From
Coroneia
to Leuctra yet a minor, in B.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
338) calls Carthage the city of Agenor, by which | Marcius Philippus, B.
c.
169, in the war with
he alludes to the descent of Dido from Agenor. Perseus, and had an interview with him near
Buttmann (Mytholog. i. p. 232, &c. ) points out Heraceleum in Macedonia. In the following year,
that the genuine Phoenician name of Agenor was B. C. 168, he went as ambassador to Rome to
Chnas, which is the same as Canaan, and upon deprecate the anger of the Romans. (Polyb.
these facts he builds the hypothesis that Agenor | xxviii. 14, 15, xxix. 4, 7; Liv. xlv. 3. )
or Chnas is the same as the Canaan in the books AGESANDER or AGESILA'US ('Arnoavdpos
of Moses.
or 'Αγεσίλαος), from άγειν and ανήρ or λαός, a sur-
2. A son of Jasus, and father of Argus Panoptes, name of Pluto or Hades, describing him as the god
king of Argos. (Apollod. ii. 1. & 2. ) Hellanicus who carries away all men. (Callim. Hymn. in Pal-
(Frugm. p. 47, ed. Siurz. ) states that Agenor was lad. 130, with Spanheim's note; Hesych. s. v. ;
a son of Phoroneus, and brother of Jasus and Pe | Aeschyl. ap. Athen. iii. p. 99. ). Nicander (ap.
lasgus, and that after their father's death, the two Athen. xv. p. 684) uses the form 'Hyeriaaos. (L. S. )
elder brothers divided his dominions between AGESANDER, a sculptor, a native of the
themselves in such a manner, that Pelasgus re- island of Rhodes. His name occurs in no author
ceived the country about the river Erasinus, and except Pliny (H. N. xxxvi. 5. 6. 4), and we
built Larissa, and Jasis the country about Elis. know but of one work which he executed ; it is a
After the death of these two, Agenor, the young work however which bears the most decisive tes-
est, invaded their dominions, and thus became king timony to his surpassing genius. In conjunction
of Argos.
with Polydorus and Athenodorus he sculptured
3. The son and successor of Triopas, in the the group of Laocoon, a work which is ranked by
kingdom of Argos. He belonged to the house of all competent judges among the most perfect speci-
Phoroneus, and was father of Crotopus. (Paus. mens of art, especially on account of the admirable
ii. 16. § 1; Hygin. Fab. 145. )
manner in which amidst the intense suffering
4. A son of Pleuron and Xanthippe, and grand-portrayed in every feature, limb, and muscle,
son of Aetolus. Epicaste, the daughter of Caly- there is still preserved that air of sublime repose,
don, became by him the mother of Porthaon and which characterised the best productions of Grecian
Demonice. (Apollod. i. 7. $ 7. ) According to genius. This celebrated group was discovered in
Pausanias (iii. 13. $ 5), Thestius, the father of the year 1506, near the baths of Titus on the
Leda, is likewise a son of this Agenor.
Esquiline hill : it is now preserved in the museum
5. A son of Phegeus, king of Psophis, in Arca of the Vatican. Pliny does not hesitate to pro-
dia.
He was brother of Pronous and Arsinoë, nounce it superior to all other works both of
who was married to Alcmaeon, but was abandoned statuary and painting. A great deal has been
by him. When Alcmaeon wanted to give the written respecting the age when Agesander
celebrated necklace and peplus of Harnonia to his Avurished, and various opinions have been held on
second wife Calirrhoë, the daughter of Achelous, the subject. Winckelmann and Müller, forming
he was slain by Agenor and Pronous at the insti- | their judgment from the style of art displayed in
!
## p. 69 (#89) ##############################################
AGESILAUS.
69
AGESILAUS.
ay
the work itself, assign it to the age of Lysip- AGESILA'US II. , son by his second wife, Eu.
pus. Müller thinks the intensity of suffering de polia, of Archidamus II. , succeeded his half-bro-
picted, and the somewhat theatrical air which ther, Agis II. as nineteenth king of the Eurypontid
pervades the group, shews that it belongs to a line; excluding, on the ground of spurious birth,
later age than that of Phidias. Lessing and and by the interest of Lysander, his nephew,
Thiersch on the other hand, after subjecting the Leotychides. (LEUTYCHIDES. ) His reign extends
passnge of Pliny to an accurate examination, have from 398 to 361 B. C. , both inclusive; during most
come to the conclusion, that Agesander and the of which time he was, in Plutarch's words,
other two artists lived in the reign of Titus, and good as thought cominander and king of all Greece,"
sculptured the group expressly for that emperor ; , and was for the whole of it greatly identified with
and this opinion is pretty generally acquiesced in. his country's deeds and fortunes. The position of
In addition to many other reasons that might be that country, though internally weak, was exter-
mentioned, if space permitted, if the Laocoon had nally, in Greece, down to 394, one of supremacy
been a work of antiquity, we can hardly under acknowledged: the only field of its ambition was
stand how Pliny should have ranked it above Persia ; from 394 to 387, the Corinthian or first
all the works of Phidias, Polycletus, Praxiteles, Theban war, one of supremacy assaulted : in 387
and Lysippus. But we can account for his exag- that supremacy was restored over Greece, in the
gerated praise, if the group was modern and the peace of Antalcidas, by the sacrifice of Asiatic pro-
admiration excited by its execution in Rome still spects : and thus more confined and more secure, it
fresh. Thiersch has written a great deal to shew became also more wanton. After 378, when Thebes
that the plastic art did not decline so early as is regained her freedom, we find it again assailed,
generally supposed, but continued to flourish in and again for one moment restored, though on a
full vigour from the time of Phidias uuinterrupt- lower level, in 371; then overthrown for ever at
edly down to the reign of Titus. Pliny was de Leuctra, the next nine years being a struggle for
ceived in saying that the group was sculptured out existence amid dangers within and without
of one block, as the lapse of time has discovered a Of the youth of Agesilaus we have no detail, be
join in it. It appears from an inscription on the yond the mention of his intimacy with Lysander.
