" Address over the Columbia
Broadcasting
System, Aug.
Brady - Business as a System of Power
Conversely, education of the young calls for control over apprentice- ship training; purge of school textbooks; vocational emphasis with belief in an eventual occupational stratification in which there is a one-to-one correspondence between economic station and presump- tive I.
Q.
; *^ evolution of a system of rewards and punishments which
40 For example, the NAM public-relations program was first granted a small sum of money in 1934. By 1937 public-relations expenditures were larger than those for all purposes combined before 1934--a sum which was estimated, at commercial rates, to equal in that year around $36,000,000 for the whole United States. Since that year these expenditures have been probably doubled.
41 See Batchelor, Profitable Public Relations. Bureaucracy and Trusteeship. The Nazi motto, Gemeinnutz geht vor Eigennutz, carries the precise equivalent for Ger- man businessmen for the dictum, "A widespread, favorable attitude of mind is a first essential to effective trusteeship in big business. People must expect and assume that managers will look out for interests other than their own. Managers in turn will then attempt to live up to expectations. " TNEC Monograph No. ii, p. 130.
42 See pp. 287-90. 43 See pp. 280-86.
--
? POLITICAL POLICIES
319
turn on the axis of loyalty to the concern; the substitution of non- commercial for commercial incentives; of group and "social" for individual and personal incentives.
The key to control is political: executive authority and policy-form- ing power are concentrated in the same cooptatively renewed ranks, and these recognize that the key to power is twofold; (1) consolida- tion of all the "ins" in a solid, interest-conscious bloc; (2) a popular following, the key to which is alliance with any faction, movement, or party which has or may acquire popular following without dis- turbing the general social structure of command and subordination. This means compromise with the nouveau puissant as they are co- opted into the movement on all matters relating to "the take"--an old practice in relationships between political rings and powerful vested interests all over the world, but now generalized to entire national economics, and rationalized with an eye to sterilization of "take" knowledge and demand for participation below the upper ranks. And for these lower reaches, the evolving programs of the or- ganized business world look to well-ordered, and especially trained and loyal cadres of hierarchically controlled employees over whom as "leaders" they have complete charge--as Gignoux of the Con- federation Generale du Patronat Fran^ais expressed the matter "not only of men but of souls. "
The new power complexes are inherently expansive: two things are united in this reaching for political power. One is the tendency of all democratically irresponsible f>ower aggregations to expand with- out limit. And the other is the fact that the "life styles" of the units which form the cells of the new power pyramids have each and all been dominated by a tendency to expand without limit--a fact with which all great business leaders have been thoroughly familiar and which has been traced at great length by Sombart and others. Given control or power decisively to influence the national state, imperial expansion is inevitable. The more or less rational combination of fully articulated systems of protection and privilege combined with imperial expansion, on the one hand, and the integrative pressures of a rationally articulated industrial technology, on the other, lead logically to the concept of the next largest politically omnicompetent and coherently organized imperial area, "great-space economics"
(Grossraumwirtschaften). ^*
44 All through the Godesberg and Munich discussions the Federation of British Industries was carrying on negotiations with the Reichsgruppe Industrie. "On March 16, the day after the fall of Prague, the Dusseldorf discussions culminated in the signature in London of an agreement between agents of the Federation of British Industries and the Reichsgruppe Industrie to 'replace destructive competition by constructive cooperation. ' It contemplated the creation of a series of Anglo-German cartels. " Frederick L. Schuman, Night Over Europe, p. 107. Similar conversations
? 320 POLITICAL POLICIES
"The soul of Amenhotep is higher than Orion, and it is united with the underworld"--so runs a melancholy passage from the ancient Egyptian "Book of the Dead. " The roots of power of the several Spitzenverbdnde are intertwined in the sanctions of evolv- ing imperial class status, but monopoly-oriented business which attempts to evade effective democratic restraints can dominate government only through control over the thinking processes of the mass of the people who dwell at the base of the social pyramid. "Dangerous thoughts," as the Japanese are so acutely aware, breed democratic heresies. Antidemocratic "totalitarianism" can triumph only through ultimate consolidation of its "authoritarianism" by the seizure of political controls. Every single step in the path which leads in our times to use of the expedients which spell ultimate
resort to the coup d'etat are now sufficiently well known to be recognizable at a glance. And nothing fundamental in history, pro- gram, structure of organization, or social outlook divides clearly the policies of the Spitzenverbdnde within the "totalitarian" coun- tries from those of the liberal-capitalist states. Within Germany, Italy, Japan, and France these bodies made the critical decisions without which the final destruction of democracy could not have taken place.
