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(
of England) (1848); Landmarks of History,
Ancient, Middle Age, and Modern (1852-57);
(The Victorian Half-Century) (1887); etc.
590
YOUATT - YOUNG
(
of England) (1848); Landmarks of History,
Ancient, Middle Age, and Modern (1852-57);
(The Victorian Half-Century) (1887); etc.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
, 1811-30).
His
(Swiss Family Robinson has been translated
into many languages.
X
Xacca, Erasmus (Hä’kä). A Sicilian writer;
born about 1643; died about 1708. He was
doctor of theology, medicine, and laws, and
took orders, but devoted much time to litera-
ture. He left (An Exposition of the Psalms
of David, and an original poem, (A Brief
Narrative of the Eruption of Mt. Etna in the
Year 1669,' published 1671.
Xanthos (zän'thos). A Greek lyric poet,
who lived probably about 650 B. C. Nothing
of his poetry has been preserved, but he is
highly spoken of by other writers.
Xanthos of Lydia. A Greek historian; liv-
ing about the sixth century B. C. , contempo-
rary with Herodotus. He wrote a work called
(Lydiaca, being a history of Lydia from heroic
times down, and giving also a geographical
description of the country; only fragments of
it have been preserved.
Xariffa. See Mrs. Mary Ashley Townsend.
Xavier, Francisco (zav'ê-ėr). The Apostle
of the Indies; born at Xaviero, his mother's
castle in the Basque country, April 7 (? ), 1506;
died in the island of Sancian near China, Dec.
2 or 22, 1552. His works comprise : "Letters,
in five volumes, published at Paris in 1631 ; a
(Catechism'; and some short treatises. He
played a prominent part in the foundation of
the Jesuit order, and was canonized in 1622.
Xavier, Jerome (zav'7-ėr; Span. pron. , Hä-
vē-år'). A Spanish Jesuit missionary and writer;
born in Navarre; died in Goa, 16– He wrote
both in Latin and in Persian. Among his
chief works are: (A Treatise on the Mysteries
of Christianity) (1600); a Life of the Apostles);
a (History of Jesus Christ); and a Directory
of Kings for the Government of their Sub-
jects.
Xenarchus (ze-när'kus). An Athenian comic
poet of the Middle Comedy ; Aourished about
350 to 330 B. C. Fragments of his works are
extant.
Xenocles (zen'ö-klēz). A Greek tragic poet;
born at Athens, about the fourth century B. C. ,
in the time of Philip of Macedon. Little is
known of his life, but he obtained a prize for
four plays, '(Edipus, (Lycaon, the Bacchan-
tes,' and Athamas.
Xenocrates (zē-nok'rą-tēz). A Greek writer
and philosopher; born in Chalcedon, in 396
B. C. ; died 314 in Athens, where he had
removed in early youth, and where he joined
Plato. He was for some years scholarch, or
rector, of the Academy. His writings were
numerous, chiefly on metaphysics and ethics,
laying special stress upon the latter, and work-
ing on Platonic lines. He is said to have first
divided philosophy into physic, didactic, and
ethic.
Xenophanes (ze-nof'a-nēz). A Greek writer
and philosopher; born in Colophon about the
third or fourth decade of the sixth century
B. C. , and died at the age of 92, at Elea, in
Southern Italy, where, exiled from his Ionian
home, he had established himself. He is the
reputed founder of the Eleatic philosophy, and
his teachings found expression in both elegiac
and epic poems, the most important being (On
Nature) and (Satires. )
Xenophon (zen'o-fon). The famous author
of the Anabasis); born at Athens, about 430
B. C. ; died in Corinth, about 355 B. C. He is
the author of the Hellenics); Anabasis);
(Encomium of Agesilaus); Horsemanship';
(Hipparchicus); Cynegeticus); Lacedæmo-
nian Polity); (Cyropædeia'; Athenian Fi-
nance); Memorabilia of Socrates); (Sympo.
sium); ((Economicus); (Hieron); (Apology of
Socrates. (The Polity of Athens) is now re-
garded as an anonymous work incorporated
into the text of Xenophon, but probably not
his. *
Xenophon of Ephesus, called Xenophon
the Younger. A Greek writer, who lived in
the second century of the Christian era. Only
>
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XENOS – YALE
one work of his has been preserved, a story in
five books, called “Ephesiaca; or, The Loves of
Abrocomas and Anthia,' the style of which
is pure, elegant, and yet simple, and the action
rapid.
Xenos, Stefanos Theodoros (zen'os ). A
modern Greek historical writer. He resided
for many years in London. He wrote: (The
Devil in Turkey; or, Scenes in Constantinople)
(London, 1850); (The Heroine of the Greek
Revolution' (1861), republished in America as
"Andronike); “East and West) (1865).
Xeres, Francisco (Hār'ās). A Spanish his-
torian, who lived in the sixteenth century, ac-
companying Pizarro, as his secretary, to Peru,
about 1530. Of that expedition he wrote a
detailed history, entitled (A True Account of
the Conquest of Peru' (1549), still considered
of great value as a source of information.
Ximenes, August Louis (ze-ma-nes'). A
French poet of Spanish descent; born at Paris,
1726; died 1815. Among his writings are sev-
eral tragedies, notably one called (Don Car-
los); also a poem, Cæsar in the Senate,' and
critical essays of value.
Ximenes, Enrico Emilio (He-mā'nes).
An
Italian miscellaneous writer; born at Palermo,
May 14, 1857. He founded, in 1882, the daily
journals Vespers and Democracy at Palermo.
He has written (The Sicilian Vespers) (1882),
Ninna-Nanna' (1884), in verse; 'Critical Study
of Garibaldian Literature ) (1885); (Correspond-
ence of Giuseppe Garibaldi) (2 vols. , 1886);
"Syracuse in the Past and Present) (1887);
(Anna Bonanno, a historical romance; (Two
Years of History); etc.
Ximenes, Peter (shē-mā'nes). A Portuguese-
Dutch theologian; born at Middelburg, Hol-
land, 1514; died 1595. He wrote in Latin
Demonstration of the Catholic Truth,
Ximenes, Rodrigo. A Spanish prelate and
historian, who died 1249. He took part in the
war against the Moors, and wrote a History
of Spain); History of the Huns and Vandals);
a History of the Arabs); and a (History of
Rome.
Ximenes or Jimenes, de Cisneros, Francisco
(dā thës-nā'ros). A Spanish churchman and
statesman; born at Torrelaguna in Castile,
1436 (? ); died at Roa about 1517. He became
archbishop of Toledo 1495, and at the same
time was appointed grand chancellor of Cas-
tile; he was raised to the Cardinalate 1507. He
founded the University of Alcalá de Henares
1500, and at his own expense procured the
printing of the Complutensian Polyglot Bible,
containing the original Hebrew and Greek
texts, the Septuagint Greek and the Vulgate
Latin translations, and the Targum of Onkelos
(6 vols. , 1514-17).
Ximeno or Jimeno, Vicente (He-mā'no). A
Spanish biographer; born at Valencia, about
1700. He was the author of a Literary History
of the Kingdom of Valencia' (2 vols. , 1747-49).
Xuares, Gaspar (Hwä'rās). A South-Amer-
ican botanist, historian, and biographer; born
at Santiago del Estero, Paraguay; died at
Rome, 1804. Belonging to the order of Jesuits,
he devoted himself to teaching philosophy and
theology; after the suppression of his order
he removed to Italy, where he occupied him-
self with botany. Ile wrote: (History of Buenos
Ayres,' and Dissertations, both remaining in
MS. ; "Life of St. Francis Xavier); etc.
Xylander, Joseph Carl August (ksi-län'der).
A German officer and military writer; born at
Munich, 1794; died 1854. He wrote: (A Manual
of Tactics ); (Strategy and its Application
(1818); and many other works, among them a
(History of the War in Sweden in 1808-9)
(1825).
