point out to him the
absurdity
of the course he was
2.
2.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
pp.
148, 157, 158).
Most modern writers,
by the ancient writers. One appears to have borne however, have been disposed to set more value
the title Περί του Ωκεανού (έν τοις περί του | upon the narrative of Pytheas. In reply to the ob-
'Nceavoû, Geminus, Elem. Astron. in Petav. Ura- jection of Polybius it has been urged that he may
nol. p. 22), and the other to have been called a have been sent on a voyage of discovery by the
TIeplanovs (Marcianus, in Geogr. Min. vol. i. p. Massilians, at the public expence, in order to become
63, ed. Husdon), or as it is termed by the Scho acquainted with the country from which the Car-
liast on Apollonius Rhodius (iv. 761), rís nepíodos. thaginians procured amber. There seems no reason
That he gave an account of the north-western to doubt that he did go on a voyage to the northern
coasts of Europe is evident from Strabo, who refers parts of Europe ; but the reasons for his undertak-
to his statements respecting Iberia, Gaul, and other ing it must be left in uncertainty. It would appear
countries (Strab. i. p. 64, ii. p. 75, iii. p. 158, iv. from the extracts which have been preserved from
p. 195). It would appear from Pytheas' own his works, that he did not give simply the results
statement, as related by Polybius (ap. Strab. ii. of his own observations, but added all the reports
p. 104), that he undertook two voyages, one in which reached him respecting distant countries,
which he visited Britain and Thule, and of which he without always drawing a distinction between what
probably gave an account in his work on the Ocean ; he saw himself and what was told him by others.
and a second, undertaken after his return from his His statements, therefore, must be received with
first voyage, in which he coasted along the whole caution and some mistrust. It is equally uncertain
of Europe from Gadeira (Cadiz) to the Tanais, and how far he penetrated. Some modern writers have
the description of which probably formed the subject regarded it as certain that he must have reached
of his Periplus. Some modern writers, however, Iceland in consequence of his remark that the day
maintain that the passage in Strabo may be inter- was six months long at Thule, while others have
preted to mean that Pytheas undertook only one supposed that he advanced as far as the Shetland
voyage ; but we think that the words are scarcely Islands. But either supposition is very improbable,
susceptible of such an interpretation.
and neither is necessary; for reports of the great
The following are the principal particulars which length of the day and night in the northern
ancient writers have preserved from the works of parts of Europe had alreaıly reached the Greeks
Pytheas. 1. He related that at the extreme before the time of Pytheas. There has been lika
88 2
## p. 628 (#644) ############################################
628
PYTHEAS.
PYTINIUS.
a
1
The MSS. vary
wise much dispute as to what river we are to un- PYTHEN (Illońv), a Corinthian general, who
derstand by the Tanais. Without stating the commanded the detachment of ships sent with
various opinions which have been advanced, we Gylippus for the relief of Syracuse. His naine
may remark that the supposition of Ukert appears occurs now and then in the account of the opera-
to us the most probable, namely, that the country tions which followed. (Tluc. vi. 104, vii. 1,
which Pytheas describes as the one from which 70. )
(C. P. M. ]
amber came may have been the Cimbrian peninsula PYTIERMON and PYTHERMUS are two
(Denmark, &c. ), and that when he reached the rather obscure names in the history of Greek
Elbe, he concluded thnt he had arrived at the Tanais, music. Pythermus of Miletus is a person to whom
which separated Europe from Asia.
some ancient writers ascribed the invention of the
Pytheas cultivated science. He appears to have Ionian mode (Heraclid. ap. Ath. xiv. p. 625, c. d. ;
been the first person who determined the latitude Böckh, de Metr. Pind. p. 235); and Pythermon is
of a place from the shadow of the sun ; and it is mentioned as the author of a scolion. (Paroemiogr.
expressly stated that he determined the position Vat. iii. 15).
[P. S. ]
of Massilia by observing the shadow of the sun by PYTHES. (PYTHEAS and Pythius. ]
the gnomon (Strab. ii. pp. 71, 115). He also paid PYTHEUS, architect. [PHILEUS. )
considerable attention to the phaenomena of the PY'THIAS (Ivoiás). 1. The sister or adopted
tides, and was well aware of the influence of the daughter of llermias, became the wife of Aristotle.
moon upon them. (Fuhr, De Pythea, p. 19. ) (ARISTOTELES, p. 318. ]
The voyages of Pytheas have been discussed by a 2. Daughter of Aristotle and Pythias. She was
large number of modern writers: we can only refer married three times: her first husband being Ni-
to the most important works on the subject :- Boucanor of Stagira, a relative of Aristotle; her second
gainville, Sur l'Origine et sur les Voyages de Py- Procles, a descendant of Demaratus, king of Sparta ;
théas, in Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscr. vol. xix. pp. and her third Metrodorus, the physician (Sext.
