Concerning
the last two versions, see Peter Sloterdijk, "Heideggers Politik: Das Ende der Geschichte vertagen" (Heidegger's politics: coping with the end of history), closing statement at the conference Heidegger.
Sloterdijk - Rage and Time
For the first half of the twenty-first century, the Islamist youth movements in dozens of countries in the Near and Middle East will be the radiating trouble spots on the crisis maps of strategic ana- lysts.
However, whatever the Islamic advances will add to a politics of rage during the next decades—and the next twenty or thirty years could become one of the most fatal periods of all times if worst-case scenarios should materialize—their projects will hardly go beyond the level of a politically black romanticism based on immanent reasons.
Thus the mobilization of those who choose a detour through God-given battles aims for a dark goal: the self-destruction of the superfluous.
Anyone holding onto the demand that world history has to proceed as the world's court of judgment is looking forward to disappointing times. In any case, one would have to look out for other judges. Because there is not much good one can hope for from criminal courts, the future will at most hold arbitration courts. Under these circumstances, only global capitalism qualifies for the role. It alone could grow to become its own enemy during the next round of the game, an enemy that excites itself to the point where it has to take itself as seriously as a contender who is deciding who is to be and who is not to be.
226
CONCLUSION BEYOND RESENTMENT
AFTER EVERYTHING THAT HAS BEEN SAID DURING THE COURSE of this investigation, it would be absurd to claim that rage's best days are behind it. On the contrary, rage (together with its thymotic siblings, pride, the need for recognition, and resentment) is a basic force in the ecosystem of affects, whether interpersonal, political, or cultural. This thesis remains valid, even if rage cannot concentrate itself in the future in the form of uni- versal collectives of a communist type, but rather only in regional collec- tions. If regression from a certain achieved state of political psychology is not possible, the thymotic energies I have discussed here should be officially accredited as an adequate image of the real, inasmuch as they have fallen victim to an organized misinterpretation.
What has truly reached an end is the psychohistorical constellation of religiously and politically inflated retributive thinking that was characteris- tic ofthe Christian, socialist, and Communist courtrooms. Nietzsche found the right concept to characterize its essence when—with an eye to Paul and his invention of "Christianity"—he diagnosed that resentment could become a mark of genius. As long as the liaison of spirit and resentment
227
CONCLUSION
was stable, the desire for justice in the world—beyond earthly life or within actual history—could find shelter in fictitious beliefs: the theology of the wrath of God and the thymotic global economy of communism. In both systems, nothing less was at stake than the correction of accounts of suffering and injustice in a world that is morally out of balance. Both sought to turn resentment into a positive emotion in order to keep awake the sense of the unacceptability of an unjust world. It is because of their efforts that the highly unlikely phenomenon of "criticism" came into existence in Western civilization—insofar as we understand "criticism" to mean the spirit that has been fueled by ingenious resentment of sub- mission to mere facts, in particular facts of injustice. "Criticism" in this sense is not an absolute privilege of the West, however much it unfolded paradigmatically in the West; it is present in every culture that was suc- cessful in withdrawing from domination by servile, holistic, monologi- cal, and masochistic motives. Anyone insisting that democratic politics and forms of life could be universal should consider the cultures of coun- seling, the practices of discussion, and the traditions of criticisin of "the
1
The following insight needs to be asserted like an axiom: under condi- tions of globalization no politics of balancing suffering on the large scale is possible that is built on holding past injustices against someone, no matter if it is codified by redemptive, social-messianic, or democratic-messianic ide- ologies. This insight sets narrow limits to the moral productivity of move- ments of accusation even if they—as in the case of socialism, feminism, and postcolonialism—advocate a cause that is, in itself, respectable. It is much more important to delegitimize the inherited fatal alliance of intelligence and resentment to create a space for future paradigms of detoxified worldly wisdom. The criteria are not all that new—John Locke, the mastermind of the liberal English bourgeoisie, expressed them in a simple language in 1690:
2
the basic rights to life, freedom, and property. With regard to the historical
success of this triad, the evidence is clear: only in those areas of the world where these norms are respected do we have true forms of Enlightenment. Two centuries after Locke, Friedrich Nietzsche—although in a form that is, while fully justified from the standpoint of therapy, without doubt too pathetic—complemented these premises of successful civilizations with a hygienic program that puts the liberation from the spirit of resentment on the agenda. Nietzsche was concerned about the replacement of the toxic figure of "vengeful humility" with a form of intelligence that assures itself
others" as regional sources of democracy.
228
CONCLUSION
anew about its thymotic motives. It is obvious that without an open culture of ambition, this cannot be done. Such a culture would have to be post- monotheistic in the sense that it breaks open retributive metaphysics and its political reflexes with an appropriate level of thoroughness. The goal is a meritocracy, which balances, in an intercultural and transcultural way, an antiauthoritarian relaxed morality, on the one hand, and a distinctive normative consciousness and respect for inalienable personal rights, on the other. The adventure of morality takes place through the parallel pro- gram of elitist and egalitarian forces. Only within these parameters can a change of accent away from acquisition drives and toward giving virtues be conceived.
The investment costs for this education program are high. What is at stake in it is the creation of a code of conduct for multicivilizational com- plexes. Such a schema needs to be strong enough to cope with the fact that the condensed or globalized world remains, for the time being at least, structured in a multi-megalomaniac and inter-paranoid way. It is not possible to integrate a universe out of energetic, thymotic, irritable actors through ideal syntheses from the top. It is only possible to keep it at a bal- ance through power relationships. Great politics proceeds only by balanc- ing acts. To stay in balance means not evading any necessary fights and not provoking unnecessary ones. It also means not giving up on the course of the world with its entropic processes, primarily the destruction of the envi- ronment and the demoralization of human relationships. Part of this means learning to see oneself always through the eyes of others. What in former times was to be achieved by an overstrained religious humility will have to be accomplished by a culture of rationally built second-order observations. This alone could stop the malignant naivete by connecting the desire to be respected with the ability to see oneself in relative terms. Time is required to solve these tasks—but not the historical time of the epic and tragedy. Essen- tial time needs to be determined as the time of civilizational learning. Those who only want to make "history" remain below this definition.
