We find in his treatise
nothing more than oratorical rules, and the application
ofthese rules to different subjects.
nothing more than oratorical rules, and the application
ofthese rules to different subjects.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
)
Aox, a son of Neptune, who first collected together
mo cities, as is said, the scattered inhabitants of Eu-
? 3. and Breotia. Hence the name Aonians given to
? ? the earlier inhabitants of Breotia. ( Vtd. Aones )
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? APE
APELLES.
killed by Melanthus, king of Athens, upon the follow-
ing occasion : when a war arose between the Boeotians
and Athenians about a piece of ground which divided
their territories, Xanthus made a proposal to the
Athenian king to decide the point by single combat.
Thynjostcs, who was then on the throne of Athens, re-
fused, and his successor Melanthus accepted the chal-
lenge. When they began the engagement, Melanthus
exclaimed that his antagonist had some person behind
him to support him; upon which Xanthus looked be-
hind, and was killed by Melanthus. From this suc-
cess, Jupiter was called uTrarqvup, deceiver; and
Bacchus, who was supposed to be behind Xanthus,
was called iWhavatylc, clothed in the skin of a black
goal. --Thus much for the commonly received deri-
vation of the term 'hirarovpia. It is evident, how-
ever, that the word is compounded of either jran/p or
mlrpa, which expression varies, in its signification, be-
tween yivoc and Qparpia, and with the Ionians coinci-
ded rather with the latter word. Whether it was
formed immediately from rrarrjp or irurpa, is difficult
to determine on etymological grounds, on account of
the antiquity of the word: reasoning, however, from
the analogy of <! >pan'ip or (fipurup, tjtparopia and ^par-
pa, the most natural transition appears to be narfip
(in composition narup), naropioc (whence irarmpioc,
vpdTovpta), miTpa; and, accordingly, the 'AiraTovpta
means a festival of the paternal unions, of the iraropiat,
of the TtuTpai. (Miillcr. Dorians, vol. 1, p. 90. ) --
The Apaturia was peculiar to the great Ionic race.
The festival lasted three days; the first day was called
6opKtia, because suppers {dopnot) were prepared for
ali those who belonged to the same Phratna. The
second day was called uvtififivotc (utri) mi) uvu fpieiv),
because sacrifices were offered to Jupiter and Minerva,
and the head of the victim was generally turned up
towards the heavens. The third was called Kov-
peuric. from Kovpoc, a youth, because on that day it
was usual to enrol the names of young persons of both
sexes on the registers of their respective phratria? ; the
enrolment of itiponoiT/Toi proceeded no farther than
that of assignment to a tribe and borough, and, con-
sequently, precluded them from holding certain offices
both in the state and priesthood. (Consult Wach-
smuth, Gr. Ant. , vol. 1, <j 44. )--The Ionians in Asia
had also their Apaturia, from which, however. Colo-
phon and Ephesus were excluded; but exclusions of
this nature rested no more on strictly political grounds,
than did the right to partake in them, and the celebra-
tion of festivals in general. A religious stigma was,
for the most part, the ground of exclusion. (Wach-
smuth, vol. 1, $ 22. --Compare Herodotus, 1, 147. --
The authorities in favour of the erroneous etymology
from uKurn may be found by consulting Fischer, bid.
ad Threophrast. Charact. , s. v. 'Anaroipia. -- Lar-
chcr, ad Herod. , Vit. Horn. , c. 29-- iichol. , Plat, ad
Tim. , p. 201, cd Kuhnken. -- Schoi, Aristid. , p. 118,
seqq. , cd. Jebb. --Ephori fragm. , p. 120, cd. Marx. )
Apella, a word occurring in one of the satires of
Horace (1,5, 100), and about the meaning of which a
great difference of opinion has existed. Scaliger is
undoubtedly right in considering it a mere proper name
of some well-known and superstitious Jew of the day.
Wieland adopts the same idea in his German version
of Horace's satires : " Das glaub' Apella der Jud, ich
nicht! " Bentley's explanation appears rather forced.
It is as follows: "Judai habitabant trans Tiberim, et
? ? multo maximam partem erant libertini. vt fatetur Philo
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? L
APEELES.
and best-balanced composition, nor the deepest pathos
of expression; his great prerogative consisted more in
the unison than ir> the extent of his powers ; he knew
better what he could do, what ought to be done, at
what point he could ax-rive, and what lay beyond his
reach, than any other artist. G race of conception and
refinement of taste were his elements, and went hand
in hand with grace of execution and taste in finish;
powerful and seldom possessed singly, irresistible when
united: that he built both on the firm basis of the for-
mer system, not on its subversion, his well-known
contest of lines -with Protogenes irrefragably proves.
