RIGHT.
Derived from St Gregory the Great, but had no real importance in the
Middle Ages, 271--revived by Luther, 272--his general political
theory the same as that of Seneca and the Fathers, State a con-
sequence of, but also a divine remedy for sin, 273--doctrine of non-
resistance in 1522, but developed in his tracts against the revolt
of the Peasants, 275--a change in 1530, letter to Elector of
Saxony, Declaration of Torgau, 280--Melanchthon, his opinions
pass through the same changes, 284--Declaration of the Clergy
of Magdeburg, 286--Tyndale, 'Obedience of Christian Men,'
Exposition of Matt, V. -vii. , 287--R. Barnes follows Tyndale, 291.
CHAPTER V.
THE POLITICAL THEORY OF THE CIVILIANS IN THE SIXTEENTH
CENTURY.
Guillaume Bud6, an extravagant monarchist, but Kings of France
submit to the "Parlement," 293--Ferrault and de Grassaille.
297--Alciatus, 298--Connon, 301--Duaren, 304--Vigelius, 306
--Doneau, 308--Cujus, general political theory, 310--treatment
of "legibus solutus," 315--Zasius of Freiburg, 318.
6
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? xviii
CONTKNTS.
PAET IV.
THE POLITICAL THEORY OF THE LATER SIXTEENTH
CENTURY.
CHAPTER L
THE SOURCE AND AUTHORITY OF LAW.
Sir Thomas Smith,' De Republica Anglorum,' 325--Francis Victoria,
328--Bishop Ponet, 329--George Buchanan, 332--' Remon-
strance aux Seigneurs,' 334--'Droit des Magistrats,' 335--
'Archon et Politic,' 336--' Vindiciae contra Tyrannos,' 338--
Molina, 341 -- Suarez, 344 -- Mariana, 348 -- Hooker, 350--
Althusius, 357.
CHAPTER II.
THE PRINCE UNDER THE LAW.
Section 1. The Source of the authority of the Prince, 364--Section 2.
The Conception of the Sovereignty of the Community, 372--
Section 3. The Relation of Kings to the Courts of Law, 379--
Section 4. The Theory of a Contract between the Prince and the
People, 383--Section 5. The Right of Resistance and Deposition,
395--Section 6. Magistrates, Nobles, Ephors, 407.
CHAPTER III.
THE THEORY OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY.
L'HApital, 415 -- J. Bodin, definition of the Respublica and
Maiestas, 417--limitations of absolute power, 420--there is no
such thing as a mixed government, 424--difficult to find an
absolute monarchy except in France, 425--absolute monarchy
the best form of government, 427--Bilson, absolute monarchy
by Divine Right, but hesitates about continental countries, 429
--Blackwood, 434--James I. , 437--Pierre de Belloy, 440--Peter
Gregory of Toulouse, 440--Barclay, 445--Albericus Gentilis,
450---James Cowell, 454--Summary, 458.
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? CONTENTS.
xix
CHAPTER IV.
REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS IN PRACTICE.
Cortes of Castile, its place in legislation, 463--in taxation, 465--
Provincial Estates in France, their relation to public affairs,
469--States General not wholly ignored or forgotten in first half
of the century, 472--revival of States General, Orleans, 1560,
473--Blois, 1576, 475--Blois, 1588, 476--Henry IV. intends to
call the States General, 478--Assembly of Notables, 1593, 479--
Edict of Nantes issued after consultation with Catholics and
Reformed, 479--examples of authority of Provincial Estates in
taxation, 481--States General and Assemblies of Notables and
taxation, 482.
CHAPTER V.
THE THEORY OP REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS IN THE
POLITICAL LITERATURE OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
Comminee, 485--De Seyssel, 486--L'Hopital, 486--Bodin, 486--
James Alma in and John Major, 488--Sir Thomas Smith, 489--
George Buchanan, 490--Hotman, 491--' Remonstrance,' 491--
'Droit des Magistrats,' 492--' Vindiciae contra Tyrannos,' 493
--Mariana, 494--Hooker, 497--Althusius, 498.
