No More Learning

allusions. Nothing could be more weari- | They mostly grew up in close connection
some reading; yet the information which with Brahmanas, in a sort of appendix
can be gleaned in regard to sacrifices, to them called the Aranyakas (forest-
the priestly caste, and many features of books).
the social and mental development of In Max Müller's two volumes, twelve
India, is very valuable. A devout belief representative ones are given. As early
in the efficacy of invocation and sacrifice the reign of Akbar at Delhi in
appears in the Vedic hymns.
This was
India (1556-86), translations of fifty
taken advantage of by the Brahmans to Upanishads were made; and
in 1657
arrange a regular use of these hymns in Dârâ Shukoh, a grandson of Akbar, and
the two liturgical Vedas, and to establish Shah Jehân's eldest son, brought out a
a proper offering of sacrifices conducted translation into Persian, a language then
by themselves. The Brahmanas are their universally read in the East, and known
endlessly repeated explanations and dic- also to many European scholars. This
tions about sacrifice and prayer.
act of religious liberalism, like that of
The third, fourth, and fifth books of the great Akbar, was made a pretext in
the great work presented in these five 1659, by Aurangzib, the son of Shâh
volumes deal very particularly with the Jehân, who had succeeded to the empire,
Soma-sacrifice, the most sacred of all for putting to death the scholar brother
the Vedic sacrificial rites. It concerns who wished to bring Mohammedans and
the nature and use of <a spirituous Hindus into one broad faith.
liquor extracted from a certain plant, one of the manuscript copies of this
described as growing on the mount- Persian translation came into the hands
ains. » «The potent juice of the Soma of Anquetil Duperron, a French scholar
plant, which endowed the feeble mortal famous also for his discovery of the
with godlike powers and for
a time
Zend-Avesta, or Zoroastrian scriptures
freed him from earthly cares and trou- of ancient Persia; and he brought out
bles, seemed a veritable God, bestower a translation into Latin, one volume in
of health, long life, and even immortal- 1801 and a second in 1802. Although
ity. ” The Moon was regarded as the the Latin
was very hard to under-
celestial Soma, and source of the virtue stand, and this was a specimen of the
of the plant.
utterly unknown Sanskrit literature, done
Another branch of the story of sacri- first into Persian in 1657, Schopenhauer,
fices relates to the worship of Agni, the since known as one of the most emi-
Fire. It fills five out of fourteen books, nent of German philosophers, said: “I
and the ideas reflected in it are very anticipate that the influence of Sans-
important for knowledge of Brahman krit literature will not be less pro
theosophy and cosmogony. The ritual found than the revival of Greek in the
of the Fire-altar was brought into close fourteenth century. ” He also said of the
connection with that of the Soma Upanishads as he read them: (From
<fiery” liquor.
every sentence, deep, original, and sub-
lime thoughts arise, and the whole is
The Upanishads. Translated by F. pervaded by a high and holy and earnest
Max Müller. (2 vols. i. : xv. )
spirit. And how thoroughly is the mind
Philosophical treatises of the third here washed clean of all early engrafted
stage of the Veda literature, designed to Jewish superstitions, and of all philos-
teach the spiritual elements, the deepest ophy that cringes before those supersti-
thoughts, and the purest wisdom, of Ve- tions. In the whole world there is no
dic religion. The first stage was the study so beneficial and so elevating.
In 1775


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
417
а
at
It has been the solace of my life, and
will be the solace of my death. "
The two volumes here given contain
eleven of the Upanishads, which Mas
Müller calls the classical or fundamental
Upanishads of the Vedânta philosophy,
and which the foremost native authorities
have recognized as the old and genuine
works of this class.
The Vedanta-Sútras, with the Com-
mentary by Sairkarâkârya. Translated
by G. Thibaut. (2 vols. xxxiv. , xxxviii. )
Sutras are short aphorisms, a collection
of which contains a complete body of
teaching ne cla of sutras contains
concise explanations of sacrificial mat-
ters, designed to give in brief what
the Brahmanas give interminable
length. Another class are designed to
give in the same way concise, clear
explanations of the philosophy taught
in the Upanishads. They deal with
such topics as the nature of Brahman
or the Divine, the relation to it of the
human soul, the origin of the physical
universe, and the like. Sutra writings
form the fourth stage of Veda.
The Grihya-Sutras, Rules of Vedic
Domestic Ceremonies. Translated by
Hermann Oldenberg.
