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? , QUANTITY. 17
11.
Why is the last syllable of the singular noun Cuspis
made short?
Of what quantity is the final syllable of Foris, gratis,
benignos?
Is the termination us long or short in the plural noun
Porticus?
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Rectus, pestis,
perturbes, majestas, custos.
12.
Of what quantity is the consonant t at the end of a
word?
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Sensistis, lasdis.
Why is the last syllable short in Pallor, corporis, currit,
murus?
Mark the quantity of the syllables, in Occurrat, abjun-
gis, permittas.
CHAPTER IV.
COMPOUND, DERIVATIVE, AND CONTRACTED WORDS-
All words generally retain the same quantity when com-
pounded, that they have when out of composition; as
IXefero, a compound of de and fero.
If a vowel of the simple word is changed in composition into
another vowel, it still generally preserves its original quantity;
as Concido from cado, Concldo from credo, Perh'ibeo from
habeo.
The quantity of a syllable is often changed in composition
by its situation before a vowel or a consonant; thus, in the com-
-pound word Deambulo, the preposition De is naturally long,
but standing before another vowel, it is necessarily made short;
thus also the preposition In, although it is naturally short, be-
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? 18 EXERCISES IN
comes long by position in the compound verbs Invado and insto.
Sometimes, however, the preposition, instead of becoming long
by position, loses its final consonant, and thus retains its original
quantity; as omitto, a compound of 5b and mitto.
The following compound words shorten a vowel that is long in
their primitives, and are consequently exceptions to the general
rule; Causidicus,fatidicus,maledicus,veririicus,from dico; Nihilum
from hilum; Dejero, pejfiro, from juro; Agnitum, cognitum, from
no turn; Innuba, proniiba, subniiba, from nubo; Semisopitus from
sdpio; procella, profanus, profari, profectb, profestus, prdficiscor,
prfifiteor, pr6fugio, profugus, profundus, pronepos, proneptis, pr6-
pero, prdtervus, compounds of the preposition pro; and Dirimo
and disertus, compounds of de.
Imbecillis from bacillus has the second syllable long. Amlii-
tum, the supine, and Ambitus, the participle, from Hum, length-
en the middle syllable; but the substantives Ambitus and ambi-
tio, from the same word, have the i short, agreeably to the gene-
ral rule.
Connubiiim from nubo has the second syllable common.
The preposition Pro is common in Procurro, profundo, propago,
propello, propino, propulso.
The adverbs Ubique and ibidem, from ubi and ibi, generally
lengthen the middle syllable; but the final syllable of Uti is short
in its compounds Utinam and utique. In Quandoque from quando
the o is long; but it is short in Quandoquidem, a compound of the
same word.
Derivative words generally retain the quantity of their
primitives, or the words from which they are derived; as
animosus from animus.
The following derivatives, with a few others, deviate from the
quantity of their primitive words, some on account of crasis or
contraction, and others from following the quantity of primi-
tives now obsolete; arena, arista, from Sreo; aruspex from ara;
Deni from decern; Dicax from Dico; disertus from dissero; Di-
tio from dis, ditis; Dux, ducis, from duco; Fides from lido; Fo-
mentum, fomes, from foveo; Fragilis, fragor, from frango; llu-
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? QUANTITY. 19
manus from homo; Humor from humus; Jucundus, jumentum,
fromjuvo; Jugerum from jitgum; Junior from jtivenis; L&terna
from lateo; Lex, legis, from lego; Libella from libra; Lticerna
from luceo; Marero from macer; Mico from mica; Mobil is from
m&veo; Nonus from novem; Nota from notu; 6dium from odi;
Penuria from pSnus; Placo from placeo; Rex, regis, regula, from
rego; Sagax from sagio; Secius from s6cus; Sedes from sedeo;
Sopor from sopio; Stipula, stlpulor, from sllpes; Tegula from
tSgo; Vadum from vado; V'itium from vito; Vomer from
vomo; Vox, vocis, from viico. Verbs in urio, sometimes called
desiderative, have the u short, though derived from the participle
in urus; as Scriptiirio from scripturus.
Preterperfects of two syllables have the former syllable
long; as Novi. ;
Bibi, dedi, fidi from findo, scidi from scindo, steti, stiti, aod
tuli, are exceptions to this rule, and make the first syllable short.
Preterites, in which the first syllable is repeated, have
the two first syllables short; as Peperi.
The latter syllable in these preterperfects is sometimes made
long by position; as Ciicurri. The second syllable of Cecidi from
wedo, is lengthened, to distinguish it from Cecidi, the preterperfcct
of cado. Pepedi also lengthens its middle vowel.
Supines of two syllables, and participles formed from
them, have the former syllable long; as Visum, visu,
vlsus.
The first syllable is short in Datum, ratum, satum, itum, litum,
quitum, situm, rutum, citum from cieo, futurus from futum; the
supine of the obsolete verb fuo. Statum has its first syllable
common. To account for the irregularities of the verb Sto, it has
been supposed that it belonged originally to the third, as well as to
the first conjugation, but that in process of time the increments
in the different conjugations were confounded, and some of them
ceased to be used.
