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FOOTNOTES:
[1] Justin, XXIV. 4. --Titus Livius, V. 48.
[2] Polybius, II. 17-19. --Titus Livius, V. 35.
[3] Pausanias, X. 19-23. --Diodorus Siculus, _Eclog. _, XXII. 13.
[4] Strabo, IV. p. 156, edit. Dübner and Müller. --Justin, XXXII. 3.
[5] Polybius, IV. 46.
[6] Justin, XXV. 2. --Titus Livius, XXXVIII. 16. --Pausanias, VII. 6, § 5.
[7] Polybius, XXXIII. 7, 8. --Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XLVII.
[8] Strabo, IV. , p. 169.
[9] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LX.
[10] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LXI.
[11] Strabo, IV. , pp. 154, 159. --Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LXI. --Florus,
III. 2. --Velleius Paterculus, II. 10.
[12] Lucan, I. 424.
[13] Cæsar, _De Bello Gallico_, I. 45. --Strabo, IV. , p. 158.
[14] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LXII. --Eutropius, IV. 10. --Velleius
Paterculus, I. 15.
[15] Strabo, VII. , p. 243.
[16] This victory was gained by the Tigurini, a people of Helvetia, on
the territory of the Allobroges. According to the _Epitome_ of Titus
Livius (LXV. ), the battle took place in the district of the Nitiobriges,
a people inhabiting the banks of the Garonne, which is not very
probable.
[17] After pillaging the temple of Toulouse.
[18] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LXVII. --Tacitus, _Germania_, 37.
[19] _Jugurtha_, 114.
[20] _Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 13.
[21] _Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 13.
[22] The fugitives from Vienne founded the town which subsequently took
the name of _Lugdunum_, in a place called _Condate_, which is synonymous
with confluence. (Dio Cassius, XLVI. 50. )
[23] _Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 13.
[24] _Jugurtha_, 114.
[25] Cicero, _Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 13.
[26] Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, I. 19.
[27] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 41. --Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 41.
[28] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 41.
[29] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 41. --Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 41.
[30] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 41.
[31] Cicero, _Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 11. --Dio Cassius, XL.
50.
[32] Cicero, _Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 14.
[33] Cicero, _Orat. de Provinciis Cousularibus_, 12.
[34] It is stated in the “Commentaries” that Cæsar placed in winter
quarters four legions among the Belgæ, and the same number among the
Ædui. (_De Bello Gallico_, VIII. 54. )--“Cæsar had with him but 5,000 men
and 300 horse. He had left the rest of his army beyond the Alps. ”
(Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 36, and Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 34. )
[35] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 35.
[36] _De Bello Gallico_, VIII. 55.
[37] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 68.
[38] In Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 56. --Cicero, _Brutus_, 75.
[39] Preface of Hirtius to Book VIII. of the “Commentaries. ”
[40] _De Bello Gallico_, VI. 13.
[41] _De Bello Gallico_, IV. 10.
[42] Strabo, IV. 3, p. 160
[43] The Narbonnese reminded the Romans of the climate and productions
of Italy. (Strabo, IV. 1, p. 147. )
[44] Pomponius Mela, who compiled in the first century, from old authors
an abridgement of Geography, says that Gaul was rich in wheat and
pastures, and covered with immense forests: “Terra est frumenti præcipue
ac pabuli forax, et amœna lucis immanibus. ” (_De Situ Orbis_, III.
2. )--(_De Bello Gallico_, I, 16. )--The winter was very early in the
north of Gaul. (_De Bello Gallico_, IV. 20. ) Hence the proverbial
expression at Rome of _heims Gallica_. (Petronius, _Satir. _ 19. --Strabo,
IV. , 147-161. )--See the “Memoire on the Forests of Gaul” read before the
Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, by M. Alfred Maury.
[45] Strabo, IV. , p. 147. --Diodorus Siculus, V. 26.