pedestal of a statue found at Nettuno (the ancient on the throne, which he ascended about the age of
Antium) that Athenodorus was the son of Age- forty, we first hear of him in the suppression of
sander. This makes it not unlikely that Polydorus Cinadon's conspiracy. [CINADON. ] In his third
also was bis son, and that the father executed the year (396) he crossed into Asia, and after a short
figure of Laocoon himself, his two sons the remain- campaign, and a winter of preparation, he in the
ing two figures. (Lessing, Laokoon; Winckelmann, next overpowered the two satraps, Tissaphernes and
Gesch. d. Kunst, x. 1, 10; Thiersch, Epochen d. Pbarnabazus; and, in the spring of 394, was en-
bild. Kunst. 318, &c. ; Müller, Archäologie d. camped in the plain of Thebe, preparing to advance
Kunst, p. 152. )
(C. P. M. ) into the heart of the empire, when a message ar-
AGESA'NDRIDAS ('Agnoavopiðas), the son rived to summun him to the war at home. He
of Agesander (comp. Thuc. i. 139), the commander calmly and promptly obeyed; expressing however
of the Lacedaemonian fleet sent to protect the to the Asiatic Greeks, and doubtless himself in-
revolt of Euboea in B. C. 411, was attacked by the dulging, hopes of a speedy return. Marching rapid-
Athenians near Eretria, and obtained a victory ly by Xerxes’route, he met and defeated at Coroneia
over them. (Thuc. viii. 91, 94, 95. )
in Boeotia the allied forces. In 393 he was engaged
AGESI'ANAX ('Agmoidrat), a Greek poet, of in a ravaging invasion of Argolis, in 392 in one of
whom a beautiful fragment descriptive of the moon the Corinthian territory, in 391 he reduced the
is preserved in Plutarch. (De facie in orl. lunae, Acarnanians to submission ; but, in the remaining
p. 920. ) It is uncertain whether the poem to years of the war, he is not mentioned. In the inter-
which this fragment belonged was of an epic or val of peace, we find him deelining the command in
didactic character.
(L. S. ) Sparta's aggression on Mantineia ; but heading, from
AGEʻSIAS ('Arnolas), one of the lambidae, motives, it is said, of private friendship, that on
and an hereditary priest of Zeus at Olympia, Philius; and openly justifying Phoebidas' seizure of
gained the victory there in the mule race, and the Cadmeia. Of the next war, the first two years
is celebrated on that account by Pindar in the he commanded in Boeotia, more however to the
sixth Olympic ode. Böckh places his victory in enemy's gain in point of experience, than loss in
the 78th Olympiad.
any other ; from the five remaining he was with-
AGESIDA'MUS ('Annoidapos), son of Ar. drawn by severe illness. In the congress of 371
chestratus, an Epizephyrian Locrian, who con- an altercation is recorded between him and Epami-
quered, when a boy, in boxing in the Olympic nondas ; and by his advice Thebes was perempto-
games. His victory is celebrated by Pindar in rily exeluded from the peace, and orders given for
the 10th and 11th Olympic odes. The scholiast the fatal campaign of Leuctra. In 370 we find
places his victory in the 74th Olympiad. He him engaged in an embassy to Mantinera, and
should not be confounded with Agesidamus, the reassuring the Spartans by an invasion of Arcadia;
father of Chromius, who is mentioned in the Ne and in 369 to his skill, courage, and presence of
mean odes. (i. 42, ix. 99. )
mind, is to be ascribed the maintenance of the un-
AGESILA'US. (AGESANDER. )
walled Sparta, amidst the attacks of four armies,
AGESILA'US I. ('Arnolaos), son of Doryssus, and revolts and conspiracies of Helots, Perioeci,
sixth king of the Agid line at Sparta, excluding and even Spartans. Finally, in 362, he led his
Aristodemus, according to Apollodorus, reigned countrymen into Arcadia ; by fortunate information
furty-four years, and died in 886 B. C. Pausanias was enabled to return in time to prevent the sur-
makes his reign a short one, but contemporary | prise of Sparta, and was, it seems, joint if not sule
with the legislation of Lycurgus. (Paus. iii. 2. & 3; commander at the battle of Mantineia. To the
Clinton, Fasti, i. p. 335. )
(A. H. C. ) ensuing winter must probably be referred his em
:
## p. 70 (#90) ##############################################
70
AGESILOCHUS.