Supines in atvm, etum, and utum, of more than two syl-
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? 20 EXERCISES IN
lables, have their penultimate long; as Amatum, deletum,
minutum. <<
Supines in itum, of more than two syllables, have the
penultimate long when the preterperfect ends in fat, but
when the preterite has any other termination, the i in the
supine is short; as Quaesitum, monitum.
In all the compounds of Eo, except ambio, the penultimate of
the supine is short; as Circumitum.
Although it has not been thought necessary to aq"d to this gene-
ral outline of the rules of quantity, the rules, which are sometimes
given for the increments of nouns, the following table of the in-
crements of verbs will, it is hoped, be acceptable and not altoge-
ther useless to the student.
THE NEUTER VERB SUM.
Indicative Mood.
Present; sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt.
Imperfect; eram, eras, erat, eramiis, eratis, erant.
Perfe. ct; ful, fiilsti, fuit, fuimus, fulstis, fiierunt, fuere.
Pluperfect; fueram, fueras, fiaerat, fiieramus, fueratis,
fiierant.
Future; ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt.
Imperative Mood.
Present; es, esto, esto, slmiis, este, estote, sunto.
Potential Mood.
Present; sim, sis, sit, slmus, sitis, sTnt.
Imperfect; essem, forem, esses, fores, esset, forSt, esse-
miis, foremus, essetis, foretis, essent, forent.
Perfect; fuerim, fueris, fiierit, fuerimus, fiiSritis, fiie-
rint.
Pluperfect; fulssem, fuisses, fulsset, ffiissemus, fiiis-
setis, fuissent.
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? QUANTITY. 21
Future; fuero, fuSris, fuerit, fiierimus, fuSritis, fuerlnt.
Infinitive Mood.
Present; essS. Perfect; iulssS. Future; fore, fiiturum
esse.
REGULAR VERBS. --ACTIVE VOICE.
First Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Present; 6, as, at, amus, atis> ant.
Imperfect; abam, abas, abat, abamus, abatis, abant.
Perfect; Svi, avistl, avit, avimiis, avistis, averunt, avere.
Pluperfect; avSram, averas, averat, avSramus, Sveratls,
averant-
Future; abo, abis, abit, abimus, abitis, abunt.
Imperative Mood.
Present; a, ato, St, ato, emus, atS, atotS, ent, into.
Potential Mood.
Present; em, es, St, emus, etis, ent.
Imperfect; arem, ares, aret, aremus, aretis, arenr.
Perfect; avSrim, avSris, avSrit, averimfis, averMs, ave-
rlnt.
Pluperfect; avlssem, avisses, avlsset, avissemus, avissetis,
avissent.
Future; avSro, averts, avSrit, averimus, avSritTs, averlnt.
Infinitive Mood.
Present; arS. Perfect; avissS. Future; aturum esse*.
Second Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Present; eo, es, St, emus, etfs, ent.
Imperfect; ebam, ebas, ebat, ebamus, Abatis, ebant.
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? 22 EXERCISES IN
Perfect; tii, uisti, iiit, uimus, uistis, uerunt, uere.
Pluperfect; ueram, ueras, iierat, uSramus, Senilis, ue-
rant.
Future; ebo, ebis, ebit, ebimus, ebitis, ebiint.
Imperative Mood.
Present; e, eto, eat, eto, Samus, ete, etot? , eant, ento.
Potential Mood.
Present; eam, eas, eat, Samus, eatis, eant.
Imperfect; erem, ires, erSt, eremus, eretis, erent.
rerlect -, uerim, ueris, uerit, uerimus, ueritis, uerint.
Pluperfect; uissem, iiisses, ulsset, ulssemus, ulssetis,
ulssent.
Future; uero, ueris, uerit, uerimus, uSritis, uSrint. .
Infinitive Mood.
Present; ere-. Perfect; iilsse. Future; itiirum esse\
Third Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Present; 6, is, it, Tmus, itis, iint.
Imperfect; ebam, ebas, ebat, ebamiis, ebatls,'ebant.
Perfect; I, isti, 3ft, tmus, 1st is, erunt, ere.
Pluperfect; eram, eras, erat, eramiis, eratis, grant.
Future; am, es, et, emu's, etis, ent.
Imperative Mood.
Present; e, ito, at, ito, amus, ite, ltote, ant, unto.
Potential Mood.
Present; am, as, at, amus, atis, ant.
Imperfect; erem, eres, SrSt, gremus, gretis, grent.
Perfect ? >> erim, gris, grit, grimus, gritis, grlnt.
Pluperfect; issem, isses, isset, issemus, issetis, issent.
Future; ero, eris, erit, grimus, gritis, erint.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hwrgkf Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? QUANTITT. 23
Infinitive Mood.
Present; SrS. Perfect; isse. Future; turum esse.
Fourth Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Present; 16, is, it, Imus, itis, lunt.
Imperfect; iebam, iibas, iebat, iebamus, iebatis, iebant.
Perfect; ivi, Ivlsti, mt, mmus, Ivistis, Iverunt, ivere.
Pluperfect; Iveram, iveras, Iverat, ivSramus, iveratis,
iverant.
Future; lam, les, iSt, tenuis, ietis, lent.