The term "transition" should not mislead us into ignoring the fact that one always exercises under conditions of emergency in order to prevent emergency from happening wherever possible. Mistakes are not permitted and yet are likely. If the exercises go well, it might be the case that a set of interculturally binding disciplines emerge that could, for the first time, rightly be referred to with an expression that, until now, has been used pre- maturely: world culture.
229
NOTES
INTRODUCTION
I. Cf. Ralf Miggelbrink, Der zornige Gott. Die Bedeutung einer anstofiigen biblischen
Tradition (The wrathful god: The significance of a scandalous biblical tradition)
(Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2002), 13.
2. I thus disagree with the legend, which is popular among theologians, that myth
always implies the transfiguration of the existing world. According to this leg- end myth only comes to being with prophetic speech because of myth's distance from the world and its critical dimension. In reality myth is already as prophetic as prophecy is still mythic.
3. Cf. Raymond Aron, Clausewitz. Den Krieg denken (Clausewitz: Thinking war) (Frankfurt: Propylaen, 1980), as well as Robert Kaplan, Warrior Politics: Why Leadership Demands a Pagan Ethos (New York: Random House, 2002).
4. Concerning the unconscious nexus of humanism and bellicosity, see Bazon Brock and Gerlinde Koschick, eds. , Krieg und Kunst (War and art) (Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 2002).
5. Cf. Iliad 9. 328 f.
231
INTRODUCTION
6. See Peter Sloterdijk, "Bilder der Gewalt—Gewalt der Bilder: Von der antiken Mythologie zur postmodernen Bilderindustrie," in Iconic Turn: Die neueMachtder Bilder (The new power of images), ed. Christa Maar and Hubert Burda (Cologne: Dumont, 2004), 333-34, for a reference to the continuous existence of irruptive ancient rage in the "natural theology of explosion" of modern mass culture.
7. The later stoic phenomenology of rage states that rage does not allow for any past. One can hide all other vices, but "anger parades itself; it shows on the face [seprofert et infaciem exit); the greater it is, the more obviously it seethes o u t . . . . The other affections make themselves seen [apparent). Anger sticks right out [eminet]" (Seneca, "On Anger," in Moral and Political Essays, ed. John M. Coo- per and J. F. Procope [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995], 18). Dur- ing the twentieth century, academic psychology sometimes speaks of "explosive reactions"; cf. Ernst Kretschmer, Medizinische Psychologie (Medical psychology) (Leipzig: Thieme 1930), 183-84.
8. Robert Musil, Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften (The Man Without Qualities) (Ham- burg: Rowohlt 1952), 1239-43.
9. The expression is borrowed from Heinrich Mann, who reports in his Napoleon essay from 1925 about the fatal Corsican, "He enters the world like a bullet enters the battle. This is how the revolution sent him. " Later I will show that the con- cept of revolution rests not least in a modernization of ancient menis. Its psycho- logical kernel is the transformation of the subject into an active gathering place of worid rage.
10. Bruno Snell, "Die Auffassung des Menschen bei Homer," in Die Entdeckung des Geistes. Studien zur Entstehung des europaischen Denkens bei den Griechen (The discovery of spirit: Studies of the emergence of European thinking in ancient Greece) (Hamburg: Claassen & Goverts, 1946), 15-37.
11. Cf. , for reasons of curiosity, Jiirgen Manthey, Die Unsterblichkeit Achills. Vom Ursprung des Erzahlens (The immortality of Achilles: On the origin of narrating) (Munich: Hanser, 1997), 31-32.
12. Concerning the ancient conception of genius, see the work of the Roman rheto- rician Censorinus, De die natali, as well as Peter Sloterdijk, Spharen I, Blasen (Spheres I: Bubbles) (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1998), chap. 6, "Divider of Soul Space," 421-85.
13. Seneca De ira 1. 6: "Non est ergo natura hominis poenae appetens; ideo ne ira qui- dem secundum naturam hominis, quia poenae appetens est [therefore punish- ment does not go with being a good man. Nor, for that reason, does anger, since punishment does go with anger]. " One can establish a distant analogy between the philosophical domestication of anger in the Greeks and the civilization of the
232
INTRODUCTION
rage of God in the theology of "the priestly writings" of post-Babylonian Juda- ism. The change of emphasis toward individualized repentance withdraws the conditions of the prophetic speeches of threat from the divine penalization and destructive rage. See Miggelbrink, Derzornige Gott, 48-49.
14. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, What Is Philosophy? trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Graham Burchell (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 146-50.
15. The classic catalogue of cardinal sins still provides an image that balances between erotic and thymotic vices. This is based on the assumption that one rightly can assign avaritia (avarice), luxuria (voluptuousness), and gula (intemperance) to the erotic pole, while superbia (arrogance, pride), ira (rage), and invidia (jeal- ousy, enviousness) belong to the thymotic pole. Only acedia (melancholia) does not fit into this categorization because it expresses a sadness without subject and object.
16. The classic expression of this idea is the slogan that was common among bour- geois of the eighteenth century: "Felix mentis": happy because of one's owns achievements. This expression decorates the facade of one of the most beauti- ful classicist buildings in Amsterdam for a good reason. This temple of enlight- enment, located at the street Kaisergracht, the canal of the king, was built in 1787 and after 1945 was temporarily the headquarters of the Dutch Communist Party. Today it is the location of one of the most lively cultural centers of the Netherlands.
17. Cf. Robert Shaeffer, The Resentment Against Achievement: Understanding the Assault Upon Ability (Buffalo, N. Y. : Prometheus Books, 1988).
18. Cf. Heiner Miihlmann, Die Natur derKulturen. Entwurfeiner kulturdynamischen Theorie (The Nature of civilizations: An attempt of a culture-dynamic theory) (Vienna: Springer, 1996).
19. We also owe one of the best summaries of the ancient and more recent discourses about thymos to a student of Strauss, Francis Fukuyama. See the rich passages of the unread best-seller The End ofHistory and the Last Man (1992; New York: Pen- guin, 2006). Also see the final section of the introduction, "The Postcommunist Situation," this volume.
20. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 7. 7.
21. Seneca, who cites this passage from Aristotle's treatise On the Soul (De anima) in
his work De ira (1. 9), objects to the Greek thinker with the argument that affects
are just as bad as helpers as they are as leaders.