Ximenes, Jacques (Hē-mā'nes). A Spanish
poet, living in the sixteenth century. Little is
known of his life, save that he took part in
the war in the Netherlands. He wrote a
poem, (The Invincible Knight, the Cid Ruy
Diaz of Bivar' (1579); and left a collection of
sonnets (1669).
Y
Yakhontov, Alexander Nikolaiewich (yä.
kon-tof'). A Russian politician and poet; born
in the district of Pskov, June 28, 1820. He
has held a number of important positions in
his native district. He has written for Rus-
sian journals (1843-89) a mass of lyrical and
satirical poems, from which appeared a (Col-
lection) in 1884. He has published also sev-
eral popular historical and scientific works and
translations, and translations from Goethe and
Lessing.
Yalden, Thomas. An English poet; born at
Exeter, 1671; died 1736. He wrote an (Ode
for St. Cecilia's Day) (1693); “ The Temple of
Fame, on the death of the Duke of Glouces-
ter (1700); Æsop at Court,' a collection of
fables (1702). His Hymn to Light) is the
most notable of his poetical compositions. He
is best remembered as Swift's friend.
Yale, Mrs. Catharine (Brooks). An Ameri-
can writer, living at Deerfield, Mass. She was
born in Vermont in 1818, and is the wife of
Linus Yale, inventor of the Yale lock. She
has written : (Story of the Old Willard House
of Deerfield, Mass. ; Nim and Cum, and the
Wonderhead Stories.
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589
Yanguas y Miranda José (yän'gwäs ē mē.
rän'dä). A Spanish archæologist ; died about
1860. His principal works are: (Short History
of the Kingdom of Navarre) (1833); “History
of the Conquest of the Kingdom of Navarre,
by the Duke of Alva) (1843); “Dictionary of
the Antiquities of the Kingdom of Navarre ) (4
vols. , 1840-43).
Yanoski, Jean (yä-nos-kē'). A French writer
on history ; born at Lons-le-Saulnier, 1813; died
1851. He wrote: (Christian Africa, and the
Domination of the Vandals in Africa) (1844);
(Abolition of Ancient Slavery); National Mil-
itary Forces from the Thirteenth Century to
the Reign of Charles VII.
Yardley, Edward, Jr. An English story and
verse writer. He has published: Fantastic
Stories) (1864); Melusine, and Other Poems)
(1867); (Supplementary Stories and Poems)
(1870); (The Supernatural in Romantic Fic-
tion (1880); besides an English translation of
four books of Horace's Odes (1669).
Yardley, Mrs. Jane. An American novel-
ist, who has written in the No Name) series :
"Little Sister) (1882); la Superior Woman!
(1885).
Yarrell, William. An English naturalist;
born at Westminster, 1784; died at Yarmouth,
September 1856. He is author of 'The History
of British Fishes) (2 vols. , 1836), and (The His-
tory of British Birds) (2 vols. , 1843); both
written in an elegant and popular style, and
illustrated artistically, yet without impairing the
scientific accuracy of the exposition.
Yates, Edmund Hodgson. An English jour-
nalist and novelist; born at London, 1831 ; died
there, May 20, 1894. He was a leading con-
tributor to All the Year Round for several years,
and from 1874 till his death conducted the Lon-
don society journal, The World. He wrote:
(My Haunts and their Frequenters) (1854);
Black Sheep) (1807); Wrecked in Port)
(1869); Dr. Wainwright's Patient' (1871);
"The Yellow Flag) (1873); (Personal Remi-
niscences and Experiences) (2 vols. , 1884).
Yazikov (yä-zê-kof'). A Russian lyric poet;
born at Simbirsk, 1805; died 1846. He was
called “the Russian Anacreon. " His earlier
verse was notable for sweetness and melody;
his later work was more serious in character.
Yearsley, Anna. An English poetical and
dramatic writer, originally a milk-woman; born
in Bristol, about 1756; died 1806. She was be-
friended by Hannah More, and under her aus-
pices published a romance, The Royal Cap-
tives, and a collection of poems.
Yeats, S. Levett. An English novelist. He
resides in India, where he is a lieutenant in
the Punjaub Light Horse. He has written :
(The Honour of Savelli) (1895); (A Galahad
of the Creeks) (1897); “The Chevalier D’Au-
riac) (1897).
Yeats, William Butler. An Irish poet and
writer of omance; born in Dublin, June
13, 1865. His first book of poems, containing
the Island of Statues, and other brief plays
and poems, is included in his later volume,
(The Wanderings of Oisin) (1887). Three vol-
umes of Irish Folk Lore, (Fairy Tales,' and
(Irish Stories,' were published in the Camelot
series. He has also written : (Celtic Twilight)
(1893); Poems) (1893); and John Sherman
and Dhoya) (1893). Two new works, (The
Secret Rose and The Wind among the Reeds,'
are announced for publication.
Yeldham, Walter, Captain. An English
verse and story writer. He is an officer in the
18th Hussars. He has written : "Lays of Ind,
by Aliph Cheem) (7th ed. , Calcutta, 1882);
(Basil Ormond) (London, 1878); "Lays of the
Sea-Side) (1887).
Yelverton, Maria Theresa (Longworth).
An English writer of autobiography and trav-
els, and novelist. Besides (Martyrs to Circum-
stance) (1861), and "The Yelverton Corre-
spondence) (1863), both relating to her noto.
rious marriage with Major Yelverton, she has
written: (Zanita: A Tale of the Yosemite)
(1871); (Fifty Thousand Miles of Travel Round
the World (1874); (Teresina in America
(1875).
Yendis or Yendys. See Dobell.
Yepez, Antonio de (yā'peth). A Spanish
historian; born at Yepez; died 1621. He was
a Benedictine monk, and wrote a valuable
(General Chronicle of the Order of St. Benedict)
(7 vols. , 1609-21).
Yepez, Diego de. A Spanish historian; born
at Yepez, near Toledo, 1559; died at Tarragona,
1613, of which see he was bishop. His princi-
pal works are : History of the Persecution in
England Since 1570) (1599); Memoir on the
Death of Philip II. (1607).
Ymbert, Jean Albert (an-bãr'). A French
writer of comedy; born about 1780; died 1846.
He wrote: A Husband Unknown to Him-
self); (The Art of Getting Office) (1817); (A
Bachelor's Dinner) (1820); (The Automaton
Man) (1820); (The Obliging Man' (1820);
" The Propertyless Proprietor) (1820); (The
Neutral City; or, The Burgomaster of Neustadt)
(1825).
Yonge, Charles Duke (yung). An English
historical writer and classical scholar; born
1812; died 1891. He has published :( An Eng.
lish-Greek Lexicon (1849); A New Gradus ad
Parnassum of the Latin Language) (1850);
(Three Centuries of English History) (1872);
(Three Centuries of English Literature (1872);
(A Life of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France)
(1876); etc.
Yonge, Charlotte Mary. An English novel-
ist and miscellaneous writer; born at Otter-
bourne, Hampshire, 1823. She has published
more than 30 novels, usually of High Church »
tendencies, the most popular of which are :
( The Heir of Redclyffel (1853) and Daisy
Chain; or, Aspirations) (1856). Among her his-
torical and biographical works are : (The Kings
8
(
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590
YOUATT - YOUNG
(
of England) (1848); Landmarks of History,
Ancient, Middle Age, and Modern (1852-57);
(The Victorian Half-Century) (1887); etc.
Youatt, William. An English writer on
veterinary subjects ; born in 1777; died in Lon-
don, 1847. He was for many years professor
at the Royal Veterinary College, and co-editor
of the Veterinarian, established 1828. He pub-
lished a standard work on 'The Horse (1831),
also a book on (The Dog) (1842), and others;
all considered of high value in their line.