Is it possible that the lesson will be learned elsewhere before it is too late?
were carried on between Japanese interests and the Federation of British Industries through a good deal of the crisis period when the Japanese took over Manchukuo. Nothing is to be found in the literature of the National Association of Manufactur- ers to indicate disapproval of the structure of controls effected through the ma- chinery of German and Italian Spitzenverbdnde, though considerable sympathy is frequently expressed that these latter should be so closely controlled by the govern- ment--a sentiment, incidentally, which the leading figures on the inner business circles in the totalitarian countries rarely reciprocate. Yet the Germans thought of NRA in 1935 as the equivalent of what they had brought on themselves, and won- dered not a little that there should be so much complaint among American business- men against their own program of "self-government in business" (The Germans use the same term), which they themselves had clearly helped to shape and guide from its initial stages on--and which must, so these same persons argued, be surely seen
as the inevitable pattern of the future if business and the capitalistic system are to survive in America as elsewhere.
? BIBLIOGRAPHY
OFFICIAL AND SEMIOFFICIAL SOURCES
Annuario Statistico Italiano, Series 2, Vol. VII (1917-18).
Commerce, U. S. Dept. of. Special Agents Series: No. 98, "Commercial Organizations in France"; No. 102, "Commercial Organizations in
the United Kingdom. " Washington, D. C. , 1915.
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Commercial and In-
dustrial Organizations of the United States. Washington, D. C. , 1931. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Trade Association Section of the Marketing and Research Division. "High Lights of
the NRA, Chart 3. " Washington, D. C. , July 10, 1934.
Congress of the United States, 75th Congress, 3d Session. Senate Docu- ment 173, "Message from the President of the United States, Trans- mitting Recommendations Relative to the Strengthening and En-
forcement of Anti-Trust Laws. "
Enqueteausschuss. Ausschuss zur Untersuchung der Erzeugungs- und
Absatzbedingungen der deutschen Wirtschaft. 1926-31. Fascist Confederation of Industrialists. Fascist Era, Year XVII. Federal Trade Commission. Docket No. 2191, Dec. 30, 1937. Federation of British Industries. Export Register. London, 1920.
"Industry and Action. " Pamphlet, undated.
Committee on the Organisation of Industry. Report, June, 1935.
International Labor Office. Series A, No. 31, Freedom of Association. Geneva, 1927. Vols. II, IV.
; Yearbook, 1936-37.
Jahrbuch der Berufsverbande im deutschen Reich. 1930.
Japan Year Book, 1938-39, 1939-40.
Labor, U. S. Dept. of. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Industrial
Relations. Bulletin, No. 364, "Characteristics of Company Unions. "
Washington, D. C. , 1935.
Labour Research Dept. Studies in Labour and Capital, No. 5: "The
Federation of British Industries. " London, 1923.
La Follette Committee Reports. Parts 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 45; No. 6, Part 6,
"Labor Policies of Employers' Associations. "
Liberal Industrial Inquiry. "Britain's Industrial Future. " London, 1938. Mitsubishi Economic Research Bureau. Monthly Circular, Dec, 1937. National Association of Manufacturers. Annual Conventions, Proceed-
ings (1903-29).
"Industrial Self-Government. " Series of bulletins, 1934.
? 322
BIBLIOGRAPHY
National Association of Manufacturers. "Industry and Action. " Pam- phlet.
Labor Relations Bulletin, July 20, 1936.
"The Nation's Industry Synchronized. " Pamphlet, undated. "The Nation's Industry--Organized. " Pamphlet, 1923.
"Unit Thinking and Unit Acting on the Part of American Indus-
try. " Pamphlet, 1935.
"Women, Partners with Industry in the Economic and Social Ad-
vancement of the Nation. " Brochure. --"You and Industry. "
Committee on Employment Relations. Report, 1926.
National Economic and Social Planning Association, Planning Pam- phlet No. 4, "Germany's Challenge to America's Defense. " Washing-
ton, D. C. , 1941.
National Industrial Conference Board. Industrial Standardization. New
York, 1929.
23d Annual Report, revised to Jan. 1, 1940.
National Resources Committee. The Structure of the American Econ- omy. Washington, D. C. , 1939.