Imperative Mood.
Present; I, it5, iat, It5, mmus, ite, Itote, Tant, mnto.
Potential Mood.
Present; 1am, ias, iat, Tamils, iitis, iant.
Imperfect; Irem, ires, iret, Iremiis, iritis, irent.
Perfect; Iverim, iveris, iverit, iverimus, iveritis, Iverint.
Pluperfect; Ivissem, Ivisses, ivisset, ivissemus, ivissetis,
ivissent.
Future; ivero, Iveris, IvSrit, Iverimus, Iveritis, Iverint.
Infinitive Mood.
Present; IrS. Perfect; ivissg. Future; Iturum essS.
PASSIVE VOICE.
First Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Present; or, aris, are, atur, amiir, amini, antur.
Imperfect; abar, abaris, abarg, abatur, abamiir, abaminl,
abantur.
Future; abor, aberis, aberS, abitur, abimiir, abimini,
abantur.
? ?
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? 24 EXERCISES IN
Imperative Mood.
Present; are*, ator, etur, ator, emur, aminl, aminor, entiir,
Sntor.
Potential Mood.
Present; er, eris, erS, etur, emur, eminl, entiir.
Imperfect; arer, areris, arerS, aretur, aremiir, aremiui,
arentur.
Infinitive Mood.
Present; ari. Perfect; atum ess? , fuiss? . Future; Stum
Iri.
Second Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Present; eor, eris, erg, etur, emiir, email, entiir.
Imperfect; ebar, ebaris, ebare, ebatur, ebamur, ebamini,
ebantur.
Future; ebor, ebSris, ebSrg, ebitur, ebimur, ebimini,
ebuntur.
Imperative Mood.
Present; erS, etor, eatiir, etor, eamur, emini, emfnor,
eantur, entor.
Potential Mood.
Present; ear, Sari's, Sarg, eatur, eamiir, eamini, eantur.
Imperfect; erer, ereris, ererS, eretiir, eremur, eremihl,
erentur.
Infinitive Mood.
Present; eri. Perfect; tum essS, fuisse. Future; tum
iri.
Third Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Present; or, Sris, ere', Mr, imur, imihl, untiir.
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? QUANTITY. 25
Imperfect; ebar, ebaris, ebare, ebatur, ebamiir, ebamini,
ebantur.
Future; ar, eris, ere, etur, emur, emini, entur.
Imperative Mood.
Present; eVS, itor, atur, itor, imiir, fmini, iminor, antiir,
untor.
Potential Mood.
Present; ar, arls, arSj atur, amur, amini, antur.
Imperfect; erer, ereris, eVerS, eretiir, eremur, eremlni,
erentur.
Infinitive Mood.
Present; i. Perfect *, tum essS, fuisse\ Future; tum
iri.
Fourth Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Present; lor, iris, ire, Itur, imiir, imini, iiintur.
Imperfect; jfebar, lebaris, iebar^, Tebatiir, Tebamur, ieba-
mini, Tebantur.
Future; Tar, Teris, ierS, tetur, lemur, Temini, Tentur.
Imperative Mood.
Present; ire", itor, Ifatur, itor, Tamiir, imini, iminor,
iantur, Tuntor.
Potential Mood.
Present; Tar, Tans, Tare, Tatur, Tamiir, TamTni, iantur.
Imperfect; irer, ireiTs, irerS, iretur, Iremur, iremlni,
irentur.
Infinitive Mood.
Present; iri. Imperfect; tum esse", luissS. Future;
turn Iri. ? '? ''"'
Lat. Pr. ? ? ? ? "'"? ? '- C
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? 26 EXERCISES IN
In the increments of Do, and its compounds of the first conjuga-
tion, the vowel a in the first syllable is short; as Dabamus, cir-
eumdare.
A diversity of opinion has long existed among prosodians, con-
cerning the quantity of the penultimate in the first and second
persons plural of the perfect and future tenses, in the potential
mood of the active voice. It appears however to be now generally
agreed, that in the future tense this penultimate is common, and
generally if not always short in the perfect. ,
Greek words, when used as Latin words, generally pre-
serve their original quantity; as Delos from JjjAof.
This rule is not always observed. Many Greek derivatives
were made conformable in every respect to the analogy of the lan-
guage, into which they were introduced, and the length of their
vowels was consequently determined not so much by their original
quantity, as by the rules of Latin prosody. Greek derivatives in
general must not, however, be referred to these rules; the quantity
of their syllables can be ascertained only by observation and a
knowledge of the language, from which they are derived. To
those students, who are ignorant of the original language, the fol-
lowing rules may be in some degree useful.
Greek derivatives ending in ais, eis, ois, aon, ion, the
compounds of hzbc, proper names in ea, ia, eum, and
adjectives in eus formed from proper names, generally
lengthen the penultimate; but genitives in eos, and accu-
satives in ea from nominatives in eus, generally make the
penultimate short; as Nais, Minois, Ixion, Archelaus,
Apamea, Antiochia, Mausoleum, Pelopeus, Orpheos, Or>>
phea. . 7 , i. ? ' i ,
The penultimate is short in Thebais, Phaon, Aon, Deucalion,
Pygmalion, academia, Chorea, Platea, Malea, and in a few other
words. In Orion and Gcryon the penultimate is common.