AGESIPOLIS.
bassy to the coast of Asia and negotiations for ('Αγεσίλοχος, Αγησίλοχος, Ηγησίλοχος), was the
money with the revolted satraps, alluded to in an chief magistrate (Prylanis) of the Rbodians, on
obscure passage of Xenophon (Agesilaus, ii. 26, 27): the breaking out of the war between Rome and
and, in performance perhaps of some stipulation Perseus in B. c. 171, and recommended his coun-
then made, he crossed, in the spring of 361, with trymen to espouse the side of the Romans. He
a body of Lacedaenionian mercenaries into Egypt. was sent as ambassador to Rome in B. C. 169, and
Here, after displaying much of his ancient skill, he to the consul Aemilius Paullus in Macedonia, B. C
died, while preparing for his voyage home, in the 168. (Polyb. xxvii. 3, xxviii. 2, 14, xxix. 4. )
winter of 361-60, after a life of above eighty years AGESI MBROTUS, commander of the Kho
and a reign of thirty-eight. His body was em- dian fleet in the war between the Romans and
balmed in wax, and splendidly buried at Sparta. Philip, king of Macedonia, a. C. 200—197. (Liv.
Referring to our sketch of Spartan history, we xxxi, 46, xxxii. 16, 32. )
find Agesilaus shining most in its first and last AGESI'POLIS I. ('Ayolmois), king of Sparta,
period, as commencing and surrendering a glorious the twenty-first of the Agids beginning with Eu-
career in Asia, and as, in extreme age, maintaining rysthenes, succeeded his father Pausanias, while
his prostrate country.
From Coroneia to Leuctra yet a minor, in B. C. 394, and reigned fourteen
we see him partly unemployed, at times yielding years. He was placed under the guardianship of
to weak motives, at times joining in wanton acts Aristodemus, his nearest of kin. He came to
of public injustice. No one of Sparta's great de- the crown just about the time that the confe
feats, but some of her bad policy belongs to him. deracy (partly brought about by the intrigues
In what others do, we miss him; in what he does of the Persian satrap Tithraustes), which was
we miss the greatness and consistency belonging to formed by Thebes, Athens, Corinth, and Argos,
unity of purpose and sole command. No doubt he against Sparta, rendered it necessary to recall his
was hampered at home ; perhaps, too, from a man colleague, Agesilaus 11. , from Asia ; and the first
withdrawn, when now near fifty, from his chosen military operation of his reign was the expedition
career, great action in a new one of any kind could to Corinth, wbere the forces of the confederates
not be looked for. Plutarch gives among numerous were then assembled. The Spartan army was led
apophthegmata his letter to the ephors on his recall : by Aristodemus, and gained a signal victory over
“We have reduced most of Asia, driven back the the allies. (Xen. Holl. iv. 2. & 9. ) In the year
barbarians, made arms abundant in lonia. But B. C. 390 Agesipolis, who had now reached his
since you bid me, according to the decree, come majority, was entrusted with the command of an
home, I shall follow my letter, may perhaps be even army for the invasion of Argolis. Having pro-
before it. For my command is not mine, but my cured the sanction of the Olympic and Delphic
country's and her allies'. And a commander then gods for disregarding any attempt which the Argives
commands truly according to right when he sees might make to stop his march, on the pretext of a
his own commander in the laws and ephors, or religious truce, he carried his ravages still farther
others holding office in the state. " Also, an ex- than Agesilaus had done in B. C. 393; but as he
clamation on hearing of the battle of Corinth : suffered the aspect of the victims to deter him from
“Alas for Greece! she has killed enough of her occupying a permanent post, the expedition yielded
Bons to have conquered all the barbarians. ” Of no fruit but the plunder. (Xen. Hell. iv. 7. 8 2-0;
his courage, temperance, and hardiness, many in- Paus. iii. 5. & 8. ) In B. C. 385 the Spartans, seiz-
stances are given : to these he added, even in ex. ing upon some frivolous pretexts, seni an expedi-
cess, the less Spartan qualities of kindliness and tion against Mantineia, in which Agesipolis under-
tenderness as a father and a friend. Thus we took the command, after it had been declined by
have the story of his riding across a stick with his Agesilaus. In this expedition the Spartans were
children; and to gratify his son's affection for Cleo assisted by Thebes, and in a battle with the Man-
nymus, son of the culprit, he saved Sphodrias froin lineans, Epaminondas and Pelopidas, who were
the punishment due, in right and policy, for his fighting side by side, narrowly escaped death. He
incursion into Attica in 378. So too the appoint- took the town by diverting the river Ophis, so as to
ment of Peisander. [PEISANDER. ] A letter of his lay the low grounds at the foot of the walls under
runs, “ If Nicias is innocent, acquit him for that; water
. The basements, being made of unbaked
if guilty, for my sake; any how acquit him. " bricks, were unable to resist the action of the water.