Nye Committee on the Munitions Industry. 74th Congress, 2d Session, Report No. 944, Part 4.
Quadragesimo Anno. Papal Encyclical, 1931.
Rerum Novarum. Papal Encyclical, 1891.
Resume statistique de I'empire du Japon. Tokyo, 1912, 1924, 1930, 1934,
1936.
Temporary National Economic Committee. Hearings: Part 2, "Patents,
Automobile Industry, Glass Container Industry"; Part 5-A. "Investigation of Concentration of Economic Power. " Pursuant to
Public Resolution, No. 113, 75th Congress.
Monographs: No. 7, Measurement of the Social Performance of
Business; No. 9, Taxation of Corporate Enterprise; No. 11, Bureauc- racy and Trusteeship in Large Corporations; No. 17, Problems of Small Business; No. 18, Trade Association Survey; No. 21, Competi- tion and Monopoly in American Industry; No. 24, Consumer Stand- ards; No. 26, Economic Power and Political Pressures; No. 27, The Structure of Industry; No. 29, The Distribution of Ownership in the 200 Largest Non-Financial Corporations; No. 31, Patents and Free Enterprise; No. 34, Control of Unfair Competitive Trade Practices through Trade Practice Conference Procedure of the Federal Trade Commission; No. 35, Large Scale Organization in the Food Indus- tries; No. 36, Reports of the Federal Trade Commission on the Nat- ural Gas, Gas Pipe, Agricultural Implement, Machinery, and Motor Vehicle Industries; No. 39, Control of the Petroleum Industry by
Major Oil Companies; No. 43, The Motion Picture Industry.
? BIBLIOGRAPHY
323
GENERAL WOBKS
Allen, George C. "The Concentration of Economic Control in Japan. " Economic Journal, XLVII (June, 1937), 271-86.
Japan; the Hungry Guest. London, 1938. Modern Japan and Its Problems. London, 1928.
Arnold, Thurman W. Address before the Denver Bar Association, May 15, 1939. Mimeographed release, U. S. Dept. of Justice.
Address before the National Association of Purchasing Agents, May 22, 1939.
"The Anti-Trust Laws, Their Past and Future.
" Address over the Columbia Broadcasting System, Aug. 19, 1939. Released by the Tem- porary National Economic Committee.
Bottlenecks of Business. New York, 1940.
Asahi, Isoshi. The Economic Strength of Japan. Tokyo, 1939. Batchelor, Bronson. Profitable Public Relations. New York, 1938. Beckerath, Herbert von. Modern Industrial Organization. Trans. R.
Newcomb and F. Krebs; Introduction by F. W. Taussig. New York,
1933-
Berle, Adolph A. , Jr. , and Gardiner C. Means. The Modern Corpora-
tion and Private Property. New York, 1933.
Bezard-Falgas, Pierre. Les Syndicats patronaux de I'industrie metallur-
gique en France. Paris, 1922.
Bonbright, James C, and Gardiner C. Means. The Holding Company,
Its Public Significance and Its Regulation. New York, 1932.
Bonn, M. J. Das Schicksal des deutschen Kapitalismus. 1931.
Bonnett, Clarence E. Employers' Associations in the United States. New
York, 1922.
Boyle, John, Jr. "Corporation Patent Holdings. " Journal of the Patent
Office Society, XIX (Sept. , 1937), No. 9.
Brady, Robert A. The Rationalization Movement in German Industry.
Berkeley, Calif. , 1933.
The Spirit and Structure of German Fascism. New York, 1937.
Brandeis, Louis D. The Curse of Bigness. New York, 1934.
Brandt, Karl. "Junkers to the Fore Again. " Foreign Affairs, XIV (Oct. ,
1935)' 120-34.
Bratter, Herbert M. "The Role of Subsidies in Japan's Economic De-
velopment. " Pacific Affairs, IV (May, 1931), 377-93.
Bruck, W. F. Social and Economic History of Germany from Wilhelm
II to Hitler, 1888-1938. Oxford and New York, 1938.
Buchez, Philip. Essai d'un traite complet de philosophie du point de
vue du catholicisme et du progres. Paris, 1838-40.
Burnham, James. The Managerial Revolution. New York, 1941. Burns, Arthur R. The Decline of Competition. New York, 1936.
? BIBLIOGRAPHY
324
Byas, Hugh. The Japanese Enemy, His Power and His Vulnerability. New York, 1942.
