Gildas
and the Paraclete in the Time of Abelard and
Heloise (1851).
and the Paraclete in the Time of Abelard and
Heloise (1851).
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
See Kempis.
Thomas Aquinas or Thomas of Aquin,
Saint (a-kwi'nas). A great mediæval theolo-
gian and philosopher; born at Aquino in the
kingdom of Naples, about 1225; died at Fossa
Nuova, in the diocese of Terracina, March 7,
1274. His writings are very voluminous, being
comprised in 28 vols. quarto. His greatest work
is the (Sum of Theology. Among his other
works are : (Sum of Catholic Belief against
the Heathen'; Exposition of all the Epistles
of St. Paul. *
Thomas of Celano. An Italian hymnist;
born at Celano in the Abruzzi; died about
1255. He was one of the first disciples of St.
Francis. He is probably the author of the
(Dies Iræ. He is also believed to have writ.
ten the biography of St. Francis found in the
Bollandists' (Acta Sanctorum.
Thomasius, Christian (to-mäs’yös). A Ger-
man legist; born at Leipsic, Jan. 1, 1655;
died professor of jurisprudence at Halle, Sept.
23, 1728. Among his writings are: (Serious
but Lively and Sensible Remarks on all Sorts
of Juristic Works) (1720); Reasonable and
Christianlike but not Pharisaical Considera-
tions on all Sorts of Philosophical and Juristic
Works) (3 vols. , 1723); History of Wisdom and
Folly:
Thomasius, Gottfried. A German theo-
logical writer; born at Egenhausen, in Fran-
conia, July 26, 1802 ; died professor of dogmatics
at Erlangen, Jan. 24, 1875. Among his writings
are : (Origen) (1837); (Contributions to Christ-
ology) (1845); (The Person and the Work of
Christ) (1852); (Resuscitation of Evangelical
Life in the Lutheran Church of Bavaria (1867);
(History of Christian Dogma) (1874).
Thompson, Benjamin. See Rumford.
Thompson, Charles Miner. An American
journalist, writer on the staff of the Youth's
Companion ; born 1864. He has written : (The
Nimble Dollar); Life of Ethan Allen.
Thompson, Francis. An English poet; son
of a Lancashire physician. He was educated
at Ushaw College, near Durham, and stud-
ied medicine at Owens College, Manchester.
He determined to take up literature, however,
and came to London. His first appearance
in print was in the columns of Merry England.
## p. 524 (#540) ############################################
THOMPSON - THONISSEN
524
Collected volumes have appeared as follows:
(Poems) (1893); (Sister-Songs' (1890); (Vew
Poems) (1897).
Thompson, (James) Maurice. An American
essayist and novelist; born in Fairfield, Ind. ,
Sept. 9, 1844. He was a Confederate soldier in
the Civil War; afterwards State geologist of
Indiana, 1885-89. He writes charmingly of
nature subjects. He has published in book
form : Hoosier Mosaics) (1875); (The Witch-
ery of Archery) (1878); “A Tallahassee Girl
(1882); His Second Campaign (1883); “Songs
of Fair Weather (1883); “At Love's Extremes)
(1885); Byways and Bird Notes) (1885); (The
Boy's Book of Sports) (1886); (A Banker of
Bankersville) (1886); (Sylvan Secrets) (1887);
(A Fortnight of Folly) (1888); (The Story of
Louisiana) (1888); Poems) (1892); "King of
Honey Island (1892); (The Ocala Boy) (1895).
Thompson, Mortimer M. [“Q. K. Philan-
der Doesticks, P. B. ”] An American humorous
writer and lecturer; born in 1830; died in 1875.
He contributed at first to the daily and in
later years regularly to the weekly newspapers,
and published in book form in 1855-57: (Doe-
sticks: What He Says); Plu-Ri-Bus-Tah,' a
travesty of Hiawatha'; (The Witches of New
York); Nothing to Say); (The Elephant
Club.
Thomsen, Vilhelm Ludvig Peder (tom'sen).
A Danish philologist; born at Copenhagen,
Jan. 25, 1842. His principal works are : (The
Magyar Language) (1806); Influence of the
Germanic Languages on the Finno-Lappish)
(1870); (Relations between Ancient Russia and
Scandinavia) (1879); (Relations between the
Finnish and the Baltic Languages) (1890).
Thomson, Charles. An American patriot
and publicist; born in Maghera, County Derry,
Ireland, Nov. 29, 1729 ; died in Lower Merion,
Pa. , Aug. 16, 1824. At first a teacher at New
London, Pa. , be became the first secretary of
the Continental Congress (1774-79), and was
said in compliment to be the soul of that polit-
ical body. ” He destroyed his notes of its pro-
ceedings for fear of giving pain to descendants
of some of the members. He published: (An
Enquiry into the Causes of the Alienation of
the Delaware and Shawaneese Indians, etc.
( 1759); a translation of the Greek (Septuagint)
Bible (4 vols. , 1808), which was the first Eng-
lish version of it; a "Synopsis of the Four
Evangelists) (1815). etc.
Thomson, Edward William. An American
writer, editor, and civil engineer; torn in On-
tario, 1849. He has written: 'Old Man Savarin,
and Other Stories); (Walter Gibbs,' a book
for boys; also the metrical portions of M. S.
Henry's Version of (Aucassin and Nicolette. )
Thomson, James. A Scotch poet; born at
Ednam, Sept. II, 1700; died Aug. 27, 1748. He
was educated at Jedburgh School and Edin-
burgh University, and studied for the ministry.
In 1725 he went to London and became a tutor.
In 1733 he held a position in the Court of
Chancery, and on losing this position was given
a pension. In 1744 he was appointed surveyor-
general of the Leeward Islands. His most
famous poem is (The Seasons (1726–1730), and
next to this (The Castle of Indolence) (1748).
He wrote some plays, among them being
(Sophonisba (1730) and (Tancred and Sigis.
munda! (1745). *
Thomson, James. A Scotch poet; born at
Port Glasgow, Nov. 23, 1834; died June 3, 1882.
He was brought up in an orphan asylum, and
became an army tutor. Most of his life was
spent in journalism, though he came to America
at one time to investigate a silver mine; thence
he was sent to Spain as the New York World's
special correspondent. He suffered much from
insomnia, which he made the subject of a most
powerful poem by that name; and died a victim
to the drugs he used to relieve it. His best-
known work is The City of Dreadful Night
(1870-74); others of high quality are (The
Doom of a City) (1857), and Our Ladies of
Death (1861). *
Thomson, Joseph. A Scotch traveler; born
at Thornhill in Dumfriesshire, Feb. 14, 1858;
died at London, Aug. 2, 1895. He wrote :
(To the Central African Lakes and Back)
(3d ed. 1881); (Through Masai Land) (1885);
(Ulu, an African Romance) (1888); Mungo
Park and the Niger? (1890); (Travels in the
Atlas and Southern Marocco (1890).