146—165 ; D'Anville, Sur la Navigation de P'y- | Emp. adv. Math. i. 12, p. 657, ed. Bekker).
théas à Thule, ibid. vol. xxxvii. pp. 436-442 ; 3. A slave of Octavia Augusta, the wife of
Ukert, Bemerkungen über Pytheas, in his Geo Nero. She became noted for the constancy with
graphie der Griechen und Römer, vol. i. part i. pp. which she endured the tortures to which she was
298–309 ; Arvedson, Pytheae Massiliensis Frag- put by Tigellinus, without informing against her
menta, Upsalae, 1824 ; Fuhr, De Pythea Massili- mistress (Dion Cass. Ixii. 13). (C. P. M. ]
ensi, Darmstadt, 1835 ; Straszewick, Pythéas de PY'THIAS is mentioned by Pliny (H. N.
Marseille et la Géographie de son Temps, Paris, xxxiv, 8. s. 19), according to the common reading,
1836, translated into German by Hoffmann, Leip- as one of the statuaries who flourished about the
zig, 1838.
time of the revival of the art.
PY'THEAS, artists. 1. A silver-chaser, who much as to the form of the name ; and, taking
flourished at Rome in the age immediately follow also into account the very loose way in which
ing that of Pompey, and whose productions com- some of these names are inserted by Pliny (comp.
manded a remarkably high price. (Plin. H. N. POLYCLES), it is by no means impossible that he
xxxv. 12. s. 55: Pliny states the precise value may be one and the same person with the silver-
of every two ounces of silver plate engraved by chaser PvTHEAS. (See Sillig, edition of Pliny,
him, but the number is differently given in the ad loc. )
[P. S. ]
MSS. as 10,000 or 20,000 sesterces, see Sillig's PYTHIONI'CE. (HARPALUS, No. 1. )
edition. ) A very celebrated work by him was a PYTHIS, a sculptor, who made the marble
cup, on which Ulysses and Diomedes were repre quadriga, by which the celebrated Mausoleum
sented carrying off the Palladium, in that sort of was surmounted. (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 5. 8. 4. $ 9).
chasing which was called emblema. According to Considering the close resemblance of this sculptor's
the opinion of Thiersch, the greatest gem engravers name, in Pliny, to some of the readings of the
of that and the succeeding age did not disdain to name of the architect of the Mausoleum, in
copy from the design of Pytheas, whose figure of Vitruvius, it seems not improbable that they may
Diomed is still to be seen on gems by Dioscurides, have been the same person. (Phileus. ] [P. S. ]
Gnaeus, Calpurnius Severus, and Solon: the PY'THIUS (Núolos), the Pythian, from Pytho,
grounds of this opinion, however, are not stated the ancient name of Delphi, often occurs as a sur-
by the author. (Thiersch, Epochen, pp. 296— name of Apollo, whose oracle was at Delphi.
299. )
(Hom. Hymn, in Apoll. 373; Aeschyl. Agam. 521;
The suggestion of Meyer appears more probable, Horat. Carm. i. 16. 6; Tac. Hist. iv. 83. ) (LS. )
that the designs of both the vase of Pytheas and PYTHIUS (Πύθιος: called Πύθης by Plu-
the gems referred to were copied from some more tarch, vol. ii. p. 262, d. , and some others), a Lydian,
ancient work of art. (Meyer, Gesch. d. bild. Kunst, the son of Atys, who lived in the time of the Per-
vol. iii. pp. 172, 173 ; comp. Levezow, Ueber den sian invasion of Greece. He was a man of enor-
Raub des Palladium. )
mous wealth, which he derived from his gold mines
Pytheas also chased small drinking vessels with in the neighbourhood of Celaenae in Phrygia, of
grotesque subjects, of the most elaborate and de- which place he seems to have made himself go-
licate workmanship, which are thus described by vernor. So eagerly did he prosecute his search
Pliny:- Fecit idem et cocos magiriscia appellatos, for gold, that his subjects were almost all with-
parvulis potoriis, sed e quibus ne exemplaria qui- drawn from agriculture. Plutarch (l. c. ) tells an
dem licct crprimere, tam opportuna injuriae subtilitas amusing story of the device adopted by his wife to
erat.