{Vid. Protogenes. ) "What those lines were, drawn
with nearly miraculous subtlety in d'uTerent colours,
one upon the other, or, rather, within each other, it
would be equally unavailing and useless to inquire;
but the corollaries we may deduce from the contest are
obviously these-, that the schools of Greece recog-
nised all one elemental principle; that acutencss and
fidelity of eye, and obedience of hand, form precision;
precision, proportion; proportion, beauty: that it is
the - little more or less," imperceptible to vulgar eyes,
which constitutes grace, and establishes the superiority
of one artist over another; that the knowledge of the
decrees of things or taste presupposes a perfect knowl-
edge of the things themselves; that colour, grace,
and taste are ornaments, not substitutes, of form, ex-
pression, and character, and, when they usurp that
title, degenerate into splendid faults. Such were the
principles on which Apelles formed his Venus, or,
rather, the personification of Female Grace, the won-
der of art the despair of artists; whose outline baffled
every attempt at emendation, while imitation shrunk
from'the purity, the force, the brilliancy, the evanescent
gradations of her tints. (Funclis Lectures, 1, p. 62,
tesq ) Apelles, indeed, used to say of his contempo-
raries that thev possessed, as artists, all the requisite
qualities except one, namely, grace, and that this was
his alone On one occasion, when contemplating a pic-
ture by Protogenes, a work of immense labour, and in
which" exactness of" detail had been carried to excess,
, reTOarted, " Protogenes equals or surpasses me in
mil things but one. the knowing when to remove his
hand from a painting. " Apelles was also, as is sup-
posed, the inventor of what artists call glazing. Such,
mtleast, is the opinion of Sir Joshua Reynolds and
others ' (Reynolds on Du. Fresnoy, note 37, vol. 2. )
The ingredients probably employed by him for this
pa-pose are given by Jahn, in his Malerei der Allen,
p ISO The modesty of Apelles, says Pliny, equalled
bis talents Me acknowledged the superiority of Mc-
lanthius in the art of grouping, and that of Asclcpio-
donis in adjusting on canvass the relative distances of
objects. Apelles never allowed a day to pass, how-
ever much he might be occupied by other matters,
without drawing one line at least in the exercise of his
art - and from this circumstance arose the proverb,
m j^nUa, dies . sine linea. " or, as it is sometimes given,
* milla-m hodie lineam. duxi," in Greek, rr/fiepov ovde-
mim; --oauttrf *i'yaYov- He was accustomed also, when
he hail completed any one of his pieces, to expose it to
the view ofpassengers, and to hide himself behind it
n order to hear the remarks of the spectators. On
one of these occasions, a shoemaker censured the
naiater for having given one of the slippers of a fig-
i less number of ties, by one, than it ought to
. . The next day the shoemaker, emboldened
? ? iv the success of his previous criticism, began to find
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? APH
APH
670 miles. They are divided by modem geographers
into three parts ; the Northern Apennines extend from
the neighbourhood of Urbino to the Adriatic; the
Central Apennines terminate near the banks of the
Sangro; the Southern Apennines, situated at an
equal distance from the two seas, form two branches
near Mu. ro; the least important separates the territory
of Barn from that of Otranto; the other, composed of
lofty mountains, traverses both Calabrias, and termi-
nates near Aspromontc. --The etymology of the name
pvi'ii to these mountains must be traced to the Celtic,
and appears to combine two terms of that language
nearly synonymous, Alp or Ap," a high mountain," and
Pain, "a summit. " Some write the name Apanmus
(i. e. ,Alpes Pceninffi), as if derived from the circum-
stance of Hannibal's having led his army over them,
Pocnus meaning "Carthaginian. " This etymology,
however, is altogether erroneous; nor is it at all more
tenable when applied to the Pennine Alps.
Aper, I. Marcus, a Roman orator, who flourished
during the latter half of the first century of our era.
He was a native of Gaul, but distinguished himself at
Rome by his eloquence and general ability. Aper is
one of the interlocutors in the dialogue on the causes
of the decline of oratory, which some ascribe to Taci-
tus, others to Quintilian, and others again to Aper
himself. He died A. D. 85. (Schulze, Prolegg. . c.
2, p. xxi. , seqq. )--II. Flavius, supposed by some to
have been the son of the preceding. He was consul
A. D 130, under Hadrian. (Oberlin. , ad Dial, dc
causs. corr. eloq. , c. 2;)--III. Arrius, a prefect of the
Prastorian guards under Cams, and afterward under his
successor Numerianus. Aspiring to the purple, he
took advantage of a violent thunder-storm that arose,
assassinated Carus, who was lying sick at the time, set
fire to the royal tent, and ascribed the death of the
prince and the conflagration to lightning. The corpse
was so much burnt that no traces of the murder were
perceptible. Numerianus, son of Carus, and son-in-
law of Aper, having succeeded to the empire, contin-
ued the latter in the office of prefect; but the only re-
turn that A per made was to poison the young monarch,
after he had reigned about eight or nine months.
Suspicion immediately fell upon Aper, and he was
slain by Dioclesian, whom the army had elected em-
peror. (Aurcl. Vict. , c. 38. --Voptscus, Car. , c. 8. --
Id. , Numer. , c. 12, scq. -- Compare the remarks of
Crevter, Hist. Emp. Rom. , vol. 6, p. 140. )
Apesas, a mountain of Argolis, near Nemca, on
which, according to Pausanias (2, 16), Perseus first
sacrificed to Jupiter Apesantius. It is a remarkable
mountain, with a flat summit, which can be seen, as
we are assured by modern travellers, from Argos and
Corinth. (Chandler, vol. 2, ch. 56. --Dodteell, Class.
Tour, vol. 2, p. 210. )
Aphaca, a town of Syria, between Heliopolis and
Byblus, where Venus was worshipped. The temple
is said to have been a school of wickedness, and was
razed to the ground by Constantino the Great.
(Euscb. , Vtt. Const. Mag. , 3, 55. )
AphjEa, a name of Diana, who had a temple in
. lEgina. (Pausan. , 2. 30. --Consult Heyne, Excurs.
ad Virg. , dr. , 220. --Midler, Mgtnetka, p. 163, seqq. )
Ai-iiAR, a city of Arabia, situate on the coast of the
Red Sea, not far north from the Promontorium Aro-
matum. It was the capital of the Homeritaj, and is
supposed to correspond to Al-Fara, between Mecca
? ? and Medina. The ancient name is more commonly
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? I
A PI
ta tie third or fourth century of our era. We have
fern him a work entitled frogymnasmata, consisting
of Rhetorical Exercises, adapted to the precepts of Her-
BMgtncs; and also forty fables. Aphthonius, accoril-
ingto Suidas, labours under the defect of having neg-
kud to treat of the first elements of rhetoric, and of
kurag nowhere attempted to form the style of those
whom he wished to instruct.