(2 vols.
xxix. :
xxx. ) These treatises giving rules of
domestic ceremonies reflect in a very
interesting way the home life of the
ancient Aryas. In completeness and
accuracy, nothing like the picture which
they give can be found in any other lit-
erature. They are a secondary class of
Sûtras; based, in the case of those here
given, on the Rig-Veda, and on one of
the Brahmanas. They presuppose the
existence of « Srauta-sûtras, dealing
with such more important matters as
the great sacrifices. Their object was
to deal with the small sacrifices of do-
mestic life.
and carry sacted law in India back
to its source in the teaching of the
schools of Vedic study; proving that
the great law codes which came later,
and claimed to be revealed, were
literary working-over of older works
which made no claim to be revelation.
The laws that are brought to view are
of the nature of Sutra teaching in re-
gard to the sacrifices and the duties
of the twice-born.
The Institutes of Vishnu. Trans-
lated by Julius Jolly. (vii. ) A collection
of legal aphorisms, closely connected
with one of the oldest Vedic schools, the
Kathas, but considerably added to in
later time. The great work of Manu is
an improved metrical version of a simi-
lar work, the law-book of the Manavas.
Both the Manavas and the Kathas were
early schools studying the Yajur Veda in
what was known as its Black form;
Black meaning the more ancient and
obscure; and White, the corrected and
clear. The Institutes,' in one hundred
chapters, were put
ler the name of
Vishnu by a comparatively late editor.
Manu. Translated, with extracts from
seven Commentaries, by Georg Bühler.
The celebrated code of Manu, the great-
est of the great lawgivers of India.
The translation is founded on that of
Sir William Jones, carefully revised and
corrected with the help of seven
tive commentaries. The quotations from
Manu, which are found in the law-books
now in use in India, in the government
law courts, are all given in an appendix;
and also many synopses of parallel pass-
ages found in other branches of the im-
mense literature of India. Manu is the
Moses of India. His laws begin with
relating how creation took place; and
chapters i. -vii. have a religious, cere-
monial, and moral bearing. The next
two chapters deal with civil and crimi-
nal law. Then three chapters relate
again to matters chiefly moral, religious,
or ceremonial.
The Minor Law-Books. Part i. Nâ-
rada: Brihaspati. Translated by Julius
Jolly. (xxxiii. ) A volume of law-books
of India which come after Manu. The
first is an independent and specially
valuable exposition of the whole system
of civil and criminal law, as taught in
the law-schools of the period; and it is
the only work, completely preserved in
manuscript, which deals with law only,
without any reference to ceremonial and
na-
LAW-BOOKS OF INDIA
The Sacred Laws of the Aryas, as
taught in the schools of Apastamba,
Gautama, Vâsishtha, and Baudhâyana.
Translated by Georg Bühler.
(2 vols.
ii. : xiv. ) The original treatises show-
ing the earliest Aryan laws on which
the great code of Manu, and other great
codes of law by other lawgivers, were
founded. As a revelation of the origins
of law and usage in the early Aryan
times, these treatises are of great inter-
est. They overthrow the Brahmanical
legend of the ancient origin of caste,
XXX-27


## p. 418 (#454) ############################################

418
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
religious matters. The' date of Manu
being supposed to be somewhere in the
period 200 B. C. to A. D. , Narada is sup-
posed to have compiled his work in the
fourth or fifth centuries A. D. The sec-
ond part of the volume contains the
Fragments of Brihaspati. They are of
great intrinsic value and interest, as
containing a very full exposition of the
whole range of the law of India; and
they are also important for their close
connection with the code of Manu.
ZOROASTRIAN
dynasty, under which the Pahlavi texts
were produced, is 226 A. D. The fall of
the dynasty came in 636–651 A. D.
The Contents of the Nasks, as stated
in the 8th and 9th books of the Din-
kard. Translated by E. W. West. (2
vols. xxxvii. , xlvii. ) The Nasks were
treatises, twenty-one in number, con-
taining the entire Zoroastrian literature
of the Sassanian period. The object of
the present work is to give all that is
known regarding the contents of these
Nasks, and thus complete the earlier
story of the Zoroastrian religion.
The Bhagavadgîtå, with the Sana-
tsugátiya, and the Anugítå. Trans-
lated by Kashinath Trimbak Telang,
(viii. ) The earliest philosophical and
religious poem of India.