22. Cf. Fukuyama, The End of History, 165-66.
23. Jacques Lacan, Ecrits: The First Complete Edition in EnglisTi^tmns. Bruce Fink
(New York: Norton, 2006); Alexander Kojeve, Introduction to the Reading of 233
INTRODUCTION
Hegel: Lectures on the Phenomenology of Spirit, ed. Allan Bloom, trans. James H.
Nichols (Ithaca, N. Y. : Cornell University Press, 1980).
24. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols, and Other
Writings, ed. Aaron Ridley, trans. Judith Norman (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 2005), 145.
25. Ibid. , 144.
26. Concerning the invention of the "symbolic" as the domain of the (holy) father
in a situation of an actual weakening of the paternal function, see Michel Tort, Fin du dogme paternal (The End of the paternal dogma) (Paris: Aubier, 2005), 123-24.
27. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991 (New York: Penguin, 1994).
28. Cf. the deduction of modern entrepreneurial psychology from the innovation that arises from the pressure of paying off one's debts in Gunnar Heinsohn and Otto Steiger's essential work, Eigentum, Zins und Geld: Ungeloste Riitsel der Wirschaftswissenscha. fi (Property, interest, and money: unsolved riddles of eco- nomics) (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1996).
cc
29. See Walter Burkert, Vergeltung" zwischen Ethologie und Ethik. Reflexe und
Reflexionen in Texten und Mythologien desAltertums ("Retaliation" between eth- nology and ethics: reflexes and reflections in texts and mythologies of antiquity) (Munich: Siemens Stiftung 1992), 21-22.
30. Friedrich Nietzsche, "On Old and New Tablets," in Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None, trans. Adrian Del Caro (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 2006), 159.
31. Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, trans. Mary Gregor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1997), 42.
32. Boris Groys, Das kommunistische Postskriptum (The communist postscript) (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2006).
33. See the discursive justification of this metaphor in Gunnar Heinsohn and Otto Steiger, Eigentumsokonomik (Property economics) (Marburg: Metropolis, 2006).
34. Nietzsche, The Anti-Christ, 157.
35. Boris Groys, Anne von der Heyden, and Peter Weibel, eds. , Zurueck aus der
Zukunft. Osteuropaeische Kulturen im Zeitalter des Postkommunismus (Back from the future: Eastern European cultures during the age of postcommunism) (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2005).
36. Jacques Derrida, Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, and the New International, trans. Peggy Kamuf (New York: Routledge, 1994), 61-95.
234
1. RAGE TRANSACTIONS
37- Ibid. , 73.
38. Fukuyama, The End of History, 284.
39. Cf. Gunnar Heinsohn, Sohne und Weltmacht. Terror im Aufstieg und Fall der
Nationen (Sons and Global power: terror within the rise and fall of nations) (Zurich: Orell Fiissli, 2003), and his Finis Germaniae, Kursbuch 162 (Hamburg: Zeit, 2005), 18-29.
40. The proposition concerning the end of history exists in at least four different ver- sions: two are from Kojeve: the end of history in Stalinism and the end of history in the American way of life and in Japanese snobbism; one is in Dostoevsky: the end of history in the "Crystal Palace"; and one in Heidegger: the end of history in boredom.
Concerning the last two versions, see Peter Sloterdijk, "Heideggers Politik: Das Ende der Geschichte vertagen" (Heidegger's politics: coping with the end of history), closing statement at the conference Heidegger. Le danger et la promesse, Strasbourg, December 5, 2004; as well as Peter Sloterdijk, Im Weltin- nenraum des Kapitals. Fur eine philosophische Theorie der Globalisierung (In the world interior of capital: for a philosophical theory of globalization) (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2005), 258-348. There you also find the technical definition of "world history" as the successful phase of unilateralism and the constituting phase of the world system (1492-1944).
41. Cf. Bruno Latour, Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy, trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2004); Bruno Latour and Peter Weibel, eds. , Making Things Public: Atmospheres of Democracy (Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, 2005).
1. RAGE TRANSACTIONS
1. Thomas Mann, Joseph and his Brothers, trans. John E. Woods (New York: Every-
man's Library, 2005), 538.
2. Robert A. F. Thurman, Anger: The Seven Deadly Sins (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2005).
3. Cf. Juliane Vogel, Die Furie und das Gesetz. Zur Dramaturgie der "grossen Szene' in
der Tragoedie des 19. Jahrhunderts (Fury and law: On the dramaturgy of the "great
scene" in the tragedy of the nineteenth century) (Freiburg: Rombach, 2002).
4. Walter Benjamin, "On the Concept of History," in Selected Writings, vol. 4, trans.
Harry Zorn, (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2003), 392; Michael Hardt
and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2001).
5. Concerning the source of the formula "x as such—x pure and simple," see Karl
Marx, Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique ofPolitical Economy, trans. Martin Nicolaus (London: Penguin, 1993), 105. ^
235
6. 7.
8.
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
Mann, Joseph and his Brothers, 537.
Quoted according to Robert Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 56; Conquest is doubtful about the authenticity of this statement.
See the doubts concerning the authenticity of the classic quotation in Christo- pher Read, Lenin: A Revolutionary Life (London: Routledge, 2005), 11.
2. THE WRATHFUL GOD
Cf. Regis Debray, God: An Itinerary, trans. Jeffrey Mehlman (London: Verso, 2004).
James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916; New York: Penguin, 2003).
Jean Delumeau, Sin and Fear: The Emergence of a Western Guilt Culture, Thirteenth-Eighteenth Centuries, trans. Eric Nicholson (New York: St Martin's Press 1990).
Gustave Flaubert, Dictionary ofReceived Ideas, trans. Jacques Barzun (New York: New Directions, 1968).
Boris Groys, "Readymade," in Lfber das Neue. Versuch einer Kulturkommune (On the new: a study of cultural economics) (Munich: Fischer, 1992), 73-74; "Simuli- erte Ready-mades von Fischli und Weiss," in Kunst-Kommentare (Vienna: Pas- sagen, 1977), 131-32; "Fundamentalismus als Mittelweg zwischen Hoch-und Mas- senkulture," in Logik der Sammlung. Am Ende des musealen Zeitalters (Logic of collection: at the end of the age of the museum) (Munich: Hanser, 1997), 63-64; "On the New," Research Journal ofAnthology and Aesthetics 38 (2000): 5-17.