We find in his treatise
nothing more than oratorical rules, and the application
ofthese rules to different subjects. The Progymnas-
nu/u,having been long used in the schools, has gone
through numerous editions, the best of which are
that of Scobarius (Escobar), 1597, 8vo, with the fa-
hies added; and tha; of I J Heinsius, Lugd. Bat. ,
1636, 8vo. The treatise has been translated into
Latin with most ability by Escobar, and the version
has been also separately printed. Another Latin trans-
lation was also made by Rodolph Agricola. The ver-
sion of Escobar was first published at Barcelona, 1611,
in SKI. and that of Agricola was given from the Elzevir
press, at Amsterdam, 1642--1665, in I2mo, with notes
by Lorichius. (Biosf. Unro. , vol. 2, p. 305, seqj. )
APHITE, or APHYTIS, a city of Thrace, in the pen-
insula of Pallene, on the Sinus Thermaicus. Here was
a celebrated temple of Bacchus, to which Agesipolis,
king of Sparta, who commanded the troops before
Ohmthns, desired to be removed shortly before his
death, and near which he breathed his last. (Xen. ,
Hut. Gr. , 5, 3, 19. ) According to Plutarch, in his
life of Lysander, there was here an oracle of Jupiter
Ammon; and it appears that Lysander, when besie-
ging Aphytis, was warned by the god to desist from the
attempt. Thcophraatus (3, 20) speaks of the wine of
Aphytis. (Cramer's Anc. Gr. , vol. 1, p. 246. )
Aril. , an ancient name of Peloponnesus, which it
is said to have received from King Apis. The origin
of the name Apia ('Airtj? -yr/), as applied to the Pelo-
ponnesus, was a subject of controversy even among
the ancient writers. (Compare Wassenbcrg, ad Par-
afAr. , p. 42. ) According to Heyne (ad Horn. , 7Z. , 1,
270), it does not appear to have been a geographical,
bat a poetical, appellation; and the meaning would
? eem to be merely, " a far-distant land" ('Arr<i7 from
BTO). as used by the Greeks at Troy in speaking of
their native land, far away over the waters. In this,
however, he is successfully combated by Buttmann
(Lent. , i) 24, s. T. ), who shows that this is contrary to
the express testimony of the geographers and gramma-
rians, and even of-Eschylus himself. Poetical names,
particularly all the oldest ones, arc purely and really
most ancient names, which poetry has preserved to us.
If any opinion may be formed on this subject, it would
be, that there were two forms of the same name in use
among the Greeks: one the appellative umr\, derived
from am, and meaning merely "distant;" the other a
geographical name, deduced from that of the mythic
Apis. It is worthy of notice, that the appellative (at'm,
in Homer, has the initial vowel short, \vhereas, in the
geographical name, it is always long. (Compare
SojL, (Eil. Col. , 1303. -- JEsch. , Suppl. , 275, &c. )
The former, then, of these will be a Homeric word, the
latter a term found first in the Tragic writers,>and based
on an old legend alluded to by -iEschylus in his Sup-
ptiets (v. S75). Those grammarians, therefore, who
explain 'Arii; yaia (H. , 1, 270; 3, 49) as the old name
of the Peloponnesus, are in error, for the two passages
of the Odyssey (7, 25. --16, 18), where the term alone
? ? occurs, and where nothing is said of the Peloponnesus,
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? API
APIS.
Dardi), of Illyrian origin. (Mem. de VAead. des Inscr. ,
4*. , vol. 18, p. 75. )
Apion, I. a surname of Ptolemy, one of the descend-
ants of Ptolemy Lagus. (Vid. Ptolemreus XIV. )--
II. A grammarian and historical writer, born at Oa-
sis Magna in Egypt, during the first century of the
Christian era. He was surnamed Plistonlces (TlXeio-
tov'ikvc), from his frequent successes over his literary
opponents, but called him self the Alcxandrean, from his
having passed a part of his life in the ancient capital
of the Ptolemies. Apion subsequently travelled into
Greece, and finally established himself at Rome, where
he taught grammar, or philological science, during the
reigns of Tiberius and Claudius. He attained to great
celebrity. Although unquestionably a man of learning
and research, he was in many respects an arrogant
boaster, and in others a mere pretender; and it was
in allusion, no doubt, to his vanity and noisy assump-
tion of merit, that the Emperor Tiberius gave him in
derision the name of Cymbalum mundi. He is re-
nowned for much trifling on the subject of Homer, in
order to trace whose family and country he had recourse
even to magic, asserting that he had successfully in-
voked the appearance of shades to satisfy his curiosity,
whose answers he was not allowed to make public.
(Plin. , 30, 2. --Compare Aldus Gellius, Nod. Alt,
5, 14. ) These pretensions, silly as they were, made
him very popular in Greece, although something might
be owing to his commentaries on the same great poet,
which are mentioned by Eustathius and Hesychius.
Pliny makes particular mention of the ostentatious
character of this critic, who used to boast that he be-
stowed immortality on those to whom he dedicated his
works; whereas it is only by the mention of others that
these works are now known to have actually existed.
One of the chief of them was, "On the Antiquity of
the Jews," to which people he opposed himself with
the hereditary resentment of an Egyptian. The reply
of Joscphus, "Against Apion," has survived the at-
tack, the author of which attack showed his enmity to
the Jewish people by other means besides writing
against them; for he was employed by his fcllow-cili-
zens of Alexandrea to head a deputation to the Emperor
Caligula, complaining of the Jews who inhabited that
city. Apion also wrote an account of the antiquities
of Egypt, in which work he is supposed to have treated
largely on the Pyramids, Pliny quoting him as the prin-
cipal authority on the subject. After having ridiculed
the rite of circumcision, he was compelled by a malady
to submit to it, and, by a divine punishment, says Jo-
scphus, died soon after from the consequences of the
operation. It is in allusion to Apion that Bayle ob-
serves, "how easily the generality of people may be
deceived by a man of some learning, with a great
ahareof vanity and impudence. " Extracts from Apton'c
commentary on Homer arc given in the Etymologicum
Gudianum, published by Sturz. (Joseph, contr. Ap.
--Schbll, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 5, p. 16, scqq. )
Apis, I. one of the earliest kings of the Peloponne-
sus, son of Phoroneus and Laodice, and grandson of
Inachus. He is said to have reigned in Argos, after the
death of his father, about 1800 B. C. Others make
him to have been the son of Apollo, and king of Sicyon.
He chased the Telcbines from the Peloponnesus, ac-
cording to a third statement, governed tyrannically,
and lost his life in consequence. From him some have
derived the old name, supposed to have been given at
? ? one time to the Peloponnesus, namely "Apian land. "
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? API
the pd Apis was display ed to the view of the people
amyd in festal attire, his head surmounted with a
kind of tiara, and his body adorned with embroidered
tnerings, while a troop of boys accompanied him sing-
;n? li\ums in his praise. These boys, becoming on a
sodden inspired, predicted future events. During the
raotinuance of this festival, the crocodiles in the Nile
were harmless, but regained their ferocity at its close!