[46] Cæsar, after having said (V. 3) that the forests of the Ardennes
extended from the Rhine to the frontier of the Remi, _ad initium
Remorum_, adds (VI. 29) that it extended also towards the Nervii, _ad
Nervios_. Nevertheless, according to chapter 33 of book VI. , we believe
that this forest extended, across the country of the Nervii, to the
Scheldt. How otherwise could Cæsar have assigned to the forests of the
Ardennes a length of 500 miles, if it ended at the eastern frontier of
the Nervii? This number is, in any case, exaggerated, for from the Rhine
(at Coblentz) to the Scheldt, towards Ghent and Antwerp, it is but 300
kilomètres, or 200 miles.
[47] _De Bello Gallico_, VIII. 5.
[48] “Citra flumen Ararim . . . reliqui sese fugæ mandarunt atque in
proximas silvas abdiderunt. ” (_De Bello Gallico_, I. 12. )
[49] “Menapii propinqui Eburonum finibus, perpetuis paludibus silvisque
muniti. ” (_De Bello Gallico_, VI. 5. )
[50] “(Morini et Menapii) . . . silvas ac paludes habebant, eo se suaque
contulerunt. ” (_De Bello Gallico_, III. 28. )
[51] “(Sugambri) primos Eburonum fines adeunt . . . non silvæ morantur. ”
(_De Bello Gallico_, VI. 35. )
[52] Strabo, p. 163, edit. Didot.
[53] _De Bello Gallico_, IV. 2.
[54] Strabo, pp. 121, 155, 170, edit. Didot.
[55] “Carpenta Gallorum. ” (Florus, I. 13)--“Plurima Gallica (verba)
valuerunt, ut reda ac petorritum. ” (Quintilian, _De Institutione
Oratoria_, lib. I. , cap. v. 57. )--“Petorritum enim est non ex Græcia
dimidiatum, sed totum transalpibus, nam est vox Gallica. Id scriptum est
in libro M. Varronis quarto decimo _Rerum Divinarum_; quo in loco Varro,
quum de petorrito dixisset, esse id verbum Gallicum dixit. ” (Aulus
Gellius, XV. 30. )--“Petoritum et Gallicum vehiculum est, et nomen ejus
dictum esse existimant a numero quatuor rotarum. Alii Osce, quod hi
quoque _petora_ quatuor vocent. Alii Græce, sed αἱλικὡς dictum. ”
(Festus, voc. _Petoritum_, p. 206, edit. Müller. )--“Belgica esseda,
Gallicana vehicula. Nam Belga civitas est Galliæ in qua hujusmodi
vehiculi repertus est usus. ” (Servius, _Commentaries on the Georgics_ of
Virgil, lib. III. v. 204. --Cæsar, _De Bello Gallico_, IV. 33, and
_passim_.
[56] _De Bello Gallico_, II. 5.
[57] _De Bello Gallico_, I. 7.
[58] _De Bello Gallico_, VII. 11.
[59] _De Bello Gallico_, VII. 34, 53.
[60] _De Bello Gallico_, VII. 58.
[61] The reckoning of these contingents is the most positive element for
estimating the state of the population. We find in the “Commentaries”
three valuable statements: 1st, the numerical state of the Helvetian
immigration in 696 (_De Bello Gallico_, I. 29. ); 2nd, that of the Belgic
troops, in the campaign of 697 (_De Bello Gallico_, II. 4. ); 3rd, the
census of the Gaulish army which, in 702, attempted to raise the siege
of Alesia (_De Bello Gallico_, VII. 75. ) Of 368,000 men, composing the
agglomeration of the Helvetii and their allies, 92,000 were able to bear
arms; that is, about a quarter of the population. In the campaign of
697, the Belgic coalition counted 296,000 combatants, and, in 702, at
the time of the blockade of Alesia, the effective force of a great part
of Gaul amounted to 281,000 men. But, in order not to count twice the
different contingents of the same states, we suppress from the
enumeration of the year 702 the contingents of the countries already
mentioned in the census of 697, which reduces the effective force to
201,000 men. Yet this number cannot represent the total of men fit for
war; it comprises only the troops which could easily be sent out of the
territory, and which were more numerous accordingly as the people to
which they belonged were nearer to the theatre of military operations.