From Spartan cupidity and dishonesty, and mostly, The walls soon began to lotter, and the Mantineans
even in public life, from ill faith, his character is were forced to surrender. They were admitted to
clear. In person he was small, mean-looking, and terms on condition that the population should be
lame, on which last ground objection had been dispersed among the four hamlets, out of which it
made to his accession, an oracle, curiously fulfilled, had been collected to form the capital. The demo-
haring warned Sparta of evils a waiting ber under cratical leaders were permitted to go into exile.
a “lame sovereignity. " In his reign, indeed, her (Xen. Hell. v. 2. & 1-7; Paus. viii. 7. & 5; Diod.
fall took place, but not through him. Agesilaus xv. 5, &c. ; Plut. Pelop. 4 ; Isocr. Paney. p. 67,
himself was Sparta's most perfect citizen and most De l'ave, p. 179, c. )
consummate general ; in many ways perhaps her Early in B. C. 382, an embassy came to Sparta
greatest man. (Xen. Hell. iii. 3, to the end, Aye- from the cities of Acanthus and Apollonia, request-
silaus; Diod. xiv. xv; Paus. iii. 9, 10; Plut. and C. ing assistance against the Olynthians, who were
Nepos, in rita; Plut. Apophthegm. ) (A. H. C. ] endeavouring to compel then to join their confede-
AGESILA'US ('Aynoinaos), a Greek historian, racy. The Spartans granted it, but were not at
who wrote a work on the early history of Italy first very successful. After the defeat and death
('Italırd), fragments of which are preserved in of Teleutias in the second campaigo (B. C. 381)
Plutarch (Purullelu, p. 312), and Stobaeus. (Flo- Agesipolis took the command. He set out in 381,
rileg. ix. 27, liv. 49, Ixv. 10, ed. Gaisf. ) (C. P. M. ) but did not begin operations till the spring of 380.
AGESI'LOCHUS HEGESI'LOCHUS He then acted with great vigour, and took Torone
or
## p. 71 (#91) ##############################################
AGGRAMMES.
71
AGIS.
20. )
by storm ; but in the midst of his successes he was the war, to give up further conquests in India.
seized with a fever, which carried him off in seven (Curt. v. 2; Diod. xvii. 93, 94 ; Arrian, Anal.
days. He died at Aphytis, in the peninsula of v. 25, &c. ; Plut. Alex. 60. )
Pallene. His body was immersed in honey and A'GIAS ('Aglas), son of Agelochus and grand-
conveyed home to Sparta for burial. Though son of Tisamenus, a Spartan seer who predicted
Agesipolis did not share the ambitious views of the victory of Lysander at Aegos-potami. (Paus.
foreign conquest cherished by Agesilaus, his loss iii. 11. § 5. ) [TISAMENUS. )
was deeply regretted by that prince, who seems to A'GIAS ('Aglas). ! . A Greek poet, whose
have had a sincere regard for him. (Xen. Hell. name was formerly written A orough a
v. 3. § 8-9, 18-19; Diod. xv. 22; Thirlwall, Hist. mistake of the first editor of the Excerpta of
of Greece, vol. iv. pp. 405, 420, &c. , v. pp. 5, &c. Proclus. It has been corrected by Thiersch in the
(C. P. M. ) Acta Philol. Monac. ii. p. 584, from the Codex
ÁGESI'POLIS II. , son of Cleombrotus, was Monacensis, which in one passage has Agias,
the 23rd king of the Agid line. He ascended the and in another Hagias. The name itself does not
throne B. C. 371, and reigned one year. (Paus. occur in early Greek writers, unless it be supposed
üi. 6. & 1; Diod. xv. 60. )
(C. P. M. ) that Egias or Hegias ('Hylas) in Clemens Alexan-
AGESI'POLIS III. , the 31st of the Agid line, drinus (Strom. vi. p. 622), and Pausanius ( i. 2.
was the son of Agesipolis, and grandson of Cleom- $ 1), are only different forms of the same name.
brotus II. After the death of Cleomenes he was He was a native of Troezen, and the time at which
elected king while still a minor, and placed under he wrote appears to have been about the year
the guardianship of his uncle Cleomenes. (Polyb. B. c. 740. His poem was celebrated in antiquity,
iv. 35. ) He was however soon deposed by his col- under the name of Nbotol, i. e. the history of the
league Lycurgus, after the death of Cleomenes. return of the Achaean heroes from Troy, and con-
We hear of him next in B. C. 195, when he was at sisted of five books. The poem began with the
the head of the Lacedaemonian exiles, who joined cause of the misfortunes which befel the Achaeans
Flamininus in his attack upon Nabis, the tyrant on their way home and after their arrival, that is,
of Lacedaemon. (Liv. xxxiv. 26. ) He formed with the outrage committed upon Cassandra and
one of an embassy sent about B. C. 183 to Rome the Palladium ; and the whole poem filled up the
by the Lacedaemonian exiles, and, with his com- space which was left between the work of the
panions, was intercepted by pirates and killed. poet Arctinus and the Odyssey. The ancients
(Polyb. xxiv.