(Fin. ,I. c. ) Sacrifices were seldom offered unto Apis;
? fra this, however, was done, red cattle were always
? elected, red being the colour of Typhon, the enemy
of Osiris. So also, when Apis died, a red steer, and
two or three other animals that were deemed sacred
to Typhon, were buried along with him, in order to
thwart the joy which the evil spirits would otherwise
have frit at the death of the sacred Apis. When Apia
died t natural death, the whole of Egypt was plunged
in mourning, from the king to the peasant; and this
mourning continued until a new Apis was found. The
deceased animal was embalmed in the most costly man-
ner, and the priests after this traversed the whole land
in quest of his successor. When a calf was found
with the requisite marks, all sorrow instantly ceased,
and the most unbounded joy prevailed. Herodotus al-
ludes to one of these scenes in his account of the Per-
? anCambyses (3, 27). "When that monarch returned
to Memphis, from his unsuccessful expedition against, the products of the east were conveyed to Alexandrea.
the . Ethiopians, he found the Egyptians giving loose
to their joy on account of the reappearance of Apis.
Irritated at this, and fancying that they were rejoicing
at his ill success, he ordered the sacred animal to be
brought before him, wounded it in the thigh with his
digger (of which wound it afterward died), caused the
priest to be scourged, and commanded the proper of-
ficers to kill all the Egyptians they should find making
public demonstrations of joy. --Whenever a new Apis
was obtained, the priests conducted him first to Nilo-
potis, where they fed him forty days. He was then
transported in a magnificent vessel to Memphis. Du-
ring the forty days spent at Nilopolis, women only were
allowed to see him ; but after this the sight of the god
TOS forbidden them. (Dtorf. Sic. , 1, 85. )--It is wor-
thy of remark, that although so much joy prevailed on
? the finding of a new Apis, and so much sorrow when
he died a natural death, yet, whenever one of these ani-
mals reached the age of 25 years, the period prescri-
bed by the sacred books, the priests drowned him as a
matter of course, in a sacred fountain, and there was
no mourning whatever for his loss. --According to an
Egyptian legend, the soul of Osiris passed on his death
into the body of Apis, and as often as the sacred ani-
mal died, it passed into the body of its successor. So
that, according to this dogma, Apis was the perfect
image of the soul of Osiris. (Pint,, dc Is. ct Os. , p.
472. ed. Wi/ttenb. ) It is very easy, however, to see
in the worship of the sacred Apis the connexion of
Egyptian mythology with astronomy and the great
movements of nature. The Egypt. '11118 believed that
tile moon, making her total revolution in 309 luna-
tions, and in 9125 days, returned consequently, at the
end of 25 years, to the same point of Sothis or Siri-
ns. Hence the life of ApU was limited to 25 years,
and hence the cycle known as the period of Apis, with
reference, no doubt, to the passage of the moon into the
celestial bull, which it would have to traverse in order
to arrire at SothU. In worshipping Apis, therefore, the
Egyptian priesthood worshipped, in fact, the great fer-
tilizing principle in nature, and hence we see why
? ? females alone were allowed to view the Apis at Nilo-
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? APOLLO.
APOLLO.
ner of his first getting possession of Delphi (Hi ''<. <) is I
thus related: When Apollo resolved to choose the
site of his first temple, he came down from Olympus
intoPieria; he sought throughout all Thessaly; thence
vrent to Eubcea, Attica, and Bceotia; but could find no
place to his mind. The situation of Tilphussa, near
Lake Copais, in Bceotia, pleased him. and he was about
to lay the foundations of his temple here, when the
nymph of the stream, afraid of having her own fame
eclipsed by the vicinity of the oracle of Apollo, dis-
suaded him by representing how much his oracle would
be disturbed by the noise of the horses and mules com-
ing to water at her stream. She recommends to him
Cnssa, beneath Mount Parnassus, as a quiet, seques-
tered spot, where no unseemly sounds would disturb
the holy silence demanded by an oracle. Arrived
at Crissa, the solitude and sublimity of the scene
charm the god. He forthwith sets about erecting a
temple, which the hands of numerous workmen speed-
ily raise, under the direction of the brothers Tropho-
nius and Agamcdes. Meanwhile Apollo slays with
his arrows the monstrous serpent which abode there
and destroyed the people and cattle of the vicinity.
As it lay expiring, the exulting victor cried, "Now
rot (Tridcv) there on the man-feeding earth; and hence
the place and oracle received the appellation of Pytho.
The fane was now erected, but priests were wanting.
The god, as he stood on the lofty area of the temple,
cast his eyes over the sea, and beheld far south of Pel-
oponnesus a Cretan ship sailing for Pylos. He plunged
into the sea, and, in the form of a dolphin, sprang on
board the ship. The crew sat in terror and amazement;
a south wind carried the vessel rapidly along; in vain
they sought to land at Tsenarus; the ship would not
obey the helm. When they came to the bay of Cris-
sa, a west wind sprang up and speedily brought the
vessel into port; and the god, in the form of a blazing
star, left the boat and descended into his temple
Then, quick as thought, he came as a handsome youth,
with long locks waving on his shoulders, and accosted
the strangers, inquiring who they were and whence they
came. To their question in return, of what that place
was to which they were come, he replies by informing
them who he is and what his purpose was in bringing
them thither. He invites them to land, and says that,
as he had met them in the form of a dolphin (ielqiv),
they should worship him as Apollo Delphinius; and
hence, according to the fanciful etymology of the earli-
er poetry, Delphi in Phocis derived its name. They
now disembark: the god, playing on his lyre, precedes
them, and leads them to his temple, where they become
his priests and ministers. --A god so beautiful and ac-
complished as Apollo could not well be supposed to
be free from the influence of the gentler emotions; yet
it is observable that he was not remarkably happy in
his love, cither meeting with a repulse, or having his
amour attended with a fatal termination. (Vtd. Daph-
ne, Coronis, &c. ) After the death of . Esculapius his
son, who fell by the thunderbolt of Jove for having ex-
tended his skill in the healing art so far as to bring
even the dead to life, Apollo, incensed at the fate of
his offspring, slew the Cyclopes, the forgers of the thun-
derbolts, and was for this deed exiled from heaven.