Thus Cæsar informs us that the Bellovaci, who could bring into the field
100,000 men, only furnished 60,000 picked men in 697, and 10,000 in 702.
The contingent of the Atrebates, which had been 15,000 men in 697, was
reduced to 4,000 in 702; that of the Nervii, of 50,000 in the former
year, sank to 5,000; and that of the Morini similarly from 25,000 to
5,000. From these circumstances we may be allowed to infer that the
Gauls armed three-fifths of their male population when the enemy was
near their territory, and only one-fifth, or even one-sixth, when he was
more distant.
If, then, we would form an idea of the total number of men able to carry
arms in Gaul, we must augment the contingents really furnished,
sometimes by two-fifths, sometimes in a higher proportion, according to
the distances which separated them from the seat of war. By this
calculation, the levies of 697 represent 513,600 men capable of carrying
arms, and those of 702, at least 573,600; we add together these two
numbers, because, as stated above, each army comprises different
populations, which gives 1,087,200 men, to whom we must add 92,000
Helvetii; moreover, it is indispensable to take into account the
contributive capability of the populations which are not mentioned in
the “Commentaries” among the belligerents at the two epochs indicated
above, such as the Pictones, the Carnutes, the Andes, the Remi, the
Treviri, the Lingones, the Leuci, the Unelli, the Redones, the
Ambivareti, and the peoples of Armorica and Aquitaine. By an approximate
estimate of their population according to the extent of their territory,
we shall obtain the number of 625,000 men. Adding together these four
numbers, to obtain the total number of men capable of bearing arms, we
shall get 513,600 + 573,600 + 92,000 + 625,000 = 1,804,200 men.
Quadrupling this number to get, according to the proportion applied to
the Helvetii, the total of the population, we shall have 7,216,800
inhabitants for Gaul, the Roman province not included. In fact, Diodorus
Siculus, who wrote in the first century of our era, says (lib. V. , c.
25) that the population of the different nations of Gaul varies from
200,000 to 50,000 men, which would make a mean of 125,000 men. If we
take the word ἁνδρες in the sense of inhabitants, and if we admit with
Tacitus that there were in Gaul sixty-four different nations, we should
have the number of 8,000,000 inhabitants, very near the preceding.
[62] Pliny expresses himself thus: “The country comprised under the name
of _Gallia Comata_ is divided into three peoples, generally separated by
rivers. From the Scheldt to the Seine is Belgic Gaul; from the Seine to
the Garonne, Celtic, called also _Lyonnese_; from thence to the Pyrenees
is Aquitaine. ” (_Hist. Nat. _, IV. xxxi. 105. )
[63] PEOPLES COMPOSING THE ROMAN PROVINCE:
_The Albici_ (the south of the department of the Lower Alps, and the
north of the Var). (_De Bello Civil. _, I. 34; II. 2. )
_The Allobroges_, probably of Celtic origin, inhabited the north-west of
Savoy, and the greater part of the department of the Isère.
_The Helvii_, inhabitants of the ancient Vivarais (the southern part of
the department of the Ardèche), separated from the Arverni by the
Cévennes. (_De Bello Gallico_, VII. 8. )
_The Ruteni_ of the province (_Ruteni Provinciales_), a fraction of the
Celtic nation of the Ruteni, incorporated into the Roman province, and
whose territory extended over a part of the department of the Tarn.
_The Sallyes_, or _Salluvii_ (the Bouches-du-Rhône, and western part of
the Var). (_De Bello Civil.
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FOOTNOTES:
[1] Justin, XXIV. 4. --Titus Livius, V. 48.