point out to him the absurdity of the course he was
2. A painter, of Bura in Achaia, whose paint- pursuing. She had a quantity of gold wrought
ing on a wall at Pergamus, representing an ele- into representations of various kinds of food, and
phant, is mentioned by Stephanus Byzantinus set nothing but these before him one day for din-
(s. a Boúpa).
[P. S. ] When Xerxes arrived at Celaenae, Pythius
ner.
## p. 629 (#645) ############################################
PYTHODAMUS.
629
PYTHON
banqueted him and his whole army. He had pre occurs on a coin of Aptera in Crete. (Nagler, All-
viously sent a golden plane tree and vine as a gem. Künstler-Lericon, s. v. )
(P. S. )
present to Dareius. He informed Xerxes that, in- PYTHOʻDICUS, one of the statuaries, who
tending to offer him a quantity of money to defray are mentioned by Pliny as acquilitate celebrati sed
the expenses of his expedition, he bad reckoned nullis operum suorum praccipui. (II. N. xxxiv. 8.
up his wealth and found it to consist of 2000 8. 19. 25. )
[P. S. )
talents of silver coin and 4,000,000, all but 7000, PYTHODOʻRIS (Tudodwpís), queen of Pontus.
darics of gold coin. The whole of this he offered She was the daughter of Pythodorus of Tralles,
to Xerxes, who however did not accept it; but the friend of Pompey: and became the wife of
made him a present of the odd 7000 darics, and Polemon I. king of Pontus, and the Bosporus.
granted him the rights of hospitality. His five After the death of Polemon she retained possession
Bons accompanied Xerxes. Pythius, alarmed by of Colchis ns well as of Pontus itself, though the
an eclipse of the sun which happened, came to kingdom of Bosporus was wrested from her power.
Xerxes, and begged that the eldest might be left She subsequently married Archelaus, king of Cap-
behind. This request so enmged the king that he padocin, but after his death (A. D. 17) returned to
had the young man immediately killed and cut in her own kingdom, of which she continued to
two, and the two portions of his body placed on administer the affairs herself until her deceasc,
either side of the road, and then ordered the army which probably did not take place until a. D. 38.
to march between them. His other sons perished She is said by her contemporary Strabo to have
in different battles. Pythius, overwhelmed with been a woman of virtuous character, and of great
grief, passed the rest of his days in solitude (Herod. capacity for business, so that her dominions flou-
vii. 27-29, 38, 39; Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 10; rished much under her rule. Of her two sons, the
Plut. I. c. ).
[C. P. M. ] one, Zenon, became king of Armenia, while the
PY'TÚIUS, architect. [Phileus).
other, Polemon, after assisting her in the admi-
PYTHOCLEIDES (IIvoorhelons), a celebrated nistration of her kingdom during her life, suc-
musician of the time of Pericles, was a native ceeded her on the throne of Pontus. (Strab. xi.
of Ceos (Plat. Protag. 316, e. ), and flourished p. 499, xii. pp. 555, 556, 557, 560, xiv. p. 649;
at Athens, under the patronage of Pericles, whom Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 370. )
(E. H. B. ]
he instructed in his art. (Plut. Per. 4 ; Pseudo- PYTHODORUS (Ivábbwpos), artists. 1. A
Plat. Alcib. i. p. 118, c. ). The Scholiast on the Theban sculptor, of the archaic period, who made
passage last cited states that Pythocleides was also the statue of Hera (ayatua dpxaiov) in her temple
a Pythagorean philosopher, and that Agathocles at Coroneia. The goddess was represented as
was his disciple. Pythocleides was one of those holding the Sirens in her hand. (Paus. ix. 34.
musicians whom some writers ascribed the $ 2. s. 3 ; comp. Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, $ 352,
invention of the Mixolydian mode of music. (Plut. n. 4. )
de Mus. 16, p. 1136, d. ).