Coming down to earth, he took service as a herdsman
with Admetus, king of PheriB in Thessaly, and pas-
tured his herds on the banks of the Amplify kuk. The
kindnesses bestowed by him on Admetus have been
? ? mentioned elsewhere. (Fid. Admetus and Alcestis. )
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Aox, a son of Neptune, who first collected together
mo cities, as is said, the scattered inhabitants of Eu-
? 3. and Breotia. Hence the name Aonians given to
? ? the earlier inhabitants of Breotia. ( Vtd. Aones )
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? APE
APELLES.
killed by Melanthus, king of Athens, upon the follow-
ing occasion : when a war arose between the Boeotians
and Athenians about a piece of ground which divided
their territories, Xanthus made a proposal to the
Athenian king to decide the point by single combat.
Thynjostcs, who was then on the throne of Athens, re-
fused, and his successor Melanthus accepted the chal-
lenge. When they began the engagement, Melanthus
exclaimed that his antagonist had some person behind
him to support him; upon which Xanthus looked be-
hind, and was killed by Melanthus. From this suc-
cess, Jupiter was called uTrarqvup, deceiver; and
Bacchus, who was supposed to be behind Xanthus,
was called iWhavatylc, clothed in the skin of a black
goal. --Thus much for the commonly received deri-
vation of the term 'hirarovpia. It is evident, how-
ever, that the word is compounded of either jran/p or
mlrpa, which expression varies, in its signification, be-
tween yivoc and Qparpia, and with the Ionians coinci-
ded rather with the latter word. Whether it was
formed immediately from rrarrjp or irurpa, is difficult
to determine on etymological grounds, on account of
the antiquity of the word: reasoning, however, from
the analogy of <! >pan'ip or (fipurup, tjtparopia and ^par-
pa, the most natural transition appears to be narfip
(in composition narup), naropioc (whence irarmpioc,
vpdTovpta), miTpa; and, accordingly, the 'AiraTovpta
means a festival of the paternal unions, of the iraropiat,
of the TtuTpai. (Miillcr. Dorians, vol. 1, p. 90. ) --
The Apaturia was peculiar to the great Ionic race.
The festival lasted three days; the first day was called
6opKtia, because suppers {dopnot) were prepared for
ali those who belonged to the same Phratna. The
second day was called uvtififivotc (utri) mi) uvu fpieiv),
because sacrifices were offered to Jupiter and Minerva,
and the head of the victim was generally turned up
towards the heavens. The third was called Kov-
peuric. from Kovpoc, a youth, because on that day it
was usual to enrol the names of young persons of both
sexes on the registers of their respective phratria? ; the
enrolment of itiponoiT/Toi proceeded no farther than
that of assignment to a tribe and borough, and, con-
sequently, precluded them from holding certain offices
both in the state and priesthood. (Consult Wach-
smuth, Gr. Ant. , vol. 1, <j 44. )--The Ionians in Asia
had also their Apaturia, from which, however. Colo-
phon and Ephesus were excluded; but exclusions of
this nature rested no more on strictly political grounds,
than did the right to partake in them, and the celebra-
tion of festivals in general. A religious stigma was,
for the most part, the ground of exclusion. (Wach-
smuth, vol. 1, $ 22. --Compare Herodotus, 1, 147. --
The authorities in favour of the erroneous etymology
from uKurn may be found by consulting Fischer, bid.
ad Threophrast. Charact. , s. v. 'Anaroipia. -- Lar-
chcr, ad Herod. , Vit. Horn. , c. 29-- iichol. , Plat, ad
Tim. , p. 201, cd Kuhnken. -- Schoi, Aristid. , p. 118,
seqq. , cd. Jebb. --Ephori fragm. , p. 120, cd. Marx. )
Apella, a word occurring in one of the satires of
Horace (1,5, 100), and about the meaning of which a
great difference of opinion has existed. Scaliger is
undoubtedly right in considering it a mere proper name
of some well-known and superstitious Jew of the day.
Wieland adopts the same idea in his German version
of Horace's satires : " Das glaub' Apella der Jud, ich
nicht! " Bentley's explanation appears rather forced.
It is as follows: "Judai habitabant trans Tiberim, et
? ? multo maximam partem erant libertini. vt fatetur Philo
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? L
APEELES.
and best-balanced composition, nor the deepest pathos
of expression; his great prerogative consisted more in
the unison than ir> the extent of his powers ; he knew
better what he could do, what ought to be done, at
what point he could ax-rive, and what lay beyond his
reach, than any other artist. G race of conception and
refinement of taste were his elements, and went hand
in hand with grace of execution and taste in finish;
powerful and seldom possessed singly, irresistible when
united: that he built both on the firm basis of the for-
mer system, not on its subversion, his well-known
contest of lines -with Protogenes irrefragably proves.