Thomson, Sir William - Lord Kelvin. A
British physicist, mathematician, engineer, and
inventor of the highest rank; born in Belfast,
Ireland, June 1824. He has been professor of
natural philosophy in the University of Glas-
gow since he was 22. As such he has not
only done enduring work of his own, but has
guided the careers of several other great sci-
entists. His scientific papers have been pub-
lished under the titles (Reprints of Papers on
Electrostatics and Magnetism (1872); Mathe.
matical and Physical Papers) (1882–90); Pop-
ular Lectures and Addresses); "On Heat);
(On Elasticity! In 1867, in collaboration with
Professor Tait of Edinburgh, he issued his first
volume of (A Treatise on Natural Philosophy)
(2d ed. in 2 parts, 1879). From 1846 to 1853
he was editor of the Cambridge and Dublin
Mathematical Journal; and also connected with
the Philosophical Magazine. He has been pres-
ident of the British Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, and of the Royal Society
of London. He was made a peer in 1892.
Thomson, William McClure. An American
clergyman of the Presbyterian Church; born in
Ohio, Dec. 3, 1806; died in 1894. In 1833 he
went as missionary to Syria and Palestine, re-
maining until 1876. His chief work, ' The Land
and the Book) (2 vols. , 1859-60; 3 vols. , 1880-
86), is an accepted authority on Palestine and
Syria. He has also published: (The Land of
Promise); (Travels in Palestine) (1865).
Thonissen, Jean Joseph (ton'is-sen). A
Belgian jurist and political economist; born at
## p. 525 (#541) ############################################
THORBECKE - TICKELL
525
Hasselt, Jan. 21, 1817; died Aug. 17, 1891, at
Louvain, where he was professor of jurispru-
dence. Among his writings are: (Socialism
and its Promises) (1850); (Socialism in the
Past) (1851); (Belgium in the Reign of Leo-
pold I. (4 vols. , 1855); “The Pretended Neces-
sity of the Death Penalty) (1864); (The Penal
Laws of the Athenian Republic) (1876).
Thorbecke, Heinrich (tor-bek'e). A Ger-
man Orientalist; born at Meiningen, March 14,
1837 ; died at Mannheim, Jan. 3, 1890. He was
appointed professor in the University of Halle,
1887. His studies were directed mainly to the
poetry of the Bedawîn and the history of Ara-
bic. He is author of Life of Antarah, the
Pre-Islamite Poet) (1868); (Al Ashâ's Song of
Praise to Mohammed) (1875); M. Sabbâg's
Grammar of Conversational Arabic in Syria
and Egypt) (1886).
Thorburn, Grant. [“Lawrie Todd. " ] A
Scottish-American craftsman, merchant, and
author. He was born at Dalkeith, 1773; emi-
grated to America, 1794; died at New Haven,
Conn. , Jan. 21, 1863. As the hero of Galt's
novel, (Lawrie Todd,' he was a well-known
figure in New York. His publications in book
form include : (Forty Years' Residence in Amer.
ica) (1834); Men and Manners in Great Brit-
ain) (1834); (Fifty Years' Reminiscences of
New York) (1845); (Hints to Merchants, etc.
(1847); Notes on Virginia) (1848); Life and
Writings of Grant Thorburn (1852–53).
Thoreau, Henry David. A distinguished
American writer; born in Concord, Mass. , July
12, 1817; died there, May 6, 1862. His works
include: (A Week on the Concord and Mer-
rimac Rivers) (1848); (Walden; or, Life in
the Woods) (1854); “Echoes of Harper's Ferry)
( 1860 ); Excursions) (1863 ); (The Maine
Woods) (1864); "Cape Cod (1865); Letters
to Various Persons) (1865); (A Yankee in Can-
ada) (1866); Early Spring in Massachusetts)
( 1881 ); (Summer) ( 1884 ); Winter) (1888 );
(Autumn) (1892); (Works) (10 vols. , 1894);
(Familiar Letters) (1894); Poems of Nature)
(1895). The posthumous volumes are made up
mostly from his daily journal, begun in 1835,
which numbered 30 vols. when he died. *
Thoresen, Anna Magdalena (Kragh) (tö'.
re-sen). A Danish novelist; born at Fredericia,
June 3, 1819. Among the best of her works
are : (Tales) (1863); “Si Historiæ. (Signs
of History: 1864); Pictures from the West
Coast of Norway) (1872); Herluf Nordal: A
Tale from the Last Century) (1879); “Short
Tales) ( 1891 ). She is also the author of sev-
eral dramas.
Thorild, Thomas (tör'ild). A Swedish poet;
born at Kongelf in Bohuslän, 1759; died at
Greifswald, 1808. His poetry was of less influ-
ence on the thought of his day than his polem-
ics. One of these, (A Critique of the Critics,
with a Project of a Code for the Kingdom of
Genius) (1791), had much to do with the de
velopment of Swedish poetry. He wrote also
(Maximum, or Archimetria' (1799), an attempt
at a system of philosophy.
Thornbury, George Walter. An English
author; born in London in 1828; died Lon-
don, June 11, 1876. Among his works are :
(Shakespeare's England; or, Sketches of our
Social History during the Reign of Elizabeth)
(2 vols. , 1856); (Songs of the Cavaliers and
Roundheads) (1857); Life in Spain) (1859);
(Turkish Life and Character) (1860); (British
Artists from Hogarth to Turner) (1860); "Life
of J. M. W. Turner, R. A. (1861); (Haunted
London) (1865); ( Two Centuries of Song'(1866);
(Old and New London (1873-74).
Thrale, Mrs. See Piozzi.
Thucydides (thö-sid'é-dēs). A Greek his-
torian. The year of his birth is uncertain; not
much earlier than 470 nor later than 454 B. C.
The time and manner of his death are like-
wise uncertain. It is probable that he did not
long survive the end of the fifth century.
His History,' which covers 21 years of the
Peloponnesian War, has come down to us in
eight books.
Thunmann, Johan (tön’män). A Swedish
historian and archæologist; born 1746; died 1778.
He wrote: (The Borderland of History and
Poetry) (1772); (Researches on the History of
the Nations of Eastern Europe) (1774); "The
Ancient Poetical Literature of the North) (1775);
(The Discovery of America' (1776); Researches
on the Ancient History of Some Northern Na-
tions) (1777).
Thwaites, Reuben Gold. An American an-
tiquarian writer, and secretary of the Wisconsin
State Historical Society. He was born in Bos-
ton, May 15, 1853. His books comprise : (His-
toric Waterways); (The Story of Wisconsin);
(Our Cycling Tour in England); (The Colonies,
1492-1750. He is also the editor of “The Jesuit
Relations, and Allied Documents.
Tiara, Petrus (te-ä'rä). A Dutch physician
and poet; born at Workum, 1514; died 1586.
He wrote in Latin : (Verses on the Nobility and
the Military Discipline of the Frisians) (1597);
"Of Noblesse and its True Tokens.
Tibullus, Albius (tib-ul’lus). A Roman poet;
born about 54 B. C. ; died probably in 19 B. C.
Three books of elegies ascribed to him have
come down to us. There are English trans-
lations by Dr. Grainger (1752); Cranstoun
(London, 1872). *
Tiby, Paul Alexandre (tib-e'). A French
miscellaneous writer; born at Paris, 1800; died
there, May 10, 1871. He wrote: (Memoirs of a
Young Priest, Collected and Published by a
Layman) (1824); (Statistical Accounts of the
French Colonies) (1837); “Two Convents in
Mediæval Times: the Abbey of St.
Gildas
and the Paraclete in the Time of Abelard and
Heloise (1851).