he alludes to the descent of Dido from Agenor. Perseus, and had an interview with him near
Buttmann (Mytholog. i. p. 232, &c. ) points out Heraceleum in Macedonia. In the following year,
that the genuine Phoenician name of Agenor was B. C. 168, he went as ambassador to Rome to
Chnas, which is the same as Canaan, and upon deprecate the anger of the Romans. (Polyb.
these facts he builds the hypothesis that Agenor | xxviii. 14, 15, xxix. 4, 7; Liv. xlv. 3. )
or Chnas is the same as the Canaan in the books AGESANDER or AGESILA'US ('Arnoavdpos
of Moses.
or 'Αγεσίλαος), from άγειν and ανήρ or λαός, a sur-
2. A son of Jasus, and father of Argus Panoptes, name of Pluto or Hades, describing him as the god
king of Argos. (Apollod. ii. 1. & 2. ) Hellanicus who carries away all men. (Callim. Hymn. in Pal-
(Frugm. p. 47, ed. Siurz. ) states that Agenor was lad. 130, with Spanheim's note; Hesych. s. v. ;
a son of Phoroneus, and brother of Jasus and Pe | Aeschyl. ap. Athen. iii. p. 99. ). Nicander (ap.
lasgus, and that after their father's death, the two Athen. xv. p. 684) uses the form 'Hyeriaaos. (L. S. )
elder brothers divided his dominions between AGESANDER, a sculptor, a native of the
themselves in such a manner, that Pelasgus re- island of Rhodes. His name occurs in no author
ceived the country about the river Erasinus, and except Pliny (H. N. xxxvi. 5. 6. 4), and we
built Larissa, and Jasis the country about Elis. know but of one work which he executed ; it is a
After the death of these two, Agenor, the young work however which bears the most decisive tes-
est, invaded their dominions, and thus became king timony to his surpassing genius. In conjunction
of Argos.
with Polydorus and Athenodorus he sculptured
3. The son and successor of Triopas, in the the group of Laocoon, a work which is ranked by
kingdom of Argos. He belonged to the house of all competent judges among the most perfect speci-
Phoroneus, and was father of Crotopus. (Paus. mens of art, especially on account of the admirable
ii. 16. § 1; Hygin. Fab. 145. )
manner in which amidst the intense suffering
4. A son of Pleuron and Xanthippe, and grand-portrayed in every feature, limb, and muscle,
son of Aetolus. Epicaste, the daughter of Caly- there is still preserved that air of sublime repose,
don, became by him the mother of Porthaon and which characterised the best productions of Grecian
Demonice. (Apollod. i. 7. $ 7. ) According to genius. This celebrated group was discovered in
Pausanias (iii. 13. $ 5), Thestius, the father of the year 1506, near the baths of Titus on the
Leda, is likewise a son of this Agenor.
Esquiline hill : it is now preserved in the museum
5. A son of Phegeus, king of Psophis, in Arca of the Vatican. Pliny does not hesitate to pro-
dia.
He was brother of Pronous and Arsinoë, nounce it superior to all other works both of
who was married to Alcmaeon, but was abandoned statuary and painting. A great deal has been
by him. When Alcmaeon wanted to give the written respecting the age when Agesander
celebrated necklace and peplus of Harnonia to his Avurished, and various opinions have been held on
second wife Calirrhoë, the daughter of Achelous, the subject. Winckelmann and Müller, forming
he was slain by Agenor and Pronous at the insti- | their judgment from the style of art displayed in
!
## p. 69 (#89) ##############################################
AGESILAUS.
69
AGESILAUS.
ay
the work itself, assign it to the age of Lysip- AGESILA'US II. , son by his second wife, Eu.
pus. Müller thinks the intensity of suffering de polia, of Archidamus II. , succeeded his half-bro-
picted, and the somewhat theatrical air which ther, Agis II. as nineteenth king of the Eurypontid
pervades the group, shews that it belongs to a line; excluding, on the ground of spurious birth,
later age than that of Phidias. Lessing and and by the interest of Lysander, his nephew,
Thiersch on the other hand, after subjecting the Leotychides. (LEUTYCHIDES. ) His reign extends
passnge of Pliny to an accurate examination, have from 398 to 361 B. C. , both inclusive; during most
come to the conclusion, that Agesander and the of which time he was, in Plutarch's words,
other two artists lived in the reign of Titus, and good as thought cominander and king of all Greece,"
sculptured the group expressly for that emperor ; , and was for the whole of it greatly identified with
and this opinion is pretty generally acquiesced in. his country's deeds and fortunes. The position of
In addition to many other reasons that might be that country, though internally weak, was exter-
mentioned, if space permitted, if the Laocoon had nally, in Greece, down to 394, one of supremacy
been a work of antiquity, we can hardly under acknowledged: the only field of its ambition was
stand how Pliny should have ranked it above Persia ; from 394 to 387, the Corinthian or first
all the works of Phidias, Polycletus, Praxiteles, Theban war, one of supremacy assaulted : in 387
and Lysippus. But we can account for his exag- that supremacy was restored over Greece, in the
gerated praise, if the group was modern and the peace of Antalcidas, by the sacrifice of Asiatic pro-
admiration excited by its execution in Rome still spects : and thus more confined and more secure, it
fresh. Thiersch has written a great deal to shew became also more wanton. After 378, when Thebes
that the plastic art did not decline so early as is regained her freedom, we find it again assailed,
generally supposed, but continued to flourish in and again for one moment restored, though on a
full vigour from the time of Phidias uuinterrupt- lower level, in 371; then overthrown for ever at
edly down to the reign of Titus. Pliny was de Leuctra, the next nine years being a struggle for
ceived in saying that the group was sculptured out existence amid dangers within and without
of one block, as the lapse of time has discovered a Of the youth of Agesilaus we have no detail, be
join in it. It appears from an inscription on the yond the mention of his intimacy with Lysander.