{Vid. Protogenes. ) "What those lines were, drawn
with nearly miraculous subtlety in d'uTerent colours,
one upon the other, or, rather, within each other, it
would be equally unavailing and useless to inquire;
but the corollaries we may deduce from the contest are
obviously these-, that the schools of Greece recog-
nised all one elemental principle; that acutencss and
fidelity of eye, and obedience of hand, form precision;
precision, proportion; proportion, beauty: that it is
the - little more or less," imperceptible to vulgar eyes,
which constitutes grace, and establishes the superiority
of one artist over another; that the knowledge of the
decrees of things or taste presupposes a perfect knowl-
edge of the things themselves; that colour, grace,
and taste are ornaments, not substitutes, of form, ex-
pression, and character, and, when they usurp that
title, degenerate into splendid faults. Such were the
principles on which Apelles formed his Venus, or,
rather, the personification of Female Grace, the won-
der of art the despair of artists; whose outline baffled
every attempt at emendation, while imitation shrunk
from'the purity, the force, the brilliancy, the evanescent
gradations of her tints. (Funclis Lectures, 1, p. 62,
tesq ) Apelles, indeed, used to say of his contempo-
raries that thev possessed, as artists, all the requisite
qualities except one, namely, grace, and that this was
his alone On one occasion, when contemplating a pic-
ture by Protogenes, a work of immense labour, and in
which" exactness of" detail had been carried to excess,
, reTOarted, " Protogenes equals or surpasses me in
mil things but one. the knowing when to remove his
hand from a painting. " Apelles was also, as is sup-
posed, the inventor of what artists call glazing. Such,
mtleast, is the opinion of Sir Joshua Reynolds and
others ' (Reynolds on Du. Fresnoy, note 37, vol. 2. )
The ingredients probably employed by him for this
pa-pose are given by Jahn, in his Malerei der Allen,
p ISO The modesty of Apelles, says Pliny, equalled
bis talents Me acknowledged the superiority of Mc-
lanthius in the art of grouping, and that of Asclcpio-
donis in adjusting on canvass the relative distances of
objects. Apelles never allowed a day to pass, how-
ever much he might be occupied by other matters,
without drawing one line at least in the exercise of his
art - and from this circumstance arose the proverb,
m j^nUa, dies . sine linea. " or, as it is sometimes given,
* milla-m hodie lineam. duxi," in Greek, rr/fiepov ovde-
mim; --oauttrf *i'yaYov- He was accustomed also, when
he hail completed any one of his pieces, to expose it to
the view ofpassengers, and to hide himself behind it
n order to hear the remarks of the spectators. On
one of these occasions, a shoemaker censured the
naiater for having given one of the slippers of a fig-
i less number of ties, by one, than it ought to
. . The next day the shoemaker, emboldened
? ? iv the success of his previous criticism, began to find
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? APH
APH
670 miles. They are divided by modem geographers
into three parts ; the Northern Apennines extend from
the neighbourhood of Urbino to the Adriatic; the
Central Apennines terminate near the banks of the
Sangro; the Southern Apennines, situated at an
equal distance from the two seas, form two branches
near Mu. ro; the least important separates the territory
of Barn from that of Otranto; the other, composed of
lofty mountains, traverses both Calabrias, and termi-
nates near Aspromontc. --The etymology of the name
pvi'ii to these mountains must be traced to the Celtic,
and appears to combine two terms of that language
nearly synonymous, Alp or Ap," a high mountain," and
Pain, "a summit. " Some write the name Apanmus
(i. e. ,Alpes Pceninffi), as if derived from the circum-
stance of Hannibal's having led his army over them,
Pocnus meaning "Carthaginian. " This etymology,
however, is altogether erroneous; nor is it at all more
tenable when applied to the Pennine Alps.
Aper, I. Marcus, a Roman orator, who flourished
during the latter half of the first century of our era.
He was a native of Gaul, but distinguished himself at
Rome by his eloquence and general ability. Aper is
one of the interlocutors in the dialogue on the causes
of the decline of oratory, which some ascribe to Taci-
tus, others to Quintilian, and others again to Aper
himself. He died A. D. 85. (Schulze, Prolegg. . c.
2, p. xxi. , seqq. )--II. Flavius, supposed by some to
have been the son of the preceding. He was consul
A. D 130, under Hadrian. (Oberlin. , ad Dial, dc
causs. corr. eloq. , c. 2;)--III. Arrius, a prefect of the
Prastorian guards under Cams, and afterward under his
successor Numerianus. Aspiring to the purple, he
took advantage of a violent thunder-storm that arose,
assassinated Carus, who was lying sick at the time, set
fire to the royal tent, and ascribed the death of the
prince and the conflagration to lightning. The corpse
was so much burnt that no traces of the murder were
perceptible. Numerianus, son of Carus, and son-in-
law of Aper, having succeeded to the empire, contin-
ued the latter in the office of prefect; but the only re-
turn that A per made was to poison the young monarch,
after he had reigned about eight or nine months.
Suspicion immediately fell upon Aper, and he was
slain by Dioclesian, whom the army had elected em-
peror. (Aurcl. Vict. , c. 38. --Voptscus, Car. , c. 8. --
Id. , Numer. , c. 12, scq. -- Compare the remarks of
Crevter, Hist. Emp. Rom. , vol. 6, p. 140. )
Apesas, a mountain of Argolis, near Nemca, on
which, according to Pausanias (2, 16), Perseus first
sacrificed to Jupiter Apesantius. It is a remarkable
mountain, with a flat summit, which can be seen, as
we are assured by modern travellers, from Argos and
Corinth. (Chandler, vol. 2, ch. 56. --Dodteell, Class.
Tour, vol. 2, p. 210. )
Aphaca, a town of Syria, between Heliopolis and
Byblus, where Venus was worshipped. The temple
is said to have been a school of wickedness, and was
razed to the ground by Constantino the Great.
(Euscb. , Vtt. Const. Mag. , 3, 55. )
AphjEa, a name of Diana, who had a temple in
. lEgina. (Pausan. , 2. 30. --Consult Heyne, Excurs.
ad Virg. , dr. , 220. --Midler, Mgtnetka, p. 163, seqq. )
Ai-iiAR, a city of Arabia, situate on the coast of the
Red Sea, not far north from the Promontorium Aro-
matum. It was the capital of the Homeritaj, and is
supposed to correspond to Al-Fara, between Mecca
? ? and Medina. The ancient name is more commonly
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? I
A PI
ta tie third or fourth century of our era. We have
fern him a work entitled frogymnasmata, consisting
of Rhetorical Exercises, adapted to the precepts of Her-
BMgtncs; and also forty fables. Aphthonius, accoril-
ingto Suidas, labours under the defect of having neg-
kud to treat of the first elements of rhetoric, and of
kurag nowhere attempted to form the style of those
whom he wished to instruct.