Tickell, Thomas. An English poet, Addi-
son's intimate friend; born at Bridekirk in
## p. 526 (#542) ############################################
526
TICKNOR – TILTON
Cumberland, 1686; died at Bath, April 23, 1740.
His principal works are: (The Prospect of
Peace,' a poem ; (The Royal Progress,' verses
celebrating the arrival of George I. ; translation
of the first book of the Iliad (1715); “Ken-
sington Garden) (1722); “Elegy on Addison';
and the popular ballad "Colin and Lucy);
besides contributing to the Spectator and the
Guardian. An edition of his poems was pub-
lished at Boston in 1854.
Ticknor, Caroline. An American writer of
short stories; born in 1866. She has published :
(A Hypocritical Romance, and Other Stories);
Miss Belladonna'; etc.
Ticknor, George. A distinguished American
scholar and historian; born in Boston, Aug. 1,
1791 ; died there, Jan. 26, 1871. He graduated
from Dartmouth College, 1807; was admitted to
the bar, 1813; afterwards spent five years in
foreign study and travel. He was professor of
modern languages at Harvard, 1819-35; one
of the founders of the Boston Public Library,
and president of its board of trustees 1864-66.
He published his chief work, A History of
Spanish Literature, in 1849, and subsequent
editions 1854-63. He wrote also: (Essays on
Spanish History, etc. ; and "Life of W. H.
Prescott) (1864).
Tieck, Johann Ludwig (tēk). A celebrated
German poet and miscellaneous writer; born
in Berlin, May 31, 1773; died there, April 28,
1853. His works include: Peter Lebrecht: A
Story without Adventures) (1795 ); (William
Lovell) (1795-96); (Abdallah' (1796); (Ostrich
Plumes) (1795-98); (The Legend of Peter Leb-
recht) (1797 ); Franz Sternbald's Wander-
ings' (1798); Prince Zerbino '(1799);( Romantic
Fancies) (1799-1800); Life and Death of St.
Genevieve) (1800 ? ); "Love Songs of the Sua.
bian Past) (1803), an adaptation ; “Don Qui-
xote) (1804), and (Old English Dramatists)
(1811), translations ; (Phantasus) (1812); “For-
tunatus); (The Paintings ) (1813? ); ( The Tour-
ists) (1814); (The Old Man of the Mountain)
(1815? ) (Society in the Country); (The Be-
trothal) (1816); (Musical Joys and Sorrows);
(The Greek Emperor (1818); “Dramatic Pages)
( 1825 ); Vittoria Accorombono) ( 1840), not
completed ; translations from Shakespeare ; es-
says ; editions of noted works; etc.
Tiedemann, Diedrich (tē'de-män). A Ger-
man philosopher; born at Bremerworde, 1748;
died 1786, at Marburg, where he was professor
of philosophy in the university. He wrote:
(Researches on the Origin of Languages) (1772);
(System of the Stoic Philosophy) (1777); (The
First Philosophers of Greece) (1780); (Origin of
the Magic Arts) (1787); (Spirit of Speculative
Philosophy from Thales to Berkeley) (6 vols. ,
1790-97); (Theætetus; or, Human Knowledge
(1794).
Tiedge, Christoph August (tēd'¿ hé). A
German poet; born 1752 (? ); died 1841. He
enjoys distinction as the author of Urania,'
and Mirror for Women. He also wrote:
“Wanderings through Life's Market,' and (Ele-
gies. His admirers are many, and his poetry
has been compared with that of Cowper.
Tiedge, Cornelis Petrus. A Dutch historical
writer; born at Leyden, Dec. 16, 1830. Among
his writings are: (The Divine Service of Zara-
thustra) (1864); (Compendium of the History
of Religion) (2d ed. 1887); (Western Asia in
the Light of Recent Discoveries) (1893);
(Babylonio-Assyrian History) (1887).
Tiernan, Frances C. (“Christian Reid. ”] An
American novelist; born at Salisbury, N. C.
Her many works include : Valerie Aylmer)
(1870); Mabel Lee) (1871); (Morton House)
(1871); Ebb Tide) (1872); Nina's Atonement)
(1873); (Carmen's Inheritance) (1873); (A
Daughter of Bohemia' (1873); (A Gentle Belle
(1875); Hearts and Hands (1875); (A Ques-
tion of Honor) (1875); “The Land of the Sky)
(1875); (After Many Days) (1877); (Bonny
Kate) (1878); “A Summer Idyl) (1878); Hearts
of Steel (1882); Armine) (1884); (Roslyn's
Fortune) (1885); Miss Churchill (1887); (A
Child of Mary' (1887); and Philip's Restitu-
tion) (1888).
Tighe, Mary (ti). An Irish poetess; born
in Dublin in 1773; died at Woodstock, County
Kilkenny, March 24, 1810. She published in
1805, for private circulation, her poem "Psyche.
Her works, which appeared in 1811, passed
through several editions. She was the sub-
ject of a song by Moore, and a poem by Mrs.
Hemans.
Tillemont, Sébastien le Nain de (tē-yė-
môn'). A French historian; born at Paris,
1637 ; died 1698. He is author of History of
the Emperors and Other Princes who Reigned
in the First Six Centuries of the Church (6
vols. , 1690-1738); and Materials for the His-
tory of the First Six Centuries' (16 vols. , 1093-
1712).
Tillier, Antoine de (tē-yā'). A Swiss his-
torian; born at Bern, 1792; died 1854. His
works are : History of the Middle Ages) (4
vols. , 1829); History of the Helvetic Republic,
1798-1848) (11 vols. ); "History of the Republic
of Bern (5 vols. ).
Tillières, Le Veneur de, Count (tē-yår').
A French diplomat of the first half of the 17th
century. He was ambassador to the English
court to arrange the marriage of Prince Charles
(Charles I. ) with Henrietta Maria. His (Me-
moirs) are valuable for the history of the Eng.
lish court : they were first published in 1862.
Tillotson, John. An English archbishop
and ecclesiastical writer; born at Sowerby,
Yorkshire, October 1630; died in London, Nov.
22, 1694. He ranks among the foremost of Eng.
lish preachers, published in his lifetime sev-
eral volumes of sermons, and left many more
in manuscript. ('Complete Works, 1820. )
Tilton, Theodore. An American journalist,
verse-writer, editor, and lecturer ; born in ew
York city, Oct. 2, 1835. He was long known as
*
## p. 527 (#543) ############################################
TIMROD - TITTMANN
527
editor on the New York Independent (1856–72).
He established the Golden Age (newspaper),
but retired from it after two years. In 1883
he went abroad, where he has remained. Be-
sides numerous essays and fugitive pieces,
he has published: (The Sexton's Tale, and
Other Poems) (1867); (Sanctum Sanctorum ; or,
An Editor's Proof Sheets) (1869); (Tempest-
Tossed,' a romance (1873 ); (Thou and I
(1880); “Suabian Stories,' etc. (1882).
Timrod, Henry. An American Southern
poet and journalist. He was born at Charles-
ton, S. C. , Dec. 8, 1829; died at Columbia, S. C. ,
Oct. 6, 1867. His only volume of Poems) was
published in 1860; reprinted and edited with
memoir by Paul H. Hayne, 1873. *
Tincker, Mary Agnes. An American nov-
elist; born in Ellsworth, Me. , July 18, 1833.