pedestal of a statue found at Nettuno (the ancient on the throne, which he ascended about the age of
Antium) that Athenodorus was the son of Age- forty, we first hear of him in the suppression of
sander. This makes it not unlikely that Polydorus Cinadon's conspiracy. [CINADON. ] In his third
also was bis son, and that the father executed the year (396) he crossed into Asia, and after a short
figure of Laocoon himself, his two sons the remain- campaign, and a winter of preparation, he in the
ing two figures. (Lessing, Laokoon; Winckelmann, next overpowered the two satraps, Tissaphernes and
Gesch. d. Kunst, x. 1, 10; Thiersch, Epochen d. Pbarnabazus; and, in the spring of 394, was en-
bild. Kunst. 318, &c. ; Müller, Archäologie d. camped in the plain of Thebe, preparing to advance
Kunst, p. 152. )
(C. P. M. ) into the heart of the empire, when a message ar-
AGESA'NDRIDAS ('Agnoavopiðas), the son rived to summun him to the war at home. He
of Agesander (comp. Thuc. i. 139), the commander calmly and promptly obeyed; expressing however
of the Lacedaemonian fleet sent to protect the to the Asiatic Greeks, and doubtless himself in-
revolt of Euboea in B. C. 411, was attacked by the dulging, hopes of a speedy return. Marching rapid-
Athenians near Eretria, and obtained a victory ly by Xerxes’route, he met and defeated at Coroneia
over them. (Thuc. viii. 91, 94, 95. )
in Boeotia the allied forces. In 393 he was engaged
AGESI'ANAX ('Agmoidrat), a Greek poet, of in a ravaging invasion of Argolis, in 392 in one of
whom a beautiful fragment descriptive of the moon the Corinthian territory, in 391 he reduced the
is preserved in Plutarch. (De facie in orl. lunae, Acarnanians to submission ; but, in the remaining
p. 920. ) It is uncertain whether the poem to years of the war, he is not mentioned. In the inter-
which this fragment belonged was of an epic or val of peace, we find him deelining the command in
didactic character.
(L. S. ) Sparta's aggression on Mantineia ; but heading, from
AGEʻSIAS ('Arnolas), one of the lambidae, motives, it is said, of private friendship, that on
and an hereditary priest of Zeus at Olympia, Philius; and openly justifying Phoebidas' seizure of
gained the victory there in the mule race, and the Cadmeia. Of the next war, the first two years
is celebrated on that account by Pindar in the he commanded in Boeotia, more however to the
sixth Olympic ode. Böckh places his victory in enemy's gain in point of experience, than loss in
the 78th Olympiad.
any other ; from the five remaining he was with-
AGESIDA'MUS ('Annoidapos), son of Ar. drawn by severe illness. In the congress of 371
chestratus, an Epizephyrian Locrian, who con- an altercation is recorded between him and Epami-
quered, when a boy, in boxing in the Olympic nondas ; and by his advice Thebes was perempto-
games. His victory is celebrated by Pindar in rily exeluded from the peace, and orders given for
the 10th and 11th Olympic odes. The scholiast the fatal campaign of Leuctra. In 370 we find
places his victory in the 74th Olympiad. He him engaged in an embassy to Mantinera, and
should not be confounded with Agesidamus, the reassuring the Spartans by an invasion of Arcadia;
father of Chromius, who is mentioned in the Ne and in 369 to his skill, courage, and presence of
mean odes. (i. 42, ix. 99. )
mind, is to be ascribed the maintenance of the un-
AGESILA'US. (AGESANDER. )
walled Sparta, amidst the attacks of four armies,
AGESILA'US I. ('Arnolaos), son of Doryssus, and revolts and conspiracies of Helots, Perioeci,
sixth king of the Agid line at Sparta, excluding and even Spartans. Finally, in 362, he led his
Aristodemus, according to Apollodorus, reigned countrymen into Arcadia ; by fortunate information
furty-four years, and died in 886 B. C. Pausanias was enabled to return in time to prevent the sur-
makes his reign a short one, but contemporary | prise of Sparta, and was, it seems, joint if not sule
with the legislation of Lycurgus. (Paus. iii. 2. & 3; commander at the battle of Mantineia. To the
Clinton, Fasti, i. p. 335. )
(A. H. C. ) ensuing winter must probably be referred his em
:
## p. 70 (#90) ##############################################
70
AGESILOCHUS.