It is para-
phrased in Arnold's "Song Celestial. )
Its name means the Divine Lay or the
Song sung by the Deity. The work
represents an activity of thought depart-
ing from Brahmanism, and tending to
emancipation from the Veda, not unlike
that represented in Buddha and his
career.
BUDDHIST
The Zend-Avesta. Part i. : The Ven-
didad. Part ii. : The Sîrôzahs, Yasts,
and Nyâyis.
Translated by James
Darmesteter. Part iii. : The Yasna,
Visparad, Afrinagân, Gâhs, and Miscel-
laneous Fragments. Translated by L.
H. Mills. (iv. , xxiii , xxxi. ) The Parsee
or Zoroastrian scriptures. The three vol-
umes contain all that is left of Zoroas-
ter's religion, the religion of Persia under
Cyrus, Darius, and Xerxes; which might
have become, if the Greeks had not de-
feated the Persian army at Marathon,
the religion of all Europe. The Moham-
medans almost blotted it out in Persia,
when the second successor of Mohammed
overthrew the Sassanian dynasty, 642
A. D. To-day the chief body of Parsees
(about 150,000 in number) are at Bom-
bay in India, where their ancestors found
refuge. Though so few in number, they
have wealth and culture along with their
very peculiar customs and ideas. Only
a portion of their sacred writings is now
extant, and but a small part of this rep-
resents the actual teaching of Zoroaster.
The Parsees are the ruins of a people,
and their sacred books are the ruins of
a religion ; but they are of great interest
as the refiex of ideas which, during the
five centuries before and the seven cen-
turies after Christ, greatly influenced
Judaism, Christianity, and Mohammed-
anism.
Pahlavi Texts. Translated by E. W.
West. (3 vols. , V. , xviii. , xxiv. , xxxvii. )
A reproduction of works, nine in num-
ber, constituting the theological literature
of a revival of Zoroaster's religion, be-
ginning with the Sassanian dynasty.
Their chief interest is that of a compari-
son of ideas found in them with ideas
adopted by Gnostics in connection with
Christianity. They form the second
stage of the literature of Zoroastrianism.
The date of origin of the Sassanian
Buddhist Suttas. Translated from
Pâli by T. W. Rhys Davids. (xi. ) A
collection of the most important reli-
gious, moral, and philosophical dis-
courses taken from the sacred canon of
the Buddhists. It gives the most essen-
tial, most original, and most attractive
part of the teaching of Buddha, the
Sutta of the Foundation of the Kingdom
of Righteousness, and six others of no
less historical value, treating of other
sides of the Buddhist story and system.
The translator gives as the dates of
Buddha's life of eighty years about 500-
420 B. C.
Vinaya Texts. Translated from the
Pâli by T. W. Rhys Davids and Her-
mann Oldenberg. (3 vols. , xiii. , xvii. ,
xx. ) A translation of three Buddhist
works which represent the moral teach-
ing of Buddhism as it was definitively
settled in the third century B. C. They
belong to that part of the sacred litera-
ture of the Buddhists which contains
the regulations for the manner of life of
the members of the Buddhist Frater-
nity of monks, nearly the oldest and
probably the most influential that ever
existed.
The Dhammapada. A collection of
verses; being one of the canonical books


## p. 419 (#455) ############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
419
-one
an
works, such as "The Diamond Cutter,'
one of their most famous Mahâyâna
treatises; (The Land of Bliss,' which
more than ten million Buddhists
of the largest Buddhist sects — use as
their sacred book; and The Ancient
Palm Leaves,' containing fac-similes of
the oldest Sanskrit manuscripts at pres-
ent known. The third is another Jap-
anese work, in the form of a Medi-
tation) by Buddha himself. Japan
received Buddhism from China by way
of Corea in 552 A. D. The present vol-
ume gives all the sacred books in use
by the Japanese Buddhists.
The Fo-sho-hing-tsan-king: A Life
of Buddha, by Asvaghosha Bodhisattva,
translated from Sanskrit into Chinese by
Dharmaraksha, 420 A. D. , and from
Chinese into English by Samuel Beal.
(xix. ) A Life of Buddha rendered into
Chinese for Buddhists in China. It con-
mere legends, similar to
those which appeared in apocryphal ac-
counts of the life of Jesus.
tains many
CHINESE
of the Buddhists. Translated from Pali
by F. Max Müller. And The Sutta-
Nipata. Translated from Pâli by V.