PAET V.
CONCLUSION OF THE WHOLE WORK.
The scope of the work, 504--formal aspect of Mediteval Political
Theory, contrast between the natural and conventional order
of Society, 505--the first and fundamental principle, the mainte-
nance of justice, 505--justice finds its effective form in law,
506--the law is primarily the custom of the community, 607--
when deliberate legislation begins, it is conceived of as expressing
the will of the whole community, including the king, 510--
the law is supreme over the whole community, including the
king, 511--the influence of the revived study of the Roman law,
513--law the expression of justice, 513--the people is the ultimate
source of law, 513--actually the emperor is the legislator, 514--
but some Civilians thought that Roman people could reclaim
their authority, 514--conception that Prince was "legibus
solutus," 515--the theory of the Divine Right, 517--the theory
of the contract between Prince and people, 519--theory that in
the best government all members of the political community
should have a share, the mixed constitution, 523--the representa-
tive system, 524.
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? ? ?
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-19 10:33 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015002404211 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? TEXTS OF AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO
IN VOLUME VI.
Accoltis, Franciscus, Commentary on Decretals, ed. 1581.
Aeneas Sylvius (Pius II. ), 'De Ortu et Auctoritate Imperii Romani,'
ed. 1554.
Albericus a Rosate, 'Comm. de Statutis,' ed. 'Tract. Univerai Juris,'
Venice, 1584.
Albericus Gentilis, 'Regales Disputationes Tres,' ed. London, 1605.
Alciatus, Opera Omnia, ed. Basel, 1582.
Aldegonde, Ste. , Philip Marnix de, ' Oeuvres,' ed. Brussels, 1859.
Almain, Jacobus, in J. Gerson, ' Opera,' ed. Paris, 1606.
Altbusius, Johannes,' Politica Methodice Digesta,' ed. C. J. Friedrich,
Cambridge, U. S. A. , 1932.
Andreae, Joannes, 'Comm. on Decretals,' ed. 1581.
Angelo de Perusia, 'Super Codicem,' ed. 1579.
Archidiaconus (Gulielmus Baisio), 'Apparatus ad Dec re turn,' ed.
1513.
Baldus, 'Comm. on Code,' ed. Lyons, 1545.
'Com. on Digest,' ed. Lyons, 1540.
'Super Feudis,' ed. Lyons, 1542.
Barclay, William, 'De Regno et Regali Potestate,' ed. Paris, 1660.
'De Potestate Papae,' ed. 1609.
Barnes, R. , ed. in Tyndale Works, London, 1573.
Bartolus, 'Comm. on Code,' ed. Basel, 1662.
'Comm. on Digest,' ed. Basel, 1562.
'Consilia,' ed. Basel, 1562.
'De Regimine Civitatum,' ed. Basel, 1562.
'De Tyranno,' ed. Basel, 1562.
'De Guelfis et Gebelinis,' ed. Basel, 1562.
'Bekonntuiss und Unterricht . . . der Pfarrherrn zu Magdeburg,'
ed. Magdeburg, 1550.
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? XXii TEXTS OF AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO IN VOL. VI.
Bellarmine, Cardinal, 'De Potestate Summi Pont ificis,' ed. Rome,
1610.
Belloy, Pierre de, 'Apologie Catholique,' ed. 1585.
Bertachinus, 'Repertorium Juris,' ed. Venice, 1580.
Bilson, Bishop, 'The True Difference, &c. ,' ed. London, 1585.
Blackwood, Adam, 'Pro Regibus Apologia,' ed. Pictaviae, 1581.
Bodin, J. , 'De Republics,' ed. Paris, 1586.
Boucher, J. , ' De Justa Henrici Tertii Abdicatione,' ed. Paris, 1589.