AGESIPOLIS.
bassy to the coast of Asia and negotiations for ('Αγεσίλοχος, Αγησίλοχος, Ηγησίλοχος), was the
money with the revolted satraps, alluded to in an chief magistrate (Prylanis) of the Rbodians, on
obscure passage of Xenophon (Agesilaus, ii. 26, 27): the breaking out of the war between Rome and
and, in performance perhaps of some stipulation Perseus in B. c. 171, and recommended his coun-
then made, he crossed, in the spring of 361, with trymen to espouse the side of the Romans. He
a body of Lacedaenionian mercenaries into Egypt. was sent as ambassador to Rome in B. C. 169, and
Here, after displaying much of his ancient skill, he to the consul Aemilius Paullus in Macedonia, B. C
died, while preparing for his voyage home, in the 168. (Polyb. xxvii. 3, xxviii. 2, 14, xxix. 4. )
winter of 361-60, after a life of above eighty years AGESI MBROTUS, commander of the Kho
and a reign of thirty-eight. His body was em- dian fleet in the war between the Romans and
balmed in wax, and splendidly buried at Sparta. Philip, king of Macedonia, a. C. 200—197. (Liv.
Referring to our sketch of Spartan history, we xxxi, 46, xxxii. 16, 32. )
find Agesilaus shining most in its first and last AGESI'POLIS I. ('Ayolmois), king of Sparta,
period, as commencing and surrendering a glorious the twenty-first of the Agids beginning with Eu-
career in Asia, and as, in extreme age, maintaining rysthenes, succeeded his father Pausanias, while
his prostrate country.
From Coroneia to Leuctra yet a minor, in B. C. 394, and reigned fourteen
we see him partly unemployed, at times yielding years. He was placed under the guardianship of
to weak motives, at times joining in wanton acts Aristodemus, his nearest of kin. He came to
of public injustice. No one of Sparta's great de- the crown just about the time that the confe
feats, but some of her bad policy belongs to him. deracy (partly brought about by the intrigues
In what others do, we miss him; in what he does of the Persian satrap Tithraustes), which was
we miss the greatness and consistency belonging to formed by Thebes, Athens, Corinth, and Argos,
unity of purpose and sole command. No doubt he against Sparta, rendered it necessary to recall his
was hampered at home ; perhaps, too, from a man colleague, Agesilaus 11. , from Asia ; and the first
withdrawn, when now near fifty, from his chosen military operation of his reign was the expedition
career, great action in a new one of any kind could to Corinth, wbere the forces of the confederates
not be looked for. Plutarch gives among numerous were then assembled. The Spartan army was led
apophthegmata his letter to the ephors on his recall : by Aristodemus, and gained a signal victory over
“We have reduced most of Asia, driven back the the allies. (Xen. Holl. iv. 2. & 9. ) In the year
barbarians, made arms abundant in lonia. But B. C. 390 Agesipolis, who had now reached his
since you bid me, according to the decree, come majority, was entrusted with the command of an
home, I shall follow my letter, may perhaps be even army for the invasion of Argolis. Having pro-
before it. For my command is not mine, but my cured the sanction of the Olympic and Delphic
country's and her allies'. And a commander then gods for disregarding any attempt which the Argives
commands truly according to right when he sees might make to stop his march, on the pretext of a
his own commander in the laws and ephors, or religious truce, he carried his ravages still farther
others holding office in the state. " Also, an ex- than Agesilaus had done in B. C. 393; but as he
clamation on hearing of the battle of Corinth : suffered the aspect of the victims to deter him from
“Alas for Greece! she has killed enough of her occupying a permanent post, the expedition yielded
Bons to have conquered all the barbarians. ” Of no fruit but the plunder. (Xen. Hell. iv. 7. 8 2-0;
his courage, temperance, and hardiness, many in- Paus. iii. 5. & 8. ) In B. C. 385 the Spartans, seiz-
stances are given : to these he added, even in ex. ing upon some frivolous pretexts, seni an expedi-
cess, the less Spartan qualities of kindliness and tion against Mantineia, in which Agesipolis under-
tenderness as a father and a friend. Thus we took the command, after it had been declined by
have the story of his riding across a stick with his Agesilaus. In this expedition the Spartans were
children; and to gratify his son's affection for Cleo assisted by Thebes, and in a battle with the Man-
nymus, son of the culprit, he saved Sphodrias froin lineans, Epaminondas and Pelopidas, who were
the punishment due, in right and policy, for his fighting side by side, narrowly escaped death. He
incursion into Attica in 378. So too the appoint- took the town by diverting the river Ophis, so as to
ment of Peisander. [PEISANDER. ] A letter of his lay the low grounds at the foot of the walls under
runs, “ If Nicias is innocent, acquit him for that; water
. The basements, being made of unbaked
if guilty, for my sake; any how acquit him. " bricks, were unable to resist the action of the water.