Cf. Raffaele Pettazonni, The All-Knowing God: Researches Into the Early Religion and Culture, trans. H. J. Rose (London: Methuen, 1956).
Cf. Jan Assmann, Politische Theologie zwischen Agypten und Israel (Political the- ology between Egypt and Israel) (Munich: Carl-Friedrich-von-Siemens-Stiftung, 1992), 85. RuedigerSafranski,DasBoseoderdasDramaderFreiheit(Evil;or,thedramaof freedom) (Munich: Hanser, 1997), 32.
The concept of the "archive" is further explained through the cultural philo- sophical works of Boris Groys in chapter 3.
See, especially, Erich Zenger, A God of Vengeance? trans. Linda M. Maloney (Louisville, Ky. : Westminster John Knox Press, 1996). Zenger vehemently and for good hermeneutic reasons turns against the elimination of Jewish prayers of hatred from the Christian canon as well as from the hourly prayer of the Church. The theological arguments of the author are not as convincing as his herme- neutic ones. It is not clear what it is supposed to mean when he writes that the
1. RAGE TRANSACTIONS
236
3. THE RAGE REVOLUTION
"shrill tones of the psalms of enmity can serve to shock Christianity out of the
well-regulated slumber of its structural amnesia about God" (74).
11. Ralf Miggelbrink, Der zornige Gott. Die Bedeutung einer anstofiigen biblischen
Tradition (The wrathful god: The significance of a scandalous biblical tradition)
(Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2002), 450.
12. Isaiah's argument that God only keeps a remainder is taken up again at a deci- sive passage of Augustine in his merciless teaching of mercy in the year 397: "To Simplician: On Various Questions. Book I (De Diversis Quaestionibus)," in
Augustine: Earlier Writings, ed. and trans. John H. S. Burleigh (Philadelphia: The
Westminster Press, 1953) 370-406,1. 2.
13. Gerd Theifien and Annette Merz, Der historische Jesus. Ein Lehrbuch (The his-
torical Jesus: a textbook) (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1996), 249. 14. Concerning the metaphysical implications of the figure of speech "this world" (or "this life"), see Peter Sloterdijk, "1st die Welt verneinbar? Uber den Geist Indiens und die abendlandische Gnosis" (Can the world be unified? on the spirit of India and occidental gnosis), in Weltfremdheit (Unworldliness) (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1993), 220-33, especially section 1, "Fingerspitzengedanen" (Fingertip
thoughts).
15. Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, trans. Charles Francis Atkinson, ed.
Helmut Werner (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 287.
16 In this context the works of Jacques Le Goff are most impotant. See his The Birth of Purgatory, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1986).
17. TertuUian, Apology, De spectaculis; Minucius Felix, Octavius, trans. T. R. Glover
(Cambridge Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2003), 297-301.
18. Cf. Nicholas Kwame Apetorgbor, TertuUian: Die Rache Gottes und die Verpflich- tung des Menschen zum Verzicht auf Rache. Die Bedeutung der Theologie Tertul-
liansfur das heutige afrikanische Christentum (TertuUian: The wrath of god and the human duty to renounce revenge. The significance of Tertullian's theology for contemporary African Christianity), (Hamburg: Dr. Kovac, 2004).
19. "Thence we came forth to rebehold the start": Dante, The Divine Comedy, Inferno, trans. Henry W. Longfellow (New York: Chartwell, 2009), 34. 139,161.
3. THE RAGE REVOLUTION:
ON THE COMMUNIST WORLD BANK OF RAGE^""
1. TertuUian, Apology, De spectaculis; Minucius Felix, Octavius, trans. T. R. Glover (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2003), 297-99.
2. Ibid. , 295.
237
3. THE RAGE REVOLUTION
3. Restif de la Bretonne, Revolutionare Nachte in Paris, ed. Ernst Gerhards (Bremen: Manholt, 1989). During the turmoil of 1848 similar slogans were used. Alexis de Tocqueville tells the story of a poor young country farmer who found work as servant for a family from Paris. "On the evening of the day when the insurrection started, he heard this child say as he was clearing away after the family dinner: 'Next Sunday (it was on a Thursday) it is we who will be eating the chicken's wings. ' To which a little girl who was working in the house answered: 'And it is we who will wear lovely silk dresses'" (Alexis de Tocqueville, Recollections: The French Revolution of 1848, ed. and trans. J. -P. Mayer and A. P. Kerr [New Bruns- wick, N. J. : Transaction, 1987], 143).
4. Antonio Negri, "The Specter's Smile," in Ghostly Demarcations: A Symposium
on Jacques Derridas Specters of Marx, ed. Michael Sprinker (New York: Verso,
1999), 15.
5. Christopher Read, Lenin: A Revolutionary Life (London: Routledge, 2005), 103.
6. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Correspondence, 1844-1851, in Collected Works
(New York: International Publishers, 1982), 38:289.
7. Ibid. , 38:289.
8. Rosa Luxemburg, The Letters of Rosa Luxemburg, ed. Stephen Eric Bronner,
(Boulder, Colo. : Wesrview Press, 1978), 172.
9. FritzJ. Raddatz,ed. ,MohranGeneral:MarxundEngelsinihrenBriefen(Vienna:
Molden 1980), 203.
10. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard Univer-
sity Press, 2001), 159.
11. Albert Camus, The Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt, trans. Anthony Bower (New
York: Vintage, 1984), 165 and 171.
12. Ibid. , 22.
13. Heiner Miiller, Der Auftrag (The mission), in Werke (Works) (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2002), 5:40.
14. Mikhail Bakunin, "Die Prinzipien der Revolution" (Principles of revolution), in Staatlichkeit und Anarchie {Statism and Anarchy, note that this pamphlet is not included in English-language translations of Statism and Anarchy) ed. Horst Stuke (Frankfurt: Ullstein, 1983), 103.
15. Concerning the significance of Methodism for democratic history, see Gertrud Himmelfarb, Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlighten- ments (New York: Knopf, 2004), 116-30.