Fausböll. (x. ) Two canonical books of
Buddhism. The first contains the essen-
tial moral teaching of Buddhism, and the
second authentic account of the
teaching of Buddha himself, on some of
the fundamental principles of religion.
The Saddharma-pundarîka; or, The
Lotus of the True Law. Translated
by H. Kern. (xxi. ) A canonical book of
the Northern Buddhists, translated from
the Sanskrit. There is a Chinese ver-
sior of this book which was made as
earlv as the year 286 A. D. It repre-
sents Buddha himself making a series
of speeches to set forth his all-surpass-
ing wisdom. It is one of the standard
works of the Mahâyâna system. Its
teaching amounts to this, that every one
should try to become a Buddha. Higher
than piety and higher than knowledge
is devoting oneself to the spiritual weal
of others.
Gaina-Sutras.
Translated from Prâ-
krit by Hermann Jacobi. (2 vols. xxii. ,
xlv. ) The religion represented by these
books was founded by a contemporary
of Buddha; and although in India
proper Buddhists are now found,
there are a good many Gainas, or Jains,
holding a faith somewhat like the origi-
nal Buddhist departure from Brahman-
ism. The work here translated is their
bible.
The Questions of King Milinda.
Translated from the Pali by T. W.
Rhys Davids. (2 vols. xxxv. xxxvi. ) A
work written in northern India, but
entirely lost in its original form. It
was translated into Pâli for the Bud-
dhists of Ceylon, and is held in great
esteem by them. It is of such a lit-
erary character as to be pronounced
the only prose work composed in
cient India which would be considered,
from the modern point of view, a suc-
cessful work of art. It consists of dis-
cussions on points of doctrine between
King Milinda and an Elder. There is
a carefully constructed story into which
the dialogues are set.
Buddhist Mahåyåna Texts.
Trans-
lated by E. B. Cowell, F. Max Mül-
ler, and J Takakusu. (xlix. ) Several
works of importance for the history of
Buddhism. The first is a poem on the
legendary history of Buddha.
The sec-
ond is a group of Japanese Buddhist
no
The Sacred Books of China. The
Texts of Confucianism. Part i. : The
Shû King, the Religious Portions of the
Shih King, and the Hsiâo King. Part
ii. : The Yỉ King. Parts iii. and iv. :
The Li Ki, or Collection of Treatises on
the Rules of Propriety, or Ceremonial
Usages. Translated by James Legge.
(4 vols. iii. , xvi. , xxvii. , xxviii. ) The
productions of Confucius; not original
compositions, but a variety of compila-
tions, designed to present the best prac-
tical wisdom as of authority, because it
was old as well as because it was good.
Not only was Confucius not the founder
of a new religion, but his aim was to
make a system of good conduct and
proper manners which would leave out
the low religion of spiritism and magic
and priestcraft, as the mass of the Chi-
nese knew it, and in fact still know it.
The volumes named above are a complete
library of the teaching of Confucius.
(The Shuh) is a book of historical
documents covering the period from the
reign of Yao in the twenty-fourth cen-
tury B. C. , to that of King Hsiang, 651-
619 B. C. As early as in the twenty-
second century B. C. , the narratives given
by Confucius were contemporaneous with
the events described.
(The Shih) is a Book of Poetry, con-
taining 305 pieces, five of which belong
an-


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420
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
MOHAMMEDAN
to the period 1766-1123 B. C. The others
belong to the period 1123-586. The
greater number describe manners, cus-
toms, and events, but the last of the
four Parts is called (Odes of the Temple
and the Altar); and many other pieces
have something of a religious character.
The Hsiao is a work on Filial Piety,
and one of great interest.
(The Yi,' called the Book of Changes,
was originally a work connected with
the practice of divination. It is obscure
and enigmatical, yet contains many frag-
mentary physical, metaphysical, moral,
and religious utterances very suggestive
of thought, and in that way peculiarly
fascinating It was highly prized by
Confucius as fitted to correct and perfect
the character of the readerThe Sung
dynasty, beginning 960 A. D. , based on
it what has been called their «Atheo-
political system. An outline of this is
given in an appendix to the translation
of the Yi.