Youmans, Edward Livingston. An Ameri-
can scientist and writer, long the editor of the
Popular Science Monthly; born at Coeymans,
N. Y. , 1821 ; died in New York city, 1887. His
chief works are : (Alcohol and the Constitution
of Man) (1854); Hand-Book of Household
Science) (1857); “Correlation and Conservation
of Forces) (1864); (The Culture Demanded by
Modern Life) (1867); etc.
Youmans, William Jay. An American
writer and chemist; born at Milton, Saratoga
County, N. Y. , in 1838. He has published a
book, Pioneers of Science in America) (1895);
edited Huxley's (Lessons in Elementary Phys-
iology, adding a second part, Elementary
Hygiene) (1867); and has been for a number
of years editor of the Popular Science Monthly,
succeeding his brother Edward L.
Young, Andrew White. An American writer
on government; born at Carlisle, N. Y. , March
2, 1802; died at Warsaw, N. Y. , Feb. 17, 1877.
He wrote: Introduction to the Science of
Government) (1835); (First Lessons in Civil
Government' (1843); 'Citizen's Manual of Gov.
ernment and Law) (1851); (The American
Statesman: A Political History of the United
States) (1855); (National Economy: A History
of the American Protective System (1860).
Young, Arthur. A distinguished English
writer on agriculture and social economy; born
1741; died 1820. He made a practical study of
agricultural economy, and wrote : A Course
of Experimental Agriculture (1770); accounts
of tours of observation through different quar-
ters of England, among these, (A Farmer's
Letters to the People of England (1768), “A
Farmer's Tour through the East of England
(1770); “Travels in France) (2 vols. , 1792), a
celebrated book which reveals the true state of
the peasant population of France on the eve
of the Revolution. *
Young, Charles Augustus. An American
astronomer; born in Hanover, Dec. 15, 1834.
He was professor at Western Reserve College,
Ohio, 1856; professor of natural philosophy at
Dartmouth College, 1865-77, and of astronomy
at Princeton College from 1878. Besides many
contributions to scientific journals and maga-
zines, he is the author of "The Sun) in the
(International Scientific Series) (1882), and a
(Text-Book of General Astronomy) (1888).
Young, Edward. An English poet; born at
Upham, Hampshire, 1684; died at Welwyn,
April 12, 1765. After graduating at Oxford, he
entered the Church. His masterpiece is Night
Thoughts) (1742-46), a gloomy but fine poem
in blank verse. He also wrote tragedies, among
them (Busiris) (1719), and (The Revenge
(1721); as well as a collection of satires called
(The Love of Fame (1725-28). *
Young, Edward Daniel. An English trav-
eler; born 1831. He explored the Lake Nyassa
country in 1875, and wrote Nyassa' (1877).
Young, Frederick, Sir. An English philan-
thropist, publicist, and writer of travels; born
1817. He aided in securing Victoria Park, Lon-
don, and Epping Forest to the public, and in
establishing the People's Palace; has taken
great interest in the emigration question; was
one of the earliest advocates of imperial fed-
eration; etc. He has written: Long Ago and
Now); New Zealand : Past, Present, and Fu-
ture); A Winter Tour in South Africa); etc. ;
and edited (Imperial Federation (1876).
Young, Jesse Bowman. An American Meth-
odist clergyman, author, and editor; born in
Pennsylvania, 1844. He has been editor of
the Central Christian Advocate from 1892, and
has written "What a Boy Saw in the Army);
Days and Nights on the Sea.
Young, John. A British clergyman, and re-
ligious and philosophical writer. He has pub-
lished : (The Province of Reason) (1860); (Evil
and Good' (2d ed. London, 1861); (The Life
and Light of Men) (1866); (The Christ of
History) (6th ed. 1870); “The Creator and the
Creation' (1870).
Young, John Russell. An American writer
and journalist ; born in Downingtown, Pa. , 1841;
and at present Librarian of Congress. His
journalistic career was notable, including service
on the staff of the New York Herald and New
York Tribune. His most notable work is
(Around the World with General Grant) (2
vols. , 1879); and he has also written numerous
pamphlets on important subjects. In 1897 he
was appointed by President McKinley Libra-
rian of Congress.
Young, Mrs. Julia Evelyn (Ditto). An
American verse-writer and novelist, of Buffalo;
born in New York, in 1857. She has written:
Adrift: A Story of Niagara'; 'Glynne's Wife:
A Story in Verse); and (Thistle-Down,' poems.
Young, Mrs. M. , formerly Mrs. Thomas Pos-
tans. She wrote as Mrs. Thomas Postans :
"Cutch) (1838), sketches of Western India;
(Western India in 1838) (2 vols. , 1839); (Facts
and Fictions Illustrative of Oriental Character)
(3 vols. , 1844). As Mrs. Young: Our Camp
in Turkey) (2d ed. 1855); (Aldershot, and All
About It) (2d ed. 1858); "The Moslem Noble)
(1857).
Young, William, Sir. An English states-
man and historical writer ; born in the middle
of the eighteenth century; died about 1815.
Among his writings are : (Travels in Italy)
(1772); (The Spirit of Athens : Political and
## p. 591 (#607) ############################################
YPEY - YVON
591
)
Philosophical Investigations on the History of
that Republic (1777); “Rights of Englishmen
(1793); (The Black Caribs of the Island of
St. Vincent) (1795); (The West Indian Com-
mon-Place Book. '
Ypey, Amadeus (ē'pi). A Dutch theological
writer; born 1760; died in 1831 at Groningen,
where he was professor of church history. He
wrote a (Literary History of Dogmatics) (5
vols. , 1793-98); "History of the Dutch Lan-
guage) (1812); “History of the Dutch Church
(4 vols. , 1820–27).
Yriarte, Charles Émile (i-ri-ärt'). A jour-
nalist and writer on varied subjects, of Spanish
descent; born at Paris, 1832 (? ). Among his
works are: (Spanish Society) (1864); (Parisian
Portraits) (1865); (The Life of a Venetian
Patrician in the Sixteenth Century) (1874);
(Venice: Its History, Art, Industry, the City
and its Life) (1879); Italian Sculpture in the
Fifteenth Century) (1885); (Francesca da Ri-
mini) (1882); “Cesar Borgia) (1888).
Yriarte or Iriarte, Juan de (ē-rê-är'tā). A
Spanish scholar and writer; born at Orotava
on the island of Teneriffe, in 1702; died at
Madrid, 1771. He was chief librarian of the
Royal Library; and his most important work
was "Codices of the Greek MSS. (1769). He
also wrote epigrams and proverbs in Latin
and Spanish, and narrative poems in Latin,
published in four volumes (1774).
Yriarte or Iriarte, Tomas de. A Spanish
poet and dramatist; born at Orotava, island
of Teneriffe, 1750; died in Madrid, 1791. His
chief works are an excellent didactic poem,
(Music) (1780); and "Literary Fables) (1782),
considered the best fables in the Spanish lan-
guage. He also wrote the first regular come-
dies in Spanish, the best being (The Spoiled
Child) and (The Ill-Bred Young Lady); be-
sides publishing Spanish translations of French
plays and some of the Latin poets.
Ysabeau, Victor Frédéric Alexandre (i-zä-
bo'). A French physician and writer on agri-
culture; born at Rouen, 1793; died at Paris,
1873. Among his works are: (Gardening; or,
The Art of Forming and Managing a Garden
(1854); Elementary Lessons in Agriculture)
(1857); (The Vine and Fruit Tree) (1858);
(Popular Natural History of France) (1864);
Hygiene and Domestic Economy) (1870).
Yule, Henry, Sir. An Anglo-Indian writer
and scholar; born at Inveresk, Midlothian,
Scotland, 1820; died 1889. He entered the
East India Company's military school, and later
was employed in India on public works; but
finally retired and went to Italy. His chief
books are: Mission to the Court of Ava)
(1856); (Cathay and the Way Thither) (1866);
(The Book of Ser Marco Polo) (edited : 1891);
(The Diary of William Hedges) (1886); etc.