'Japan's Censors Aspire to 'Thought Control. ' " New York Times, April 18, 1937.
"Japan's Fascist March. " New York Times, Dec. 15, 1940. Callman, Rudolf. Das deutsche Kartellrecht. Berlin, 1934.
Carrel, Alexis. Man the Unknown. New York, 1935.
"Cartelisation of England, The. " Economist (London), March 18, 1939. Chamberlain, Houston Stewart. Foundations of the Nineteenth Cen-
tury. New York, 1911.
Chamberlin, Edward H. The Theory of Monopolistic Competition.
Cambridge, Mass. , 1933.
Chamberlin, William H. Japan over Asia. Boston, 1937.
"Check on Production, A. " Economist (London), June 15, 1940.
M. "Towards a Concept of Workable Competition. " American Economic Review, XXX (June, 1940).
Comite de Prevoyance et d'Action Sociale. Le Role exact des delegues. Paris, 1937.
Corbin, John. The Return of the Middle Classes. New York, 1922. Corradini, E. II volere d'ltalia. Naples, 1911.
Crosser, Paul K. Ideologies and American Labor. New York, 1941. Darre, R. W. Neuadel aus Blut und Boden. Munich, 1939.
Davies, Ernest. National Capitalism. London, 1939.
Dobb, Maurice. Capitalist Enterprise and Social Progress. London, 1925. Duchemin, Rene P. Organisation syndicale patronale en France. Paris,
1940.
"SurI'AccordMatignon. "RevuedeParis,Feb. 1, 1937.
Dutt, Palme. Fascism and Social Revolution. London, 1934.
Ebenstein, William. Fascist Italy. New York, 1939.
"Economic Front, The. " Economist (London), Dec. 9, 1939.
Edwards, Corwin D. "The New Anti-Trust Procedure as Illustrated in
the Construction Industry. " Public Policy, II (1941), 321-40.
"Trade Barriers Created by Business. " Indiana Law Journal, Dec,
1940, pp. 169-91.
Einzig, Paul. "Hitler's 'New Order' in Theory and Practice. " Economic
Journal, LI, No. 201, April, 1941.
"Employers' Organisations in France. " International Labour Review,
July, 1927, pp. 50-77.
Engelbrecht, Helmuth C, and F. C. Hanighen. Merchants of Death.
NewYork, 1934.
Fascist Confederation of Industrialists. Fascist Era, Year XVII. "Federation of British Industry. " Engineer (London), Aug. 11, 1916. Felt, D. E. In American Industries, June, 1916, p. 15.
Clark,
J.
? BIBLIOGRAPHY
325
Florinsky, Michael T. Fascism and National Socialism. New York, 1936. Fortune. Special Japan Issue, Sept. , 1936.
Franck, Louis R. Les Etapes de I'^conomie fasciste italienne. Paris, 1939. Frankfurter Zeitung. Monthly Supplement, "Die Wirtschaftkurve. " Fryer, Douglas, and E. Sparling. "Intelligence and Occupational Ad-
J. --
justment. " Occupations the Vocational Guidance Magazine, June,
1934. PP- 55-63-
Fujihara, Ginjiro. The Spirit of Japanese Industry. Tokyo, 1936. George, Henry. The Condition of Labor, an Open Letter to Pope Leo
Xm. New York, 1891.
Gide, Charles, and Charles Rist. History of Economic Doctrines from
the Time of the Physiocrats to the Present Day. Boston, 1915. Gignoux, C. J. Patrons, soyez des patrons! Paris, 1937.
Gordon, Robert A.
40 For example, the NAM public-relations program was first granted a small sum of money in 1934. By 1937 public-relations expenditures were larger than those for all purposes combined before 1934--a sum which was estimated, at commercial rates, to equal in that year around $36,000,000 for the whole United States. Since that year these expenditures have been probably doubled.
41 See Batchelor, Profitable Public Relations. Bureaucracy and Trusteeship. The Nazi motto, Gemeinnutz geht vor Eigennutz, carries the precise equivalent for Ger- man businessmen for the dictum, "A widespread, favorable attitude of mind is a first essential to effective trusteeship in big business. People must expect and assume that managers will look out for interests other than their own. Managers in turn will then attempt to live up to expectations. " TNEC Monograph No. ii, p. 130.