Britten, ed. Oxford, 1865.
Buchanan, George, 'Opera Omnia,' Edinburgh, 1715.
Bud6, Guillaume, 'Annotationes in Pandectas,' ed. Basel, 1551.
Butrigarius, Jacobus, 'Thesaurus Legum,' ed. Rome, 1611.
Butrio, A. de, 'Comm. on Decretals,' ed. 1488.
Calvin, John, 'Epistolae,' ed. 1575.
'Lettres Francaises,' ed. Jules Bonnet, 1854.
'Institution ed. 1559.
Homilies on "i. Samuel," ed. 1667.
Comment, on "Romans," ed. 1607.
Castro, Paulus de, 'Comm. on Digest and Code,' ed. 1527.
Commines, Philippe de, 'Memoires,' ed. 1843.
Connon, Francois, ' Libri Commentariarum Juris Civilis,' ed. 1553.
Cortes of Castile and Leon, ed. Royal Academy of Madrid, ed. 1861.
Cortes of Castile, 1563-1589, ed. Madrid, 1877, &c.
Cowell, James, 'Institutiones Juris Anglicani,' ed. Cambridge, 1605.
'The Interpreter,' ed. Cambridge, 1607.
Cujas, 'Opera Omnia,' ed. Lyons, 1606.
Cunerus, Bishop, 'De Christiani Principis Officio,' ed. Mons, 1581.
Cusa, Nicolas of, 4 De Concordantia Catholioa,' ed. Schardius, 1618.
Cynus, 'Commentaries on Digest and Code,' ed. Frankfort, 1578.
D'Ailly, Cardinal Peter, 'De Ecclesiae et Cardinalium Auctoritate,'
ed. in Gerson, 'Opera,' 1606.
Dante, Works, ed. Oxford, 1894.
Deoius, Philippus, 'Consilium,' ed. in Goldast 'Monarchia,' 1621,
vol. m.
'Deutsche Reichstagsakten,' ed. Royal Academy of Munich, Vol. III.
Doneau, EL, ' Opera Omnia,' ed. Rome, 1828.
'Documents relatifs aux fitats Generaux . . . sous Philippe le Bel,'
ed. G. Picot.
'Droit des Magistrats,' ed. in 'Memoires sur l'Estat de France,' 1576.
Duaren, Francois, ' Opera,' ed. Frankfort, 1592.
Dubois, Pierre,' De Recuperatione Terrae Sanctae,' ed. C. V. Langlois.
Durandus, Gulielmus (Junior), 'De Modo Generalis Concilii Tenendi,'
ed. 'Tract. Universi Juris,' Venice, 1584.
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? TEXTS OF AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO IN VOL VI. XXiii
Engelbert of Admont, 'De Ortu et Finie Romani Imperii,' ed. Offen-
bach, 1610.
Faber, Joannes, 'In quatuor Libros Institutionum,' ed. Lyons, 1543.
'Breviarium in Codicem,' ed. Lyons, 1550.
Ferrault, Jean,' Tractatus de Juribus Regis Francorum,' ed. 'Tract.
Universalis Juris,' Vol. 16, 1584.
Fleta, ed. London, 1647.
Fortescue, Sir John, ' Works,' ed. 1877.
Gerson, Jean, ' Opera,' ed. 1606.
of information on the French Civilians of the sixteenth cen-
tury, and I should wi6h to express something of the regret
that every serious student of mediaeval civilisation must feel
at the loss which we have suffered in the death of so great,
so learned, so judicial a student of Canon Law. We are indeed
glad that he was able to complete his work on the Collections
of Canon Law from Pseudo Isidore to Gratian; and we look
forward to the forthcoming treatment of Gratian himself by
Foumier's learned successor in Paris, Professor Le Bras.