Yusuf or Yussuf, Abu Amru (yös'öf). An
Arabic historian and commentator; born at
Cordova, 976; died at Xativa, 1070. He was
profoundly versed in the traditions of the
Oriental Mussulman countries. He wrote:
(Behed jet-Almodjalisyn,' a collection of tales
about Mahomet, etc. ; (Tamhyd, a commentary
on one of the chief Mussulman works of reli-
gious and civil law; (History of the Opinions
and Doctrines of the Principal Mussulman
Sects); History of the Wars against the
Christians); etc.
Yvan, Melchior (ē-von'). A French physi-
cian and publicist ; born at Digne (Basses-
Alpes), 1803; died at Nice, 1873. He wrote:
(China and the Malay Peninsula' (1850);( Trav-
els and Stories) (1852); «The Insurrection in
China) (1853); (From France to China' (1855).
Yver, Jacques (ē-vār'). A French story and
verse writer; born at Niort, 1520; died there,
1572. He wrote: (The Springtime of Yver)
(1572), in the style of Boccaccio. It has been
a number of times republished.
Yvert, Eugène (ē-văr'). A French journal.
ist, poet, and miscellaneous writer; born at
Marly-le-Roi, 1794; died at Amiens, Feb. 23,
1878. He was editor of the Picardy Gazette,
1831. He wrote: Parliamentary Sketches)
(1832), in verse ; (Political Customs) (1845);
(A Ghost' (1852), a two-act comedy in verse;
(Poetic Fancies) (1857); “Poetical Miscellanies)
(1860); etc.
Yves d'Évreux, Pierre (ēv dā-vrė'). A
French-Brazilian historian; born at Évreux, Nor-
mandy, about 1577; died after 1620. He was a
Capuchin missionary at Maranhão, Brazil, 1612-
14. He wrote: History of the Most Memor-
able Things that Happened at Maranhão in
the Years 1613 and 1614' (Paris, 1615; 2d ed.
1864), a continuation of the history of Claude
d'Abbeville; it is a work of great historical
value.
Yvon, Claude (e-von”). A French theolo-
gian; born at Mamers, 1714; died at Paris, 1791.
He wrote Letters to Rousseau) (1763), in
answer to Rousseau's letters to the archbishop
of Paris ; earlier in life he had been associated
with Diderot and the encyclopedists, and wrote
(Liberty of Conscience) (1754), in which he
held that the State should be indifferent in
matters of religion. Other works are (Agree-
ment of Philosophy and Religion (1776), and
(Philosophical History of Religion (1779).
)
## p. 592 (#608) ############################################
592
ZABEL-ZACHER
Z
Zabel, Eugen (tsä'bel). A German miscel.
laneous writer; born at Königsberg in Prussia,
Dec. 23, 1851. During his extensive travels he
formed the acquaintance of nearly all the liter-
ary celebrities of Europe. Among his works
are : (Berthold Auerbach) (1882); Ivan Tur-
genef) (1883); (Italian Dramatic Art in Ger-
many) (1892); (Anton Rubinstein: An Artist's
Life) (1892); translations of several of Tur-
genef's novels, and of French and Spanish
dramas; some novels, among them Parted
Hearts) (1888); and several comedies, as (The
Midnight Sun, (A Missed Vocation. '
Zabensing, Johann Christoph (tsä'ben-zing).
A German dramatic and miscellaneous writer;
born at Augsburg, 1747; died near the end of
the century. He was by profession a mer-
chant, but published various original writings,
among them a book on the life and writings
of Voltaire, and “The Philosophers à la Mode,
a comedy (1779); “ The Death of Abel,' a drama
(1779); and (Elizabeth; or, The Abduction, a
tragedy (1781).
Zablocki, Frantizek (zä-blots'kē). A Polish
dramatist; born 1754; died 1821. He is looked
upon as the creator of Polish comedy, his
plays holding the stage to the present day.
His masterpiece is (Sarmatyzin,' and others
are : (The Fop who Acts the Gallant with the
Ladies); 'An Irreparable Loss. '
Zaborowski (zä-bo-rov-ski') or Zaborowski-
Moindron (mwan-drôn'). A French publicist;
born at La Crèche, 1851. He is secretary of
the Paris Anthropological Society, and scientific
editor of several Paris journals. He has writ-
ten: "On the Antiquity of Man' (2 vols. ,
1874); "Prehistoric Man) (1878); (Origin of
Language) (1879); (Scientific News and Curi-
osities) (1883); etc.
Zaccaria, Francesco Antonio (dzä-kä-rē'ä).
An Italian Jesuit, scholar, and historian; born
at Venice, 1714; died 1795. He was professor
of ecclesiastical history at the college La Sapi-
enza, Rome. He wrote: Literary History of
England) (14 vols. , 1751); Literary Annals of
Italy) (3 vols. , 1762); Numismatic Institutes);
etc.
Zaccone, Pierre (zä-kon'). A French dra-
matic and miscellaneous writer; born at Douai,
1817 (? ). Early in life he entered the Post-Office
service at Brest, but devoted all his leisure to
literature, and was befriended by Émile Sou-
vestre. He published: (Tableaux of Universal
Literary History) (1844); (Memoirs of a King)
(1851); etc. Among his efforts for the theatre,
mostly written in collaboration with others,
are: 'The Twenty-Fourth of February (1848);
"Cousin Verdure! (1855); and (The Sundays
of Pampette.
Zachariä, Heinrich Albert (tsa-cha-re'a).
A German publicist ; born at Herbsleben, Saxe.
Gotha, Nov. 20, 1806; died at Kannstadt, April
29, 1875, being then professor in the University
of Gottingen. Among his works are: (Ger-
man States' Rights and Federal Rights) (1841);
(Manual of German Criminal Procedure (1800);
"German Constitutional Laws of the Present
Time) (1855); (The Question of the Compe-
tence of the Empire in View of the Dogma
of Infallibility' (1871).
Zachariä, Just Friedrich Wilhelm. A Ger-
man poet and satirist; born at Frankenhausen,
May I, 1720; died at Brunswick, Jan. 30, 1777.
He was professor of belles-lettres in the Caro-
linum, Brunswick (1761). He wrote: (The
Brawler) (1744), the first burlesque heroic
poem that had appeared in German ; (Phae-
ton); (The Handkerchief); Murner in Hell
(1757); (Fables and Tales) (1771); etc. ; and
translated into German hexameters Milton's
Paradise Lost? ( 1760 ). (Poetical Works,
9 vols. , 1763-65; posthumous writings, with
biography, 1781. )
Zachariä von Lingenthal, Karl Eduard
(tsä-chä-re’ā fon ling'en-täl). A German writer
on jurisprudence ; born at Heidelberg, Dec. 21,
1812; died at Grosskmehlen, near Merseburg,
June 3, 1894. He is regarded as the founder of
the science of Græco-Roman jurisprudence.
He wrote (Outline of a History of Græco-
Roman Jurisprudence) (1839), History of
Græco-Roman Private Right! (1864); made a
collection of (Græco-Roman Laws) (1856 84);
and edited Justinian's Novella) (1881).
Zachariä von Lingenthal, Karl Salomo.
A German jurist; born at Meissen, Saxony,
Sept. 14, 1709; died March 27, 1843. He was
professor of law at Wittenberg, 1797-1807, and
Heidelberg, 1807-43. He wrote: "The Unity of
State and Church (1797); Forty Books on the
State) (2d ed. 7 vols. , 1839-43); Hand-Book
of French Civil Law) (8th ed. 1894-95); etc.
Zachariasiewicz, Jan (tsä-cha-ri-äs'yā-vich).
A Polish novelist and miscellaneous writer;
born in East Galicia, about 1825. At vari-
ous times in his life he became involved in
political difficulties, and passed several years in
prison; and these experiences have colored
all his books. His first publication was A
Passage from the Life of Unknown People
(1853). In (The Red Cap) and (The Secret
Fund,' he describes the spy system of the
police force; and of like nature are Covered
Cards) (1875), "A Bad Business) (1876), etc.