Since 1873 she has resided in Italy, and has
published many novels. Among them are :
( The House of Yorke) (1872); (A Winged
Word” (1873); (Grapes and Thorns) (1874);
(Six Sunny Months) (1878): and the remark-
able romances (Signor Monaldini's Niece)
(1878); By the Tiber) (1881); (The Jewel in
the Lotus) (1884); and (Aurora) (1885).
Tindal, Matthew. An English deist; born
born at Beer Ferris, Devonshire, in 1657 ; died
at Oxford, Aug. 16, 1733. In 1706 he published
(The Rights of the Church Asserted, and
later two 'Defenses); in 1710, (The New High
Church Turned Old Presbyterian, which was
ordered publicly burned by the House of Com-
mons. In 1730 his most noted work, (Christ-
ianity as Old as the Creation,' was published.
Tiraboschi, Girolamo (tē-rä-bos'ke). An
Italian historian of literature ; born at Bergamo,
Dec. 28, 1731 ; died at Modena, June 3, 1794.
He wrote a celebrated History of Italian Lit-
erature (14 vols. , 1772-82); a work of wonder-
ful erudition, accuracy, and completeness, ex-
tending from the first beginnings of modern
culture in Italy down to the 18th century, and
dealing with every branch of literature. Among
his other writings are : Historical Memoirs of
Modena) (4 vols. , 1793-94).
Tirebuck, William Edwards. An English
journalist, novelist, and miscellaneous writer;
born in Liverpool, in 1854. For some years
connected with the Liverpool Mail and York-
shire Post, he has recently devoted himself to
writing novels; the most popular are: “Saint
Margaret) (1888); (Dorrie (1891); (Sweetheart
Gwen' (1893); Miss Grace of All Souls) (1895).
His other writings include Dante Gabriel
Rossetti) (1882), and “Great Minds in Art)
(1888). He belongs to the "Liverpool group)
of English authors, including Hall Caine,
William Watson, and Richard Le Gallienne.
Tiro (ti'ro). Cicero's servant and amanuen-
sis; he lived about B. C. 95-A. D). 5. He was
emancipated by Cicero, and even treated by
him as a friend and co-worker: some of Cice.
ro's letters to him are extant. He invented
a system of short-hand, called from him (Notæ
Tironianæ. )
Tirso de Molina. See Tellez.
Tischendorf, Lobegott Friedrich Konstan-
tin von (tish'en-dorf). A celebrated German
Biblical antiquarian; born at Lengenfeld in
Voigtland, Jan. 18, 1815; died Dec. 7, 1874, at
Leipsic, where he was professor of theology.
In search of ancient MSS. of the Bible, he
visited the East repeatedly, and wrote (Travels
in the East) (1845); (From the Holy Land)
(1862). He edited and published several ancient
texts of the Scripture, as (The Codex of Ephrem
Syrus) (1843); “The Unpublished Palatine Gos-
pel? ( 1847 ); (The Amiatine Codex) (1850 );
( The Codex of Claremont) (1852); (Sacred
Palimpsest Fragments) (1854); (The Sinaitic
Codex) (1862); (The Vatican New Testament)
(1867); a critical edition of the (Septuagint'
(7th ed. 1887); (Apocryphal Acts of the Apos-
tles) (1851 ); (Apocryphal Gospels) (1853);
(Apocryphal Apocalypses) (1866). He at-
tempted to solve the question "When were our
Gospels Compiled ? ) (1865, 4th ed. 1866), but
the work found little favor with critics.
Tissandler, Gaston (te-san-dyaº). A French
aeronaut and chemist; born at Paris, Nov. 21,
1843. Besides text-books of chemistry, he has
written for the Library of Wonders, volumes
on Water, (Coal, Fossils, Photography);
in collaboration with Glaisher, Flammarion, and
Fonvielle, he wrote (Aerial Voyages.
Tissot, Claude Joseph (tê-sõ'). A French
philosopher; born at Fourgs (Doubs), Nov. 26,
1801; died at Dijon, Oct. 7, 1876. He translated
most of Kant's writings into French. Among
his original works are : Of the Beautiful,
Especially in Literature) ( 1830 ); (Short His-
tory of Philosophy! ( 1840 ); (The Mania of
Suicide and of Revolt ( 1840 ); Parceling of
the La and Division of Property) ( 1842 );
“Principles of Morality) (1866); Catholicism
and Public Instruction (1874); "Insanity Con-
sidered Especially in its Relations to Normal
Psychology) (1876).
Tissot, Pierre François. A French histor-
ical and miscellaneous writer; born at Ver-
sailles, 1768; died 1854. Among his works are :
(Reminiscences of Prairial ist to 3d? (1799),
an interesting page of French history ; (Virgil's
Bucolics,' in French verse (1800); (The Three
Irish Conspirators; or, Emmet's Shade) (1804);
( The Wars of the Revolution to 1815) (1820);
(Virgil Compared with Ancient and Modern
Poets) (4 vols. , 1825–30); Complete History
of the French Revolution (6 vols. , 1833-36).
Titcomb, Timothy. See Holland.
Tittmann, Eriedrich Wilhelm (tit'män ).
A German historian; born at Wittenberg, 1784;
died 1864. His "Study on the Amphictyonic
League) (1812) was crowned by the Berlin Acad-
emy. His principal work is a History of
Henry the Illustrious) (2 vols. , 1845-46). Among
his other writings are : (A View of the Civ-
ilization of our Times) (1835); (On Life and
## p. 528 (#544) ############################################
528
TOBLER - TOMMASEO
(
Matter) (1855); (Aphorisms of Philosophy)
(1859); Nationality and the State) (1861).
Tobler, Adolf (to'bler). A Swiss philologist
of Romance languages; born at Hirzel, Zürich,
May 24, 1835. He became professor in the
University of Berlin, 1867. He wrote: (French
Versification in Ancient and Modern Times)
(1880); (Miscellaneous Contributions to French
Grammar) (1886).
Tobler, Titus. A Swiss philologist and trav.
eler, born at Stein, Appenzell, June 25, 1800;
died at Munich, Jan. 21, 1877. He wrote : (A
Pleasure Trip to the Land of the Morning
(1839); " Bethlehem in Palestine) (1819); (Third
Journey to Palestine) (1859); Nazareth in Pal-
estine) (1868).
Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Clérel
de (tök-vel'). A distinguished French publicist
and writer ; born at Vermeuil (Seine-et-Oise),
July 29, 1805; died at Cannes, April 16, 1859.
He visited the United States in 1831. In 1835
he published Democracy in America. In 1838
he was made a member of the Academy of
Moral and Political Sciences, and in 1839 was
elected to the Chamber of Deputies; became a
member of the French Academy in 1841; was
Minister of Foreign Affairs from June 2 to Oct.
31, 1849. He published (The Old Régime and
the Revolution) in 1856. (Works,' 9 vols. ,
Paris, 1860-65. ) *
Todd, John. An American Congregational
clergyman; born at Rutland, Vt. , Oct. 9, 1800 ;
died at Pittsfield, Mass. , where he had long
resided, Aug. 24, 1873. His lesson-books and
other works for Sunday schools were used all
over America for many years. Among his
other publications were : (Hints to Young
Men); (Summer Gleanings); etc. He invented
the Index Rerum for the use of students.
Todd, Lawrie. See Thorburn, Grant.