16. Heinrich Heine, letter dated June 15,1843, in Sakularausgabe: Werke, Briefwech- sel, Lebenszeugnisse (Berlin: Akademie, 1970), 202.
17. Bakunin, "Die Prinzipien der Revolution" (Principles of revolution), 101-2.
238
3. THE RAGE REVOLUTION
18. Ibid. , 95-99.
19. G. W. F. Hegel, Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art, vol. 1, trans. T. M. Knox (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1998), 195.
20.
Anyone holding onto the demand that world history has to proceed as the world's court of judgment is looking forward to disappointing times. In any case, one would have to look out for other judges. Because there is not much good one can hope for from criminal courts, the future will at most hold arbitration courts. Under these circumstances, only global capitalism qualifies for the role. It alone could grow to become its own enemy during the next round of the game, an enemy that excites itself to the point where it has to take itself as seriously as a contender who is deciding who is to be and who is not to be.
226
CONCLUSION BEYOND RESENTMENT
AFTER EVERYTHING THAT HAS BEEN SAID DURING THE COURSE of this investigation, it would be absurd to claim that rage's best days are behind it. On the contrary, rage (together with its thymotic siblings, pride, the need for recognition, and resentment) is a basic force in the ecosystem of affects, whether interpersonal, political, or cultural. This thesis remains valid, even if rage cannot concentrate itself in the future in the form of uni- versal collectives of a communist type, but rather only in regional collec- tions. If regression from a certain achieved state of political psychology is not possible, the thymotic energies I have discussed here should be officially accredited as an adequate image of the real, inasmuch as they have fallen victim to an organized misinterpretation.
What has truly reached an end is the psychohistorical constellation of religiously and politically inflated retributive thinking that was characteris- tic ofthe Christian, socialist, and Communist courtrooms. Nietzsche found the right concept to characterize its essence when—with an eye to Paul and his invention of "Christianity"—he diagnosed that resentment could become a mark of genius. As long as the liaison of spirit and resentment
227
CONCLUSION
was stable, the desire for justice in the world—beyond earthly life or within actual history—could find shelter in fictitious beliefs: the theology of the wrath of God and the thymotic global economy of communism. In both systems, nothing less was at stake than the correction of accounts of suffering and injustice in a world that is morally out of balance. Both sought to turn resentment into a positive emotion in order to keep awake the sense of the unacceptability of an unjust world. It is because of their efforts that the highly unlikely phenomenon of "criticism" came into existence in Western civilization—insofar as we understand "criticism" to mean the spirit that has been fueled by ingenious resentment of sub- mission to mere facts, in particular facts of injustice. "Criticism" in this sense is not an absolute privilege of the West, however much it unfolded paradigmatically in the West; it is present in every culture that was suc- cessful in withdrawing from domination by servile, holistic, monologi- cal, and masochistic motives. Anyone insisting that democratic politics and forms of life could be universal should consider the cultures of coun- seling, the practices of discussion, and the traditions of criticisin of "the
1
The following insight needs to be asserted like an axiom: under condi- tions of globalization no politics of balancing suffering on the large scale is possible that is built on holding past injustices against someone, no matter if it is codified by redemptive, social-messianic, or democratic-messianic ide- ologies. This insight sets narrow limits to the moral productivity of move- ments of accusation even if they—as in the case of socialism, feminism, and postcolonialism—advocate a cause that is, in itself, respectable. It is much more important to delegitimize the inherited fatal alliance of intelligence and resentment to create a space for future paradigms of detoxified worldly wisdom. The criteria are not all that new—John Locke, the mastermind of the liberal English bourgeoisie, expressed them in a simple language in 1690:
2
the basic rights to life, freedom, and property. With regard to the historical
success of this triad, the evidence is clear: only in those areas of the world where these norms are respected do we have true forms of Enlightenment. Two centuries after Locke, Friedrich Nietzsche—although in a form that is, while fully justified from the standpoint of therapy, without doubt too pathetic—complemented these premises of successful civilizations with a hygienic program that puts the liberation from the spirit of resentment on the agenda. Nietzsche was concerned about the replacement of the toxic figure of "vengeful humility" with a form of intelligence that assures itself
others" as regional sources of democracy.
228
CONCLUSION
anew about its thymotic motives. It is obvious that without an open culture of ambition, this cannot be done. Such a culture would have to be post- monotheistic in the sense that it breaks open retributive metaphysics and its political reflexes with an appropriate level of thoroughness. The goal is a meritocracy, which balances, in an intercultural and transcultural way, an antiauthoritarian relaxed morality, on the one hand, and a distinctive normative consciousness and respect for inalienable personal rights, on the other. The adventure of morality takes place through the parallel pro- gram of elitist and egalitarian forces. Only within these parameters can a change of accent away from acquisition drives and toward giving virtues be conceived.
The investment costs for this education program are high. What is at stake in it is the creation of a code of conduct for multicivilizational com- plexes. Such a schema needs to be strong enough to cope with the fact that the condensed or globalized world remains, for the time being at least, structured in a multi-megalomaniac and inter-paranoid way. It is not possible to integrate a universe out of energetic, thymotic, irritable actors through ideal syntheses from the top. It is only possible to keep it at a bal- ance through power relationships. Great politics proceeds only by balanc- ing acts. To stay in balance means not evading any necessary fights and not provoking unnecessary ones. It also means not giving up on the course of the world with its entropic processes, primarily the destruction of the envi- ronment and the demoralization of human relationships. Part of this means learning to see oneself always through the eyes of others. What in former times was to be achieved by an overstrained religious humility will have to be accomplished by a culture of rationally built second-order observations. This alone could stop the malignant naivete by connecting the desire to be respected with the ability to see oneself in relative terms. Time is required to solve these tasks—but not the historical time of the epic and tragedy. Essen- tial time needs to be determined as the time of civilizational learning. Those who only want to make "history" remain below this definition.
The term "transition" should not mislead us into ignoring the fact that one always exercises under conditions of emergency in order to prevent emergency from happening wherever possible. Mistakes are not permitted and yet are likely. If the exercises go well, it might be the case that a set of interculturally binding disciplines emerge that could, for the first time, rightly be referred to with an expression that, until now, has been used pre- maturely: world culture.