He has also written a few art novels.
Zacher, Ernst Julius August (tsä'cher).
(Swiss Family Robinson has been translated
into many languages.
X
Xacca, Erasmus (Hä’kä). A Sicilian writer;
born about 1643; died about 1708. He was
doctor of theology, medicine, and laws, and
took orders, but devoted much time to litera-
ture. He left (An Exposition of the Psalms
of David, and an original poem, (A Brief
Narrative of the Eruption of Mt. Etna in the
Year 1669,' published 1671.
Xanthos (zän'thos). A Greek lyric poet,
who lived probably about 650 B. C. Nothing
of his poetry has been preserved, but he is
highly spoken of by other writers.
Xanthos of Lydia. A Greek historian; liv-
ing about the sixth century B. C. , contempo-
rary with Herodotus. He wrote a work called
(Lydiaca, being a history of Lydia from heroic
times down, and giving also a geographical
description of the country; only fragments of
it have been preserved.
Xariffa. See Mrs. Mary Ashley Townsend.
Xavier, Francisco (zav'ê-ėr). The Apostle
of the Indies; born at Xaviero, his mother's
castle in the Basque country, April 7 (? ), 1506;
died in the island of Sancian near China, Dec.
2 or 22, 1552. His works comprise : "Letters,
in five volumes, published at Paris in 1631 ; a
(Catechism'; and some short treatises. He
played a prominent part in the foundation of
the Jesuit order, and was canonized in 1622.
Xavier, Jerome (zav'7-ėr; Span. pron. , Hä-
vē-år'). A Spanish Jesuit missionary and writer;
born in Navarre; died in Goa, 16– He wrote
both in Latin and in Persian. Among his
chief works are: (A Treatise on the Mysteries
of Christianity) (1600); a Life of the Apostles);
a (History of Jesus Christ); and a Directory
of Kings for the Government of their Sub-
jects.
Xenarchus (ze-när'kus). An Athenian comic
poet of the Middle Comedy ; Aourished about
350 to 330 B. C. Fragments of his works are
extant.
Xenocles (zen'ö-klēz). A Greek tragic poet;
born at Athens, about the fourth century B. C. ,
in the time of Philip of Macedon. Little is
known of his life, but he obtained a prize for
four plays, '(Edipus, (Lycaon, the Bacchan-
tes,' and Athamas.
Xenocrates (zē-nok'rą-tēz). A Greek writer
and philosopher; born in Chalcedon, in 396
B. C. ; died 314 in Athens, where he had
removed in early youth, and where he joined
Plato. He was for some years scholarch, or
rector, of the Academy. His writings were
numerous, chiefly on metaphysics and ethics,
laying special stress upon the latter, and work-
ing on Platonic lines. He is said to have first
divided philosophy into physic, didactic, and
ethic.
Xenophanes (ze-nof'a-nēz). A Greek writer
and philosopher; born in Colophon about the
third or fourth decade of the sixth century
B. C. , and died at the age of 92, at Elea, in
Southern Italy, where, exiled from his Ionian
home, he had established himself. He is the
reputed founder of the Eleatic philosophy, and
his teachings found expression in both elegiac
and epic poems, the most important being (On
Nature) and (Satires. )
Xenophon (zen'o-fon). The famous author
of the Anabasis); born at Athens, about 430
B. C. ; died in Corinth, about 355 B. C. He is
the author of the Hellenics); Anabasis);
(Encomium of Agesilaus); Horsemanship';
(Hipparchicus); Cynegeticus); Lacedæmo-
nian Polity); (Cyropædeia'; Athenian Fi-
nance); Memorabilia of Socrates); (Sympo.
sium); ((Economicus); (Hieron); (Apology of
Socrates. (The Polity of Athens) is now re-
garded as an anonymous work incorporated
into the text of Xenophon, but probably not
his. *
Xenophon of Ephesus, called Xenophon
the Younger. A Greek writer, who lived in
the second century of the Christian era. Only
>
3
## p. 588 (#604) ############################################
588
XENOS – YALE
one work of his has been preserved, a story in
five books, called “Ephesiaca; or, The Loves of
Abrocomas and Anthia,' the style of which
is pure, elegant, and yet simple, and the action
rapid.
Xenos, Stefanos Theodoros (zen'os ). A
modern Greek historical writer. He resided
for many years in London. He wrote: (The
Devil in Turkey; or, Scenes in Constantinople)
(London, 1850); (The Heroine of the Greek
Revolution' (1861), republished in America as
"Andronike); “East and West) (1865).
Xeres, Francisco (Hār'ās). A Spanish his-
torian, who lived in the sixteenth century, ac-
companying Pizarro, as his secretary, to Peru,
about 1530. Of that expedition he wrote a
detailed history, entitled (A True Account of
the Conquest of Peru' (1549), still considered
of great value as a source of information.
Ximenes, August Louis (ze-ma-nes'). A
French poet of Spanish descent; born at Paris,
1726; died 1815. Among his writings are sev-
eral tragedies, notably one called (Don Car-
los); also a poem, Cæsar in the Senate,' and
critical essays of value.
Ximenes, Enrico Emilio (He-mā'nes).
An
Italian miscellaneous writer; born at Palermo,
May 14, 1857. He founded, in 1882, the daily
journals Vespers and Democracy at Palermo.
He has written (The Sicilian Vespers) (1882),
Ninna-Nanna' (1884), in verse; 'Critical Study
of Garibaldian Literature ) (1885); (Correspond-
ence of Giuseppe Garibaldi) (2 vols. , 1886);
"Syracuse in the Past and Present) (1887);
(Anna Bonanno, a historical romance; (Two
Years of History); etc.
Ximenes, Peter (shē-mā'nes). A Portuguese-
Dutch theologian; born at Middelburg, Hol-
land, 1514; died 1595. He wrote in Latin
Demonstration of the Catholic Truth,
Ximenes, Rodrigo. A Spanish prelate and
historian, who died 1249. He took part in the
war against the Moors, and wrote a History
of Spain); History of the Huns and Vandals);
a History of the Arabs); and a (History of
Rome.
Ximenes or Jimenes, de Cisneros, Francisco
(dā thës-nā'ros). A Spanish churchman and
statesman; born at Torrelaguna in Castile,
1436 (? ); died at Roa about 1517. He became
archbishop of Toledo 1495, and at the same
time was appointed grand chancellor of Cas-
tile; he was raised to the Cardinalate 1507. He
founded the University of Alcalá de Henares
1500, and at his own expense procured the
printing of the Complutensian Polyglot Bible,
containing the original Hebrew and Greek
texts, the Septuagint Greek and the Vulgate
Latin translations, and the Targum of Onkelos
(6 vols. , 1514-17).
Ximeno or Jimeno, Vicente (He-mā'no). A
Spanish biographer; born at Valencia, about
1700. He was the author of a Literary History
of the Kingdom of Valencia' (2 vols. , 1747-49).
Xuares, Gaspar (Hwä'rās). A South-Amer-
ican botanist, historian, and biographer; born
at Santiago del Estero, Paraguay; died at
Rome, 1804. Belonging to the order of Jesuits,
he devoted himself to teaching philosophy and
theology; after the suppression of his order
he removed to Italy, where he occupied him-
self with botany. Ile wrote: (History of Buenos
Ayres,' and Dissertations, both remaining in
MS. ; "Life of St. Francis Xavier); etc.
Xylander, Joseph Carl August (ksi-län'der).
A German officer and military writer; born at
Munich, 1794; died 1854. He wrote: (A Manual
of Tactics ); (Strategy and its Application
(1818); and many other works, among them a
(History of the War in Sweden in 1808-9)
(1825).
Ximenes, Jacques (Hē-mā'nes). A Spanish
poet, living in the sixteenth century. Little is
known of his life, save that he took part in
the war in the Netherlands. He wrote a
poem, (The Invincible Knight, the Cid Ruy
Diaz of Bivar' (1579); and left a collection of
sonnets (1669).