Toland, John. A British free-thinking phi-
losopher; born at Redcastle near Londonderry,
Ireland, Nov. 30, 1609; died near London, 1722.
Thomas Aquinas or Thomas of Aquin,
Saint (a-kwi'nas). A great mediæval theolo-
gian and philosopher; born at Aquino in the
kingdom of Naples, about 1225; died at Fossa
Nuova, in the diocese of Terracina, March 7,
1274. His writings are very voluminous, being
comprised in 28 vols. quarto. His greatest work
is the (Sum of Theology. Among his other
works are : (Sum of Catholic Belief against
the Heathen'; Exposition of all the Epistles
of St. Paul. *
Thomas of Celano. An Italian hymnist;
born at Celano in the Abruzzi; died about
1255. He was one of the first disciples of St.
Francis. He is probably the author of the
(Dies Iræ. He is also believed to have writ.
ten the biography of St. Francis found in the
Bollandists' (Acta Sanctorum.
Thomasius, Christian (to-mäs’yös). A Ger-
man legist; born at Leipsic, Jan. 1, 1655;
died professor of jurisprudence at Halle, Sept.
23, 1728. Among his writings are: (Serious
but Lively and Sensible Remarks on all Sorts
of Juristic Works) (1720); Reasonable and
Christianlike but not Pharisaical Considera-
tions on all Sorts of Philosophical and Juristic
Works) (3 vols. , 1723); History of Wisdom and
Folly:
Thomasius, Gottfried. A German theo-
logical writer; born at Egenhausen, in Fran-
conia, July 26, 1802 ; died professor of dogmatics
at Erlangen, Jan. 24, 1875. Among his writings
are : (Origen) (1837); (Contributions to Christ-
ology) (1845); (The Person and the Work of
Christ) (1852); (Resuscitation of Evangelical
Life in the Lutheran Church of Bavaria (1867);
(History of Christian Dogma) (1874).
Thompson, Benjamin. See Rumford.
Thompson, Charles Miner. An American
journalist, writer on the staff of the Youth's
Companion ; born 1864. He has written : (The
Nimble Dollar); Life of Ethan Allen.
Thompson, Francis. An English poet; son
of a Lancashire physician. He was educated
at Ushaw College, near Durham, and stud-
ied medicine at Owens College, Manchester.
He determined to take up literature, however,
and came to London. His first appearance
in print was in the columns of Merry England.
## p. 524 (#540) ############################################
THOMPSON - THONISSEN
524
Collected volumes have appeared as follows:
(Poems) (1893); (Sister-Songs' (1890); (Vew
Poems) (1897).
Thompson, (James) Maurice. An American
essayist and novelist; born in Fairfield, Ind. ,
Sept. 9, 1844. He was a Confederate soldier in
the Civil War; afterwards State geologist of
Indiana, 1885-89. He writes charmingly of
nature subjects. He has published in book
form : Hoosier Mosaics) (1875); (The Witch-
ery of Archery) (1878); “A Tallahassee Girl
(1882); His Second Campaign (1883); “Songs
of Fair Weather (1883); “At Love's Extremes)
(1885); Byways and Bird Notes) (1885); (The
Boy's Book of Sports) (1886); (A Banker of
Bankersville) (1886); (Sylvan Secrets) (1887);
(A Fortnight of Folly) (1888); (The Story of
Louisiana) (1888); Poems) (1892); "King of
Honey Island (1892); (The Ocala Boy) (1895).
Thompson, Mortimer M. [“Q. K. Philan-
der Doesticks, P. B. ”] An American humorous
writer and lecturer; born in 1830; died in 1875.
He contributed at first to the daily and in
later years regularly to the weekly newspapers,
and published in book form in 1855-57: (Doe-
sticks: What He Says); Plu-Ri-Bus-Tah,' a
travesty of Hiawatha'; (The Witches of New
York); Nothing to Say); (The Elephant
Club.
Thomsen, Vilhelm Ludvig Peder (tom'sen).
A Danish philologist; born at Copenhagen,
Jan. 25, 1842. His principal works are : (The
Magyar Language) (1806); Influence of the
Germanic Languages on the Finno-Lappish)
(1870); (Relations between Ancient Russia and
Scandinavia) (1879); (Relations between the
Finnish and the Baltic Languages) (1890).
Thomson, Charles. An American patriot
and publicist; born in Maghera, County Derry,
Ireland, Nov. 29, 1729 ; died in Lower Merion,
Pa. , Aug. 16, 1824. At first a teacher at New
London, Pa. , be became the first secretary of
the Continental Congress (1774-79), and was
said in compliment to be the soul of that polit-
ical body. ” He destroyed his notes of its pro-
ceedings for fear of giving pain to descendants
of some of the members. He published: (An
Enquiry into the Causes of the Alienation of
the Delaware and Shawaneese Indians, etc.
( 1759); a translation of the Greek (Septuagint)
Bible (4 vols. , 1808), which was the first Eng-
lish version of it; a "Synopsis of the Four
Evangelists) (1815). etc.
Thomson, Edward William. An American
writer, editor, and civil engineer; torn in On-
tario, 1849. He has written: 'Old Man Savarin,
and Other Stories); (Walter Gibbs,' a book
for boys; also the metrical portions of M. S.
Henry's Version of (Aucassin and Nicolette. )
Thomson, James. A Scotch poet; born at
Ednam, Sept. II, 1700; died Aug. 27, 1748. He
was educated at Jedburgh School and Edin-
burgh University, and studied for the ministry.
In 1725 he went to London and became a tutor.
In 1733 he held a position in the Court of
Chancery, and on losing this position was given
a pension. In 1744 he was appointed surveyor-
general of the Leeward Islands. His most
famous poem is (The Seasons (1726–1730), and
next to this (The Castle of Indolence) (1748).
He wrote some plays, among them being
(Sophonisba (1730) and (Tancred and Sigis.
munda! (1745). *
Thomson, James. A Scotch poet; born at
Port Glasgow, Nov. 23, 1834; died June 3, 1882.
He was brought up in an orphan asylum, and
became an army tutor. Most of his life was
spent in journalism, though he came to America
at one time to investigate a silver mine; thence
he was sent to Spain as the New York World's
special correspondent. He suffered much from
insomnia, which he made the subject of a most
powerful poem by that name; and died a victim
to the drugs he used to relieve it. His best-
known work is The City of Dreadful Night
(1870-74); others of high quality are (The
Doom of a City) (1857), and Our Ladies of
Death (1861). *
Thomson, Joseph. A Scotch traveler; born
at Thornhill in Dumfriesshire, Feb. 14, 1858;
died at London, Aug. 2, 1895. He wrote :
(To the Central African Lakes and Back)
(3d ed. 1881); (Through Masai Land) (1885);
(Ulu, an African Romance) (1888); Mungo
Park and the Niger? (1890); (Travels in the
Atlas and Southern Marocco (1890).
Thomson, Sir William - Lord Kelvin. A
British physicist, mathematician, engineer, and
inventor of the highest rank; born in Belfast,
Ireland, June 1824. He has been professor of
natural philosophy in the University of Glas-
gow since he was 22. As such he has not
only done enduring work of his own, but has
guided the careers of several other great sci-
entists. His scientific papers have been pub-
lished under the titles (Reprints of Papers on
Electrostatics and Magnetism (1872); Mathe.
matical and Physical Papers) (1882–90); Pop-
ular Lectures and Addresses); "On Heat);
(On Elasticity! In 1867, in collaboration with
Professor Tait of Edinburgh, he issued his first
volume of (A Treatise on Natural Philosophy)
(2d ed. in 2 parts, 1879). From 1846 to 1853
he was editor of the Cambridge and Dublin
Mathematical Journal; and also connected with
the Philosophical Magazine. He has been pres-
ident of the British Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, and of the Royal Society
of London. He was made a peer in 1892.