By the kindness of Professor Giorgio del Vecchio of Eome,
one chapter of this work (Chap. II. Part II. ) was translated
into Italian and published in the 'Bivista Internationale
di filosofia del diritto. '
I cannot end without once again expressing my profound
indebtedness to Dr B. Lane Poole, the most learned of English
mediaeval scholars. Looking back after fifty years I remember
not only his continual kindness to an immature student, but
also that it was from his ' Illustrations of Mediaeval Thought'
that I first learned something of the real character of the
political principles of the Middle Ages.
A. J. CAELYLE.
March 1036.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-19 10:33 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015002404211 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-19 10:33 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015002404211 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? CONTENTS OF THE SIXTH VOLUME.
PAET I.
FOUETEENTH CENTURY.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I.
THE SOURCE AND AUTHORITY OF LAW.
The supremacy of Justice and Law the most important political
conception of the Middle Ages, 3--actual methods of legislation
in England, Castile, France, and the Empire, 4--theory of
legislation: Britten, Fleta, 'Mirror of Justices,' 7--Marsilius of
Padua, 8.
CHAPTER II.
THE LAW, ITS SOURCE AND AUTHORITY. CIVILIANS.
The prince derives his authority from the people, 13--Cynus, how
far had the Roman people retained its legislative authority, 14
--emperor is "legibus solutus," ought to obey the law, "de
honestate," not "de necessitate," 15--emperor can take a man's
property, "de facto," not "de iure," 16--Bartolus and Baldus,
custom of Roman people overrides written law, 16--prince
bound by his contracts, 19--Joannes Faber and Jacobus Butri-
garius hold the same view, 22--Canonists of fourteenth century
on custom, 23--powers of Italian cities in making municipal
laws, and methods of legislation, 25.
CHAPTER HI.
SOURCE AND NATURE OF THE AUTHORITY OF THE RULER.
THEORY.
Fleta, Britten, 'Mirror of Justices,' ' Modus tenendi Parliamentum,'
30--' Somnium Viridarii,' 37--Lupoid of Bebenburg, 39--
Marsilius of Padua, 40--William of Occam, 44--Wycliffe, theory
of the " Divine Right," meaning of "Dominium," 51.
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? xiv
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IV.
NATURE OF AUTHORITY OP RULER: CONSTITUTIONAL PRACTICE.
France, Castile, England, 64--examples of contractual conception,
Dauphine, Castile, 67--deposition of Richard II. , 70.
CHAPTER V.
NATURE OF THE AUTHORITY OF THE RULER. CIVILIANS.
Bartolus, 'De Regimine Civitatis,' 76--'De Tyranno,' 80--Baldus,
prince not under the law, "de necessitate " ; can do anything,
"supra ius, et contra ius, et extra ius," 82--prince and contracts,
83--prince and private property, Bartolus, Baldus, Faber,
Angelo de Perusia, 85--deposition of tyrant, Bartolus and
Joannes Faber affirm that subjects can do this, Baldus denies
it, 86.
CHAPTER VI.
DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS.
The Cortes of Castile and Leon, their frequent meetings, and func-
tions, 89--their control of taxation, 92--legislation and general
authority, 93--France, States General and Provincial Estates,
their general powers, 96--their authority in taxation, 98--aboli-
tion of all illegal taxes in 1381, 101--control over taxation till
end of the century, 103--constitutional crisis of 1355-1358, 105
--development of Parliament and its authority in England, 108.
CHAPTER VII.
CONCEPTION OF UNITY OF EUROPE.
Dante, 'Commedia,' 'Convivio,' 'De Monarchia,' 112--Engelbert of
Admont and Bartolus, 123--Dubois, 'De Recuperatione Terras
Sanctae,' 124.
CHAPTER VIII.
SUMMARY OF POLITICAL THEORY OF THE FOURTEENTH
CENTURY, 128.
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? CONTENTS.
XV
PAET II.
FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
CHAPTER I.