Y
Yakhontov, Alexander Nikolaiewich (yä.
kon-tof'). A Russian politician and poet; born
in the district of Pskov, June 28, 1820. He
has held a number of important positions in
his native district. He has written for Rus-
sian journals (1843-89) a mass of lyrical and
satirical poems, from which appeared a (Col-
lection) in 1884. He has published also sev-
eral popular historical and scientific works and
translations, and translations from Goethe and
Lessing.
Yalden, Thomas. An English poet; born at
Exeter, 1671; died 1736. He wrote an (Ode
for St. Cecilia's Day) (1693); “ The Temple of
Fame, on the death of the Duke of Glouces-
ter (1700); Æsop at Court,' a collection of
fables (1702). His Hymn to Light) is the
most notable of his poetical compositions. He
is best remembered as Swift's friend.
Yale, Mrs. Catharine (Brooks). An Ameri-
can writer, living at Deerfield, Mass. She was
born in Vermont in 1818, and is the wife of
Linus Yale, inventor of the Yale lock. She
has written : (Story of the Old Willard House
of Deerfield, Mass. ; Nim and Cum, and the
Wonderhead Stories.
## p. 589 (#605) ############################################
YANGUAS-YONGE
589
Yanguas y Miranda José (yän'gwäs ē mē.
rän'dä). A Spanish archæologist ; died about
1860. His principal works are: (Short History
of the Kingdom of Navarre) (1833); “History
of the Conquest of the Kingdom of Navarre,
by the Duke of Alva) (1843); “Dictionary of
the Antiquities of the Kingdom of Navarre ) (4
vols. , 1840-43).
Yanoski, Jean (yä-nos-kē'). A French writer
on history ; born at Lons-le-Saulnier, 1813; died
1851. He wrote: (Christian Africa, and the
Domination of the Vandals in Africa) (1844);
(Abolition of Ancient Slavery); National Mil-
itary Forces from the Thirteenth Century to
the Reign of Charles VII.
Yardley, Edward, Jr. An English story and
verse writer. He has published: Fantastic
Stories) (1864); Melusine, and Other Poems)
(1867); (Supplementary Stories and Poems)
(1870); (The Supernatural in Romantic Fic-
tion (1880); besides an English translation of
four books of Horace's Odes (1669).
Yardley, Mrs. Jane. An American novel-
ist, who has written in the No Name) series :
"Little Sister) (1882); la Superior Woman!
(1885).
Yarrell, William. An English naturalist;
born at Westminster, 1784; died at Yarmouth,
September 1856. He is author of 'The History
of British Fishes) (2 vols. , 1836), and (The His-
tory of British Birds) (2 vols. , 1843); both
written in an elegant and popular style, and
illustrated artistically, yet without impairing the
scientific accuracy of the exposition.
Yates, Edmund Hodgson. An English jour-
nalist and novelist; born at London, 1831 ; died
there, May 20, 1894. He was a leading con-
tributor to All the Year Round for several years,
and from 1874 till his death conducted the Lon-
don society journal, The World. He wrote:
(My Haunts and their Frequenters) (1854);
Black Sheep) (1807); Wrecked in Port)
(1869); Dr. Wainwright's Patient' (1871);
"The Yellow Flag) (1873); (Personal Remi-
niscences and Experiences) (2 vols. , 1884).
Yazikov (yä-zê-kof'). A Russian lyric poet;
born at Simbirsk, 1805; died 1846. He was
called “the Russian Anacreon. " His earlier
verse was notable for sweetness and melody;
his later work was more serious in character.
Yearsley, Anna. An English poetical and
dramatic writer, originally a milk-woman; born
in Bristol, about 1756; died 1806. She was be-
friended by Hannah More, and under her aus-
pices published a romance, The Royal Cap-
tives, and a collection of poems.
Yeats, S. Levett. An English novelist. He
resides in India, where he is a lieutenant in
the Punjaub Light Horse. He has written :
(The Honour of Savelli) (1895); (A Galahad
of the Creeks) (1897); “The Chevalier D’Au-
riac) (1897).
Yeats, William Butler. An Irish poet and
writer of omance; born in Dublin, June
13, 1865. His first book of poems, containing
the Island of Statues, and other brief plays
and poems, is included in his later volume,
(The Wanderings of Oisin) (1887). Three vol-
umes of Irish Folk Lore, (Fairy Tales,' and
(Irish Stories,' were published in the Camelot
series. He has also written : (Celtic Twilight)
(1893); Poems) (1893); and John Sherman
and Dhoya) (1893). Two new works, (The
Secret Rose and The Wind among the Reeds,'
are announced for publication.
Yeldham, Walter, Captain. An English
verse and story writer. He is an officer in the
18th Hussars. He has written : "Lays of Ind,
by Aliph Cheem) (7th ed. , Calcutta, 1882);
(Basil Ormond) (London, 1878); "Lays of the
Sea-Side) (1887).
Yelverton, Maria Theresa (Longworth).
An English writer of autobiography and trav-
els, and novelist. Besides (Martyrs to Circum-
stance) (1861), and "The Yelverton Corre-
spondence) (1863), both relating to her noto.
rious marriage with Major Yelverton, she has
written: (Zanita: A Tale of the Yosemite)
(1871); (Fifty Thousand Miles of Travel Round
the World (1874); (Teresina in America
(1875).
Yendis or Yendys. See Dobell.
Yepez, Antonio de (yā'peth). A Spanish
historian; born at Yepez; died 1621. He was
a Benedictine monk, and wrote a valuable
(General Chronicle of the Order of St. Benedict)
(7 vols. , 1609-21).
Yepez, Diego de. A Spanish historian; born
at Yepez, near Toledo, 1559; died at Tarragona,
1613, of which see he was bishop. His princi-
pal works are : History of the Persecution in
England Since 1570) (1599); Memoir on the
Death of Philip II. (1607).
Ymbert, Jean Albert (an-bãr'). A French
writer of comedy; born about 1780; died 1846.
He wrote: A Husband Unknown to Him-
self); (The Art of Getting Office) (1817); (A
Bachelor's Dinner) (1820); (The Automaton
Man) (1820); (The Obliging Man' (1820);
" The Propertyless Proprietor) (1820); (The
Neutral City; or, The Burgomaster of Neustadt)
(1825).
Yonge, Charles Duke (yung). An English
historical writer and classical scholar; born
1812; died 1891. He has published :( An Eng.
lish-Greek Lexicon (1849); A New Gradus ad
Parnassum of the Latin Language) (1850);
(Three Centuries of English History) (1872);
(Three Centuries of English Literature (1872);
(A Life of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France)
(1876); etc.
Yonge, Charlotte Mary. An English novel-
ist and miscellaneous writer; born at Otter-
bourne, Hampshire, 1823. She has published
more than 30 novels, usually of High Church »
tendencies, the most popular of which are :
( The Heir of Redclyffel (1853) and Daisy
Chain; or, Aspirations) (1856). Among her his-
torical and biographical works are : (The Kings
8
(
## p.
590 (#606) ############################################
590
YOUATT - YOUNG
(
of England) (1848); Landmarks of History,
Ancient, Middle Age, and Modern (1852-57);
(The Victorian Half-Century) (1887); etc.
Youatt, William. An English writer on
veterinary subjects ; born in 1777; died in Lon-
don, 1847. He was for many years professor
at the Royal Veterinary College, and co-editor
of the Veterinarian, established 1828. He pub-
lished a standard work on 'The Horse (1831),
also a book on (The Dog) (1842), and others;
all considered of high value in their line.
Youmans, Edward Livingston. An Ameri-
can scientist and writer, long the editor of the
Popular Science Monthly; born at Coeymans,
N. Y. , 1821 ; died in New York city, 1887. His
chief works are : (Alcohol and the Constitution
of Man) (1854); Hand-Book of Household
Science) (1857); “Correlation and Conservation
of Forces) (1864); (The Culture Demanded by
Modern Life) (1867); etc.