Thomson, William McClure. An American
clergyman of the Presbyterian Church; born in
Ohio, Dec. 3, 1806; died in 1894. In 1833 he
went as missionary to Syria and Palestine, re-
maining until 1876. His chief work, ' The Land
and the Book) (2 vols. , 1859-60; 3 vols. , 1880-
86), is an accepted authority on Palestine and
Syria. He has also published: (The Land of
Promise); (Travels in Palestine) (1865).
Thonissen, Jean Joseph (ton'is-sen). A
Belgian jurist and political economist; born at
## p. 525 (#541) ############################################
THORBECKE - TICKELL
525
Hasselt, Jan. 21, 1817; died Aug. 17, 1891, at
Louvain, where he was professor of jurispru-
dence. Among his writings are: (Socialism
and its Promises) (1850); (Socialism in the
Past) (1851); (Belgium in the Reign of Leo-
pold I. (4 vols. , 1855); “The Pretended Neces-
sity of the Death Penalty) (1864); (The Penal
Laws of the Athenian Republic) (1876).
Thorbecke, Heinrich (tor-bek'e). A Ger-
man Orientalist; born at Meiningen, March 14,
1837 ; died at Mannheim, Jan. 3, 1890. He was
appointed professor in the University of Halle,
1887. His studies were directed mainly to the
poetry of the Bedawîn and the history of Ara-
bic. He is author of Life of Antarah, the
Pre-Islamite Poet) (1868); (Al Ashâ's Song of
Praise to Mohammed) (1875); M. Sabbâg's
Grammar of Conversational Arabic in Syria
and Egypt) (1886).
Thorburn, Grant. [“Lawrie Todd. " ] A
Scottish-American craftsman, merchant, and
author. He was born at Dalkeith, 1773; emi-
grated to America, 1794; died at New Haven,
Conn. , Jan. 21, 1863. As the hero of Galt's
novel, (Lawrie Todd,' he was a well-known
figure in New York. His publications in book
form include : (Forty Years' Residence in Amer.
ica) (1834); Men and Manners in Great Brit-
ain) (1834); (Fifty Years' Reminiscences of
New York) (1845); (Hints to Merchants, etc.
(1847); Notes on Virginia) (1848); Life and
Writings of Grant Thorburn (1852–53).
Thoreau, Henry David. A distinguished
American writer; born in Concord, Mass. , July
12, 1817; died there, May 6, 1862. His works
include: (A Week on the Concord and Mer-
rimac Rivers) (1848); (Walden; or, Life in
the Woods) (1854); “Echoes of Harper's Ferry)
( 1860 ); Excursions) (1863 ); (The Maine
Woods) (1864); "Cape Cod (1865); Letters
to Various Persons) (1865); (A Yankee in Can-
ada) (1866); Early Spring in Massachusetts)
( 1881 ); (Summer) ( 1884 ); Winter) (1888 );
(Autumn) (1892); (Works) (10 vols. , 1894);
(Familiar Letters) (1894); Poems of Nature)
(1895). The posthumous volumes are made up
mostly from his daily journal, begun in 1835,
which numbered 30 vols. when he died. *
Thoresen, Anna Magdalena (Kragh) (tö'.
re-sen). A Danish novelist; born at Fredericia,
June 3, 1819. Among the best of her works
are : (Tales) (1863); “Si Historiæ. (Signs
of History: 1864); Pictures from the West
Coast of Norway) (1872); Herluf Nordal: A
Tale from the Last Century) (1879); “Short
Tales) ( 1891 ). She is also the author of sev-
eral dramas.
Thorild, Thomas (tör'ild). A Swedish poet;
born at Kongelf in Bohuslän, 1759; died at
Greifswald, 1808. His poetry was of less influ-
ence on the thought of his day than his polem-
ics. One of these, (A Critique of the Critics,
with a Project of a Code for the Kingdom of
Genius) (1791), had much to do with the de
velopment of Swedish poetry. He wrote also
(Maximum, or Archimetria' (1799), an attempt
at a system of philosophy.
Thornbury, George Walter. An English
author; born in London in 1828; died Lon-
don, June 11, 1876. Among his works are :
(Shakespeare's England; or, Sketches of our
Social History during the Reign of Elizabeth)
(2 vols. , 1856); (Songs of the Cavaliers and
Roundheads) (1857); Life in Spain) (1859);
(Turkish Life and Character) (1860); (British
Artists from Hogarth to Turner) (1860); "Life
of J. M. W. Turner, R. A. (1861); (Haunted
London) (1865); ( Two Centuries of Song'(1866);
(Old and New London (1873-74).
Thrale, Mrs. See Piozzi.
Thucydides (thö-sid'é-dēs). A Greek his-
torian. The year of his birth is uncertain; not
much earlier than 470 nor later than 454 B. C.
The time and manner of his death are like-
wise uncertain. It is probable that he did not
long survive the end of the fifth century.
His History,' which covers 21 years of the
Peloponnesian War, has come down to us in
eight books.
Thunmann, Johan (tön’män). A Swedish
historian and archæologist; born 1746; died 1778.
He wrote: (The Borderland of History and
Poetry) (1772); (Researches on the History of
the Nations of Eastern Europe) (1774); "The
Ancient Poetical Literature of the North) (1775);
(The Discovery of America' (1776); Researches
on the Ancient History of Some Northern Na-
tions) (1777).
Thwaites, Reuben Gold. An American an-
tiquarian writer, and secretary of the Wisconsin
State Historical Society. He was born in Bos-
ton, May 15, 1853. His books comprise : (His-
toric Waterways); (The Story of Wisconsin);
(Our Cycling Tour in England); (The Colonies,
1492-1750. He is also the editor of “The Jesuit
Relations, and Allied Documents.
Tiara, Petrus (te-ä'rä). A Dutch physician
and poet; born at Workum, 1514; died 1586.
He wrote in Latin : (Verses on the Nobility and
the Military Discipline of the Frisians) (1597);
"Of Noblesse and its True Tokens.
Tibullus, Albius (tib-ul’lus). A Roman poet;
born about 54 B. C. ; died probably in 19 B. C.
Three books of elegies ascribed to him have
come down to us. There are English trans-
lations by Dr. Grainger (1752); Cranstoun
(London, 1872). *
Tiby, Paul Alexandre (tib-e'). A French
miscellaneous writer; born at Paris, 1800; died
there, May 10, 1871. He wrote: (Memoirs of a
Young Priest, Collected and Published by a
Layman) (1824); (Statistical Accounts of the
French Colonies) (1837); “Two Convents in
Mediæval Times: the Abbey of St.
Gildas
and the Paraclete in the Time of Abelard and
Heloise (1851).
Tickell, Thomas. An English poet, Addi-
son's intimate friend; born at Bridekirk in
## p. 526 (#542) ############################################
526
TICKNOR – TILTON
Cumberland, 1686; died at Bath, April 23, 1740.
