Josephus charges this
governor
(Ant.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
, 8,478.
Sil. usi, Cat. , 27. )
Fajctdia Lki, proposed by the tribune Falcidius,
A. U. C. 713, enacted that the testator ahould leave at
hut the fourth part of his fortune to tho person whom
za named his heir. (Dio Cass. , 48, 33. )
Faleru, a town of Picenum, southwest of Firmum,
now Faliermi (Pirn. , 3, 13. )
Falerii (or ium), a city of Etruria, southwest of
Fescennium, and the capital of the ancient Falisci,
so well known from their connexion with the early his-
tory of Rome. Much uncertainty seems to have ex-
isted respecting the ancient site of this place; but it
is now well ascertained that it occupied the posi-
tion of the present Chita Castellana. Cluver, and
after him Holstcnius (ad Steph. Byz. , p. 67), have
satisfactorily established this point. The doubt seems
to have originated in the notion that there was a city
named Faliscum, as welt as Falerii. (Strabo, 226. )
The situation of the ancient Falerii is made to agree
with that of Civil a Castellana, from the language of
Plutarch (Vit. Camill. ) and Zonaras (Ann. , 2), who
both describe it as placed on a lofty summit; and the
latter states that the old town was destroyed, and a
new one built at the foot of the hill. This fact is con-
tinned by the identity of the new Falerii with the
church of St. Maria Falari, on the track of the Fla-
ramian way, where? the Itineraries place that city.
We learn, too, from Pliny (3, 5), that Falerii became
a colony under the name of Falisca, a circumstance
which sufficiently reconciles the apparent contradic-
tion in the accounts of this city. (Front. , de Col. , p.
130. ) Falerii, according to Dionysius of Halicarnas-
sos (1, 21), belonged at first to the Siculi; but these
were succeeded by the Pelasgi, to whom the Greek
form of its name is doubtless to be ascribed, as well
as the temple and riles of the Argive Juno, and other
indications of a Grecian origin which were observed
by that historian, and with which Ovid, who had mar-
ried a lady of this city, seems also to have been struck,
though he has followed the less authentic tradition,
which ascribed the foundation of Falerii to Halesus,
son of Agamemnon. (Am. , 3, 13. -- Fast. , 4, 73. )
The early wars of the Falisci with Rome are chiefly
detailed in the fifth book of Livy, where the celebra-
ted story of Camillus and the schoolmaster of Falerii
occurs. When the Roman commander was besie-
ging this place, the schoolmaster of the city (since the
higher classes of Falerii had a public one for the com-
mon education of their children) committed a most
disgraceful and treacherous act. Having led his schol-
ars forth, day after day, under pretence of taking ex-
ercise, and each time farther from the city walls, he
at last suddenly brought them within reach of the Ro-
nnn outposts, and surrendered them all to Camillus.
Indignant at the baseness of the deed, the Roman gen-
eral ordered his lictors to strip the delinquent, tie his
bands behind him, and supply the boys with rods and
scourges to punish the traitor, and whip him into the
city. This generous act on the part of Camillus pro-
duced so strong an impression on the minds of the in-
habitants, that they immediately sent ambassadors to
? ? treat of a surrender (Lis. 5,27. --Compare Vol. Max. ,
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? ra b
FAtI
were usual'v mixed with certain quantities of pitch,
aromatic hens, sea-water, &c, which must have com-
municated to them a taste that we, at least, should
consider very unpalatable. Among the ancient, and
especially the Greek wines, it was no uncommon
thing for an age of more than 20 years to leave no-
thing in the vessel but a thick and bitter mixture, ari-
sing, no doubt, from the substances with which the
wine had been medicated. We have an exception,
however, to this, in the wine made in Italy during the
consulship of Opimius, A. U. C. 633, which was to be
met with in the time of Pliny, nearly 200 years after.
This may have been owmg to the peculiar qualities of
that vintage, since we are informed that, in conse-
quence of the great warmth of the summer in that
year, all the productions of the earth attained an ex-
traordinary legrcc of perfection. Vid. Caecubus Ager.
{Henderson's History of ancient and modern Wines, p.
81, seqq. )
Falibci, a people of Etruria. (Vid. Falerii. )
Faliscus Gratius. Vid. Gratius.
Fannia Lex, de Sumptilms, enacted A. U. C. 588.