The Li Ki is the Record of Rights, in
46 books, filling two large volumes in
translation. They belong to the period
of the Kau dynasty, about 1275 to 586
B. C. ; and so far as they reflect the
mind of Confucius, it is at second-hand
through the scholars, who gathered them
up centuries after his death, in the time
of the Han dynasty.
The Sacred Books of China. The
Texts of Taoism. Translated
James Legge. (2 vols. , xxxix. , xl. ) The
scriptures of the second of the two prac-
tical philosophic religions which origi-
nated in China about the same time, that
of Confucius and that of Lao-tze. The
latter philosopher was the more tran-
scendental of the two, and in its pure
form his teaching was a system of lofty
thought. But Taoism long since under-
went extreme corruption into a very low
system of spiritism and sorcery. What
the real thoughts of the great master
were, these volumes show.
They first
give the only work by the master bim-
self, the Tâo Teh King, by Lâo-tze.
Next follow the writings of Kwang-tze,
of the second half of the fourth century
B. C. There is given also a treatise on
Actions and their Retributions,' dating
from the eleventh century of our era,
about which time the system changed
from a philosophy to a religion. Other
writings are added in elucidation of the
Taoist system, and its degradation to a
very low type of superstition.
The Qur an. Translated by E. H.
Palmer. (2 vols. vi. , ix. ) A transla-
tion of the utterances of Mohammed,
which were brought together into a vol-
ume after his death, and thereby made
the sacred book of Mohammedanism.
There is no formal and consistent code
either of morals, laws, or ceremonies.
Given, as it was, a fragment at a time,
and often in view of some particular
matter, there is no large unity either of
subject or treatment. The one powerful
conception everywhere present is that of
God, his unity, his sovereignty, his terri-
ble might, and yet his compassion.
There is also an impressive unity of
style, a style of free and forcible elo-
quence, which no other Arabic writer
has ever equalled. The earlier utter-
ances especially, made at Mecca, are in
matter and spirit the mighty words of a
most earnest prophet, whose one and
steady purpose was to so proclaim God
as to reach and sway the hearts of his
hearers. In his later Medinah period,
the prophet had his peculiar gift more
under control. He would calmly dictate
more extended utterances, to be written
down by his hearers. At his death no
collection of the scattered utterances of
the master had been made. Zaid, who
had been his amanuensis, was employed
to collect and arrange the whole. This
he did, from palm-leaves, skins, blade-
bones, and the hearts of man. ” Some
twenty years later the Caliph Othman
had an authorized version made, and all
other copies destroyed. This was 660
A. D. , about 50 years after the first
attack of convulsive ecstasy came upon
Mohammed.
Italian Popular Tales, by Thomas
Frederick Crane, is a large collection
of fairy tales and legends; some of them
found in Italian books of the fifteenth,
sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries,
and many of them taken down in our
own day directly from the lips of peas-
ant women. Some of these are variants
of the old stories common to all nations;
many are of a semi-religious character,
due to the immense influence of the
church in the Middle Ages; and some
have a strong Oriental coloring, testify-
ing to the close relations that once ex-
isted between Italy and the East. The
collector and editor, Professor Crane,
holds high rank among the scientific
by


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
421
a
rare
explorers and exponents of folk-lore; but ruler, Philip, in spite of the utmost
he confines his learning to an admirable cruelties of mediæval warfare and the
preface, and leaves the tales to stand on Church's Inquisition practiced by Philip's
their own merit. They are excellently favorite general, the notorious Duke of
translated, and deserve a place as Alva. The book is not only indispens-
classic collection side by side with able in history, but is one of the most
Grimm's.
fascinating in the English language.
Rise
ise of the Dutch Republic, The: A Philobiblon. An enthusiastic Latin
eulogy of books and learning by
History, by John Lothrop Motley.
Richard Aungervyle, — called Richard
First printed in 1856, at the author's
de Bury from his birthplace (1287):
expense,- because the great publishers,
St. Edmund's Bury, i. l. , Burg, Eng-
Mr. Murray included, would not risk
land. He was a true thirteenth-century
such an enterprise for the unknown his-
brother of Magliabecchi, Dibdin, or
torian,- it proved an immediate popular
D’Israeli the elder. He was Bishop of
success; and was followed by a French
Durham and Lord High Chancellor and
translation (supervised with an intro-
Treasurer under Edward III. In one of
duction by Guizot) in 1859, and soon
his chapters he tells how, his hobby for
after by Dutch, German, and Russian
books becoming known,
books
translations. James Anthony Froude, in
flowed to him from every side: he was
the Westminster Review, characterized
the new work as “a history as complete always purchasing and always on the
search at home and abroad. In Chapter
as industry and genius can make it
xix. he tells of the loan library, or
of the first twenty years of the
book hall, he endowed at Oxford, with
Revolt of the United Provinces; of the
five salaried scholars in charge. No
period in which those provinces finally
book was loaned except upon security,
conquered their independence and estab-
and when a duplicate copy was owned.