We find in his treatise
nothing more than oratorical rules, and the application
ofthese rules to different subjects. The Progymnas-
nu/u,having been long used in the schools, has gone
through numerous editions, the best of which are
that of Scobarius (Escobar), 1597, 8vo, with the fa-
hies added; and tha; of I J Heinsius, Lugd. Bat. ,
1636, 8vo. The treatise has been translated into
Latin with most ability by Escobar, and the version
has been also separately printed. Another Latin trans-
lation was also made by Rodolph Agricola. The ver-
sion of Escobar was first published at Barcelona, 1611,
in SKI. and that of Agricola was given from the Elzevir
press, at Amsterdam, 1642--1665, in I2mo, with notes
by Lorichius. (Biosf. Unro. , vol. 2, p. 305, seqj. )
APHITE, or APHYTIS, a city of Thrace, in the pen-
insula of Pallene, on the Sinus Thermaicus. Here was
a celebrated temple of Bacchus, to which Agesipolis,
king of Sparta, who commanded the troops before
Ohmthns, desired to be removed shortly before his
death, and near which he breathed his last. (Xen. ,
Hut. Gr. , 5, 3, 19. ) According to Plutarch, in his
life of Lysander, there was here an oracle of Jupiter
Ammon; and it appears that Lysander, when besie-
ging Aphytis, was warned by the god to desist from the
attempt. Thcophraatus (3, 20) speaks of the wine of
Aphytis. (Cramer's Anc. Gr. , vol. 1, p. 246. )
Aril. , an ancient name of Peloponnesus, which it
is said to have received from King Apis. The origin
of the name Apia ('Airtj? -yr/), as applied to the Pelo-
ponnesus, was a subject of controversy even among
the ancient writers. (Compare Wassenbcrg, ad Par-
afAr. , p. 42. ) According to Heyne (ad Horn. , 7Z. , 1,
270), it does not appear to have been a geographical,
bat a poetical, appellation; and the meaning would
? eem to be merely, " a far-distant land" ('Arr<i7 from
BTO). as used by the Greeks at Troy in speaking of
their native land, far away over the waters. In this,
however, he is successfully combated by Buttmann
(Lent. , i) 24, s. T. ), who shows that this is contrary to
the express testimony of the geographers and gramma-
rians, and even of-Eschylus himself. Poetical names,
particularly all the oldest ones, arc purely and really
most ancient names, which poetry has preserved to us.
If any opinion may be formed on this subject, it would
be, that there were two forms of the same name in use
among the Greeks: one the appellative umr\, derived
from am, and meaning merely "distant;" the other a
geographical name, deduced from that of the mythic
Apis. It is worthy of notice, that the appellative (at'm,
in Homer, has the initial vowel short, \vhereas, in the
geographical name, it is always long. (Compare
SojL, (Eil. Col. , 1303. -- JEsch. , Suppl. , 275, &c. )
The former, then, of these will be a Homeric word, the
latter a term found first in the Tragic writers,>and based
on an old legend alluded to by -iEschylus in his Sup-
ptiets (v. S75). Those grammarians, therefore, who
explain 'Arii; yaia (H. , 1, 270; 3, 49) as the old name
of the Peloponnesus, are in error, for the two passages
of the Odyssey (7, 25. --16, 18), where the term alone
? ? occurs, and where nothing is said of the Peloponnesus,
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? API
APIS.
Dardi), of Illyrian origin. (Mem. de VAead. des Inscr. ,
4*. , vol. 18, p. 75. )
Apion, I. a surname of Ptolemy, one of the descend-
ants of Ptolemy Lagus. (Vid. Ptolemreus XIV. )--
II. A grammarian and historical writer, born at Oa-
sis Magna in Egypt, during the first century of the
Christian era. He was surnamed Plistonlces (TlXeio-
tov'ikvc), from his frequent successes over his literary
opponents, but called him self the Alcxandrean, from his
having passed a part of his life in the ancient capital
of the Ptolemies. Apion subsequently travelled into
Greece, and finally established himself at Rome, where
he taught grammar, or philological science, during the
reigns of Tiberius and Claudius. He attained to great
celebrity. Although unquestionably a man of learning
and research, he was in many respects an arrogant
boaster, and in others a mere pretender; and it was
in allusion, no doubt, to his vanity and noisy assump-
tion of merit, that the Emperor Tiberius gave him in
derision the name of Cymbalum mundi. He is re-
nowned for much trifling on the subject of Homer, in
order to trace whose family and country he had recourse
even to magic, asserting that he had successfully in-
voked the appearance of shades to satisfy his curiosity,
whose answers he was not allowed to make public.
(Plin. , 30, 2. --Compare Aldus Gellius, Nod. Alt,
5, 14. ) These pretensions, silly as they were, made
him very popular in Greece, although something might
be owing to his commentaries on the same great poet,
which are mentioned by Eustathius and Hesychius.
Pliny makes particular mention of the ostentatious
character of this critic, who used to boast that he be-
stowed immortality on those to whom he dedicated his
works; whereas it is only by the mention of others that
these works are now known to have actually existed.
One of the chief of them was, "On the Antiquity of
the Jews," to which people he opposed himself with
the hereditary resentment of an Egyptian. The reply
of Joscphus, "Against Apion," has survived the at-
tack, the author of which attack showed his enmity to
the Jewish people by other means besides writing
against them; for he was employed by his fcllow-cili-
zens of Alexandrea to head a deputation to the Emperor
Caligula, complaining of the Jews who inhabited that
city. Apion also wrote an account of the antiquities
of Egypt, in which work he is supposed to have treated
largely on the Pyramids, Pliny quoting him as the prin-
cipal authority on the subject. After having ridiculed
the rite of circumcision, he was compelled by a malady
to submit to it, and, by a divine punishment, says Jo-
scphus, died soon after from the consequences of the
operation. It is in allusion to Apion that Bayle ob-
serves, "how easily the generality of people may be
deceived by a man of some learning, with a great
ahareof vanity and impudence. " Extracts from Apton'c
commentary on Homer arc given in the Etymologicum
Gudianum, published by Sturz. (Joseph, contr. Ap.
--Schbll, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 5, p. 16, scqq. )
Apis, I. one of the earliest kings of the Peloponne-
sus, son of Phoroneus and Laodice, and grandson of
Inachus. He is said to have reigned in Argos, after the
death of his father, about 1800 B. C. Others make
him to have been the son of Apollo, and king of Sicyon.
He chased the Telcbines from the Peloponnesus, ac-
cording to a third statement, governed tyrannically,
and lost his life in consequence. From him some have
derived the old name, supposed to have been given at
? ? one time to the Peloponnesus, namely "Apian land. "
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? API
the pd Apis was display ed to the view of the people
amyd in festal attire, his head surmounted with a
kind of tiara, and his body adorned with embroidered
tnerings, while a troop of boys accompanied him sing-
;n? li\ums in his praise. These boys, becoming on a
sodden inspired, predicted future events. During the
raotinuance of this festival, the crocodiles in the Nile
were harmless, but regained their ferocity at its close!