It limited the expenses of one day, at festivals, to 100
isses, whence the law is called by Lucilius Centussis;
on ten other days every month to 30, and on all other
days to 10 asses: alao, that no other fowl should be
served up except one hen, and that not fattened for the
purpose. (Aid. Gell. , 2, 24. --Maerob. , Sat. , 2, 13. )
Fannius, an inferior poot, ridiculed by Horace
[Sat. . 1, 4, 21). It seems the legacy-hunters of the
day carried his writings and bust to the library of the
Palat'iK Apollo, a compliment only paid to produc-
tions of merit. The satirist remarks, that this was
unasked for on the part of Fannius (ultra delatis cap-
sis ct imagine); an expression of double import, since
ultro may also contain a sly allusion to the absence of
all mental exertion on the part of the poet. (Schol. et
Heindorf, ad Horat. , I. c. )
Fanusj Vacun^e, a temple of Vicuna, in the vicin-
ty of Horace's Sabine villa. (Hor. , Ep. , 1, 10, 49. )
It is supposed to have stood on the summit of Rocca
Giovane.
Farfaris. Vid. Fabaris.
Fauna, a goddess of the Latins. According to the
old Roman legends, by which all the Italian deities
were originally mortals, she was the daughter of Picus,
and the sister and wife of Faunus. One account makes
her to have never left her bower, or let herself be seen
of men; and to have been deified for this reason, be-
coming identical with the Bona Dea, and no man be-
ing allowed to enter her temple. (Maerob. , 1, 12. )
According to another tradition, she was not only re-
markable for her modesty, but also for her extensive
and varied knowledge. Having, however, on one oc-
casion, made free with the contents of a jar of wine,
she was beaten to death by her husband with myrtle-
twigs! Repenting, however, soon after of the deed, he
bestowed on her divine honours. Hence, in the cele-
bration of her sacred rites, myrtle boughs were care-
fully excluded; nor was any wine allowed to be
brought, under that name, into her temple; but it was
called "honey," and the vessel containing it also was
termed mellarium (scil. vas), i. e. , "a honey-jar. "
(Consult Maerob. , Sat. , 1, 12, and Spangenbcrg, de
Vet. hat. Relig. Domest. ,p. 64, where other versions
of the story are given. ) Fauna is said to have given
oracles from her temple after death, which circum-
? ? stance, according to some, affords an etymology for
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? FEL
FER
md, 14, I. --Crevter, Hist, des Emp. Rom. , vol. 6, p.
306. )
Faustina, I. Annia Galena, daughter of Annius
Verus, prefect of Rome. She married Antoninus be-
fore ii:s adoption by Hadrian, and died in the third
? ear of her husband's reign, 36 years of age. She was
notorious for her licentiousness, and yet her husband
appeared blind to her frailties, and after her death even
tccorded unto her divine honours. Her effigy appears
on a large number of medals. (Dio Cass. , 17, 30. --
Capitui. , ViL Anion. P. , c 3. )--II. Annia, or the
V'ou nger. daughter of the preceding, married her cousin
Marcus Aureuus, ar. d died A. D. 176, in a village of
Cappadocia, at the foot of Mount Taurus, on her hus-
band's return from Syria. She is represented by Dio
Cassius and Capitolinus as even more profligate in her
conduct than her mother; and yet Marcus, in his Med-
itations (1, 17), extols her obedience, simplicity, and
? flection. Her daughter Lucilla married Lucius Ve-
rus. whom Marcus Aurelius associated with him in the
empire, and her son Commodus succeeded his father
is emperor. (Capitol. , Vit. Ant. Phil. ,c. 19. ) Mar-
chand (Mcrcure de France, 1745) and Wieland have at-
tempted to clear this princess of the imputations against
her character. (Encyelop. Use. Knowledge, vol. 10,
p. 209. )
Faustitas, a goddess among the Romans, supposed
to preside over cattle, and the productions of the sea-
sons generally. Faustitas is frequently equivalent to
the Fclicilas Temporum of the Roman medals. (Ho-
rn. , Od. , 4, 5, 17. )
Faostulus, the name of the shepherd who, in the
old Roman legend, found Romulus and Remus getting
suckled by the she-wolf. He took both the children
to his home and brought them up. (Vid. Romulus,
tod Roma. )
Fkbroai. Ia, a feast at Rome of purification and
atonement, in the month of February: it continued
for IS days. The month of February, which, together
with January, was added hy Numa to the ten months
restituting the year of Romulus, derived its name
from this general expiatory festival, the people being
then purified (februati) from the sins of the whole year.
{Chid, Fast. , 2, 19. ) Some, however, deduce the
came Februarius from the old Latin word fiber, men-
tioned by Varro (L. L. , 4, 13), and meaning the " end"
or " extremity" of anything, whence comes the term
fimbria. "the hem or edge of a garment. " In this
sense, therefore, February will have been so called from
its having been the last month in the earlier Roman
year. (Nork, Elymol. Handxcort. , vol. 1, p. 338. )
Felix, M. Antonius, I. a Roman governor of Ju-
dsa, who succeeded in office Cuinanus, after tholatter
had been exiled for malversation. (Josephus, Ant.