THE SOURCE AND AUTHORITY OF LAW. CONSTITUTIONAL
PRACTICE AND THEORY.
Cortes of Castile, and attempts of the king to override the law, 133
--Nicolas of Cusa. law made by community, and binds the
prmreT^^^^^toman people can take away his legislative power,
137--France, the States General of 1439, 138--Gagfliiand
Peter d'Ailly, 139--England, Fortescue, 'Dominium Politicum
THE SOURCE AND AUTHORITY OF LAW. CIVILIANS AND CANONISTS.
Porcius on legislative power of Roman people, could revoke the
election of the emperor, 144--Saliceto, Jacobus Butrigarius,
and Paulus de Castro on the same questions, 146--legislative
power of the prince, Paulus de Castro and Jason de Mayno,
148--Jason de Mayno cites Baldus as having said that Pope
and prince can act "supra ius, et contra ius. et extra ius," 149--
prince and custom, John of Imola, Bertachinus, Zabarella,
Fanormitanus, Turrecremata, 150--prince and contracts, John
of Imola, Paulus de Castro, Bertachinus, Jason de Mayno,
Philip Decius, 153--summary, 156.
THE AUTHORITY OF THE PRINCE: ITS SOURCE AND NATURE.
POLITICAL WRITERS.
Gereon and Peter d'Ailly, 158--Zabarella, 164--Turrecremata, 167
--Nicolas of Cusa, 169--Fortescue, 172--Philippe Pot, Sieur de
la Roche, 175--Wesselius of Groningen, 179--deposition of
Emperor Wenceslas, 182--summary, 183.
CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER HI.
CHAPTER IV.
THE THEORY OF THE DIVINE RIGHT.
Declaration of Cortes of Olmedo in 1445, 186--Aeneas Sylvius, 'De
Ortu et Auctoritate Imperii Romani,' 188. ^
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? xvi
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER V.
TAXATION.
France, States General and Provincial Estates, examples in first
part of the century, 192--States General of 1439 and the Tailles,
195--assembly of princes and nobles in 1441 and the Tailles,
1441, 197--Provincial Estates and taxation from 1439 to 1484,
197--States General of Tours, and taxation, 1484,199--Coramines
denies that King of France, or any other prince, could impose
taxation without the consent of his subjects, 201--Cortes of
Castile and taxation, 203--England, 205.
CHAPTER VI.
REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS.
Cortes of Castile met very frequently, 206--king not to interfere in
the election of representatives, 208--claim to be consulted on
all important affairs, 209--States General in France, and im-
portant public affairs, 210--States General of Tours, 1484, their
organisation, and claim to share in appointment of regency, 213
--Coalmines and importance of the States General, 214--
Nicolas of Cusa and Council of the Empire, 215--Diet of Worms,
1495, 216--Fortescue on Parliament, 210--Summary of fifteenth
century, 217.
PAET III.
THE EARLIER SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
CHAPTER I.
THE THEOBY OF A LIMITED MONARCHY.
De Seyssel, 'Grant Monarchic de France,' 219--French monarchy
neither completely absolute nor too much restrained, 220--
the three "Freins," 220--" La Justice," the king subject to
the "Parlemens" in civil matters, 221--judges independent,
because permanent, 222--"La Police," laws and ordinances, each
estate has its "preheminences," 222--king should take counsel,
the great Council sometimes includes men from the great cities,
224--Machiavelli, reference to Kings of France as bound by the
laws and under the " Parlemens," 225. '*
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? CONTENTS.
CHAPTER II.
THE SOURCE AND AUTHOBITY OF LAW.
The nature of law in general, St Germans, Soto, Calvin, 227--recogni-
tion of place of Cortes in making law, by Ferdinand and Isabella.