[P. S. ] 2, 3. Two sculptors, who flourished under the
PYTHOCLES (Hudoklîs). 1. An Athenian early Roman emperors, and are mentioned by
orator, who belonged to the Macedonian party, and Pliny among those who “filled the palace of the
was put to death with Phocion in B. c. 317. (Dem. Caesars on the Palatine with most approved
de Cor. p. 320; Plut. Phoc. 35. )
works. ” (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 5. s. 4. $11; comp.
2. Of Samos, a Greek writer of uncertain date, Thiersch, Epochen, pp. 300, 325, foll. ) [P. S. ]
wrote:- 1. 'Italıká (Plut. Parall. min. c. 14; PYTHON (Núbwv), the famous dragon who
Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 144). 2. rewpyıká (Plut. guarded the oracle of Delphi, is described as a son
Parall. min. c. 41). 3. Slepl ójovoías (Clem. of Gaea. He lived in the caves of mount Par-
Protr. p. 12. )
nassus, but was killed by Apollo, who then took
PY'THOCLES, a statuary, of whom nothing is possession of the oracle. (Apollod. i. 4. § 1;
known, beyond the mention of his name by Pliny Strab. ix. p. 422. ).
(L. S. )
among those artists whom he places at the revival PYTHON (Túlwr), historical. Concerning the
of the art in Ol. 156, and whom he characterizes frequent confusion between this name and those of
as longe quidem infra praedictos, probuti tamen. Peithon and Pithon, see Pithon.
(Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8. 8. 19. )
[P. S. ] 1. Son of Agenor. [Pithon. )
PYTHO'CRITUS (Ivbókpitos), of Sicyon, a 2. Son of Crateuns. [PITHON. ]
flute-player, exceedingly distinguished for his vic- 3. One of the leading citizens of Abdera, who
tories in the musical contests which were instituted betrayed that city into the hands of Eumenes II. ,
by the Amphictyons at the Pythian games (B. C. king of Pergainus ; an act of treachery which
590). Pausanias tells us that the first victor in afterwards caused him so much remorse, as to be
these contests was the Argive Sacadas, after whom the occasion of his death. (Diod. xxx. Exc.
Pythocritus carried off the prize at six Pythian Vales. p. 578. )
festivals in succession, and that he had also the 4. The chief of the embassy sent by Prusias,
honour of acting six times as musician during the king of Bithynia, to Rome, in B.
by the ancient writers. One appears to have borne however, have been disposed to set more value
the title Περί του Ωκεανού (έν τοις περί του | upon the narrative of Pytheas. In reply to the ob-
'Nceavoû, Geminus, Elem. Astron. in Petav. Ura- jection of Polybius it has been urged that he may
nol. p. 22), and the other to have been called a have been sent on a voyage of discovery by the
TIeplanovs (Marcianus, in Geogr. Min. vol. i. p. Massilians, at the public expence, in order to become
63, ed. Husdon), or as it is termed by the Scho acquainted with the country from which the Car-
liast on Apollonius Rhodius (iv. 761), rís nepíodos. thaginians procured amber. There seems no reason
That he gave an account of the north-western to doubt that he did go on a voyage to the northern
coasts of Europe is evident from Strabo, who refers parts of Europe ; but the reasons for his undertak-
to his statements respecting Iberia, Gaul, and other ing it must be left in uncertainty. It would appear
countries (Strab. i. p. 64, ii. p. 75, iii. p. 158, iv. from the extracts which have been preserved from
p. 195). It would appear from Pytheas' own his works, that he did not give simply the results
statement, as related by Polybius (ap. Strab. ii. of his own observations, but added all the reports
p. 104), that he undertook two voyages, one in which reached him respecting distant countries,
which he visited Britain and Thule, and of which he without always drawing a distinction between what
probably gave an account in his work on the Ocean ; he saw himself and what was told him by others.
and a second, undertaken after his return from his His statements, therefore, must be received with
first voyage, in which he coasted along the whole caution and some mistrust. It is equally uncertain
of Europe from Gadeira (Cadiz) to the Tanais, and how far he penetrated. Some modern writers have
the description of which probably formed the subject regarded it as certain that he must have reached
of his Periplus. Some modern writers, however, Iceland in consequence of his remark that the day
maintain that the passage in Strabo may be inter- was six months long at Thule, while others have
preted to mean that Pytheas undertook only one supposed that he advanced as far as the Shetland
voyage ; but we think that the words are scarcely Islands. But either supposition is very improbable,
susceptible of such an interpretation.
and neither is necessary; for reports of the great
The following are the principal particulars which length of the day and night in the northern
ancient writers have preserved from the works of parts of Europe had alreaıly reached the Greeks
Pytheas. 1. He related that at the extreme before the time of Pytheas. There has been lika
88 2
## p. 628 (#644) ############################################
628
PYTHEAS.