Youmans, William Jay. An American
writer and chemist; born at Milton, Saratoga
County, N. Y. , in 1838. He has published a
book, Pioneers of Science in America) (1895);
edited Huxley's (Lessons in Elementary Phys-
iology, adding a second part, Elementary
Hygiene) (1867); and has been for a number
of years editor of the Popular Science Monthly,
succeeding his brother Edward L.
Young, Andrew White. An American writer
on government; born at Carlisle, N. Y. , March
2, 1802; died at Warsaw, N. Y. , Feb. 17, 1877.
He wrote: Introduction to the Science of
Government) (1835); (First Lessons in Civil
Government' (1843); 'Citizen's Manual of Gov.
ernment and Law) (1851); (The American
Statesman: A Political History of the United
States) (1855); (National Economy: A History
of the American Protective System (1860).
Young, Arthur. A distinguished English
writer on agriculture and social economy; born
1741; died 1820. He made a practical study of
agricultural economy, and wrote : A Course
of Experimental Agriculture (1770); accounts
of tours of observation through different quar-
ters of England, among these, (A Farmer's
Letters to the People of England (1768), “A
Farmer's Tour through the East of England
(1770); “Travels in France) (2 vols. , 1792), a
celebrated book which reveals the true state of
the peasant population of France on the eve
of the Revolution. *
Young, Charles Augustus. An American
astronomer; born in Hanover, Dec. 15, 1834.
He was professor at Western Reserve College,
Ohio, 1856; professor of natural philosophy at
Dartmouth College, 1865-77, and of astronomy
at Princeton College from 1878. Besides many
contributions to scientific journals and maga-
zines, he is the author of "The Sun) in the
(International Scientific Series) (1882), and a
(Text-Book of General Astronomy) (1888).
Young, Edward. An English poet; born at
Upham, Hampshire, 1684; died at Welwyn,
April 12, 1765. After graduating at Oxford, he
entered the Church. His masterpiece is Night
Thoughts) (1742-46), a gloomy but fine poem
in blank verse. He also wrote tragedies, among
them (Busiris) (1719), and (The Revenge
(1721); as well as a collection of satires called
(The Love of Fame (1725-28). *
Young, Edward Daniel. An English trav-
eler; born 1831. He explored the Lake Nyassa
country in 1875, and wrote Nyassa' (1877).
Young, Frederick, Sir. An English philan-
thropist, publicist, and writer of travels; born
1817. He aided in securing Victoria Park, Lon-
don, and Epping Forest to the public, and in
establishing the People's Palace; has taken
great interest in the emigration question; was
one of the earliest advocates of imperial fed-
eration; etc. He has written: Long Ago and
Now); New Zealand : Past, Present, and Fu-
ture); A Winter Tour in South Africa); etc. ;
and edited (Imperial Federation (1876).
Young, Jesse Bowman. An American Meth-
odist clergyman, author, and editor; born in
Pennsylvania, 1844. He has been editor of
the Central Christian Advocate from 1892, and
has written "What a Boy Saw in the Army);
Days and Nights on the Sea.
Young, John. A British clergyman, and re-
ligious and philosophical writer. He has pub-
lished : (The Province of Reason) (1860); (Evil
and Good' (2d ed. London, 1861); (The Life
and Light of Men) (1866); (The Christ of
History) (6th ed. 1870); “The Creator and the
Creation' (1870).
Young, John Russell. An American writer
and journalist ; born in Downingtown, Pa. , 1841;
and at present Librarian of Congress. His
journalistic career was notable, including service
on the staff of the New York Herald and New
York Tribune. His most notable work is
(Around the World with General Grant) (2
vols. , 1879); and he has also written numerous
pamphlets on important subjects. In 1897 he
was appointed by President McKinley Libra-
rian of Congress.
Young, Mrs. Julia Evelyn (Ditto). An
American verse-writer and novelist, of Buffalo;
born in New York, in 1857. She has written:
Adrift: A Story of Niagara'; 'Glynne's Wife:
A Story in Verse); and (Thistle-Down,' poems.
Young, Mrs. M. , formerly Mrs. Thomas Pos-
tans. She wrote as Mrs. Thomas Postans :
"Cutch) (1838), sketches of Western India;
(Western India in 1838) (2 vols. , 1839); (Facts
and Fictions Illustrative of Oriental Character)
(3 vols. , 1844). As Mrs. Young: Our Camp
in Turkey) (2d ed. 1855); (Aldershot, and All
About It) (2d ed. 1858); "The Moslem Noble)
(1857).
Young, William, Sir. An English states-
man and historical writer ; born in the middle
of the eighteenth century; died about 1815.
Among his writings are : (Travels in Italy)
(1772); (The Spirit of Athens : Political and
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YPEY - YVON
591
)
Philosophical Investigations on the History of
that Republic (1777); “Rights of Englishmen
(1793); (The Black Caribs of the Island of
St. Vincent) (1795); (The West Indian Com-
mon-Place Book. '
Ypey, Amadeus (ē'pi). A Dutch theological
writer; born 1760; died in 1831 at Groningen,
where he was professor of church history. He
wrote a (Literary History of Dogmatics) (5
vols. , 1793-98); "History of the Dutch Lan-
guage) (1812); “History of the Dutch Church
(4 vols. , 1820–27).
Yriarte, Charles Émile (i-ri-ärt'). A jour-
nalist and writer on varied subjects, of Spanish
descent; born at Paris, 1832 (? ). Among his
works are: (Spanish Society) (1864); (Parisian
Portraits) (1865); (The Life of a Venetian
Patrician in the Sixteenth Century) (1874);
(Venice: Its History, Art, Industry, the City
and its Life) (1879); Italian Sculpture in the
Fifteenth Century) (1885); (Francesca da Ri-
mini) (1882); “Cesar Borgia) (1888).
Yriarte or Iriarte, Juan de (ē-rê-är'tā). A
Spanish scholar and writer; born at Orotava
on the island of Teneriffe, in 1702; died at
Madrid, 1771. He was chief librarian of the
Royal Library; and his most important work
was "Codices of the Greek MSS. (1769). He
also wrote epigrams and proverbs in Latin
and Spanish, and narrative poems in Latin,
published in four volumes (1774).
Yriarte or Iriarte, Tomas de. A Spanish
poet and dramatist; born at Orotava, island
of Teneriffe, 1750; died in Madrid, 1791. His
chief works are an excellent didactic poem,
(Music) (1780); and "Literary Fables) (1782),
considered the best fables in the Spanish lan-
guage. He also wrote the first regular come-
dies in Spanish, the best being (The Spoiled
Child) and (The Ill-Bred Young Lady); be-
sides publishing Spanish translations of French
plays and some of the Latin poets.
Ysabeau, Victor Frédéric Alexandre (i-zä-
bo'). A French physician and writer on agri-
culture; born at Rouen, 1793; died at Paris,
1873. Among his works are: (Gardening; or,
The Art of Forming and Managing a Garden
(1854); Elementary Lessons in Agriculture)
(1857); (The Vine and Fruit Tree) (1858);
(Popular Natural History of France) (1864);
Hygiene and Domestic Economy) (1870).
Yule, Henry, Sir. An Anglo-Indian writer
and scholar; born at Inveresk, Midlothian,
Scotland, 1820; died 1889. He entered the
East India Company's military school, and later
was employed in India on public works; but
finally retired and went to Italy. His chief
books are: Mission to the Court of Ava)
(1856); (Cathay and the Way Thither) (1866);
(The Book of Ser Marco Polo) (edited : 1891);
(The Diary of William Hedges) (1886); etc.