Juana, and Charles V. , 231--Royal Pragmatics contrary to
law invalid, 237 -- St Germans, Customs, and Statutes of
Parliament, 234 -- France, the Provincial Estates, 237--
Collection of Customs, as sanctioned by the estates of each
district, 238--on the other hand, declaration by President of
"Parlement" of Paris that the king was above the laws, 239--
Louis XII. forbids "Parlemens" to pay any attention to royal
dispensations contrary to Ordinance of justice of 1499, 239.
CHAPTER III.
THE SOURCE AND NATURE OF THE AUTHORITY OF THE RULER.
James Almain of Sens, 241--John Major, 247--Machiavelli, 'Dis-
courses on Livy,' 249--Soto, 254--St Germans, 258--Starkey,
'Dialogue between Cardinal Pole and Thomas Lupset,' 269--
Calvin, 263.
CHAPTER IV.
THE THEORY OF THE DIVINE RIGHT.
Derived from St Gregory the Great, but had no real importance in the
Middle Ages, 271--revived by Luther, 272--his general political
theory the same as that of Seneca and the Fathers, State a con-
sequence of, but also a divine remedy for sin, 273--doctrine of non-
resistance in 1522, but developed in his tracts against the revolt
of the Peasants, 275--a change in 1530, letter to Elector of
Saxony, Declaration of Torgau, 280--Melanchthon, his opinions
pass through the same changes, 284--Declaration of the Clergy
of Magdeburg, 286--Tyndale, 'Obedience of Christian Men,'
Exposition of Matt, V. -vii. , 287--R. Barnes follows Tyndale, 291.
CHAPTER V.
THE POLITICAL THEORY OF THE CIVILIANS IN THE SIXTEENTH
CENTURY.
Guillaume Bud6, an extravagant monarchist, but Kings of France
submit to the "Parlement," 293--Ferrault and de Grassaille.
297--Alciatus, 298--Connon, 301--Duaren, 304--Vigelius, 306
--Doneau, 308--Cujus, general political theory, 310--treatment
of "legibus solutus," 315--Zasius of Freiburg, 318.
6
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? xviii
CONTKNTS.
PAET IV.
THE POLITICAL THEORY OF THE LATER SIXTEENTH
CENTURY.
CHAPTER L
THE SOURCE AND AUTHORITY OF LAW.
Sir Thomas Smith,' De Republica Anglorum,' 325--Francis Victoria,
328--Bishop Ponet, 329--George Buchanan, 332--' Remon-
strance aux Seigneurs,' 334--'Droit des Magistrats,' 335--
'Archon et Politic,' 336--' Vindiciae contra Tyrannos,' 338--
Molina, 341 -- Suarez, 344 -- Mariana, 348 -- Hooker, 350--
Althusius, 357.
CHAPTER II.
THE PRINCE UNDER THE LAW.
Section 1. The Source of the authority of the Prince, 364--Section 2.
The Conception of the Sovereignty of the Community, 372--
Section 3. The Relation of Kings to the Courts of Law, 379--
Section 4. The Theory of a Contract between the Prince and the
People, 383--Section 5. The Right of Resistance and Deposition,
395--Section 6. Magistrates, Nobles, Ephors, 407.
CHAPTER III.
THE THEORY OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY.
L'HApital, 415 -- J. Bodin, definition of the Respublica and
Maiestas, 417--limitations of absolute power, 420--there is no
such thing as a mixed government, 424--difficult to find an
absolute monarchy except in France, 425--absolute monarchy
the best form of government, 427--Bilson, absolute monarchy
by Divine Right, but hesitates about continental countries, 429
--Blackwood, 434--James I. , 437--Pierre de Belloy, 440--Peter
Gregory of Toulouse, 440--Barclay, 445--Albericus Gentilis,
450---James Cowell, 454--Summary, 458.
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? CONTENTS.
xix
CHAPTER IV.
REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS IN PRACTICE.