PYTINIUS.
a
1
The MSS. vary
wise much dispute as to what river we are to un- PYTHEN (Illońv), a Corinthian general, who
derstand by the Tanais. Without stating the commanded the detachment of ships sent with
various opinions which have been advanced, we Gylippus for the relief of Syracuse. His naine
may remark that the supposition of Ukert appears occurs now and then in the account of the opera-
to us the most probable, namely, that the country tions which followed. (Tluc. vi. 104, vii. 1,
which Pytheas describes as the one from which 70. )
(C. P. M. ]
amber came may have been the Cimbrian peninsula PYTIERMON and PYTHERMUS are two
(Denmark, &c. ), and that when he reached the rather obscure names in the history of Greek
Elbe, he concluded thnt he had arrived at the Tanais, music. Pythermus of Miletus is a person to whom
which separated Europe from Asia.
some ancient writers ascribed the invention of the
Pytheas cultivated science. He appears to have Ionian mode (Heraclid. ap. Ath. xiv. p. 625, c. d. ;
been the first person who determined the latitude Böckh, de Metr. Pind. p. 235); and Pythermon is
of a place from the shadow of the sun ; and it is mentioned as the author of a scolion. (Paroemiogr.
expressly stated that he determined the position Vat. iii. 15).
[P. S. ]
of Massilia by observing the shadow of the sun by PYTHES. (PYTHEAS and Pythius. ]
the gnomon (Strab. ii. pp. 71, 115). He also paid PYTHEUS, architect. [PHILEUS. )
considerable attention to the phaenomena of the PY'THIAS (Ivoiás). 1. The sister or adopted
tides, and was well aware of the influence of the daughter of llermias, became the wife of Aristotle.
moon upon them. (Fuhr, De Pythea, p. 19. ) (ARISTOTELES, p. 318. ]
The voyages of Pytheas have been discussed by a 2. Daughter of Aristotle and Pythias. She was
large number of modern writers: we can only refer married three times: her first husband being Ni-
to the most important works on the subject :- Boucanor of Stagira, a relative of Aristotle; her second
gainville, Sur l'Origine et sur les Voyages de Py- Procles, a descendant of Demaratus, king of Sparta ;
théas, in Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscr. vol. xix. pp. and her third Metrodorus, the physician (Sext.
146—165 ; D'Anville, Sur la Navigation de P'y- | Emp. adv. Math. i. 12, p. 657, ed. Bekker).
théas à Thule, ibid. vol. xxxvii. pp. 436-442 ; 3. A slave of Octavia Augusta, the wife of
Ukert, Bemerkungen über Pytheas, in his Geo Nero. She became noted for the constancy with
graphie der Griechen und Römer, vol. i. part i. pp. which she endured the tortures to which she was
298–309 ; Arvedson, Pytheae Massiliensis Frag- put by Tigellinus, without informing against her
menta, Upsalae, 1824 ; Fuhr, De Pythea Massili- mistress (Dion Cass. Ixii. 13). (C. P. M. ]
ensi, Darmstadt, 1835 ; Straszewick, Pythéas de PY'THIAS is mentioned by Pliny (H. N.
Marseille et la Géographie de son Temps, Paris, xxxiv, 8. s. 19), according to the common reading,
1836, translated into German by Hoffmann, Leip- as one of the statuaries who flourished about the
zig, 1838.
time of the revival of the art.
PY'THEAS, artists. 1. A silver-chaser, who much as to the form of the name ; and, taking
flourished at Rome in the age immediately follow also into account the very loose way in which
ing that of Pompey, and whose productions com- some of these names are inserted by Pliny (comp.
manded a remarkably high price. (Plin. H. N. POLYCLES), it is by no means impossible that he
xxxv. 12. s. 55: Pliny states the precise value may be one and the same person with the silver-
of every two ounces of silver plate engraved by chaser PvTHEAS. (See Sillig, edition of Pliny,
him, but the number is differently given in the ad loc. )
[P. S. ]
MSS. as 10,000 or 20,000 sesterces, see Sillig's PYTHIONI'CE. (HARPALUS, No. 1. )
edition. ) A very celebrated work by him was a PYTHIS, a sculptor, who made the marble
cup, on which Ulysses and Diomedes were repre quadriga, by which the celebrated Mausoleum
sented carrying off the Palladium, in that sort of was surmounted. (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 5. 8. 4. $ 9).