229
NOTES
INTRODUCTION
I. Cf. Ralf Miggelbrink, Der zornige Gott. Die Bedeutung einer anstofiigen biblischen
Tradition (The wrathful god: The significance of a scandalous biblical tradition)
(Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2002), 13.
2. I thus disagree with the legend, which is popular among theologians, that myth
always implies the transfiguration of the existing world. According to this leg- end myth only comes to being with prophetic speech because of myth's distance from the world and its critical dimension. In reality myth is already as prophetic as prophecy is still mythic.
3. Cf. Raymond Aron, Clausewitz. Den Krieg denken (Clausewitz: Thinking war) (Frankfurt: Propylaen, 1980), as well as Robert Kaplan, Warrior Politics: Why Leadership Demands a Pagan Ethos (New York: Random House, 2002).
4. Concerning the unconscious nexus of humanism and bellicosity, see Bazon Brock and Gerlinde Koschick, eds. , Krieg und Kunst (War and art) (Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 2002).
5. Cf. Iliad 9. 328 f.
231
INTRODUCTION
6. See Peter Sloterdijk, "Bilder der Gewalt—Gewalt der Bilder: Von der antiken Mythologie zur postmodernen Bilderindustrie," in Iconic Turn: Die neueMachtder Bilder (The new power of images), ed. Christa Maar and Hubert Burda (Cologne: Dumont, 2004), 333-34, for a reference to the continuous existence of irruptive ancient rage in the "natural theology of explosion" of modern mass culture.
7. The later stoic phenomenology of rage states that rage does not allow for any past. One can hide all other vices, but "anger parades itself; it shows on the face [seprofert et infaciem exit); the greater it is, the more obviously it seethes o u t . . . . The other affections make themselves seen [apparent). Anger sticks right out [eminet]" (Seneca, "On Anger," in Moral and Political Essays, ed. John M. Coo- per and J. F. Procope [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995], 18). Dur- ing the twentieth century, academic psychology sometimes speaks of "explosive reactions"; cf. Ernst Kretschmer, Medizinische Psychologie (Medical psychology) (Leipzig: Thieme 1930), 183-84.
8. Robert Musil, Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften (The Man Without Qualities) (Ham- burg: Rowohlt 1952), 1239-43.
9. The expression is borrowed from Heinrich Mann, who reports in his Napoleon essay from 1925 about the fatal Corsican, "He enters the world like a bullet enters the battle. This is how the revolution sent him. " Later I will show that the con- cept of revolution rests not least in a modernization of ancient menis. Its psycho- logical kernel is the transformation of the subject into an active gathering place of worid rage.
10. Bruno Snell, "Die Auffassung des Menschen bei Homer," in Die Entdeckung des Geistes. Studien zur Entstehung des europaischen Denkens bei den Griechen (The discovery of spirit: Studies of the emergence of European thinking in ancient Greece) (Hamburg: Claassen & Goverts, 1946), 15-37.
11. Cf. , for reasons of curiosity, Jiirgen Manthey, Die Unsterblichkeit Achills. Vom Ursprung des Erzahlens (The immortality of Achilles: On the origin of narrating) (Munich: Hanser, 1997), 31-32.
12. Concerning the ancient conception of genius, see the work of the Roman rheto- rician Censorinus, De die natali, as well as Peter Sloterdijk, Spharen I, Blasen (Spheres I: Bubbles) (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1998), chap. 6, "Divider of Soul Space," 421-85.
13. Seneca De ira 1. 6: "Non est ergo natura hominis poenae appetens; ideo ne ira qui- dem secundum naturam hominis, quia poenae appetens est [therefore punish- ment does not go with being a good man. Nor, for that reason, does anger, since punishment does go with anger]. " One can establish a distant analogy between the philosophical domestication of anger in the Greeks and the civilization of the
232
INTRODUCTION
rage of God in the theology of "the priestly writings" of post-Babylonian Juda- ism. The change of emphasis toward individualized repentance withdraws the conditions of the prophetic speeches of threat from the divine penalization and destructive rage. See Miggelbrink, Derzornige Gott, 48-49.
14. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, What Is Philosophy? trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Graham Burchell (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 146-50.
15. The classic catalogue of cardinal sins still provides an image that balances between erotic and thymotic vices. This is based on the assumption that one rightly can assign avaritia (avarice), luxuria (voluptuousness), and gula (intemperance) to the erotic pole, while superbia (arrogance, pride), ira (rage), and invidia (jeal- ousy, enviousness) belong to the thymotic pole. Only acedia (melancholia) does not fit into this categorization because it expresses a sadness without subject and object.
16. The classic expression of this idea is the slogan that was common among bour- geois of the eighteenth century: "Felix mentis": happy because of one's owns achievements. This expression decorates the facade of one of the most beauti- ful classicist buildings in Amsterdam for a good reason. This temple of enlight- enment, located at the street Kaisergracht, the canal of the king, was built in 1787 and after 1945 was temporarily the headquarters of the Dutch Communist Party. Today it is the location of one of the most lively cultural centers of the Netherlands.
17. Cf. Robert Shaeffer, The Resentment Against Achievement: Understanding the Assault Upon Ability (Buffalo, N. Y. : Prometheus Books, 1988).
18. Cf. Heiner Miihlmann, Die Natur derKulturen. Entwurfeiner kulturdynamischen Theorie (The Nature of civilizations: An attempt of a culture-dynamic theory) (Vienna: Springer, 1996).
19. We also owe one of the best summaries of the ancient and more recent discourses about thymos to a student of Strauss, Francis Fukuyama. See the rich passages of the unread best-seller The End ofHistory and the Last Man (1992; New York: Pen- guin, 2006). Also see the final section of the introduction, "The Postcommunist Situation," this volume.
20. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 7. 7.
21. Seneca, who cites this passage from Aristotle's treatise On the Soul (De anima) in
his work De ira (1. 9), objects to the Greek thinker with the argument that affects
are just as bad as helpers as they are as leaders.
22. Cf. Fukuyama, The End of History, 165-66.
23. Jacques Lacan, Ecrits: The First Complete Edition in EnglisTi^tmns. Bruce Fink
(New York: Norton, 2006); Alexander Kojeve, Introduction to the Reading of 233
INTRODUCTION
Hegel: Lectures on the Phenomenology of Spirit, ed. Allan Bloom, trans. James H.