Jud. , 20, 6. ) He was the brother of tho freedman
Pallas, the favourite of Claudius. On reaching his
government, A. D. 53, Felix became enamoured of the
beautiful Drusilla, daughter of Agrippa, at that time
married to Azixus, king of Emesa; and by dint of
magnificent promises, and through the intervention of
i reputed sorcerer named Simon, he succeeded in de-
taching her from her husband, and in making her his
Jwn wife.
Josephus charges this governor (Ant. Jud. ,
30,3) with having caused the assassination of the high-
priest Jonathas, to whom, in a great measure, he owed
ais place. Felix, it seems, wished to rid himself of one
who was continually remonstrating with him about the
? ? oppression of his government. And yet the Roman
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? FER
FES
il. e niBues of departed friends came and hovered over
their graves, and feasted upon the offerings which the
hand of piety and affection had prepared for them.
In theicase of the poor these offerings were plain and
simple, consisting generally of a few grains of salt,
flour mixed with wine, scattered violets, Ac. The
wealthy, however, offered up sumptuous banquets.
{Chid, Fast. , 2, 535, seqq. --Kirchmann, it Funeri-
hts, p. 560. )
Ferentinum, I. a town of Etruria, southeast of
Vulsinii, now Ferenti. From Vitruvius, who speaks
of some valuable stone-quarries in its neighbourhood
(2, 7), we collect that it was a municipium. The Em-
peror Otho's family was of this city. [Suet. , Vil. Oth. ,
\. --Sezt. ,Aur. Vict. --Tacit. ,Hut. , 2,60. --Compare
Ann. , 15, 33. )--II. A town of Latium, about eight
miles beyond Anagnia, on the Via Latina, now Feren-
tino. It appears to have belonged originally to the
Volsci, but was taken from them by the Romans and
given to the Hernici. (Lie, 4, 51. ) It subsequently
fell into the hands of the Samnites. (Lit. , 10, 34. --
Compare Steph. Byz. , s. >>. -- Cramer's Anc. Italy,
vol. 2, p. 80, scqq. )
Fkrkntum, or, more properly, Forentdm, as Pliny
(3, II) writes it, a town of Apulia, about eight miles
to the southeast of Venusia, and on the other side of
Mount Vultur. It is now Forcnza. (Herat. , Od. ,
3, 4, \6. --Diod. Sic, 19, 65. )
Fereteius, an appellation of Jupiter among the
Romans, who was so called from the fcrttrum, a
frame supporting the rpolia opima, dedicated to him
by Romulus, after the defeat of the Csninenses, and
the death of their king. This derivation, however, is
apposed by some, who think it better to derive the
term from the Latin ferirc, to smite. This is the opin-
ion of Plutarch, and he adds, that Romulus had prayed
to Jupiter that he might have power to smite his ad-
versary and kill him. (Liv. ,1, 10. --Plut. , Vil. Rom. )
FekT* Latinx, the Latin Holydays. (Vid. La-
tium )
FeronIa, a goddess worshipped with great solem-
nity by both the Sabines and Latins, but more espe-
cially the former. Sho is commonly tanked among
the rural divinities. Feronia had a temple at the foot
of Mount Soracte, and in her grove around this tem-
ple great markets used to be held during the time of
her festival. Her priests at this place used to walk
unhurt on burning coals. (Dion. Hal. , 9,32. --Strab. ,
226. -- Hcyne, ad Virg. , Jin. , 7, 800. --Fabretti, In-
script. , p. 452. ) She had also a temple, grove, and
fount near Anxur, and in this temple manumitted
slaves went through certain formalities to complete
their freedom, such as cutting off and consecrating
the hair of their head, and putting on a pilcus or cap.
(Liv. , 32, 1. --Sen. ad Virg. ,Jln. ,7, 564. ) Flowers
and first-fruits were the offerings to her, and the in-
terpretation of her name given in Greek was Flower-
bearing or Garland-loving, while some rendered it
Persephone (Proserpina). Thus Dionysius of Hali-
rarnassus remarks, lepov tart . . . &cuc itpuvtiac
bvo/ia^ofiivnc, fjv ol furae)pu? ovrec tic rqv 'EXXudo
y? jjaoav ol fih> 'Kvdnfybpov, ol 6e QiXoorcfavov, ol
6i itpotfavnv xaXovatv. (Dion. Hal. , 3, 32, where
for Qcpaveiac we must evidently read Qepuviac, to
suit the text in another part of Dionysius, 2, 49, as
also the quantity given by the Latin poets. ) Feronia
was also said to have been called Juno Virgo (Sen.