Cortes of Castile, its place in legislation, 463--in taxation, 465--
Provincial Estates in France, their relation to public affairs,
469--States General not wholly ignored or forgotten in first half
of the century, 472--revival of States General, Orleans, 1560,
473--Blois, 1576, 475--Blois, 1588, 476--Henry IV. intends to
call the States General, 478--Assembly of Notables, 1593, 479--
Edict of Nantes issued after consultation with Catholics and
Reformed, 479--examples of authority of Provincial Estates in
taxation, 481--States General and Assemblies of Notables and
taxation, 482.
CHAPTER V.
THE THEORY OP REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS IN THE
POLITICAL LITERATURE OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
Comminee, 485--De Seyssel, 486--L'Hopital, 486--Bodin, 486--
James Alma in and John Major, 488--Sir Thomas Smith, 489--
George Buchanan, 490--Hotman, 491--' Remonstrance,' 491--
'Droit des Magistrats,' 492--' Vindiciae contra Tyrannos,' 493
--Mariana, 494--Hooker, 497--Althusius, 498.
PAET V.
CONCLUSION OF THE WHOLE WORK.
The scope of the work, 504--formal aspect of Mediteval Political
Theory, contrast between the natural and conventional order
of Society, 505--the first and fundamental principle, the mainte-
nance of justice, 505--justice finds its effective form in law,
506--the law is primarily the custom of the community, 607--
when deliberate legislation begins, it is conceived of as expressing
the will of the whole community, including the king, 510--
the law is supreme over the whole community, including the
king, 511--the influence of the revived study of the Roman law,
513--law the expression of justice, 513--the people is the ultimate
source of law, 513--actually the emperor is the legislator, 514--
but some Civilians thought that Roman people could reclaim
their authority, 514--conception that Prince was "legibus
solutus," 515--the theory of the Divine Right, 517--the theory
of the contract between Prince and people, 519--theory that in
the best government all members of the political community
should have a share, the mixed constitution, 523--the representa-
tive system, 524.
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? TEXTS OF AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO
IN VOLUME VI.
Accoltis, Franciscus, Commentary on Decretals, ed. 1581.
Aeneas Sylvius (Pius II. ), 'De Ortu et Auctoritate Imperii Romani,'
ed. 1554.
Albericus a Rosate, 'Comm. de Statutis,' ed. 'Tract. Univerai Juris,'
Venice, 1584.
Albericus Gentilis, 'Regales Disputationes Tres,' ed. London, 1605.
Alciatus, Opera Omnia, ed. Basel, 1582.
Aldegonde, Ste. , Philip Marnix de, ' Oeuvres,' ed. Brussels, 1859.
Almain, Jacobus, in J. Gerson, ' Opera,' ed. Paris, 1606.
Altbusius, Johannes,' Politica Methodice Digesta,' ed. C. J. Friedrich,
Cambridge, U. S. A. , 1932.
Andreae, Joannes, 'Comm. on Decretals,' ed. 1581.
Angelo de Perusia, 'Super Codicem,' ed. 1579.
Archidiaconus (Gulielmus Baisio), 'Apparatus ad Dec re turn,' ed.
1513.
Baldus, 'Comm. on Code,' ed. Lyons, 1545.
'Com. on Digest,' ed. Lyons, 1540.
'Super Feudis,' ed. Lyons, 1542.
Barclay, William, 'De Regno et Regali Potestate,' ed. Paris, 1660.
'De Potestate Papae,' ed. 1609.
Barnes, R. , ed. in Tyndale Works, London, 1573.
Bartolus, 'Comm. on Code,' ed. Basel, 1662.
'Comm. on Digest,' ed. Basel, 1562.
'Consilia,' ed. Basel, 1562.
'De Regimine Civitatum,' ed. Basel, 1562.
'De Tyranno,' ed. Basel, 1562.
'De Guelfis et Gebelinis,' ed. Basel, 1562.
'Bekonntuiss und Unterricht . . . der Pfarrherrn zu Magdeburg,'
ed. Magdeburg, 1550.