42 See pp. 287-90. 43 See pp. 280-86.
--
? POLITICAL POLICIES
319
turn on the axis of loyalty to the concern; the substitution of non- commercial for commercial incentives; of group and "social" for individual and personal incentives.
The key to control is political: executive authority and policy-form- ing power are concentrated in the same cooptatively renewed ranks, and these recognize that the key to power is twofold; (1) consolida- tion of all the "ins" in a solid, interest-conscious bloc; (2) a popular following, the key to which is alliance with any faction, movement, or party which has or may acquire popular following without dis- turbing the general social structure of command and subordination. This means compromise with the nouveau puissant as they are co- opted into the movement on all matters relating to "the take"--an old practice in relationships between political rings and powerful vested interests all over the world, but now generalized to entire national economics, and rationalized with an eye to sterilization of "take" knowledge and demand for participation below the upper ranks. And for these lower reaches, the evolving programs of the or- ganized business world look to well-ordered, and especially trained and loyal cadres of hierarchically controlled employees over whom as "leaders" they have complete charge--as Gignoux of the Con- federation Generale du Patronat Fran^ais expressed the matter "not only of men but of souls. "
The new power complexes are inherently expansive: two things are united in this reaching for political power. One is the tendency of all democratically irresponsible f>ower aggregations to expand with- out limit. And the other is the fact that the "life styles" of the units which form the cells of the new power pyramids have each and all been dominated by a tendency to expand without limit--a fact with which all great business leaders have been thoroughly familiar and which has been traced at great length by Sombart and others. Given control or power decisively to influence the national state, imperial expansion is inevitable. The more or less rational combination of fully articulated systems of protection and privilege combined with imperial expansion, on the one hand, and the integrative pressures of a rationally articulated industrial technology, on the other, lead logically to the concept of the next largest politically omnicompetent and coherently organized imperial area, "great-space economics"
(Grossraumwirtschaften). ^*
44 All through the Godesberg and Munich discussions the Federation of British Industries was carrying on negotiations with the Reichsgruppe Industrie. "On March 16, the day after the fall of Prague, the Dusseldorf discussions culminated in the signature in London of an agreement between agents of the Federation of British Industries and the Reichsgruppe Industrie to 'replace destructive competition by constructive cooperation. ' It contemplated the creation of a series of Anglo-German cartels. " Frederick L. Schuman, Night Over Europe, p. 107. Similar conversations
? 320 POLITICAL POLICIES
"The soul of Amenhotep is higher than Orion, and it is united with the underworld"--so runs a melancholy passage from the ancient Egyptian "Book of the Dead. " The roots of power of the several Spitzenverbdnde are intertwined in the sanctions of evolv- ing imperial class status, but monopoly-oriented business which attempts to evade effective democratic restraints can dominate government only through control over the thinking processes of the mass of the people who dwell at the base of the social pyramid. "Dangerous thoughts," as the Japanese are so acutely aware, breed democratic heresies. Antidemocratic "totalitarianism" can triumph only through ultimate consolidation of its "authoritarianism" by the seizure of political controls. Every single step in the path which leads in our times to use of the expedients which spell ultimate
resort to the coup d'etat are now sufficiently well known to be recognizable at a glance. And nothing fundamental in history, pro- gram, structure of organization, or social outlook divides clearly the policies of the Spitzenverbdnde within the "totalitarian" coun- tries from those of the liberal-capitalist states. Within Germany, Italy, Japan, and France these bodies made the critical decisions without which the final destruction of democracy could not have taken place.
Is it possible that the lesson will be learned elsewhere before it is too late?
were carried on between Japanese interests and the Federation of British Industries through a good deal of the crisis period when the Japanese took over Manchukuo. Nothing is to be found in the literature of the National Association of Manufactur- ers to indicate disapproval of the structure of controls effected through the ma- chinery of German and Italian Spitzenverbdnde, though considerable sympathy is frequently expressed that these latter should be so closely controlled by the govern- ment--a sentiment, incidentally, which the leading figures on the inner business circles in the totalitarian countries rarely reciprocate. Yet the Germans thought of NRA in 1935 as the equivalent of what they had brought on themselves, and won- dered not a little that there should be so much complaint among American business- men against their own program of "self-government in business" (The Germans use the same term), which they themselves had clearly helped to shape and guide from its initial stages on--and which must, so these same persons argued, be surely seen
as the inevitable pattern of the future if business and the capitalistic system are to survive in America as elsewhere.