chasing which was called emblema. According to Considering the close resemblance of this sculptor's
the opinion of Thiersch, the greatest gem engravers name, in Pliny, to some of the readings of the
of that and the succeeding age did not disdain to name of the architect of the Mausoleum, in
copy from the design of Pytheas, whose figure of Vitruvius, it seems not improbable that they may
Diomed is still to be seen on gems by Dioscurides, have been the same person. (Phileus. ] [P. S. ]
Gnaeus, Calpurnius Severus, and Solon: the PY'THIUS (Núolos), the Pythian, from Pytho,
grounds of this opinion, however, are not stated the ancient name of Delphi, often occurs as a sur-
by the author. (Thiersch, Epochen, pp. 296— name of Apollo, whose oracle was at Delphi.
299. )
(Hom. Hymn, in Apoll. 373; Aeschyl. Agam. 521;
The suggestion of Meyer appears more probable, Horat. Carm. i. 16. 6; Tac. Hist. iv. 83. ) (LS. )
that the designs of both the vase of Pytheas and PYTHIUS (Πύθιος: called Πύθης by Plu-
the gems referred to were copied from some more tarch, vol. ii. p. 262, d. , and some others), a Lydian,
ancient work of art. (Meyer, Gesch. d. bild. Kunst, the son of Atys, who lived in the time of the Per-
vol. iii. pp. 172, 173 ; comp. Levezow, Ueber den sian invasion of Greece. He was a man of enor-
Raub des Palladium. )
mous wealth, which he derived from his gold mines
Pytheas also chased small drinking vessels with in the neighbourhood of Celaenae in Phrygia, of
grotesque subjects, of the most elaborate and de- which place he seems to have made himself go-
licate workmanship, which are thus described by vernor. So eagerly did he prosecute his search
Pliny:- Fecit idem et cocos magiriscia appellatos, for gold, that his subjects were almost all with-
parvulis potoriis, sed e quibus ne exemplaria qui- drawn from agriculture. Plutarch (l. c. ) tells an
dem licct crprimere, tam opportuna injuriae subtilitas amusing story of the device adopted by his wife to
erat.
point out to him the absurdity of the course he was
2. A painter, of Bura in Achaia, whose paint- pursuing. She had a quantity of gold wrought
ing on a wall at Pergamus, representing an ele- into representations of various kinds of food, and
phant, is mentioned by Stephanus Byzantinus set nothing but these before him one day for din-
(s. a Boúpa).
[P. S. ] When Xerxes arrived at Celaenae, Pythius
ner.
## p. 629 (#645) ############################################
PYTHODAMUS.
629
PYTHON
banqueted him and his whole army. He had pre occurs on a coin of Aptera in Crete. (Nagler, All-
viously sent a golden plane tree and vine as a gem. Künstler-Lericon, s. v. )
(P. S. )
present to Dareius. He informed Xerxes that, in- PYTHOʻDICUS, one of the statuaries, who
tending to offer him a quantity of money to defray are mentioned by Pliny as acquilitate celebrati sed
the expenses of his expedition, he bad reckoned nullis operum suorum praccipui. (II. N. xxxiv. 8.
up his wealth and found it to consist of 2000 8. 19. 25. )
[P. S. )
talents of silver coin and 4,000,000, all but 7000, PYTHODOʻRIS (Tudodwpís), queen of Pontus.
darics of gold coin. The whole of this he offered She was the daughter of Pythodorus of Tralles,
to Xerxes, who however did not accept it; but the friend of Pompey: and became the wife of
made him a present of the odd 7000 darics, and Polemon I. king of Pontus, and the Bosporus.
granted him the rights of hospitality. His five After the death of Polemon she retained possession
Bons accompanied Xerxes. Pythius, alarmed by of Colchis ns well as of Pontus itself, though the
an eclipse of the sun which happened, came to kingdom of Bosporus was wrested from her power.