Yusuf or Yussuf, Abu Amru (yös'öf). An
Arabic historian and commentator; born at
Cordova, 976; died at Xativa, 1070. He was
profoundly versed in the traditions of the
Oriental Mussulman countries. He wrote:
(Behed jet-Almodjalisyn,' a collection of tales
about Mahomet, etc. ; (Tamhyd, a commentary
on one of the chief Mussulman works of reli-
gious and civil law; (History of the Opinions
and Doctrines of the Principal Mussulman
Sects); History of the Wars against the
Christians); etc.
Yvan, Melchior (ē-von'). A French physi-
cian and publicist ; born at Digne (Basses-
Alpes), 1803; died at Nice, 1873. He wrote:
(China and the Malay Peninsula' (1850);( Trav-
els and Stories) (1852); «The Insurrection in
China) (1853); (From France to China' (1855).
Yver, Jacques (ē-vār'). A French story and
verse writer; born at Niort, 1520; died there,
1572. He wrote: (The Springtime of Yver)
(1572), in the style of Boccaccio. It has been
a number of times republished.
Yvert, Eugène (ē-văr'). A French journal.
ist, poet, and miscellaneous writer; born at
Marly-le-Roi, 1794; died at Amiens, Feb. 23,
1878. He was editor of the Picardy Gazette,
1831. He wrote: Parliamentary Sketches)
(1832), in verse ; (Political Customs) (1845);
(A Ghost' (1852), a two-act comedy in verse;
(Poetic Fancies) (1857); “Poetical Miscellanies)
(1860); etc.
Yves d'Évreux, Pierre (ēv dā-vrė'). A
French-Brazilian historian; born at Évreux, Nor-
mandy, about 1577; died after 1620. He was a
Capuchin missionary at Maranhão, Brazil, 1612-
14. He wrote: History of the Most Memor-
able Things that Happened at Maranhão in
the Years 1613 and 1614' (Paris, 1615; 2d ed.
1864), a continuation of the history of Claude
d'Abbeville; it is a work of great historical
value.
Yvon, Claude (e-von”). A French theolo-
gian; born at Mamers, 1714; died at Paris, 1791.
He wrote Letters to Rousseau) (1763), in
answer to Rousseau's letters to the archbishop
of Paris ; earlier in life he had been associated
with Diderot and the encyclopedists, and wrote
(Liberty of Conscience) (1754), in which he
held that the State should be indifferent in
matters of religion. Other works are (Agree-
ment of Philosophy and Religion (1776), and
(Philosophical History of Religion (1779).
)
## p. 592 (#608) ############################################
592
ZABEL-ZACHER
Z
Zabel, Eugen (tsä'bel). A German miscel.
laneous writer; born at Königsberg in Prussia,
Dec. 23, 1851. During his extensive travels he
formed the acquaintance of nearly all the liter-
ary celebrities of Europe. Among his works
are : (Berthold Auerbach) (1882); Ivan Tur-
genef) (1883); (Italian Dramatic Art in Ger-
many) (1892); (Anton Rubinstein: An Artist's
Life) (1892); translations of several of Tur-
genef's novels, and of French and Spanish
dramas; some novels, among them Parted
Hearts) (1888); and several comedies, as (The
Midnight Sun, (A Missed Vocation. '
Zabensing, Johann Christoph (tsä'ben-zing).
A German dramatic and miscellaneous writer;
born at Augsburg, 1747; died near the end of
the century. He was by profession a mer-
chant, but published various original writings,
among them a book on the life and writings
of Voltaire, and “The Philosophers à la Mode,
a comedy (1779); “ The Death of Abel,' a drama
(1779); and (Elizabeth; or, The Abduction, a
tragedy (1781).
Zablocki, Frantizek (zä-blots'kē). A Polish
dramatist; born 1754; died 1821. He is looked
upon as the creator of Polish comedy, his
plays holding the stage to the present day.
His masterpiece is (Sarmatyzin,' and others
are : (The Fop who Acts the Gallant with the
Ladies); 'An Irreparable Loss. '
Zaborowski (zä-bo-rov-ski') or Zaborowski-
Moindron (mwan-drôn'). A French publicist;
born at La Crèche, 1851. He is secretary of
the Paris Anthropological Society, and scientific
editor of several Paris journals. He has writ-
ten: "On the Antiquity of Man' (2 vols. ,
1874); "Prehistoric Man) (1878); (Origin of
Language) (1879); (Scientific News and Curi-
osities) (1883); etc.
Zaccaria, Francesco Antonio (dzä-kä-rē'ä).
An Italian Jesuit, scholar, and historian; born
at Venice, 1714; died 1795. He was professor
of ecclesiastical history at the college La Sapi-
enza, Rome. He wrote: Literary History of
England) (14 vols. , 1751); Literary Annals of
Italy) (3 vols. , 1762); Numismatic Institutes);
etc.
Zaccone, Pierre (zä-kon'). A French dra-
matic and miscellaneous writer; born at Douai,
1817 (? ). Early in life he entered the Post-Office
service at Brest, but devoted all his leisure to
literature, and was befriended by Émile Sou-
vestre. He published: (Tableaux of Universal
Literary History) (1844); (Memoirs of a King)
(1851); etc. Among his efforts for the theatre,
mostly written in collaboration with others,
are: 'The Twenty-Fourth of February (1848);
"Cousin Verdure! (1855); and (The Sundays
of Pampette.
Zachariä, Heinrich Albert (tsa-cha-re'a).
A German publicist ; born at Herbsleben, Saxe.
Gotha, Nov. 20, 1806; died at Kannstadt, April
29, 1875, being then professor in the University
of Gottingen. Among his works are: (Ger-
man States' Rights and Federal Rights) (1841);
(Manual of German Criminal Procedure (1800);
"German Constitutional Laws of the Present
Time) (1855); (The Question of the Compe-
tence of the Empire in View of the Dogma
of Infallibility' (1871).
Zachariä, Just Friedrich Wilhelm. A Ger-
man poet and satirist; born at Frankenhausen,
May I, 1720; died at Brunswick, Jan. 30, 1777.
He was professor of belles-lettres in the Caro-
linum, Brunswick (1761). He wrote: (The
Brawler) (1744), the first burlesque heroic
poem that had appeared in German ; (Phae-
ton); (The Handkerchief); Murner in Hell
(1757); (Fables and Tales) (1771); etc. ; and
translated into German hexameters Milton's
Paradise Lost? ( 1760 ). (Poetical Works,
9 vols. , 1763-65; posthumous writings, with
biography, 1781. )
Zachariä von Lingenthal, Karl Eduard
(tsä-chä-re’ā fon ling'en-täl). A German writer
on jurisprudence ; born at Heidelberg, Dec. 21,
1812; died at Grosskmehlen, near Merseburg,
June 3, 1894. He is regarded as the founder of
the science of Græco-Roman jurisprudence.
He wrote (Outline of a History of Græco-
Roman Jurisprudence) (1839), History of
Græco-Roman Private Right! (1864); made a
collection of (Græco-Roman Laws) (1856 84);
and edited Justinian's Novella) (1881).
Zachariä von Lingenthal, Karl Salomo.
A German jurist; born at Meissen, Saxony,
Sept. 14, 1709; died March 27, 1843. He was
professor of law at Wittenberg, 1797-1807, and
Heidelberg, 1807-43. He wrote: "The Unity of
State and Church (1797); Forty Books on the
State) (2d ed. 7 vols. , 1839-43); Hand-Book
of French Civil Law) (8th ed. 1894-95); etc.
Zachariasiewicz, Jan (tsä-cha-ri-äs'yā-vich).
A Polish novelist and miscellaneous writer;
born in East Galicia, about 1825. At vari-
ous times in his life he became involved in
political difficulties, and passed several years in
prison; and these experiences have colored
all his books. His first publication was A
Passage from the Life of Unknown People
(1853). In (The Red Cap) and (The Secret
Fund,' he describes the spy system of the
police force; and of like nature are Covered
Cards) (1875), "A Bad Business) (1876), etc.
He has also written a few art novels.
Zacher, Ernst Julius August (tsä'cher).