(Fin. ,I. c. ) Sacrifices were seldom offered unto Apis;
? fra this, however, was done, red cattle were always
? elected, red being the colour of Typhon, the enemy
of Osiris. So also, when Apis died, a red steer, and
two or three other animals that were deemed sacred
to Typhon, were buried along with him, in order to
thwart the joy which the evil spirits would otherwise
have frit at the death of the sacred Apis. When Apia
died t natural death, the whole of Egypt was plunged
in mourning, from the king to the peasant; and this
mourning continued until a new Apis was found. The
deceased animal was embalmed in the most costly man-
ner, and the priests after this traversed the whole land
in quest of his successor. When a calf was found
with the requisite marks, all sorrow instantly ceased,
and the most unbounded joy prevailed. Herodotus al-
ludes to one of these scenes in his account of the Per-
? anCambyses (3, 27). "When that monarch returned
to Memphis, from his unsuccessful expedition against, the products of the east were conveyed to Alexandrea.
the . Ethiopians, he found the Egyptians giving loose
to their joy on account of the reappearance of Apis.
Irritated at this, and fancying that they were rejoicing
at his ill success, he ordered the sacred animal to be
brought before him, wounded it in the thigh with his
digger (of which wound it afterward died), caused the
priest to be scourged, and commanded the proper of-
ficers to kill all the Egyptians they should find making
public demonstrations of joy. --Whenever a new Apis
was obtained, the priests conducted him first to Nilo-
potis, where they fed him forty days. He was then
transported in a magnificent vessel to Memphis. Du-
ring the forty days spent at Nilopolis, women only were
allowed to see him ; but after this the sight of the god
TOS forbidden them. (Dtorf. Sic. , 1, 85. )--It is wor-
thy of remark, that although so much joy prevailed on
? the finding of a new Apis, and so much sorrow when
he died a natural death, yet, whenever one of these ani-
mals reached the age of 25 years, the period prescri-
bed by the sacred books, the priests drowned him as a
matter of course, in a sacred fountain, and there was
no mourning whatever for his loss. --According to an
Egyptian legend, the soul of Osiris passed on his death
into the body of Apis, and as often as the sacred ani-
mal died, it passed into the body of its successor. So
that, according to this dogma, Apis was the perfect
image of the soul of Osiris. (Pint,, dc Is. ct Os. , p.
472. ed. Wi/ttenb. ) It is very easy, however, to see
in the worship of the sacred Apis the connexion of
Egyptian mythology with astronomy and the great
movements of nature. The Egypt. '11118 believed that
tile moon, making her total revolution in 309 luna-
tions, and in 9125 days, returned consequently, at the
end of 25 years, to the same point of Sothis or Siri-
ns. Hence the life of ApU was limited to 25 years,
and hence the cycle known as the period of Apis, with
reference, no doubt, to the passage of the moon into the
celestial bull, which it would have to traverse in order
to arrire at SothU. In worshipping Apis, therefore, the
Egyptian priesthood worshipped, in fact, the great fer-
tilizing principle in nature, and hence we see why
? ? females alone were allowed to view the Apis at Nilo-
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? APOLLO.
APOLLO.
ner of his first getting possession of Delphi (Hi ''<. <) is I
thus related: When Apollo resolved to choose the
site of his first temple, he came down from Olympus
intoPieria; he sought throughout all Thessaly; thence
vrent to Eubcea, Attica, and Bceotia; but could find no
place to his mind. The situation of Tilphussa, near
Lake Copais, in Bceotia, pleased him. and he was about
to lay the foundations of his temple here, when the
nymph of the stream, afraid of having her own fame
eclipsed by the vicinity of the oracle of Apollo, dis-
suaded him by representing how much his oracle would
be disturbed by the noise of the horses and mules com-
ing to water at her stream. She recommends to him
Cnssa, beneath Mount Parnassus, as a quiet, seques-
tered spot, where no unseemly sounds would disturb
the holy silence demanded by an oracle. Arrived
at Crissa, the solitude and sublimity of the scene
charm the god. He forthwith sets about erecting a
temple, which the hands of numerous workmen speed-
ily raise, under the direction of the brothers Tropho-
nius and Agamcdes. Meanwhile Apollo slays with
his arrows the monstrous serpent which abode there
and destroyed the people and cattle of the vicinity.
As it lay expiring, the exulting victor cried, "Now
rot (Tridcv) there on the man-feeding earth; and hence
the place and oracle received the appellation of Pytho.
The fane was now erected, but priests were wanting.
The god, as he stood on the lofty area of the temple,
cast his eyes over the sea, and beheld far south of Pel-
oponnesus a Cretan ship sailing for Pylos. He plunged
into the sea, and, in the form of a dolphin, sprang on
board the ship. The crew sat in terror and amazement;
a south wind carried the vessel rapidly along; in vain
they sought to land at Tsenarus; the ship would not
obey the helm. When they came to the bay of Cris-
sa, a west wind sprang up and speedily brought the
vessel into port; and the god, in the form of a blazing
star, left the boat and descended into his temple
Then, quick as thought, he came as a handsome youth,
with long locks waving on his shoulders, and accosted
the strangers, inquiring who they were and whence they
came. To their question in return, of what that place
was to which they were come, he replies by informing
them who he is and what his purpose was in bringing
them thither. He invites them to land, and says that,
as he had met them in the form of a dolphin (ielqiv),
they should worship him as Apollo Delphinius; and
hence, according to the fanciful etymology of the earli-
er poetry, Delphi in Phocis derived its name. They
now disembark: the god, playing on his lyre, precedes
them, and leads them to his temple, where they become
his priests and ministers. --A god so beautiful and ac-
complished as Apollo could not well be supposed to
be free from the influence of the gentler emotions; yet
it is observable that he was not remarkably happy in
his love, cither meeting with a repulse, or having his
amour attended with a fatal termination. (Vtd. Daph-
ne, Coronis, &c. ) After the death of . Esculapius his
son, who fell by the thunderbolt of Jove for having ex-
tended his skill in the healing art so far as to bring
even the dead to life, Apollo, incensed at the fate of
his offspring, slew the Cyclopes, the forgers of the thun-
derbolts, and was for this deed exiled from heaven.
Coming down to earth, he took service as a herdsman
with Admetus, king of PheriB in Thessaly, and pas-
tured his herds on the banks of the Amplify kuk. The
kindnesses bestowed by him on Admetus have been
? ? mentioned elsewhere. (Fid. Admetus and Alcestis. )
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