His principal works are: (The Prospect of
Peace,' a poem ; (The Royal Progress,' verses
celebrating the arrival of George I. ; translation
of the first book of the Iliad (1715); “Ken-
sington Garden) (1722); “Elegy on Addison';
and the popular ballad "Colin and Lucy);
besides contributing to the Spectator and the
Guardian. An edition of his poems was pub-
lished at Boston in 1854.
Ticknor, Caroline. An American writer of
short stories; born in 1866. She has published :
(A Hypocritical Romance, and Other Stories);
Miss Belladonna'; etc.
Ticknor, George. A distinguished American
scholar and historian; born in Boston, Aug. 1,
1791 ; died there, Jan. 26, 1871. He graduated
from Dartmouth College, 1807; was admitted to
the bar, 1813; afterwards spent five years in
foreign study and travel. He was professor of
modern languages at Harvard, 1819-35; one
of the founders of the Boston Public Library,
and president of its board of trustees 1864-66.
He published his chief work, A History of
Spanish Literature, in 1849, and subsequent
editions 1854-63. He wrote also: (Essays on
Spanish History, etc. ; and "Life of W. H.
Prescott) (1864).
Tieck, Johann Ludwig (tēk). A celebrated
German poet and miscellaneous writer; born
in Berlin, May 31, 1773; died there, April 28,
1853. His works include: Peter Lebrecht: A
Story without Adventures) (1795 ); (William
Lovell) (1795-96); (Abdallah' (1796); (Ostrich
Plumes) (1795-98); (The Legend of Peter Leb-
recht) (1797 ); Franz Sternbald's Wander-
ings' (1798); Prince Zerbino '(1799);( Romantic
Fancies) (1799-1800); Life and Death of St.
Genevieve) (1800 ? ); "Love Songs of the Sua.
bian Past) (1803), an adaptation ; “Don Qui-
xote) (1804), and (Old English Dramatists)
(1811), translations ; (Phantasus) (1812); “For-
tunatus); (The Paintings ) (1813? ); ( The Tour-
ists) (1814); (The Old Man of the Mountain)
(1815? ) (Society in the Country); (The Be-
trothal) (1816); (Musical Joys and Sorrows);
(The Greek Emperor (1818); “Dramatic Pages)
( 1825 ); Vittoria Accorombono) ( 1840), not
completed ; translations from Shakespeare ; es-
says ; editions of noted works; etc.
Tiedemann, Diedrich (tē'de-män). A Ger-
man philosopher; born at Bremerworde, 1748;
died 1786, at Marburg, where he was professor
of philosophy in the university. He wrote:
(Researches on the Origin of Languages) (1772);
(System of the Stoic Philosophy) (1777); (The
First Philosophers of Greece) (1780); (Origin of
the Magic Arts) (1787); (Spirit of Speculative
Philosophy from Thales to Berkeley) (6 vols. ,
1790-97); (Theætetus; or, Human Knowledge
(1794).
Tiedge, Christoph August (tēd'¿ hé). A
German poet; born 1752 (? ); died 1841. He
enjoys distinction as the author of Urania,'
and Mirror for Women. He also wrote:
“Wanderings through Life's Market,' and (Ele-
gies. His admirers are many, and his poetry
has been compared with that of Cowper.
Tiedge, Cornelis Petrus. A Dutch historical
writer; born at Leyden, Dec. 16, 1830. Among
his writings are: (The Divine Service of Zara-
thustra) (1864); (Compendium of the History
of Religion) (2d ed. 1887); (Western Asia in
the Light of Recent Discoveries) (1893);
(Babylonio-Assyrian History) (1887).
Tiernan, Frances C. (“Christian Reid. ”] An
American novelist; born at Salisbury, N. C.
Her many works include : Valerie Aylmer)
(1870); Mabel Lee) (1871); (Morton House)
(1871); Ebb Tide) (1872); Nina's Atonement)
(1873); (Carmen's Inheritance) (1873); (A
Daughter of Bohemia' (1873); (A Gentle Belle
(1875); Hearts and Hands (1875); (A Ques-
tion of Honor) (1875); “The Land of the Sky)
(1875); (After Many Days) (1877); (Bonny
Kate) (1878); “A Summer Idyl) (1878); Hearts
of Steel (1882); Armine) (1884); (Roslyn's
Fortune) (1885); Miss Churchill (1887); (A
Child of Mary' (1887); and Philip's Restitu-
tion) (1888).
Tighe, Mary (ti). An Irish poetess; born
in Dublin in 1773; died at Woodstock, County
Kilkenny, March 24, 1810. She published in
1805, for private circulation, her poem "Psyche.
Her works, which appeared in 1811, passed
through several editions. She was the sub-
ject of a song by Moore, and a poem by Mrs.
Hemans.
Tillemont, Sébastien le Nain de (tē-yė-
môn'). A French historian; born at Paris,
1637 ; died 1698. He is author of History of
the Emperors and Other Princes who Reigned
in the First Six Centuries of the Church (6
vols. , 1690-1738); and Materials for the His-
tory of the First Six Centuries' (16 vols. , 1093-
1712).
Tillier, Antoine de (tē-yā'). A Swiss his-
torian; born at Bern, 1792; died 1854. His
works are : History of the Middle Ages) (4
vols. , 1829); History of the Helvetic Republic,
1798-1848) (11 vols. ); "History of the Republic
of Bern (5 vols. ).
Tillières, Le Veneur de, Count (tē-yår').
A French diplomat of the first half of the 17th
century. He was ambassador to the English
court to arrange the marriage of Prince Charles
(Charles I. ) with Henrietta Maria. His (Me-
moirs) are valuable for the history of the Eng.
lish court : they were first published in 1862.
Tillotson, John. An English archbishop
and ecclesiastical writer; born at Sowerby,
Yorkshire, October 1630; died in London, Nov.
22, 1694. He ranks among the foremost of Eng.
lish preachers, published in his lifetime sev-
eral volumes of sermons, and left many more
in manuscript. ('Complete Works, 1820. )
Tilton, Theodore. An American journalist,
verse-writer, editor, and lecturer ; born in ew
York city, Oct. 2, 1835. He was long known as
*
## p. 527 (#543) ############################################
TIMROD - TITTMANN
527
editor on the New York Independent (1856–72).
He established the Golden Age (newspaper),
but retired from it after two years. In 1883
he went abroad, where he has remained. Be-
sides numerous essays and fugitive pieces,
he has published: (The Sexton's Tale, and
Other Poems) (1867); (Sanctum Sanctorum ; or,
An Editor's Proof Sheets) (1869); (Tempest-
Tossed,' a romance (1873 ); (Thou and I
(1880); “Suabian Stories,' etc. (1882).
Timrod, Henry. An American Southern
poet and journalist. He was born at Charles-
ton, S. C. , Dec. 8, 1829; died at Columbia, S. C. ,
Oct. 6, 1867. His only volume of Poems) was
published in 1860; reprinted and edited with
memoir by Paul H. Hayne, 1873. *
Tincker, Mary Agnes. An American nov-
elist; born in Ellsworth, Me. , July 18, 1833.