Derivatives in aiut, eius, and oius, generally have the
antepenultimate long; as Caius, Veius, Troius.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hwrgkf Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? QUANTITT. 27
The Latin preposition Pro is long; and pro from wgc,
often used in words derived from the Greek for Ante,
before, is generally found short; as Propheta, prologus.
The final syllable is short in all Greek genitives in os of
the second declension, as Arcados; In most nominatives
and vocatives of neuter nouns in os, as Melos; in
vocatives in i or y, except those, which have entos in the
genitive, as Alexi, Simoi; in datives and ablatives plural
in si or sin, as Troasi; in nominatives and accusatives
singular in on, preceded by a consonant, as Pylon; in ac-
cusatives in n from nominatives with the final syllable
short, as ^Eginan; in nouns in as increasing short, as Ar-
eas; in accusatives plural of the third declension, as Troas,
heroidas; and in the nominatives and vocatives plural of
many nouns increasing short, as Arcades.
The final syllable is long in vocatives in a from nomina-
tives in as, as ^nea; in neuters plural, as Mele; in femi-
nines in o and their genitives in us, as Dido, Clius; in
genitives in o, as Androgeo; and in those nouns in us,
which have u in the vocative; as Panthus.
The termination i or y in the dative singular of nouns
increasing of the third declension, is common; as Pal-
ladi or Palladi. .
A contracted syllable is long; as Mi, a contraction of
Mihi.
To this rule may be referred many of the exceptions to the
general rules of quantity, as well as a variety of other syllables,
which appear to be long or short solely by custom or authority;
thus, the final syllable of the genitive in the fourth declension,
as Manus, is long, not only because the poets always lengthen it,
but because it is contracted from the ancient genitive in uu; as,
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? 28 EXERCISES IN
Manuis; thus also the penultimate is long in Alius, a contraction
of Aliius, and in Bobus, contracted from Bovibus.
The last syllable of every line in poetry is considered
common; a short vowel in this situation may be length-
ened, and a long syllable made short.
EXERCISES.
1.
What quantity have derivative and compound words?
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Dedoceo, a com-
pound of De and doceo.
What is the quantity of each syllable in Perambulo, a
compound of Per and ambulo?
Is the quantity of a syllable always the same when
compounded, as it is out of composition?
2.
If a short vowel stands in a compound word before two
consonants, does it preserve its original quantity?
What is the quantity of a vowel naturally long, when
it is followed in a compound word by another vowel?
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Persequor, com-
pounded of Per and sequor.
What is the quantity of each syllable in Prohibeo, from
Pro and habeo?
3.
What compounds of Dico shorten the vowel i?
What compounds of Jiiro are exceptions to the general
rule?
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Nihilum, a com-
pound of Hilum.
Which of the compounds of Notum deviate from the
general rule?
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? QUANTITY. 29
Mark the quantity of the syllables in Innuba, pronuba,
subnuba.
Of what quantity is the second syllable in Connu-
bium?
What compound of Sopio has the first o short?
In what compound words is the preposition Pro made
short?
5.
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Imbecillis, am-
bitum, and the participle Ambitus.
What is the quantity of each syllable in the substan-
tives Ambitio, ambitus?
In what compound words is the preposition Pro com-
mon?
Mark the quantity of the middle syllable in Ubique,
ibidem, utinam, utique.
6.
What is the quantity of each syllable in Quandoque,
disertus, profundo?
Is the antepenultimate long or short in Quandoquidem
and dirimo, a compound of De?
Why is the middle syllable short iu Improbus, a com
pound of Probus?
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Perfero, defero,
compounds of Fero, and Deosculor, a verb formed from
De and osculor.
. 7. ? /. ',? . <<? ',? ?
Why is each syllable made long in Infelix, a compound;
of Felix? i ""
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/hvd. hwrgkf Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 30 EXERCISES IN
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Animal, a noun
derived from anima.
What words derived from areo, decem, and dico, devi-
ate from the quantity of their primitives?
What derivatives of Duco, fido, and frango, shorten a
vowel, that is long in their primitive words?
8.
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Ditio, derived
from Ditis, and Fomentum, fomes, from Foveo.
Mention the derivatives of Homo, humus, and juvo,
which lengthen a short vowel.
Mark the quantity of the first syllable in Jugerum,
derived from Jugum, and of each syllable in Nota, de-
rived from Notus.
What derivative of Juvenis has the vowel u long?
9.
Mention the words derived from Lateo, lego, and li-
bra, which deviate from the general rule for the quantity
of derivatives.
What is the quantity of the first syllable in Lucerna,
mobilis, nonus, odium, derived from Luceo, moveo,
novem, and odi?
What derivatives of Penus, rego, and sagio, differ in
quantity from their primitives?
Mention the quantity of the first syllable in Seciut,
sedes, sopor, derived from Secus, sSdeo, sopio.
10.
Mention the words derived from the verbs Tego,
vado, and vito, which deviate from the quantity of their
primitives. .