? BIBLIOGRAPHY
OFFICIAL AND SEMIOFFICIAL SOURCES
Annuario Statistico Italiano, Series 2, Vol. VII (1917-18).
Commerce, U. S. Dept. of. Special Agents Series: No. 98, "Commercial Organizations in France"; No. 102, "Commercial Organizations in
the United Kingdom. " Washington, D. C. , 1915.
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Commercial and In-
dustrial Organizations of the United States. Washington, D. C. , 1931. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Trade Association Section of the Marketing and Research Division. "High Lights of
the NRA, Chart 3. " Washington, D. C. , July 10, 1934.
Congress of the United States, 75th Congress, 3d Session. Senate Docu- ment 173, "Message from the President of the United States, Trans- mitting Recommendations Relative to the Strengthening and En-
forcement of Anti-Trust Laws. "
Enqueteausschuss. Ausschuss zur Untersuchung der Erzeugungs- und
Absatzbedingungen der deutschen Wirtschaft. 1926-31. Fascist Confederation of Industrialists. Fascist Era, Year XVII. Federal Trade Commission. Docket No. 2191, Dec. 30, 1937. Federation of British Industries. Export Register. London, 1920.
"Industry and Action. " Pamphlet, undated.
Committee on the Organisation of Industry. Report, June, 1935.
International Labor Office. Series A, No. 31, Freedom of Association. Geneva, 1927. Vols. II, IV.
; Yearbook, 1936-37.
Jahrbuch der Berufsverbande im deutschen Reich. 1930.
Japan Year Book, 1938-39, 1939-40.
Labor, U. S. Dept. of. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Industrial
Relations. Bulletin, No. 364, "Characteristics of Company Unions. "
Washington, D. C. , 1935.
Labour Research Dept. Studies in Labour and Capital, No. 5: "The
Federation of British Industries. " London, 1923.
La Follette Committee Reports. Parts 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 45; No. 6, Part 6,
"Labor Policies of Employers' Associations. "
Liberal Industrial Inquiry. "Britain's Industrial Future. " London, 1938. Mitsubishi Economic Research Bureau. Monthly Circular, Dec, 1937. National Association of Manufacturers. Annual Conventions, Proceed-
ings (1903-29).
"Industrial Self-Government. " Series of bulletins, 1934.
? 322
BIBLIOGRAPHY
National Association of Manufacturers. "Industry and Action. " Pam- phlet.
Labor Relations Bulletin, July 20, 1936.
"The Nation's Industry Synchronized. " Pamphlet, undated. "The Nation's Industry--Organized. " Pamphlet, 1923.
"Unit Thinking and Unit Acting on the Part of American Indus-
try. " Pamphlet, 1935.
"Women, Partners with Industry in the Economic and Social Ad-
vancement of the Nation. " Brochure. --"You and Industry. "
Committee on Employment Relations. Report, 1926.
National Economic and Social Planning Association, Planning Pam- phlet No. 4, "Germany's Challenge to America's Defense. " Washing-
ton, D. C. , 1941.
National Industrial Conference Board. Industrial Standardization. New
York, 1929.
23d Annual Report, revised to Jan. 1, 1940.
National Resources Committee. The Structure of the American Econ- omy. Washington, D. C. , 1939.
Nye Committee on the Munitions Industry. 74th Congress, 2d Session, Report No. 944, Part 4.
Quadragesimo Anno. Papal Encyclical, 1931.
Rerum Novarum. Papal Encyclical, 1891.
Resume statistique de I'empire du Japon. Tokyo, 1912, 1924, 1930, 1934,
1936.
Temporary National Economic Committee. Hearings: Part 2, "Patents,
Automobile Industry, Glass Container Industry"; Part 5-A. "Investigation of Concentration of Economic Power. " Pursuant to
Public Resolution, No. 113, 75th Congress.