? ? ad Jin. , 7,799); but this, according to Spangenberg,
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? FID
FLA
Luinnrun Vclnum, vol. 2, 4to, Lips, 1832. --II.
Porcius. governor of Judxa after Felix, whom the
leva solicited to condemn St. Paul or to order him
op to Jerusalem. The apostle's appeal to Caesar (the
Emperor Nero) frustrated the intentions of both Fes-
<<s and the Jews. (Acts, 25, 1, seqq. )
Fibbinus, a small stream of Latium. running into
he Liris, and forming before its junction a small isl-
and. This island belonged to Cicero, and is the spot
where the scene is laid of his dialogues with Atticus
and his brother Quintus on legislation. He describes
it in the opening of the book as the property and resi-
dence of his ancestors, who had lived there for many
fenerations; he himself was born there, A. U. C. 646.
The Fibrenus, in another passage of the second book,
is mentioned as remarkable for the coldness of its wa-
ters. The river is now called Fiume delta Posta:
the island has taken the name of S. Domenico Abate.
(Romanclli, vol. 3, p. 366, seqq. --Cramer's Ancient
Italy, vol. 2, p. 113. )
FicuLEA or Ficulnea. a town of Latium, beyond
Mount Sacer, to the north of Rome. Cicero had a villa
there, and the road that led to the town was called Fi-
culnensis, afterward Nomenlana Via. (Cic, Alt. , 12,
34-- Lit. , 1, 38; 3, 52. ) It is supposed by Nibby
to have stood at Monti Gentile, about nine miles from
Rome. (JieUe Vie degli Antiehi, p. 94 )
FiDis. *, a town of the Sabines, between four and
five miles from Rome. It was at first a colony of Alba
(Dion. Hal. , 2, 54), but fell subsequently into the hands
of the Etrurians, or more probably the people of Veii.
Fiderue, according to Dionysius (2, 23), was conquered
by Romulus soon after the death of Tatius; he repre-
sents it as being at that period a large and populous
town. I*, made several attempts to emancipate itself
from the Roman yoke, sometimes with the aid of the
Etruscans, at others in conjunction with the Sabines.
Its last revolt occurred A. U. C. 329, when the dictator
jV. inilius Mamercus, after having vanquished the Fide-
natts in the field, stormed their city, which was aban-
doned to the licentiousness of his soldiery. (Lie, 4,
i) From this time we hear only of Fidenat as a de-
serted place, with a few country-seats in its vicinity.
(Strata, 226. --Cic. , de Leg. Agr. , 2, 25. --Horat. ,
Epist. , 1, 2, 7. ) In the reign of Tiberius a terrible
disaster occurred here by the fall of a wooden amphi-
theatre, during a show of gladiators, by which accident
50,000 persons, as Tacitus reports (Ann. , 4, 62), or
20,000, according to Suetonius (Tib. , 40), were killed
orwounded. From the passage of Tacitus here cited,
it appears that Fidenee had risen again to the rank of a
municipal town. (Compare Juvenal, 10, 99. ) The
distance of five miles, which ancient writers reckon
between Rome and Fidenaj, and the remains of anti-
quity which are yet to be seen there, fix the site of
this place near Castel Giubilco. (Nibby, Viaggio An-
itq. , vol. 1. p. 85. --Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 302. )
Fink's Dids, a Roman deity, whose name often oc-
curs in adjurations. The expression Me dius fidius,
which is found so frequently in the Roman classics, has
been variously explained. Festus makes dius fidius
to be put for Aio<; films, the son of Jupiter, i. c. , Her-
cules; he cites, at the same time, other opinions, as
that it is the same with swearing per divifidem ox per
Hum lemporis (i. e. , diei)fidem. All these etymolo-
gies, however, are decidedly erroneous. A passage in
Planus (Asin , 1, 1, 8) furnishes a safer guide, which
? ? is as follows: "Per drum fidinm quaris ; jurato mihi
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? FLAMININUS.
FLU
ind totally defeated him in the battle of Cynoscepha-
lae, in a spot broken by small hills, between Pherse and
Larissa. The Macedonians lost HOOD killed and 5000
prisoners. After granting peace to the Macedonian
monarch on severe and humiliating terms, Flamini-
nus was continued in his command for another year,
B. C. 199, to sec these conditions executed. In that
year, at the meeting of the Isthmian Games, where
multitudes had assembled from every part of Greece,
Flamininus caused a crier to proclaim, " that the senate
and people of Home, and their commander Titus Quin-
ti'js, having subdued Philip and the Macedonians, re-
stored the Corinthians, Phocians, Locrians, Eulxrans,
Thessalians, Achsans, &c, to their freedom and in-
dependence, and to the enjoyment of their own laws.