Since 1873 she has resided in Italy, and has
published many novels. Among them are :
( The House of Yorke) (1872); (A Winged
Word” (1873); (Grapes and Thorns) (1874);
(Six Sunny Months) (1878): and the remark-
able romances (Signor Monaldini's Niece)
(1878); By the Tiber) (1881); (The Jewel in
the Lotus) (1884); and (Aurora) (1885).
Tindal, Matthew. An English deist; born
born at Beer Ferris, Devonshire, in 1657 ; died
at Oxford, Aug. 16, 1733. In 1706 he published
(The Rights of the Church Asserted, and
later two 'Defenses); in 1710, (The New High
Church Turned Old Presbyterian, which was
ordered publicly burned by the House of Com-
mons. In 1730 his most noted work, (Christ-
ianity as Old as the Creation,' was published.
Tiraboschi, Girolamo (tē-rä-bos'ke). An
Italian historian of literature ; born at Bergamo,
Dec. 28, 1731 ; died at Modena, June 3, 1794.
He wrote a celebrated History of Italian Lit-
erature (14 vols. , 1772-82); a work of wonder-
ful erudition, accuracy, and completeness, ex-
tending from the first beginnings of modern
culture in Italy down to the 18th century, and
dealing with every branch of literature. Among
his other writings are : Historical Memoirs of
Modena) (4 vols. , 1793-94).
Tirebuck, William Edwards. An English
journalist, novelist, and miscellaneous writer;
born in Liverpool, in 1854. For some years
connected with the Liverpool Mail and York-
shire Post, he has recently devoted himself to
writing novels; the most popular are: “Saint
Margaret) (1888); (Dorrie (1891); (Sweetheart
Gwen' (1893); Miss Grace of All Souls) (1895).
His other writings include Dante Gabriel
Rossetti) (1882), and “Great Minds in Art)
(1888). He belongs to the "Liverpool group)
of English authors, including Hall Caine,
William Watson, and Richard Le Gallienne.
Tiro (ti'ro). Cicero's servant and amanuen-
sis; he lived about B. C. 95-A. D). 5. He was
emancipated by Cicero, and even treated by
him as a friend and co-worker: some of Cice.
ro's letters to him are extant. He invented
a system of short-hand, called from him (Notæ
Tironianæ. )
Tirso de Molina. See Tellez.
Tischendorf, Lobegott Friedrich Konstan-
tin von (tish'en-dorf). A celebrated German
Biblical antiquarian; born at Lengenfeld in
Voigtland, Jan. 18, 1815; died Dec. 7, 1874, at
Leipsic, where he was professor of theology.
In search of ancient MSS. of the Bible, he
visited the East repeatedly, and wrote (Travels
in the East) (1845); (From the Holy Land)
(1862). He edited and published several ancient
texts of the Scripture, as (The Codex of Ephrem
Syrus) (1843); “The Unpublished Palatine Gos-
pel? ( 1847 ); (The Amiatine Codex) (1850 );
( The Codex of Claremont) (1852); (Sacred
Palimpsest Fragments) (1854); (The Sinaitic
Codex) (1862); (The Vatican New Testament)
(1867); a critical edition of the (Septuagint'
(7th ed. 1887); (Apocryphal Acts of the Apos-
tles) (1851 ); (Apocryphal Gospels) (1853);
(Apocryphal Apocalypses) (1866). He at-
tempted to solve the question "When were our
Gospels Compiled ? ) (1865, 4th ed. 1866), but
the work found little favor with critics.
Tissandler, Gaston (te-san-dyaº). A French
aeronaut and chemist; born at Paris, Nov. 21,
1843. Besides text-books of chemistry, he has
written for the Library of Wonders, volumes
on Water, (Coal, Fossils, Photography);
in collaboration with Glaisher, Flammarion, and
Fonvielle, he wrote (Aerial Voyages.
Tissot, Claude Joseph (tê-sõ'). A French
philosopher; born at Fourgs (Doubs), Nov. 26,
1801; died at Dijon, Oct. 7, 1876. He translated
most of Kant's writings into French. Among
his original works are : Of the Beautiful,
Especially in Literature) ( 1830 ); (Short His-
tory of Philosophy! ( 1840 ); (The Mania of
Suicide and of Revolt ( 1840 ); Parceling of
the La and Division of Property) ( 1842 );
“Principles of Morality) (1866); Catholicism
and Public Instruction (1874); "Insanity Con-
sidered Especially in its Relations to Normal
Psychology) (1876).
Tissot, Pierre François. A French histor-
ical and miscellaneous writer; born at Ver-
sailles, 1768; died 1854. Among his works are :
(Reminiscences of Prairial ist to 3d? (1799),
an interesting page of French history ; (Virgil's
Bucolics,' in French verse (1800); (The Three
Irish Conspirators; or, Emmet's Shade) (1804);
( The Wars of the Revolution to 1815) (1820);
(Virgil Compared with Ancient and Modern
Poets) (4 vols. , 1825–30); Complete History
of the French Revolution (6 vols. , 1833-36).
Titcomb, Timothy. See Holland.
Tittmann, Eriedrich Wilhelm (tit'män ).
A German historian; born at Wittenberg, 1784;
died 1864. His "Study on the Amphictyonic
League) (1812) was crowned by the Berlin Acad-
emy. His principal work is a History of
Henry the Illustrious) (2 vols. , 1845-46). Among
his other writings are : (A View of the Civ-
ilization of our Times) (1835); (On Life and
## p. 528 (#544) ############################################
528
TOBLER - TOMMASEO
(
Matter) (1855); (Aphorisms of Philosophy)
(1859); Nationality and the State) (1861).
Tobler, Adolf (to'bler). A Swiss philologist
of Romance languages; born at Hirzel, Zürich,
May 24, 1835. He became professor in the
University of Berlin, 1867. He wrote: (French
Versification in Ancient and Modern Times)
(1880); (Miscellaneous Contributions to French
Grammar) (1886).
Tobler, Titus. A Swiss philologist and trav.
eler, born at Stein, Appenzell, June 25, 1800;
died at Munich, Jan. 21, 1877. He wrote : (A
Pleasure Trip to the Land of the Morning
(1839); " Bethlehem in Palestine) (1819); (Third
Journey to Palestine) (1859); Nazareth in Pal-
estine) (1868).
Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Clérel
de (tök-vel'). A distinguished French publicist
and writer ; born at Vermeuil (Seine-et-Oise),
July 29, 1805; died at Cannes, April 16, 1859.
He visited the United States in 1831. In 1835
he published Democracy in America. In 1838
he was made a member of the Academy of
Moral and Political Sciences, and in 1839 was
elected to the Chamber of Deputies; became a
member of the French Academy in 1841; was
Minister of Foreign Affairs from June 2 to Oct.
31, 1849. He published (The Old Régime and
the Revolution) in 1856. (Works,' 9 vols. ,
Paris, 1860-65. ) *
Todd, John. An American Congregational
clergyman; born at Rutland, Vt. , Oct. 9, 1800 ;
died at Pittsfield, Mass. , where he had long
resided, Aug. 24, 1873. His lesson-books and
other works for Sunday schools were used all
over America for many years. Among his
other publications were : (Hints to Young
Men); (Summer Gleanings); etc. He invented
the Index Rerum for the use of students.
Todd, Lawrie. See Thorburn, Grant.
Toland, John. A British free-thinking phi-
losopher; born at Redcastle near Londonderry,
Ireland, Nov. 30, 1609; died near London, 1722.