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? XXii TEXTS OF AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO IN VOL. VI.
Bellarmine, Cardinal, 'De Potestate Summi Pont ificis,' ed. Rome,
1610.
Belloy, Pierre de, 'Apologie Catholique,' ed. 1585.
Bertachinus, 'Repertorium Juris,' ed. Venice, 1580.
Bilson, Bishop, 'The True Difference, &c. ,' ed. London, 1585.
Blackwood, Adam, 'Pro Regibus Apologia,' ed. Pictaviae, 1581.
Bodin, J. , 'De Republics,' ed. Paris, 1586.
Boucher, J. , ' De Justa Henrici Tertii Abdicatione,' ed. Paris, 1589.
Britten, ed. Oxford, 1865.
Buchanan, George, 'Opera Omnia,' Edinburgh, 1715.
Bud6, Guillaume, 'Annotationes in Pandectas,' ed. Basel, 1551.
Butrigarius, Jacobus, 'Thesaurus Legum,' ed. Rome, 1611.
Butrio, A. de, 'Comm. on Decretals,' ed. 1488.
Calvin, John, 'Epistolae,' ed. 1575.
'Lettres Francaises,' ed. Jules Bonnet, 1854.
'Institution ed. 1559.
Homilies on "i. Samuel," ed. 1667.
Comment, on "Romans," ed. 1607.
Castro, Paulus de, 'Comm. on Digest and Code,' ed. 1527.
Commines, Philippe de, 'Memoires,' ed. 1843.
Connon, Francois, ' Libri Commentariarum Juris Civilis,' ed. 1553.
Cortes of Castile and Leon, ed. Royal Academy of Madrid, ed. 1861.
Cortes of Castile, 1563-1589, ed. Madrid, 1877, &c.
Cowell, James, 'Institutiones Juris Anglicani,' ed. Cambridge, 1605.
'The Interpreter,' ed. Cambridge, 1607.
Cujas, 'Opera Omnia,' ed. Lyons, 1606.
Cunerus, Bishop, 'De Christiani Principis Officio,' ed. Mons, 1581.
Cusa, Nicolas of, 4 De Concordantia Catholioa,' ed. Schardius, 1618.
Cynus, 'Commentaries on Digest and Code,' ed. Frankfort, 1578.
D'Ailly, Cardinal Peter, 'De Ecclesiae et Cardinalium Auctoritate,'
ed. in Gerson, 'Opera,' 1606.
Dante, Works, ed. Oxford, 1894.
Deoius, Philippus, 'Consilium,' ed. in Goldast 'Monarchia,' 1621,
vol. m.
'Deutsche Reichstagsakten,' ed. Royal Academy of Munich, Vol. III.
Doneau, EL, ' Opera Omnia,' ed. Rome, 1828.
'Documents relatifs aux fitats Generaux . . . sous Philippe le Bel,'
ed. G. Picot.
'Droit des Magistrats,' ed. in 'Memoires sur l'Estat de France,' 1576.
Duaren, Francois, ' Opera,' ed. Frankfort, 1592.
Dubois, Pierre,' De Recuperatione Terrae Sanctae,' ed. C. V. Langlois.
Durandus, Gulielmus (Junior), 'De Modo Generalis Concilii Tenendi,'
ed. 'Tract. Universi Juris,' Venice, 1584.
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? TEXTS OF AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO IN VOL VI. XXiii
Engelbert of Admont, 'De Ortu et Finie Romani Imperii,' ed. Offen-
bach, 1610.
Faber, Joannes, 'In quatuor Libros Institutionum,' ed. Lyons, 1543.
'Breviarium in Codicem,' ed. Lyons, 1550.
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Universalis Juris,' Vol. 16, 1584.
Fleta, ed. London, 1647.
Fortescue, Sir John, ' Works,' ed. 1877.
Gerson, Jean, ' Opera,' ed. 1606.