Sil. usi, Cat. , 27. )
Fajctdia Lki, proposed by the tribune Falcidius,
A. U. C. 713, enacted that the testator ahould leave at
hut the fourth part of his fortune to tho person whom
za named his heir. (Dio Cass. , 48, 33. )
Faleru, a town of Picenum, southwest of Firmum,
now Faliermi (Pirn. , 3, 13. )
Falerii (or ium), a city of Etruria, southwest of
Fescennium, and the capital of the ancient Falisci,
so well known from their connexion with the early his-
tory of Rome. Much uncertainty seems to have ex-
isted respecting the ancient site of this place; but it
is now well ascertained that it occupied the posi-
tion of the present Chita Castellana. Cluver, and
after him Holstcnius (ad Steph. Byz. , p. 67), have
satisfactorily established this point. The doubt seems
to have originated in the notion that there was a city
named Faliscum, as welt as Falerii. (Strabo, 226. )
The situation of the ancient Falerii is made to agree
with that of Civil a Castellana, from the language of
Plutarch (Vit. Camill. ) and Zonaras (Ann. , 2), who
both describe it as placed on a lofty summit; and the
latter states that the old town was destroyed, and a
new one built at the foot of the hill. This fact is con-
tinned by the identity of the new Falerii with the
church of St. Maria Falari, on the track of the Fla-
ramian way, where? the Itineraries place that city.
We learn, too, from Pliny (3, 5), that Falerii became
a colony under the name of Falisca, a circumstance
which sufficiently reconciles the apparent contradic-
tion in the accounts of this city. (Front. , de Col. , p.
130. ) Falerii, according to Dionysius of Halicarnas-
sos (1, 21), belonged at first to the Siculi; but these
were succeeded by the Pelasgi, to whom the Greek
form of its name is doubtless to be ascribed, as well
as the temple and riles of the Argive Juno, and other
indications of a Grecian origin which were observed
by that historian, and with which Ovid, who had mar-
ried a lady of this city, seems also to have been struck,
though he has followed the less authentic tradition,
which ascribed the foundation of Falerii to Halesus,
son of Agamemnon. (Am. , 3, 13. -- Fast. , 4, 73. )
The early wars of the Falisci with Rome are chiefly
detailed in the fifth book of Livy, where the celebra-
ted story of Camillus and the schoolmaster of Falerii
occurs. When the Roman commander was besie-
ging this place, the schoolmaster of the city (since the
higher classes of Falerii had a public one for the com-
mon education of their children) committed a most
disgraceful and treacherous act. Having led his schol-
ars forth, day after day, under pretence of taking ex-
ercise, and each time farther from the city walls, he
at last suddenly brought them within reach of the Ro-
nnn outposts, and surrendered them all to Camillus.
Indignant at the baseness of the deed, the Roman gen-
eral ordered his lictors to strip the delinquent, tie his
bands behind him, and supply the boys with rods and
scourges to punish the traitor, and whip him into the
city. This generous act on the part of Camillus pro-
duced so strong an impression on the minds of the in-
habitants, that they immediately sent ambassadors to
? ? treat of a surrender (Lis. 5,27. --Compare Vol. Max. ,
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? ra b
FAtI
were usual'v mixed with certain quantities of pitch,
aromatic hens, sea-water, &c, which must have com-
municated to them a taste that we, at least, should
consider very unpalatable. Among the ancient, and
especially the Greek wines, it was no uncommon
thing for an age of more than 20 years to leave no-
thing in the vessel but a thick and bitter mixture, ari-
sing, no doubt, from the substances with which the
wine had been medicated. We have an exception,
however, to this, in the wine made in Italy during the
consulship of Opimius, A. U. C. 633, which was to be
met with in the time of Pliny, nearly 200 years after.
This may have been owmg to the peculiar qualities of
that vintage, since we are informed that, in conse-
quence of the great warmth of the summer in that
year, all the productions of the earth attained an ex-
traordinary legrcc of perfection. Vid. Caecubus Ager.
{Henderson's History of ancient and modern Wines, p.
81, seqq. )
Falibci, a people of Etruria. (Vid. Falerii. )
Faliscus Gratius. Vid. Gratius.
Fannia Lex, de Sumptilms, enacted A. U. C. 588.