lished the Republic of Holland. ” Of the
The chapter on the cleanly handling of
ten years' preparation, half were spent
by the author with his family abroad,
books is rigorous and amusing: he hates
studying in the libraries and State ar-
the dirty cleric who will eat fruit and
cheese a book; in winter allow
chives of Europe. Writing from Brus-
ichor from his nose to drop upon it;
sels to Oliver Wendell Holmes, he says:
“I haunt this place because it is my
twist it, wrench it, put in straws for
marks, press flowers in it, and leave it
scene,- mytheatre
senting scenes which have long since
open to collect dust. Bonaventure's car-
dinal's hat came to him when he was
vanished, and which no more enter the
minds of the men and women who are
washing dishes; but look out that the
scullion monk washes his hands before
actually moving across its pavement
than if they had occurred in the moon.
reading a book. Weak men are writing
I am at home in any cemetery.
books, but the choicest trappings are
thrown away upon lazy asses. Let the
With the fellows of the sixteenth cen-
wisdom of great books breathe from us
tury I am on the most familiar terms.
I go, day after day, to the ar-
like perfume from the breath of the
panther. No man can serve both books
chives here (as I went all summer at
and mammon.
The Hague) studying the old letters and
documents. . . . It is, however, not
Physiognomy: Fragmentary Studies,
without its amusement, in a moldy sort (1775–78,) by Johann Caspar La-
of way, this reading of dead letters. It vater. The author, who was preacher,
is something to read the real, bona-fide scholar, philanthropist, and philosopher,
signs-manual of such fellows as William called his work (Physiognomical Frag.
of Orange, Count Egmont, Alexander ments for the Promotion of a Knowledge
Farnese, Philip II. , Cardinal Granvelle, of Man and of Love of Man. ' There
and the rest of them. It gives a realiz- are four duodecimo volumes, making in
ing sense, as the Americans have it. ” all a little more than a thousand pages.
This «realizing sense is what Motley The numerous and varied illustrations
put into his published record of the cover, in addition, about one hundred
struggles of the Protestant «beggars of pages, besides those occurring in the
Holland) with the grandees of Spain, text. The subject is treated profoundly
throwing off the yoke of their bigoted and widely — including studies of the
over
for repre-
.
.


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422
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
man
bony basis of form, in lower animals | burg. His life is saved by Jutta's inter-
and man. Thence we rise to classes of vention with the Emperor; but when in
humanity, with portraits of eminent char- spite of this service he marries Oda, the
acters from all epochs of historic time. wild jealousy of the rejected princess
Reproductions of famous paintings are knows no bounds. At her instigation,
given to make clearer the features upon the count is set upon and killed by the
which are printed, by nature's unerring bishop's men. She then takes the veil
finger, the language Lavater would have for life.
us all to read. Thus could we learn to
know congenial spirits at a glance; see
n the Clouds, by «Charles Egbert Crad-
I"
dock ) (Miss Murfree). The clouds »
honest minds indicated in form, feature,
rest upon the Tennessee Mountains,
and gesture; and be enabled to «sense »
where Satan leads, ere
where the strange class of people, the
our lives be
marked forever by the contact of evil.
poor whites, ” whom the author has im-
Physiognomy, in such relation, is meant
mortalized in this and other works, have
their homes. It is a story of mountain-
to include all means by which the mind
of
reveals itself to his fellows:
eering life: illicit distilling, lawlessness
of youth, and retribution for sins, made
face, body, hands, all, from the hairs of
impressive by a background of majestic
the head to the soles of the feet, show
silence.
expression in motion, standing, speak-
In a drunken jest, Reuben
ing, writing; examples of each being
Lorey (called Mink for obvious reasons)
destroys an old tumble-down mill; and
given in this monumental work. The
the idiot boy, “Tad,” who disappears
fourth volume contains the author's
portrait and biography.
at that time, is supposed to have been
drowned in consequence of this act.