Nichols (Ithaca, N. Y. : Cornell University Press, 1980).
24. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols, and Other
Writings, ed. Aaron Ridley, trans. Judith Norman (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 2005), 145.
25. Ibid. , 144.
26. Concerning the invention of the "symbolic" as the domain of the (holy) father
in a situation of an actual weakening of the paternal function, see Michel Tort, Fin du dogme paternal (The End of the paternal dogma) (Paris: Aubier, 2005), 123-24.
27. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991 (New York: Penguin, 1994).
28. Cf. the deduction of modern entrepreneurial psychology from the innovation that arises from the pressure of paying off one's debts in Gunnar Heinsohn and Otto Steiger's essential work, Eigentum, Zins und Geld: Ungeloste Riitsel der Wirschaftswissenscha. fi (Property, interest, and money: unsolved riddles of eco- nomics) (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1996).
cc
29. See Walter Burkert, Vergeltung" zwischen Ethologie und Ethik. Reflexe und
Reflexionen in Texten und Mythologien desAltertums ("Retaliation" between eth- nology and ethics: reflexes and reflections in texts and mythologies of antiquity) (Munich: Siemens Stiftung 1992), 21-22.
30. Friedrich Nietzsche, "On Old and New Tablets," in Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None, trans. Adrian Del Caro (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 2006), 159.
31. Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, trans. Mary Gregor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1997), 42.
32. Boris Groys, Das kommunistische Postskriptum (The communist postscript) (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2006).
33. See the discursive justification of this metaphor in Gunnar Heinsohn and Otto Steiger, Eigentumsokonomik (Property economics) (Marburg: Metropolis, 2006).
34. Nietzsche, The Anti-Christ, 157.
35. Boris Groys, Anne von der Heyden, and Peter Weibel, eds. , Zurueck aus der
Zukunft. Osteuropaeische Kulturen im Zeitalter des Postkommunismus (Back from the future: Eastern European cultures during the age of postcommunism) (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2005).
36. Jacques Derrida, Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, and the New International, trans. Peggy Kamuf (New York: Routledge, 1994), 61-95.
234
1. RAGE TRANSACTIONS
37- Ibid. , 73.
38. Fukuyama, The End of History, 284.
39. Cf. Gunnar Heinsohn, Sohne und Weltmacht. Terror im Aufstieg und Fall der
Nationen (Sons and Global power: terror within the rise and fall of nations) (Zurich: Orell Fiissli, 2003), and his Finis Germaniae, Kursbuch 162 (Hamburg: Zeit, 2005), 18-29.
40. The proposition concerning the end of history exists in at least four different ver- sions: two are from Kojeve: the end of history in Stalinism and the end of history in the American way of life and in Japanese snobbism; one is in Dostoevsky: the end of history in the "Crystal Palace"; and one in Heidegger: the end of history in boredom.
Concerning the last two versions, see Peter Sloterdijk, "Heideggers Politik: Das Ende der Geschichte vertagen" (Heidegger's politics: coping with the end of history), closing statement at the conference Heidegger. Le danger et la promesse, Strasbourg, December 5, 2004; as well as Peter Sloterdijk, Im Weltin- nenraum des Kapitals. Fur eine philosophische Theorie der Globalisierung (In the world interior of capital: for a philosophical theory of globalization) (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2005), 258-348. There you also find the technical definition of "world history" as the successful phase of unilateralism and the constituting phase of the world system (1492-1944).
41. Cf. Bruno Latour, Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy, trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2004); Bruno Latour and Peter Weibel, eds. , Making Things Public: Atmospheres of Democracy (Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, 2005).
1. RAGE TRANSACTIONS
1. Thomas Mann, Joseph and his Brothers, trans. John E. Woods (New York: Every-
man's Library, 2005), 538.
2. Robert A. F. Thurman, Anger: The Seven Deadly Sins (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2005).
3. Cf. Juliane Vogel, Die Furie und das Gesetz. Zur Dramaturgie der "grossen Szene' in
der Tragoedie des 19. Jahrhunderts (Fury and law: On the dramaturgy of the "great
scene" in the tragedy of the nineteenth century) (Freiburg: Rombach, 2002).
4. Walter Benjamin, "On the Concept of History," in Selected Writings, vol. 4, trans.
Harry Zorn, (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2003), 392; Michael Hardt
and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2001).
5. Concerning the source of the formula "x as such—x pure and simple," see Karl
Marx, Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique ofPolitical Economy, trans. Martin Nicolaus (London: Penguin, 1993), 105. ^
235
6. 7.
8.
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
Mann, Joseph and his Brothers, 537.
Quoted according to Robert Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 56; Conquest is doubtful about the authenticity of this statement.
See the doubts concerning the authenticity of the classic quotation in Christo- pher Read, Lenin: A Revolutionary Life (London: Routledge, 2005), 11.
2. THE WRATHFUL GOD
Cf. Regis Debray, God: An Itinerary, trans. Jeffrey Mehlman (London: Verso, 2004).
James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916; New York: Penguin, 2003).
Jean Delumeau, Sin and Fear: The Emergence of a Western Guilt Culture, Thirteenth-Eighteenth Centuries, trans. Eric Nicholson (New York: St Martin's Press 1990).
Gustave Flaubert, Dictionary ofReceived Ideas, trans. Jacques Barzun (New York: New Directions, 1968).
Boris Groys, "Readymade," in Lfber das Neue. Versuch einer Kulturkommune (On the new: a study of cultural economics) (Munich: Fischer, 1992), 73-74; "Simuli- erte Ready-mades von Fischli und Weiss," in Kunst-Kommentare (Vienna: Pas- sagen, 1977), 131-32; "Fundamentalismus als Mittelweg zwischen Hoch-und Mas- senkulture," in Logik der Sammlung. Am Ende des musealen Zeitalters (Logic of collection: at the end of the age of the museum) (Munich: Hanser, 1997), 63-64; "On the New," Research Journal ofAnthology and Aesthetics 38 (2000): 5-17.
Cf. Raffaele Pettazonni, The All-Knowing God: Researches Into the Early Religion and Culture, trans. H. J. Rose (London: Methuen, 1956).