It limited the expenses of one day, at festivals, to 100
isses, whence the law is called by Lucilius Centussis;
on ten other days every month to 30, and on all other
days to 10 asses: alao, that no other fowl should be
served up except one hen, and that not fattened for the
purpose. (Aid. Gell. , 2, 24. --Maerob. , Sat. , 2, 13. )
Fannius, an inferior poot, ridiculed by Horace
[Sat. . 1, 4, 21). It seems the legacy-hunters of the
day carried his writings and bust to the library of the
Palat'iK Apollo, a compliment only paid to produc-
tions of merit. The satirist remarks, that this was
unasked for on the part of Fannius (ultra delatis cap-
sis ct imagine); an expression of double import, since
ultro may also contain a sly allusion to the absence of
all mental exertion on the part of the poet. (Schol. et
Heindorf, ad Horat. , I. c. )
Fanusj Vacun^e, a temple of Vicuna, in the vicin-
ty of Horace's Sabine villa. (Hor. , Ep. , 1, 10, 49. )
It is supposed to have stood on the summit of Rocca
Giovane.
Farfaris. Vid. Fabaris.
Fauna, a goddess of the Latins. According to the
old Roman legends, by which all the Italian deities
were originally mortals, she was the daughter of Picus,
and the sister and wife of Faunus. One account makes
her to have never left her bower, or let herself be seen
of men; and to have been deified for this reason, be-
coming identical with the Bona Dea, and no man be-
ing allowed to enter her temple. (Maerob. , 1, 12. )
According to another tradition, she was not only re-
markable for her modesty, but also for her extensive
and varied knowledge. Having, however, on one oc-
casion, made free with the contents of a jar of wine,
she was beaten to death by her husband with myrtle-
twigs! Repenting, however, soon after of the deed, he
bestowed on her divine honours. Hence, in the cele-
bration of her sacred rites, myrtle boughs were care-
fully excluded; nor was any wine allowed to be
brought, under that name, into her temple; but it was
called "honey," and the vessel containing it also was
termed mellarium (scil. vas), i. e. , "a honey-jar. "
(Consult Maerob. , Sat. , 1, 12, and Spangenbcrg, de
Vet. hat. Relig. Domest. ,p. 64, where other versions
of the story are given. ) Fauna is said to have given
oracles from her temple after death, which circum-
? ? stance, according to some, affords an etymology for
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? FEL
FER
md, 14, I. --Crevter, Hist, des Emp. Rom. , vol. 6, p.
306. )
Faustina, I. Annia Galena, daughter of Annius
Verus, prefect of Rome. She married Antoninus be-
fore ii:s adoption by Hadrian, and died in the third
? ear of her husband's reign, 36 years of age. She was
notorious for her licentiousness, and yet her husband
appeared blind to her frailties, and after her death even
tccorded unto her divine honours. Her effigy appears
on a large number of medals. (Dio Cass. , 17, 30. --
Capitui. , ViL Anion. P. , c 3. )--II. Annia, or the
V'ou nger. daughter of the preceding, married her cousin
Marcus Aureuus, ar. d died A. D. 176, in a village of
Cappadocia, at the foot of Mount Taurus, on her hus-
band's return from Syria. She is represented by Dio
Cassius and Capitolinus as even more profligate in her
conduct than her mother; and yet Marcus, in his Med-
itations (1, 17), extols her obedience, simplicity, and
? flection. Her daughter Lucilla married Lucius Ve-
rus. whom Marcus Aurelius associated with him in the
empire, and her son Commodus succeeded his father
is emperor. (Capitol. , Vit. Ant. Phil. ,c. 19. ) Mar-
chand (Mcrcure de France, 1745) and Wieland have at-
tempted to clear this princess of the imputations against
her character. (Encyelop. Use. Knowledge, vol. 10,
p. 209. )
Faustitas, a goddess among the Romans, supposed
to preside over cattle, and the productions of the sea-
sons generally. Faustitas is frequently equivalent to
the Fclicilas Temporum of the Roman medals. (Ho-
rn. , Od. , 4, 5, 17. )
Faostulus, the name of the shepherd who, in the
old Roman legend, found Romulus and Remus getting
suckled by the she-wolf. He took both the children
to his home and brought them up. (Vid. Romulus,
tod Roma. )
Fkbroai. Ia, a feast at Rome of purification and
atonement, in the month of February: it continued
for IS days. The month of February, which, together
with January, was added hy Numa to the ten months
restituting the year of Romulus, derived its name
from this general expiatory festival, the people being
then purified (februati) from the sins of the whole year.
{Chid, Fast. , 2, 19. ) Some, however, deduce the
came Februarius from the old Latin word fiber, men-
tioned by Varro (L. L. , 4, 13), and meaning the " end"
or " extremity" of anything, whence comes the term
fimbria. "the hem or edge of a garment. " In this
sense, therefore, February will have been so called from
its having been the last month in the earlier Roman
year. (Nork, Elymol. Handxcort. , vol. 1, p. 338. )
Felix, M. Antonius, I. a Roman governor of Ju-
dsa, who succeeded in office Cuinanus, after tholatter
had been exiled for malversation. (Josephus, Ant.