«Mink) is indicted for manslaughter;
Robber Count, The, by Julius Wolff.
,
and on the witness stand Alethea Sayles,
(1890. ) The scene of this romantic
one of his sweethearts, who remains
German story, which has enjoyed im-
faithful through all his troubles, discloses
mense success, is laid in the Hartz
the whereabouts of the moonshiners,”
Mountains, in the fourteenth century.
From the heights of his mountain strong-
a grave betrayal in that district. It is
this trial and its results, Alethea's love,
hold, Count Albrecht of Regenstein, the
Mink's final escape from jail, and death
robber count, overlooks the whole sur-
by the rifle-ball of a friend, who, with
rounding country, including the castle of
the superstition of the average mountain-
the bishop of Halberstadt, his sworn
eer, mistakes him for (harnt »
enemy, and the town and convent of
Quedlinburg, of which he is champion
ghost, with which the story deals. Miss
Murfree's character-drawing of these peo-
and protector. The abbess of this con-
vent, which shelters only the daughters
ple with their pathetic lives of isolation,
of ignorance, and of superstition, is very
of royal and noble houses, and is sub-
ject to no rules of any order, is the
strong. Interspersed are delicate word-
paintings of sunsets and sunrises, those
beautiful and brilliant Jutta von Kran-
ichfeld. This woman
mysterious color effects of the Big
loves Count Al-
brecht with all the force of her imperious
Smoky Mountains; and underlying all is
that conscious note of melancholy which
nature, and he returns the passion in
dominates the thoughts and actions of
a lesser degree, until the unfortunate
the dwellers on the heights.
captuie by his men of Oda, countess of
Falkenstein, Oda is already loved by Ground Arms ('Die Waffen Nieder ? ),
the count's younger brother, Siegfried; by the Baroness Bertha Félicie Sofie
and Albrecht detains her in the castle von Suttner. (2 vols. , 1889. ) This novel
with a view to furthering his brother's has been often republished since its' ap-
wooing, and also to wrest from his pearance, and rendered into nearly all
enemy, the bishop, her confiscated do- the European languages. The English
mains of Falkenstein. This capture is translation was made in 1892 by F.
disastrous to all. Oda and the count fall Holmes, at the request of the committee
in love with each other. Siegfried finds of the International Arbitration and
this out, and purposely gets killed in Peace Association » - under the title
a fray. Albrecht,
by the Lay Down Your Arms. )
strength of his enemies, is captured, and The story is told in the form of a
tried in the market-place of Quedlin- journal kept by a German noblewoman,
a
or
overcome


## p. 423 (#459) ############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
423
as
are
several
»
whose life covered the period of Ger- ings. Josephine repents; and as she can-
many's recent wars. This lady relates not raise him to her sphere, decides to
the emotional and spiritual life of a adapt herself to his. She goes into
woman during that terrible experience, service a lady's-maid. More com-
in such a way as to make her story an plications ensue, and Richard, who has
appeal for the cessation of war. Hav- become a prosperous cattle-dealer, ap-
ing lost her young husband in the war pears opportunely and takes her away
with Italy, she has lived only for her from her situation. While he still hates
son and her grief. In her maturity she her, he desires to provide for her. This
meets and marries Friedrich von Tilling, she will not allow; but is anxious to re-
an Austrian officer, who, after years of gain his love, and continues to earn her
close companionship, is forced to leave | living and endeavor to retrieve her great
her and her unborn child, at the new mistake. Eventually, at his own request,
call to arms. The Schleswig-Holstein they are re-married.
difficulty, the Austro-Prussian war, and There
other interesting
finally the war with France, tear the characters necessary to the working out
family apart. The wife endures the of a plot somewhat complicated in minor
fear of her husband's death, the actual details, but the burden of the story is
suffering of sympathy with his wound, concerning ill-assorted marriages and en-
the horrors of plague, famine, and the suing complications,— hardness of heart
sickening sights of a besieged city; and pride, malice, and all uncharitableness.
at last, when Von Tilling has retired
from active service, and is with her in
Paris for the winter
, the blind hatred of Green Carnation, The, by Robert M.
Hitchins, is a satire on the ex-
the French towards their conquerors treme æsthetic movement in England,
overtakes their new dream of happiness. as illustrated in the lives of pale, ex-
The Austrian is seized and shot as a quisite youths of rank, with gilt hair,
Prussian spy.