Cf. Jan Assmann, Politische Theologie zwischen Agypten und Israel (Political the- ology between Egypt and Israel) (Munich: Carl-Friedrich-von-Siemens-Stiftung, 1992), 85. RuedigerSafranski,DasBoseoderdasDramaderFreiheit(Evil;or,thedramaof freedom) (Munich: Hanser, 1997), 32.
The concept of the "archive" is further explained through the cultural philo- sophical works of Boris Groys in chapter 3.
See, especially, Erich Zenger, A God of Vengeance? trans. Linda M. Maloney (Louisville, Ky. : Westminster John Knox Press, 1996). Zenger vehemently and for good hermeneutic reasons turns against the elimination of Jewish prayers of hatred from the Christian canon as well as from the hourly prayer of the Church. The theological arguments of the author are not as convincing as his herme- neutic ones. It is not clear what it is supposed to mean when he writes that the
1. RAGE TRANSACTIONS
236
3. THE RAGE REVOLUTION
"shrill tones of the psalms of enmity can serve to shock Christianity out of the
well-regulated slumber of its structural amnesia about God" (74).
11. Ralf Miggelbrink, Der zornige Gott. Die Bedeutung einer anstofiigen biblischen
Tradition (The wrathful god: The significance of a scandalous biblical tradition)
(Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2002), 450.
12. Isaiah's argument that God only keeps a remainder is taken up again at a deci- sive passage of Augustine in his merciless teaching of mercy in the year 397: "To Simplician: On Various Questions. Book I (De Diversis Quaestionibus)," in
Augustine: Earlier Writings, ed. and trans. John H. S. Burleigh (Philadelphia: The
Westminster Press, 1953) 370-406,1. 2.
13. Gerd Theifien and Annette Merz, Der historische Jesus. Ein Lehrbuch (The his-
torical Jesus: a textbook) (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1996), 249. 14. Concerning the metaphysical implications of the figure of speech "this world" (or "this life"), see Peter Sloterdijk, "1st die Welt verneinbar? Uber den Geist Indiens und die abendlandische Gnosis" (Can the world be unified? on the spirit of India and occidental gnosis), in Weltfremdheit (Unworldliness) (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1993), 220-33, especially section 1, "Fingerspitzengedanen" (Fingertip
thoughts).
15. Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, trans. Charles Francis Atkinson, ed.
Helmut Werner (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 287.
16 In this context the works of Jacques Le Goff are most impotant. See his The Birth of Purgatory, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1986).
17. TertuUian, Apology, De spectaculis; Minucius Felix, Octavius, trans. T. R. Glover
(Cambridge Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2003), 297-301.
18. Cf. Nicholas Kwame Apetorgbor, TertuUian: Die Rache Gottes und die Verpflich- tung des Menschen zum Verzicht auf Rache. Die Bedeutung der Theologie Tertul-
liansfur das heutige afrikanische Christentum (TertuUian: The wrath of god and the human duty to renounce revenge. The significance of Tertullian's theology for contemporary African Christianity), (Hamburg: Dr. Kovac, 2004).
19. "Thence we came forth to rebehold the start": Dante, The Divine Comedy, Inferno, trans. Henry W. Longfellow (New York: Chartwell, 2009), 34. 139,161.
3. THE RAGE REVOLUTION:
ON THE COMMUNIST WORLD BANK OF RAGE^""
1. TertuUian, Apology, De spectaculis; Minucius Felix, Octavius, trans. T. R. Glover (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2003), 297-99.
2. Ibid. , 295.
237
3. THE RAGE REVOLUTION
3. Restif de la Bretonne, Revolutionare Nachte in Paris, ed. Ernst Gerhards (Bremen: Manholt, 1989). During the turmoil of 1848 similar slogans were used. Alexis de Tocqueville tells the story of a poor young country farmer who found work as servant for a family from Paris. "On the evening of the day when the insurrection started, he heard this child say as he was clearing away after the family dinner: 'Next Sunday (it was on a Thursday) it is we who will be eating the chicken's wings. ' To which a little girl who was working in the house answered: 'And it is we who will wear lovely silk dresses'" (Alexis de Tocqueville, Recollections: The French Revolution of 1848, ed. and trans. J. -P. Mayer and A. P. Kerr [New Bruns- wick, N. J. : Transaction, 1987], 143).
4. Antonio Negri, "The Specter's Smile," in Ghostly Demarcations: A Symposium
on Jacques Derridas Specters of Marx, ed. Michael Sprinker (New York: Verso,
1999), 15.
5. Christopher Read, Lenin: A Revolutionary Life (London: Routledge, 2005), 103.
6. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Correspondence, 1844-1851, in Collected Works
(New York: International Publishers, 1982), 38:289.
7. Ibid. , 38:289.
8. Rosa Luxemburg, The Letters of Rosa Luxemburg, ed. Stephen Eric Bronner,
(Boulder, Colo. : Wesrview Press, 1978), 172.
9. FritzJ. Raddatz,ed. ,MohranGeneral:MarxundEngelsinihrenBriefen(Vienna:
Molden 1980), 203.
10. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard Univer-
sity Press, 2001), 159.
11. Albert Camus, The Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt, trans. Anthony Bower (New
York: Vintage, 1984), 165 and 171.
12. Ibid. , 22.
13. Heiner Miiller, Der Auftrag (The mission), in Werke (Works) (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2002), 5:40.
14. Mikhail Bakunin, "Die Prinzipien der Revolution" (Principles of revolution), in Staatlichkeit und Anarchie {Statism and Anarchy, note that this pamphlet is not included in English-language translations of Statism and Anarchy) ed. Horst Stuke (Frankfurt: Ullstein, 1983), 103.
15. Concerning the significance of Methodism for democratic history, see Gertrud Himmelfarb, Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlighten- ments (New York: Knopf, 2004), 116-30.
16. Heinrich Heine, letter dated June 15,1843, in Sakularausgabe: Werke, Briefwech- sel, Lebenszeugnisse (Berlin: Akademie, 1970), 202.
17. Bakunin, "Die Prinzipien der Revolution" (Principles of revolution), 101-2.
238
3. THE RAGE REVOLUTION
18. Ibid. , 95-99.
19. G. W. F. Hegel, Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art, vol. 1, trans. T. M. Knox (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1998), 195.
20.