Monographs: No. 7, Measurement of the Social Performance of
Business; No. 9, Taxation of Corporate Enterprise; No. 11, Bureauc- racy and Trusteeship in Large Corporations; No. 17, Problems of Small Business; No. 18, Trade Association Survey; No. 21, Competi- tion and Monopoly in American Industry; No. 24, Consumer Stand- ards; No. 26, Economic Power and Political Pressures; No. 27, The Structure of Industry; No. 29, The Distribution of Ownership in the 200 Largest Non-Financial Corporations; No. 31, Patents and Free Enterprise; No. 34, Control of Unfair Competitive Trade Practices through Trade Practice Conference Procedure of the Federal Trade Commission; No. 35, Large Scale Organization in the Food Indus- tries; No. 36, Reports of the Federal Trade Commission on the Nat- ural Gas, Gas Pipe, Agricultural Implement, Machinery, and Motor Vehicle Industries; No. 39, Control of the Petroleum Industry by
Major Oil Companies; No. 43, The Motion Picture Industry.
? BIBLIOGRAPHY
323
GENERAL WOBKS
Allen, George C. "The Concentration of Economic Control in Japan. " Economic Journal, XLVII (June, 1937), 271-86.
Japan; the Hungry Guest. London, 1938. Modern Japan and Its Problems. London, 1928.
Arnold, Thurman W. Address before the Denver Bar Association, May 15, 1939. Mimeographed release, U. S. Dept. of Justice.
Address before the National Association of Purchasing Agents, May 22, 1939.
"The Anti-Trust Laws, Their Past and Future.
" Address over the Columbia Broadcasting System, Aug. 19, 1939. Released by the Tem- porary National Economic Committee.
Bottlenecks of Business. New York, 1940.
Asahi, Isoshi. The Economic Strength of Japan. Tokyo, 1939. Batchelor, Bronson. Profitable Public Relations. New York, 1938. Beckerath, Herbert von. Modern Industrial Organization. Trans. R.
Newcomb and F. Krebs; Introduction by F. W. Taussig. New York,
1933-
Berle, Adolph A. , Jr. , and Gardiner C. Means. The Modern Corpora-
tion and Private Property. New York, 1933.
Bezard-Falgas, Pierre. Les Syndicats patronaux de I'industrie metallur-
gique en France. Paris, 1922.
Bonbright, James C, and Gardiner C. Means. The Holding Company,
Its Public Significance and Its Regulation. New York, 1932.
Bonn, M. J. Das Schicksal des deutschen Kapitalismus. 1931.
Bonnett, Clarence E. Employers' Associations in the United States. New
York, 1922.
Boyle, John, Jr. "Corporation Patent Holdings. " Journal of the Patent
Office Society, XIX (Sept. , 1937), No. 9.
Brady, Robert A. The Rationalization Movement in German Industry.
Berkeley, Calif. , 1933.
The Spirit and Structure of German Fascism. New York, 1937.
Brandeis, Louis D. The Curse of Bigness. New York, 1934.
Brandt, Karl. "Junkers to the Fore Again. " Foreign Affairs, XIV (Oct. ,
1935)' 120-34.
Bratter, Herbert M. "The Role of Subsidies in Japan's Economic De-
velopment. " Pacific Affairs, IV (May, 1931), 377-93.
Bruck, W. F. Social and Economic History of Germany from Wilhelm
II to Hitler, 1888-1938. Oxford and New York, 1938.
Buchez, Philip. Essai d'un traite complet de philosophie du point de
vue du catholicisme et du progres. Paris, 1838-40.
Burnham, James. The Managerial Revolution. New York, 1941. Burns, Arthur R. The Decline of Competition. New York, 1936.
? BIBLIOGRAPHY
324
Byas, Hugh. The Japanese Enemy, His Power and His Vulnerability. New York, 1942.
'Japan's Censors Aspire to 'Thought Control. ' " New York Times, April 18, 1937.
"Japan's Fascist March. " New York Times, Dec. 15, 1940. Callman, Rudolf. Das deutsche Kartellrecht. Berlin, 1934.
Carrel, Alexis. Man the Unknown. New York, 1935.
"Cartelisation of England, The. " Economist (London), March 18, 1939. Chamberlain, Houston Stewart. Foundations of the Nineteenth Cen-
tury. New York, 1911.
Chamberlin, Edward H. The Theory of Monopolistic Competition.
Cambridge, Mass. , 1933.
Chamberlin, William H. Japan over Asia. Boston, 1937.
"Check on Production, A. " Economist (London), June 15, 1940.
M. "Towards a Concept of Workable Competition. " American Economic Review, XXX (June, 1940).
Comite de Prevoyance et d'Action Sociale. Le Role exact des delegues. Paris, 1937.
Corbin, John. The Return of the Middle Classes. New York, 1922. Corradini, E. II volere d'ltalia. Naples, 1911.
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