Jud. , 20, 6. ) He was the brother of tho freedman
Pallas, the favourite of Claudius. On reaching his
government, A. D. 53, Felix became enamoured of the
beautiful Drusilla, daughter of Agrippa, at that time
married to Azixus, king of Emesa; and by dint of
magnificent promises, and through the intervention of
i reputed sorcerer named Simon, he succeeded in de-
taching her from her husband, and in making her his
Jwn wife.
Josephus charges this governor (Ant. Jud. ,
30,3) with having caused the assassination of the high-
priest Jonathas, to whom, in a great measure, he owed
ais place. Felix, it seems, wished to rid himself of one
who was continually remonstrating with him about the
? ? oppression of his government. And yet the Roman
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? FER
FES
il. e niBues of departed friends came and hovered over
their graves, and feasted upon the offerings which the
hand of piety and affection had prepared for them.
In theicase of the poor these offerings were plain and
simple, consisting generally of a few grains of salt,
flour mixed with wine, scattered violets, Ac. The
wealthy, however, offered up sumptuous banquets.
{Chid, Fast. , 2, 535, seqq. --Kirchmann, it Funeri-
hts, p. 560. )
Ferentinum, I. a town of Etruria, southeast of
Vulsinii, now Ferenti. From Vitruvius, who speaks
of some valuable stone-quarries in its neighbourhood
(2, 7), we collect that it was a municipium. The Em-
peror Otho's family was of this city. [Suet. , Vil. Oth. ,
\. --Sezt. ,Aur. Vict. --Tacit. ,Hut. , 2,60. --Compare
Ann. , 15, 33. )--II. A town of Latium, about eight
miles beyond Anagnia, on the Via Latina, now Feren-
tino. It appears to have belonged originally to the
Volsci, but was taken from them by the Romans and
given to the Hernici. (Lie, 4, 51. ) It subsequently
fell into the hands of the Samnites. (Lit. , 10, 34. --
Compare Steph. Byz. , s. >>. -- Cramer's Anc. Italy,
vol. 2, p. 80, scqq. )
Fkrkntum, or, more properly, Forentdm, as Pliny
(3, II) writes it, a town of Apulia, about eight miles
to the southeast of Venusia, and on the other side of
Mount Vultur. It is now Forcnza. (Herat. , Od. ,
3, 4, \6. --Diod. Sic, 19, 65. )
Fereteius, an appellation of Jupiter among the
Romans, who was so called from the fcrttrum, a
frame supporting the rpolia opima, dedicated to him
by Romulus, after the defeat of the Csninenses, and
the death of their king. This derivation, however, is
apposed by some, who think it better to derive the
term from the Latin ferirc, to smite. This is the opin-
ion of Plutarch, and he adds, that Romulus had prayed
to Jupiter that he might have power to smite his ad-
versary and kill him. (Liv. ,1, 10. --Plut. , Vil. Rom. )
FekT* Latinx, the Latin Holydays. (Vid. La-
tium )
FeronIa, a goddess worshipped with great solem-
nity by both the Sabines and Latins, but more espe-
cially the former. Sho is commonly tanked among
the rural divinities. Feronia had a temple at the foot
of Mount Soracte, and in her grove around this tem-
ple great markets used to be held during the time of
her festival. Her priests at this place used to walk
unhurt on burning coals. (Dion. Hal. , 9,32. --Strab. ,
226. -- Hcyne, ad Virg. , Jin. , 7, 800. --Fabretti, In-
script. , p. 452. ) She had also a temple, grove, and
fount near Anxur, and in this temple manumitted
slaves went through certain formalities to complete
their freedom, such as cutting off and consecrating
the hair of their head, and putting on a pilcus or cap.
(Liv. , 32, 1. --Sen. ad Virg. ,Jln. ,7, 564. ) Flowers
and first-fruits were the offerings to her, and the in-
terpretation of her name given in Greek was Flower-
bearing or Garland-loving, while some rendered it
Persephone (Proserpina). Thus Dionysius of Hali-
rarnassus remarks, lepov tart . . . &cuc itpuvtiac
bvo/ia^ofiivnc, fjv ol furae)pu? ovrec tic rqv 'EXXudo
y? jjaoav ol fih> 'Kvdnfybpov, ol 6e QiXoorcfavov, ol
6i itpotfavnv xaXovatv. (Dion. Hal. , 3, 32, where
for Qcpaveiac we must evidently read Qepuviac, to
suit the text in another part of Dionysius, 2, 49, as
also the quantity given by the Latin poets. ) Feronia
was also said to have been called Juno Virgo (Sen.