What is the quantity of the antepenultimate in the
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:30 GMT / http://hdl.
? , QUANTITY. 17
11.
Why is the last syllable of the singular noun Cuspis
made short?
Of what quantity is the final syllable of Foris, gratis,
benignos?
Is the termination us long or short in the plural noun
Porticus?
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Rectus, pestis,
perturbes, majestas, custos.
12.
Of what quantity is the consonant t at the end of a
word?
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Sensistis, lasdis.
Why is the last syllable short in Pallor, corporis, currit,
murus?
Mark the quantity of the syllables, in Occurrat, abjun-
gis, permittas.
CHAPTER IV.
COMPOUND, DERIVATIVE, AND CONTRACTED WORDS-
All words generally retain the same quantity when com-
pounded, that they have when out of composition; as
IXefero, a compound of de and fero.
If a vowel of the simple word is changed in composition into
another vowel, it still generally preserves its original quantity;
as Concido from cado, Concldo from credo, Perh'ibeo from
habeo.
The quantity of a syllable is often changed in composition
by its situation before a vowel or a consonant; thus, in the com-
-pound word Deambulo, the preposition De is naturally long,
but standing before another vowel, it is necessarily made short;
thus also the preposition In, although it is naturally short, be-
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? 18 EXERCISES IN
comes long by position in the compound verbs Invado and insto.
Sometimes, however, the preposition, instead of becoming long
by position, loses its final consonant, and thus retains its original
quantity; as omitto, a compound of 5b and mitto.
The following compound words shorten a vowel that is long in
their primitives, and are consequently exceptions to the general
rule; Causidicus,fatidicus,maledicus,veririicus,from dico; Nihilum
from hilum; Dejero, pejfiro, from juro; Agnitum, cognitum, from
no turn; Innuba, proniiba, subniiba, from nubo; Semisopitus from
sdpio; procella, profanus, profari, profectb, profestus, prdficiscor,
prfifiteor, pr6fugio, profugus, profundus, pronepos, proneptis, pr6-
pero, prdtervus, compounds of the preposition pro; and Dirimo
and disertus, compounds of de.
Imbecillis from bacillus has the second syllable long. Amlii-
tum, the supine, and Ambitus, the participle, from Hum, length-
en the middle syllable; but the substantives Ambitus and ambi-
tio, from the same word, have the i short, agreeably to the gene-
ral rule.
Connubiiim from nubo has the second syllable common.
The preposition Pro is common in Procurro, profundo, propago,
propello, propino, propulso.
The adverbs Ubique and ibidem, from ubi and ibi, generally
lengthen the middle syllable; but the final syllable of Uti is short
in its compounds Utinam and utique. In Quandoque from quando
the o is long; but it is short in Quandoquidem, a compound of the
same word.
Derivative words generally retain the quantity of their
primitives, or the words from which they are derived; as
animosus from animus.
The following derivatives, with a few others, deviate from the
quantity of their primitive words, some on account of crasis or
contraction, and others from following the quantity of primi-
tives now obsolete; arena, arista, from Sreo; aruspex from ara;
Deni from decern; Dicax from Dico; disertus from dissero; Di-
tio from dis, ditis; Dux, ducis, from duco; Fides from lido; Fo-
mentum, fomes, from foveo; Fragilis, fragor, from frango; llu-
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? QUANTITY. 19
manus from homo; Humor from humus; Jucundus, jumentum,
fromjuvo; Jugerum from jitgum; Junior from jtivenis; L&terna
from lateo; Lex, legis, from lego; Libella from libra; Lticerna
from luceo; Marero from macer; Mico from mica; Mobil is from
m&veo; Nonus from novem; Nota from notu; 6dium from odi;
Penuria from pSnus; Placo from placeo; Rex, regis, regula, from
rego; Sagax from sagio; Secius from s6cus; Sedes from sedeo;
Sopor from sopio; Stipula, stlpulor, from sllpes; Tegula from
tSgo; Vadum from vado; V'itium from vito; Vomer from
vomo; Vox, vocis, from viico. Verbs in urio, sometimes called
desiderative, have the u short, though derived from the participle
in urus; as Scriptiirio from scripturus.
Preterperfects of two syllables have the former syllable
long; as Novi. ;
Bibi, dedi, fidi from findo, scidi from scindo, steti, stiti, aod
tuli, are exceptions to this rule, and make the first syllable short.
Preterites, in which the first syllable is repeated, have
the two first syllables short; as Peperi.
The latter syllable in these preterperfects is sometimes made
long by position; as Ciicurri. The second syllable of Cecidi from
wedo, is lengthened, to distinguish it from Cecidi, the preterperfcct
of cado. Pepedi also lengthens its middle vowel.
Supines of two syllables, and participles formed from
them, have the former syllable long; as Visum, visu,
vlsus.
The first syllable is short in Datum, ratum, satum, itum, litum,
quitum, situm, rutum, citum from cieo, futurus from futum; the
supine of the obsolete verb fuo. Statum has its first syllable
common. To account for the irregularities of the verb Sto, it has
been supposed that it belonged originally to the third, as well as to
the first conjugation, but that in process of time the increments
in the different conjugations were confounded, and some of them
ceased to be used.