Xerxes, and begged that the eldest might be left She subsequently married Archelaus, king of Cap-
behind. This request so enmged the king that he padocin, but after his death (A. D. 17) returned to
had the young man immediately killed and cut in her own kingdom, of which she continued to
two, and the two portions of his body placed on administer the affairs herself until her deceasc,
either side of the road, and then ordered the army which probably did not take place until a. D. 38.
to march between them. His other sons perished She is said by her contemporary Strabo to have
in different battles. Pythius, overwhelmed with been a woman of virtuous character, and of great
grief, passed the rest of his days in solitude (Herod. capacity for business, so that her dominions flou-
vii. 27-29, 38, 39; Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 10; rished much under her rule. Of her two sons, the
Plut. I. c. ).
[C. P. M. ] one, Zenon, became king of Armenia, while the
PY'TÚIUS, architect. [Phileus).
other, Polemon, after assisting her in the admi-
PYTHOCLEIDES (IIvoorhelons), a celebrated nistration of her kingdom during her life, suc-
musician of the time of Pericles, was a native ceeded her on the throne of Pontus. (Strab. xi.
of Ceos (Plat. Protag. 316, e. ), and flourished p. 499, xii. pp. 555, 556, 557, 560, xiv. p. 649;
at Athens, under the patronage of Pericles, whom Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 370. )
(E. H. B. ]
he instructed in his art. (Plut. Per. 4 ; Pseudo- PYTHODORUS (Ivábbwpos), artists. 1. A
Plat. Alcib. i. p. 118, c. ). The Scholiast on the Theban sculptor, of the archaic period, who made
passage last cited states that Pythocleides was also the statue of Hera (ayatua dpxaiov) in her temple
a Pythagorean philosopher, and that Agathocles at Coroneia. The goddess was represented as
was his disciple. Pythocleides was one of those holding the Sirens in her hand. (Paus. ix. 34.
musicians whom some writers ascribed the $ 2. s. 3 ; comp. Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, $ 352,
invention of the Mixolydian mode of music. (Plut. n. 4. )
de Mus. 16, p. 1136, d. ).
[P. S. ] 2, 3. Two sculptors, who flourished under the
PYTHOCLES (Hudoklîs). 1. An Athenian early Roman emperors, and are mentioned by
orator, who belonged to the Macedonian party, and Pliny among those who “filled the palace of the
was put to death with Phocion in B. c. 317. (Dem. Caesars on the Palatine with most approved
de Cor. p. 320; Plut. Phoc. 35. )
works. ” (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 5. s. 4. $11; comp.
2. Of Samos, a Greek writer of uncertain date, Thiersch, Epochen, pp. 300, 325, foll. ) [P. S. ]
wrote:- 1. 'Italıká (Plut. Parall. min. c. 14; PYTHON (Núbwv), the famous dragon who
Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 144). 2. rewpyıká (Plut. guarded the oracle of Delphi, is described as a son
Parall. min. c. 41). 3. Slepl ójovoías (Clem. of Gaea. He lived in the caves of mount Par-
Protr. p. 12. )
nassus, but was killed by Apollo, who then took
PY'THOCLES, a statuary, of whom nothing is possession of the oracle. (Apollod. i. 4. § 1;
known, beyond the mention of his name by Pliny Strab. ix. p. 422. ).
(L. S. )
among those artists whom he places at the revival PYTHON (Túlwr), historical. Concerning the
of the art in Ol. 156, and whom he characterizes frequent confusion between this name and those of
as longe quidem infra praedictos, probuti tamen. Peithon and Pithon, see Pithon.
(Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8. 8. 19. )
[P. S. ] 1. Son of Agenor. [Pithon. )
PYTHO'CRITUS (Ivbókpitos), of Sicyon, a 2. Son of Crateuns. [PITHON. ]
flute-player, exceedingly distinguished for his vic- 3. One of the leading citizens of Abdera, who
tories in the musical contests which were instituted betrayed that city into the hands of Eumenes II. ,
by the Amphictyons at the Pythian games (B. C. king of Pergainus ; an act of treachery which
590). Pausanias tells us that the first victor in afterwards caused him so much remorse, as to be
these contests was the Argive Sacadas, after whom the occasion of his death. (Diod. xxx. Exc.
Pythocritus carried off the prize at six Pythian Vales. p. 578. )
festivals in succession, and that he had also the 4. The chief of the embassy sent by Prusias,
honour of acting six times as musician during the king of Bithynia, to Rome, in B.