[2] Polybius, II. 17-19. --Titus Livius, V. 35.
[3] Pausanias, X. 19-23. --Diodorus Siculus, _Eclog. _, XXII. 13.
[4] Strabo, IV. p. 156, edit. Dübner and Müller. --Justin, XXXII. 3.
[5] Polybius, IV. 46.
[6] Justin, XXV. 2. --Titus Livius, XXXVIII. 16. --Pausanias, VII. 6, § 5.
[7] Polybius, XXXIII. 7, 8. --Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XLVII.
[8] Strabo, IV. , p. 169.
[9] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LX.
[10] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LXI.
[11] Strabo, IV. , pp. 154, 159. --Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LXI. --Florus,
III. 2. --Velleius Paterculus, II. 10.
[12] Lucan, I. 424.
[13] Cæsar, _De Bello Gallico_, I. 45. --Strabo, IV. , p. 158.
[14] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LXII. --Eutropius, IV. 10. --Velleius
Paterculus, I. 15.
[15] Strabo, VII. , p. 243.
[16] This victory was gained by the Tigurini, a people of Helvetia, on
the territory of the Allobroges. According to the _Epitome_ of Titus
Livius (LXV. ), the battle took place in the district of the Nitiobriges,
a people inhabiting the banks of the Garonne, which is not very
probable.
[17] After pillaging the temple of Toulouse.
[18] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LXVII. --Tacitus, _Germania_, 37.
[19] _Jugurtha_, 114.
[20] _Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 13.
[21] _Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 13.
[22] The fugitives from Vienne founded the town which subsequently took
the name of _Lugdunum_, in a place called _Condate_, which is synonymous
with confluence. (Dio Cassius, XLVI. 50. )
[23] _Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 13.
[24] _Jugurtha_, 114.
[25] Cicero, _Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 13.
[26] Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_, I. 19.
[27] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 41. --Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 41.
[28] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 41.
[29] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 41. --Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 41.
[30] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 41.
[31] Cicero, _Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 11. --Dio Cassius, XL.
50.
[32] Cicero, _Orat. de Provinciis Consularibus_, 14.
[33] Cicero, _Orat. de Provinciis Cousularibus_, 12.
[34] It is stated in the “Commentaries” that Cæsar placed in winter
quarters four legions among the Belgæ, and the same number among the
Ædui. (_De Bello Gallico_, VIII. 54. )--“Cæsar had with him but 5,000 men
and 300 horse. He had left the rest of his army beyond the Alps. ”
(Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 36, and Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 34. )
[35] Appian, _Civil Wars_, II. 35.
[36] _De Bello Gallico_, VIII. 55.
[37] Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 68.
[38] In Suetonius, _Cæsar_, 56. --Cicero, _Brutus_, 75.
[39] Preface of Hirtius to Book VIII. of the “Commentaries. ”
[40] _De Bello Gallico_, VI. 13.
[41] _De Bello Gallico_, IV. 10.
[42] Strabo, IV. 3, p. 160
[43] The Narbonnese reminded the Romans of the climate and productions
of Italy. (Strabo, IV. 1, p. 147. )
[44] Pomponius Mela, who compiled in the first century, from old authors
an abridgement of Geography, says that Gaul was rich in wheat and
pastures, and covered with immense forests: “Terra est frumenti præcipue
ac pabuli forax, et amœna lucis immanibus. ” (_De Situ Orbis_, III.
2. )--(_De Bello Gallico_, I, 16. )--The winter was very early in the
north of Gaul. (_De Bello Gallico_, IV. 20. ) Hence the proverbial
expression at Rome of _heims Gallica_. (Petronius, _Satir. _ 19. --Strabo,
IV. , 147-161. )--See the “Memoire on the Forests of Gaul” read before the
Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, by M. Alfred Maury.
[45] Strabo, IV. , p. 147. --Diodorus Siculus, V. 26.