Supines in atvm, etum, and utum, of more than two syl-
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? 20 EXERCISES IN
lables, have their penultimate long; as Amatum, deletum,
minutum. <<
Supines in itum, of more than two syllables, have the
penultimate long when the preterperfect ends in fat, but
when the preterite has any other termination, the i in the
supine is short; as Quaesitum, monitum.
In all the compounds of Eo, except ambio, the penultimate of
the supine is short; as Circumitum.
Although it has not been thought necessary to aq"d to this gene-
ral outline of the rules of quantity, the rules, which are sometimes
given for the increments of nouns, the following table of the in-
crements of verbs will, it is hoped, be acceptable and not altoge-
ther useless to the student.
THE NEUTER VERB SUM.
Indicative Mood.
Present; sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt.
Imperfect; eram, eras, erat, eramiis, eratis, erant.
Perfe. ct; ful, fiilsti, fuit, fuimus, fulstis, fiierunt, fuere.
Pluperfect; fueram, fueras, fiaerat, fiieramus, fueratis,
fiierant.
Future; ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt.
Imperative Mood.
Present; es, esto, esto, slmiis, este, estote, sunto.
Potential Mood.
Present; sim, sis, sit, slmus, sitis, sTnt.
Imperfect; essem, forem, esses, fores, esset, forSt, esse-
miis, foremus, essetis, foretis, essent, forent.
Perfect; fuerim, fueris, fiierit, fuerimus, fiiSritis, fiie-
rint.
Pluperfect; fulssem, fuisses, fulsset, ffiissemus, fiiis-
setis, fuissent.
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? QUANTITY. 21
Future; fuero, fuSris, fuerit, fiierimus, fuSritis, fuerlnt.
Infinitive Mood.
Present; essS. Perfect; iulssS. Future; fore, fiiturum
esse.
REGULAR VERBS. --ACTIVE VOICE.
First Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Present; 6, as, at, amus, atis> ant.
Imperfect; abam, abas, abat, abamus, abatis, abant.
Perfect; Svi, avistl, avit, avimiis, avistis, averunt, avere.
Pluperfect; avSram, averas, averat, avSramus, Sveratls,
averant-
Future; abo, abis, abit, abimus, abitis, abunt.
Imperative Mood.
Present; a, ato, St, ato, emus, atS, atotS, ent, into.
Potential Mood.
Present; em, es, St, emus, etis, ent.
Imperfect; arem, ares, aret, aremus, aretis, arenr.
Perfect; avSrim, avSris, avSrit, averimfis, averMs, ave-
rlnt.
Pluperfect; avlssem, avisses, avlsset, avissemus, avissetis,
avissent.
Future; avSro, averts, avSrit, averimus, avSritTs, averlnt.
Infinitive Mood.
Present; arS. Perfect; avissS. Future; aturum esse*.
Second Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Present; eo, es, St, emus, etfs, ent.
Imperfect; ebam, ebas, ebat, ebamus, Abatis, ebant.
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? 22 EXERCISES IN
Perfect; tii, uisti, iiit, uimus, uistis, uerunt, uere.
Pluperfect; ueram, ueras, iierat, uSramus, Senilis, ue-
rant.
Future; ebo, ebis, ebit, ebimus, ebitis, ebiint.
Imperative Mood.
Present; e, eto, eat, eto, Samus, ete, etot? , eant, ento.
Potential Mood.
Present; eam, eas, eat, Samus, eatis, eant.
Imperfect; erem, ires, erSt, eremus, eretis, erent.
rerlect -, uerim, ueris, uerit, uerimus, ueritis, uerint.
Pluperfect; uissem, iiisses, ulsset, ulssemus, ulssetis,
ulssent.
Future; uero, ueris, uerit, uerimus, uSritis, uSrint. .
Infinitive Mood.
Present; ere-. Perfect; iilsse. Future; itiirum esse\
Third Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Present; 6, is, it, Tmus, itis, iint.
Imperfect; ebam, ebas, ebat, ebamiis, ebatls,'ebant.
Perfect; I, isti, 3ft, tmus, 1st is, erunt, ere.
Pluperfect; eram, eras, erat, eramiis, eratis, grant.
Future; am, es, et, emu's, etis, ent.
Imperative Mood.
Present; e, ito, at, ito, amus, ite, ltote, ant, unto.
Potential Mood.
Present; am, as, at, amus, atis, ant.
Imperfect; erem, eres, SrSt, gremus, gretis, grent.
Perfect ? >> erim, gris, grit, grimus, gritis, grlnt.
Pluperfect; issem, isses, isset, issemus, issetis, issent.
Future; ero, eris, erit, grimus, gritis, erint.
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? QUANTITT. 23
Infinitive Mood.
Present; SrS. Perfect; isse. Future; turum esse.
Fourth Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Present; 16, is, it, Imus, itis, lunt.
Imperfect; iebam, iibas, iebat, iebamus, iebatis, iebant.
Perfect; ivi, Ivlsti, mt, mmus, Ivistis, Iverunt, ivere.
Pluperfect; Iveram, iveras, Iverat, ivSramus, iveratis,
iverant.