? ? ad Jin. , 7,799); but this, according to Spangenberg,
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? FID
FLA
Luinnrun Vclnum, vol. 2, 4to, Lips, 1832. --II.
Porcius. governor of Judxa after Felix, whom the
leva solicited to condemn St. Paul or to order him
op to Jerusalem. The apostle's appeal to Caesar (the
Emperor Nero) frustrated the intentions of both Fes-
<<s and the Jews. (Acts, 25, 1, seqq. )
Fibbinus, a small stream of Latium. running into
he Liris, and forming before its junction a small isl-
and. This island belonged to Cicero, and is the spot
where the scene is laid of his dialogues with Atticus
and his brother Quintus on legislation. He describes
it in the opening of the book as the property and resi-
dence of his ancestors, who had lived there for many
fenerations; he himself was born there, A. U. C. 646.
The Fibrenus, in another passage of the second book,
is mentioned as remarkable for the coldness of its wa-
ters. The river is now called Fiume delta Posta:
the island has taken the name of S. Domenico Abate.
(Romanclli, vol. 3, p. 366, seqq. --Cramer's Ancient
Italy, vol. 2, p. 113. )
FicuLEA or Ficulnea. a town of Latium, beyond
Mount Sacer, to the north of Rome. Cicero had a villa
there, and the road that led to the town was called Fi-
culnensis, afterward Nomenlana Via. (Cic, Alt. , 12,
34-- Lit. , 1, 38; 3, 52. ) It is supposed by Nibby
to have stood at Monti Gentile, about nine miles from
Rome. (JieUe Vie degli Antiehi, p. 94 )
FiDis. *, a town of the Sabines, between four and
five miles from Rome. It was at first a colony of Alba
(Dion. Hal. , 2, 54), but fell subsequently into the hands
of the Etrurians, or more probably the people of Veii.
Fiderue, according to Dionysius (2, 23), was conquered
by Romulus soon after the death of Tatius; he repre-
sents it as being at that period a large and populous
town. I*, made several attempts to emancipate itself
from the Roman yoke, sometimes with the aid of the
Etruscans, at others in conjunction with the Sabines.
Its last revolt occurred A. U. C. 329, when the dictator
jV. inilius Mamercus, after having vanquished the Fide-
natts in the field, stormed their city, which was aban-
doned to the licentiousness of his soldiery. (Lie, 4,
i) From this time we hear only of Fidenat as a de-
serted place, with a few country-seats in its vicinity.
(Strata, 226. --Cic. , de Leg. Agr. , 2, 25. --Horat. ,
Epist. , 1, 2, 7. ) In the reign of Tiberius a terrible
disaster occurred here by the fall of a wooden amphi-
theatre, during a show of gladiators, by which accident
50,000 persons, as Tacitus reports (Ann. , 4, 62), or
20,000, according to Suetonius (Tib. , 40), were killed
orwounded. From the passage of Tacitus here cited,
it appears that Fidenee had risen again to the rank of a
municipal town. (Compare Juvenal, 10, 99. ) The
distance of five miles, which ancient writers reckon
between Rome and Fidenaj, and the remains of anti-
quity which are yet to be seen there, fix the site of
this place near Castel Giubilco. (Nibby, Viaggio An-
itq. , vol. 1. p. 85. --Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 302. )
Fink's Dids, a Roman deity, whose name often oc-
curs in adjurations. The expression Me dius fidius,
which is found so frequently in the Roman classics, has
been variously explained. Festus makes dius fidius
to be put for Aio<; films, the son of Jupiter, i. c. , Her-
cules; he cites, at the same time, other opinions, as
that it is the same with swearing per divifidem ox per
Hum lemporis (i. e. , diei)fidem. All these etymolo-
gies, however, are decidedly erroneous. A passage in
Planus (Asin , 1, 1, 8) furnishes a safer guide, which
? ? is as follows: "Per drum fidinm quaris ; jurato mihi
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? FLAMININUS.
FLU
ind totally defeated him in the battle of Cynoscepha-
lae, in a spot broken by small hills, between Pherse and
Larissa. The Macedonians lost HOOD killed and 5000
prisoners. After granting peace to the Macedonian
monarch on severe and humiliating terms, Flamini-
nus was continued in his command for another year,
B. C. 199, to sec these conditions executed. In that
year, at the meeting of the Isthmian Games, where
multitudes had assembled from every part of Greece,
Flamininus caused a crier to proclaim, " that the senate
and people of Home, and their commander Titus Quin-
ti'js, having subdued Philip and the Macedonians, re-
stored the Corinthians, Phocians, Locrians, Eulxrans,
Thessalians, Achsans, &c, to their freedom and in-
dependence, and to the enjoyment of their own laws.