[46] Cæsar, after having said (V. 3) that the forests of the Ardennes
extended from the Rhine to the frontier of the Remi, _ad initium
Remorum_, adds (VI. 29) that it extended also towards the Nervii, _ad
Nervios_. Nevertheless, according to chapter 33 of book VI. , we believe
that this forest extended, across the country of the Nervii, to the
Scheldt. How otherwise could Cæsar have assigned to the forests of the
Ardennes a length of 500 miles, if it ended at the eastern frontier of
the Nervii? This number is, in any case, exaggerated, for from the Rhine
(at Coblentz) to the Scheldt, towards Ghent and Antwerp, it is but 300
kilomètres, or 200 miles.
[47] _De Bello Gallico_, VIII. 5.
[48] “Citra flumen Ararim . . . reliqui sese fugæ mandarunt atque in
proximas silvas abdiderunt. ” (_De Bello Gallico_, I. 12. )
[49] “Menapii propinqui Eburonum finibus, perpetuis paludibus silvisque
muniti. ” (_De Bello Gallico_, VI. 5. )
[50] “(Morini et Menapii) . . . silvas ac paludes habebant, eo se suaque
contulerunt. ” (_De Bello Gallico_, III. 28. )
[51] “(Sugambri) primos Eburonum fines adeunt . . . non silvæ morantur. ”
(_De Bello Gallico_, VI. 35. )
[52] Strabo, p. 163, edit. Didot.
[53] _De Bello Gallico_, IV. 2.
[54] Strabo, pp. 121, 155, 170, edit. Didot.
[55] “Carpenta Gallorum. ” (Florus, I. 13)--“Plurima Gallica (verba)
valuerunt, ut reda ac petorritum. ” (Quintilian, _De Institutione
Oratoria_, lib. I. , cap. v. 57. )--“Petorritum enim est non ex Græcia
dimidiatum, sed totum transalpibus, nam est vox Gallica. Id scriptum est
in libro M. Varronis quarto decimo _Rerum Divinarum_; quo in loco Varro,
quum de petorrito dixisset, esse id verbum Gallicum dixit. ” (Aulus
Gellius, XV. 30. )--“Petoritum et Gallicum vehiculum est, et nomen ejus
dictum esse existimant a numero quatuor rotarum. Alii Osce, quod hi
quoque _petora_ quatuor vocent. Alii Græce, sed αἱλικὡς dictum. ”
(Festus, voc. _Petoritum_, p. 206, edit. Müller. )--“Belgica esseda,
Gallicana vehicula. Nam Belga civitas est Galliæ in qua hujusmodi
vehiculi repertus est usus. ” (Servius, _Commentaries on the Georgics_ of
Virgil, lib. III. v. 204. --Cæsar, _De Bello Gallico_, IV. 33, and
_passim_.
[56] _De Bello Gallico_, II. 5.
[57] _De Bello Gallico_, I. 7.
[58] _De Bello Gallico_, VII. 11.
[59] _De Bello Gallico_, VII. 34, 53.
[60] _De Bello Gallico_, VII. 58.
[61] The reckoning of these contingents is the most positive element for
estimating the state of the population. We find in the “Commentaries”
three valuable statements: 1st, the numerical state of the Helvetian
immigration in 696 (_De Bello Gallico_, I. 29. ); 2nd, that of the Belgic
troops, in the campaign of 697 (_De Bello Gallico_, II. 4. ); 3rd, the
census of the Gaulish army which, in 702, attempted to raise the siege
of Alesia (_De Bello Gallico_, VII. 75. ) Of 368,000 men, composing the
agglomeration of the Helvetii and their allies, 92,000 were able to bear
arms; that is, about a quarter of the population. In the campaign of
697, the Belgic coalition counted 296,000 combatants, and, in 702, at
the time of the blockade of Alesia, the effective force of a great part
of Gaul amounted to 281,000 men. But, in order not to count twice the
different contingents of the same states, we suppress from the
enumeration of the year 702 the contingents of the countries already
mentioned in the census of 697, which reduces the effective force to
201,000 men. Yet this number cannot represent the total of men fit for
war; it comprises only the troops which could easily be sent out of the
territory, and which were more numerous accordingly as the people to
which they belonged were nearer to the theatre of military operations.