Future; lam, les, iSt, tenuis, ietis, lent.
Imperative Mood.
Present; I, it5, iat, It5, mmus, ite, Itote, Tant, mnto.
Potential Mood.
Present; 1am, ias, iat, Tamils, iitis, iant.
Imperfect; Irem, ires, iret, Iremiis, iritis, irent.
Perfect; Iverim, iveris, iverit, iverimus, iveritis, Iverint.
Pluperfect; Ivissem, Ivisses, ivisset, ivissemus, ivissetis,
ivissent.
Future; ivero, Iveris, IvSrit, Iverimus, Iveritis, Iverint.
Infinitive Mood.
Present; IrS. Perfect; ivissg. Future; Iturum essS.
PASSIVE VOICE.
First Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Present; or, aris, are, atur, amiir, amini, antur.
Imperfect; abar, abaris, abarg, abatur, abamiir, abaminl,
abantur.
Future; abor, aberis, aberS, abitur, abimiir, abimini,
abantur.
? ?
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? 24 EXERCISES IN
Imperative Mood.
Present; are*, ator, etur, ator, emur, aminl, aminor, entiir,
Sntor.
Potential Mood.
Present; er, eris, erS, etur, emur, eminl, entiir.
Imperfect; arer, areris, arerS, aretur, aremiir, aremiui,
arentur.
Infinitive Mood.
Present; ari. Perfect; atum ess? , fuiss? . Future; Stum
Iri.
Second Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Present; eor, eris, erg, etur, emiir, email, entiir.
Imperfect; ebar, ebaris, ebare, ebatur, ebamur, ebamini,
ebantur.
Future; ebor, ebSris, ebSrg, ebitur, ebimur, ebimini,
ebuntur.
Imperative Mood.
Present; erS, etor, eatiir, etor, eamur, emini, emfnor,
eantur, entor.
Potential Mood.
Present; ear, Sari's, Sarg, eatur, eamiir, eamini, eantur.
Imperfect; erer, ereris, ererS, eretiir, eremur, eremihl,
erentur.
Infinitive Mood.
Present; eri. Perfect; tum essS, fuisse. Future; tum
iri.
Third Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Present; or, Sris, ere', Mr, imur, imihl, untiir.
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? QUANTITY. 25
Imperfect; ebar, ebaris, ebare, ebatur, ebamiir, ebamini,
ebantur.
Future; ar, eris, ere, etur, emur, emini, entur.
Imperative Mood.
Present; eVS, itor, atur, itor, imiir, fmini, iminor, antiir,
untor.
Potential Mood.
Present; ar, arls, arSj atur, amur, amini, antur.
Imperfect; erer, ereris, eVerS, eretiir, eremur, eremlni,
erentur.
Infinitive Mood.
Present; i. Perfect *, tum essS, fuisse\ Future; tum
iri.
Fourth Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Present; lor, iris, ire, Itur, imiir, imini, iiintur.
Imperfect; jfebar, lebaris, iebar^, Tebatiir, Tebamur, ieba-
mini, Tebantur.
Future; Tar, Teris, ierS, tetur, lemur, Temini, Tentur.
Imperative Mood.
Present; ire", itor, Ifatur, itor, Tamiir, imini, iminor,
iantur, Tuntor.
Potential Mood.
Present; Tar, Tans, Tare, Tatur, Tamiir, TamTni, iantur.
Imperfect; irer, ireiTs, irerS, iretur, Iremur, iremlni,
irentur.
Infinitive Mood.
Present; iri. Imperfect; tum esse", luissS. Future;
turn Iri. ? '? ''"'
Lat. Pr. ? ? ? ? "'"? ? '- C
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? 26 EXERCISES IN
In the increments of Do, and its compounds of the first conjuga-
tion, the vowel a in the first syllable is short; as Dabamus, cir-
eumdare.
A diversity of opinion has long existed among prosodians, con-
cerning the quantity of the penultimate in the first and second
persons plural of the perfect and future tenses, in the potential
mood of the active voice. It appears however to be now generally
agreed, that in the future tense this penultimate is common, and
generally if not always short in the perfect. ,
Greek words, when used as Latin words, generally pre-
serve their original quantity; as Delos from JjjAof.
This rule is not always observed. Many Greek derivatives
were made conformable in every respect to the analogy of the lan-
guage, into which they were introduced, and the length of their
vowels was consequently determined not so much by their original
quantity, as by the rules of Latin prosody. Greek derivatives in
general must not, however, be referred to these rules; the quantity
of their syllables can be ascertained only by observation and a
knowledge of the language, from which they are derived. To
those students, who are ignorant of the original language, the fol-
lowing rules may be in some degree useful.
Greek derivatives ending in ais, eis, ois, aon, ion, the
compounds of hzbc, proper names in ea, ia, eum, and
adjectives in eus formed from proper names, generally
lengthen the penultimate; but genitives in eos, and accu-
satives in ea from nominatives in eus, generally make the
penultimate short; as Nais, Minois, Ixion, Archelaus,
Apamea, Antiochia, Mausoleum, Pelopeus, Orpheos, Or>>
phea. . 7 , i. ? ' i ,
The penultimate is short in Thebais, Phaon, Aon, Deucalion,
Pygmalion, academia, Chorea, Platea, Malea, and in a few other
words. In Orion and Gcryon the penultimate is common.