From Spartan cupidity and dishonesty, and mostly, The walls soon began to lotter, and the Mantineans
even in public life, from ill faith, his character is were forced to surrender. They were admitted to
clear. In person he was small, mean-looking, and terms on condition that the population should be
lame, on which last ground objection had been dispersed among the four hamlets, out of which it
made to his accession, an oracle, curiously fulfilled, had been collected to form the capital. The demo-
haring warned Sparta of evils a waiting ber under cratical leaders were permitted to go into exile.
a “lame sovereignity. " In his reign, indeed, her (Xen. Hell. v. 2. & 1-7; Paus. viii. 7. & 5; Diod.
fall took place, but not through him. Agesilaus xv. 5, &c. ; Plut. Pelop. 4 ; Isocr. Paney. p. 67,
himself was Sparta's most perfect citizen and most De l'ave, p. 179, c. )
consummate general ; in many ways perhaps her Early in B. C. 382, an embassy came to Sparta
greatest man. (Xen. Hell. iii. 3, to the end, Aye- from the cities of Acanthus and Apollonia, request-
silaus; Diod. xiv. xv; Paus. iii. 9, 10; Plut. and C. ing assistance against the Olynthians, who were
Nepos, in rita; Plut. Apophthegm. ) (A. H. C. ] endeavouring to compel then to join their confede-
AGESILA'US ('Aynoinaos), a Greek historian, racy. The Spartans granted it, but were not at
who wrote a work on the early history of Italy first very successful. After the defeat and death
('Italırd), fragments of which are preserved in of Teleutias in the second campaigo (B. C. 381)
Plutarch (Purullelu, p. 312), and Stobaeus. (Flo- Agesipolis took the command. He set out in 381,
rileg. ix. 27, liv. 49, Ixv. 10, ed. Gaisf. ) (C. P. M. ) but did not begin operations till the spring of 380.
AGESI'LOCHUS HEGESI'LOCHUS He then acted with great vigour, and took Torone
or
## p. 71 (#91) ##############################################
AGGRAMMES.
71
AGIS.
20. )
by storm ; but in the midst of his successes he was the war, to give up further conquests in India.
seized with a fever, which carried him off in seven (Curt. v. 2; Diod. xvii. 93, 94 ; Arrian, Anal.
days. He died at Aphytis, in the peninsula of v. 25, &c. ; Plut. Alex. 60. )
Pallene. His body was immersed in honey and A'GIAS ('Aglas), son of Agelochus and grand-
conveyed home to Sparta for burial. Though son of Tisamenus, a Spartan seer who predicted
Agesipolis did not share the ambitious views of the victory of Lysander at Aegos-potami. (Paus.
foreign conquest cherished by Agesilaus, his loss iii. 11. § 5. ) [TISAMENUS. )
was deeply regretted by that prince, who seems to A'GIAS ('Aglas). ! . A Greek poet, whose
have had a sincere regard for him. (Xen. Hell. name was formerly written A orough a
v. 3. § 8-9, 18-19; Diod. xv. 22; Thirlwall, Hist. mistake of the first editor of the Excerpta of
of Greece, vol. iv. pp. 405, 420, &c. , v. pp. 5, &c. Proclus. It has been corrected by Thiersch in the
(C. P. M. ) Acta Philol. Monac. ii. p. 584, from the Codex
ÁGESI'POLIS II. , son of Cleombrotus, was Monacensis, which in one passage has Agias,
the 23rd king of the Agid line. He ascended the and in another Hagias. The name itself does not
throne B. C. 371, and reigned one year. (Paus. occur in early Greek writers, unless it be supposed
üi. 6. & 1; Diod. xv. 60. )
(C. P. M. ) that Egias or Hegias ('Hylas) in Clemens Alexan-
AGESI'POLIS III. , the 31st of the Agid line, drinus (Strom. vi. p. 622), and Pausanius ( i. 2.
was the son of Agesipolis, and grandson of Cleom- $ 1), are only different forms of the same name.
brotus II. After the death of Cleomenes he was He was a native of Troezen, and the time at which
elected king while still a minor, and placed under he wrote appears to have been about the year
the guardianship of his uncle Cleomenes. (Polyb. B. c. 740. His poem was celebrated in antiquity,
iv. 35. ) He was however soon deposed by his col- under the name of Nbotol, i. e. the history of the
league Lycurgus, after the death of Cleomenes. return of the Achaean heroes from Troy, and con-
We hear of him next in B. C. 195, when he was at sisted of five books. The poem began with the
the head of the Lacedaemonian exiles, who joined cause of the misfortunes which befel the Achaeans
Flamininus in his attack upon Nabis, the tyrant on their way home and after their arrival, that is,
of Lacedaemon. (Liv. xxxiv. 26. ) He formed with the outrage committed upon Cassandra and
one of an embassy sent about B. C. 183 to Rome the Palladium ; and the whole poem filled up the
by the Lacedaemonian exiles, and, with his com- space which was left between the work of the
panions, was intercepted by pirates and killed. poet Arctinus and the Odyssey. The ancients
(Polyb. xxiv.