Thus Cæsar informs us that the Bellovaci, who could bring into the field
100,000 men, only furnished 60,000 picked men in 697, and 10,000 in 702.
The contingent of the Atrebates, which had been 15,000 men in 697, was
reduced to 4,000 in 702; that of the Nervii, of 50,000 in the former
year, sank to 5,000; and that of the Morini similarly from 25,000 to
5,000. From these circumstances we may be allowed to infer that the
Gauls armed three-fifths of their male population when the enemy was
near their territory, and only one-fifth, or even one-sixth, when he was
more distant.
If, then, we would form an idea of the total number of men able to carry
arms in Gaul, we must augment the contingents really furnished,
sometimes by two-fifths, sometimes in a higher proportion, according to
the distances which separated them from the seat of war. By this
calculation, the levies of 697 represent 513,600 men capable of carrying
arms, and those of 702, at least 573,600; we add together these two
numbers, because, as stated above, each army comprises different
populations, which gives 1,087,200 men, to whom we must add 92,000
Helvetii; moreover, it is indispensable to take into account the
contributive capability of the populations which are not mentioned in
the “Commentaries” among the belligerents at the two epochs indicated
above, such as the Pictones, the Carnutes, the Andes, the Remi, the
Treviri, the Lingones, the Leuci, the Unelli, the Redones, the
Ambivareti, and the peoples of Armorica and Aquitaine. By an approximate
estimate of their population according to the extent of their territory,
we shall obtain the number of 625,000 men. Adding together these four
numbers, to obtain the total number of men capable of bearing arms, we
shall get 513,600 + 573,600 + 92,000 + 625,000 = 1,804,200 men.
Quadrupling this number to get, according to the proportion applied to
the Helvetii, the total of the population, we shall have 7,216,800
inhabitants for Gaul, the Roman province not included. In fact, Diodorus
Siculus, who wrote in the first century of our era, says (lib. V. , c.
25) that the population of the different nations of Gaul varies from
200,000 to 50,000 men, which would make a mean of 125,000 men. If we
take the word ἁνδρες in the sense of inhabitants, and if we admit with
Tacitus that there were in Gaul sixty-four different nations, we should
have the number of 8,000,000 inhabitants, very near the preceding.
[62] Pliny expresses himself thus: “The country comprised under the name
of _Gallia Comata_ is divided into three peoples, generally separated by
rivers. From the Scheldt to the Seine is Belgic Gaul; from the Seine to
the Garonne, Celtic, called also _Lyonnese_; from thence to the Pyrenees
is Aquitaine. ” (_Hist. Nat. _, IV. xxxi. 105. )
[63] PEOPLES COMPOSING THE ROMAN PROVINCE:
_The Albici_ (the south of the department of the Lower Alps, and the
north of the Var). (_De Bello Civil. _, I. 34; II. 2. )
_The Allobroges_, probably of Celtic origin, inhabited the north-west of
Savoy, and the greater part of the department of the Isère.
_The Helvii_, inhabitants of the ancient Vivarais (the southern part of
the department of the Ardèche), separated from the Arverni by the
Cévennes. (_De Bello Gallico_, VII. 8. )
_The Ruteni_ of the province (_Ruteni Provinciales_), a fraction of the
Celtic nation of the Ruteni, incorporated into the Roman province, and
whose territory extended over a part of the department of the Tarn.
_The Sallyes_, or _Salluvii_ (the Bouches-du-Rhône, and western part of
the Var). (_De Bello Civil.