Derivatives in aiut, eius, and oius, generally have the
antepenultimate long; as Caius, Veius, Troius.
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? QUANTITT. 27
The Latin preposition Pro is long; and pro from wgc,
often used in words derived from the Greek for Ante,
before, is generally found short; as Propheta, prologus.
The final syllable is short in all Greek genitives in os of
the second declension, as Arcados; In most nominatives
and vocatives of neuter nouns in os, as Melos; in
vocatives in i or y, except those, which have entos in the
genitive, as Alexi, Simoi; in datives and ablatives plural
in si or sin, as Troasi; in nominatives and accusatives
singular in on, preceded by a consonant, as Pylon; in ac-
cusatives in n from nominatives with the final syllable
short, as ^Eginan; in nouns in as increasing short, as Ar-
eas; in accusatives plural of the third declension, as Troas,
heroidas; and in the nominatives and vocatives plural of
many nouns increasing short, as Arcades.
The final syllable is long in vocatives in a from nomina-
tives in as, as ^nea; in neuters plural, as Mele; in femi-
nines in o and their genitives in us, as Dido, Clius; in
genitives in o, as Androgeo; and in those nouns in us,
which have u in the vocative; as Panthus.
The termination i or y in the dative singular of nouns
increasing of the third declension, is common; as Pal-
ladi or Palladi. .
A contracted syllable is long; as Mi, a contraction of
Mihi.
To this rule may be referred many of the exceptions to the
general rules of quantity, as well as a variety of other syllables,
which appear to be long or short solely by custom or authority;
thus, the final syllable of the genitive in the fourth declension,
as Manus, is long, not only because the poets always lengthen it,
but because it is contracted from the ancient genitive in uu; as,
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? 28 EXERCISES IN
Manuis; thus also the penultimate is long in Alius, a contraction
of Aliius, and in Bobus, contracted from Bovibus.
The last syllable of every line in poetry is considered
common; a short vowel in this situation may be length-
ened, and a long syllable made short.
EXERCISES.
1.
What quantity have derivative and compound words?
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Dedoceo, a com-
pound of De and doceo.
What is the quantity of each syllable in Perambulo, a
compound of Per and ambulo?
Is the quantity of a syllable always the same when
compounded, as it is out of composition?
2.
If a short vowel stands in a compound word before two
consonants, does it preserve its original quantity?
What is the quantity of a vowel naturally long, when
it is followed in a compound word by another vowel?
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Persequor, com-
pounded of Per and sequor.
What is the quantity of each syllable in Prohibeo, from
Pro and habeo?
3.
What compounds of Dico shorten the vowel i?
What compounds of Jiiro are exceptions to the general
rule?
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Nihilum, a com-
pound of Hilum.
Which of the compounds of Notum deviate from the
general rule?
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? QUANTITY. 29
Mark the quantity of the syllables in Innuba, pronuba,
subnuba.
Of what quantity is the second syllable in Connu-
bium?
What compound of Sopio has the first o short?
In what compound words is the preposition Pro made
short?
5.
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Imbecillis, am-
bitum, and the participle Ambitus.
What is the quantity of each syllable in the substan-
tives Ambitio, ambitus?
In what compound words is the preposition Pro com-
mon?
Mark the quantity of the middle syllable in Ubique,
ibidem, utinam, utique.
6.
What is the quantity of each syllable in Quandoque,
disertus, profundo?
Is the antepenultimate long or short in Quandoquidem
and dirimo, a compound of De?
Why is the middle syllable short iu Improbus, a com
pound of Probus?
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Perfero, defero,
compounds of Fero, and Deosculor, a verb formed from
De and osculor.
. 7. ? /. ',? . <<? ',? ?
Why is each syllable made long in Infelix, a compound;
of Felix? i ""
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? 30 EXERCISES IN
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Animal, a noun
derived from anima.
What words derived from areo, decem, and dico, devi-
ate from the quantity of their primitives?
What derivatives of Duco, fido, and frango, shorten a
vowel, that is long in their primitive words?
8.
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Ditio, derived
from Ditis, and Fomentum, fomes, from Foveo.
Mention the derivatives of Homo, humus, and juvo,
which lengthen a short vowel.
Mark the quantity of the first syllable in Jugerum,
derived from Jugum, and of each syllable in Nota, de-
rived from Notus.
What derivative of Juvenis has the vowel u long?
9.
Mention the words derived from Lateo, lego, and li-
bra, which deviate from the general rule for the quantity
of derivatives.
What is the quantity of the first syllable in Lucerna,
mobilis, nonus, odium, derived from Luceo, moveo,
novem, and odi?
What derivatives of Penus, rego, and sagio, differ in
quantity from their primitives?
Mention the quantity of the first syllable in Seciut,
sedes, sopor, derived from Secus, sSdeo, sopio.
10.
Mention the words derived from the verbs Tego,
vado, and vito, which deviate from the quantity of their
primitives. .
What is the quantity of the antepenultimate in the
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