A
celebrated
Portuguese
poet and dramatist; born at Lisbon in 1528;
died of the plague in 1569.
poet and dramatist; born at Lisbon in 1528;
died of the plague in 1569.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
He very early yearned to place his name
beside Dante's; the result being a curious poem,
He wrote also many double-rhymed poems;
"The World Described,' a servile but not en-
and a Persian imitation of the famous Indian
tirely contemptible imitation of the Divine epic Nala and Damajanti, designed to form
Comedy. He wrote also inferior stanzas and
the third member of an epic cycle, of which
sonnets.
the first was to be (The Centre of the Circle,
the second (Solomon and Balkis) (the Queen
Fearing, Lillien Blanche. An American
of Sheba), the fourth (The Seven Zones of
writer of verse; born in Davenport, Iowa, 1863.
She became a member of the Chicago bar.
the Earth, and the fifth (The History of
Akbar): only the first and third were com-
Her works are: (The Sleeping World and
Other Poems) (1887); (In the City by the
pleted. His scientific treatises were numerous
Lake,' poems; (Roberta); etc.
Feitama, Sybrand (fi'tä-mä). A Dutch minor
Fechner, Gustav Theodor (fech'ner). A poet and critic; born in Amsterdam, Dec. 10,
German humorist and writer on physics and
1694; died there, June 13, 1758. Quite destitute
psychiatry; born in Great Särchen in the Nie-
of originality, but of faultless taste, he made
derlausitz, April 19, 1801 ; died in Leipsic, Nov.
his literary verdicts respected; and translated
18, 1887. His works on purely scientific topics,
Voltaire's (Henriade, Fénelon's (Telemachus,
Elements of Psychophysics) (1860) and <Text
and other French plays into correct if somewhat
Book of Experimental Physics) (1828) among
insipid Dutch verse of marked Gallic favor.
them, and his (Three Motives and Grounds of
Feith, Rhijnvis (fit). A Dutch poet and
Faith) (1863), have made him eminent; while story-teller; born at Zwolle in Oberyssel, Feb.
under the name of a Doctor Mises » he has 7, 1753; died Feb. 8, 1824. Among his (Odes
written various popular humorous tales and and. Poems? (5 vols. , 1796-1810) are several
fancies, notably (A Proof that the Moon is that show true poetic inspiration. His trage.
Made of lodine) (1821),(Comparative Anatomy dies are: (Thirza) (1784); Lady Jane Grey)
of the Angels) (1825), and (The Little Book (1791); (Inez de Castro) (1793); Mucius Cor-
of Life after Death) (1836).
dus (1795); and (The Resuscitation of Laz-
Federici, Camillo (fa-da-re’che). [Properly arus) (1811). He wrote also some stories --
Giovanni Battista Viassolo, or (according to Julia! (1783); Ferdinand and Constance)
others) Ogeri. ] An Italian comedy-writer; (1785) - which, like his odes and his didactic
born at Poggiolo di Garessio, Mondovi, April poem (The Count,' show plainly the influence
9, 1749; died in Turin, Dec. 23, 1802. He set of German poetry in the “Werther” period.
up as a lawyer, but turned to the stage and
Felder, Franz Michael (fel'der). An Aus-
wrote several comedies, including A Word of
trian story-writer; born at Schoppernau, in the
Advice to Husbands); “The Sculptor and the
Bregenzer Wald, May 13, 1839; died at Bre-
Blind Man); and (Falsehood is Short-lived. "
genz, April 26, 1869. Though condemned to the
Fedkovic, Joseph Horodencuk (fed-kõ'vich). labor of the field and by poverty oppressed,
A Ruthenian (Austria) poet and story-writer;
his (Out of the Ordinary: Life and Character
born in Bukovina, 1834 ; died at Czernowitz,
Pictures of the Bregenzer Wald) (1867), and
Jan. II, 1888. He was early a journalist of re-
(Rich and Poor) (1868), markedly original in
pute, and took to the writing of German verse ;
style and view, gave him an acknowledged lit-
producing subsequently poems in his native Ru- erary standing
thenian. Poems) (1862) and (Stories) (1876)
Feldmann, Leopold (feld'män). A German
show an engaging realism in local color.
dramatist and journalist; born at Munich, May
Feis, Jakob (fis or fvis). A German dram- 22, 1802; died March 26, 1882. In 1835 ap-
atist, essayist, and translator ; born in Deides- peared his Lays of Hell, on the theme of
heim, July 10, 1842. Long a resident of Lon- unrequited love; next the comedy (The Son
don, he has studied the literature of England on his Travels, which made a brilliant suc-
thoroughly; translating Tennyson's (Locksley
cess at Munich. After five years in travel,
Hall Sixty Years Later) (1888), and producing
chiefly in Greece, as correspondent of the All-
the series of studies on “Shakespeare and Mon- gemeine Zeitung, in 1850 he settled in Vienna
taigne) (1884) to which his chief celebrity is
for life. His comedies were very popular in
due. Johanna Grey) (1881) and (The New their day; the most worthy of mention are :
Master(1891) are well-written dramas on con- (Free Choice); "Sweetheart's Portrait); (The
temporary social questions.
Late Countess); (The Comptroller and his
Daughter. )
Feisi, Abul-Feis ibn Mubarak (fā-e-sē'). A
celebrated Indo-Persian poet and scholar; born Feletz, Charles Marie Dorimond de (fā-lets').
at Agra, 1547; died 1595. He surpassed all his A French critic and essayist ; born at Grimont,
## p. 183 (#199) ############################################
FELLOWS-FERNALD
183
!
Limousin (? ), about 1767; died in Paris (? ), Feb.
II, 1850. After some thrilling experiences in
the Revolutionary period, he settled down to
journalism in Paris, writing many celebrated
essays and reviews, and entering the French
Academy. The volumes of Philosophical, His-
torical, and Literary Miscellany) (1828), and
(Historical and Literary Estimates) (1840), con-
tain his finest studies.
Fellows, Sir Charles. An English archæol.
ogist and writer on classical antiquities; born
in Nottingham, August 1799; died there, Nov.
8, 1860. Learning and accuracy are manifest
in'An Account of Discoveries in Lycia) (1841),
(The Xanthian Marbles) (1843), and many
like investigations.
Fellows, John. An American prose-writer;
born in Sheffield, Mass. , in 1700; died in New
York city, Jan. 3, 1844. His publications in-
clude "The Veil Removed) (1843); Exposi-
tion of the Mysteries or Religious Dogmas
and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, Pyth-
agoreans, and Druids); Mysteries of Free-
Masonry); and a work on the authorship of
the Junius Letters.
Felt, Joseph Barlow. An American his-
torical writer; born in Salem, Mass. , Dec. 22,
1789; died there, Sept. 8, 1869. He was well
known for his extensive and accurate knowl-
edge of New England history. Among his
publications are: (Annals of Salem,' said by
Bancroft to be (an accurate and useful work »
(1827; 2d ed. , 2 vols. , 1845-49); (The Customs
of New England) (1853); and Ecclesiastical
History of New England) (2 vols. , 1855-62).
Felton, Cornelius Conway. An American
scholar and writer; born in Newbury, Mass. ,
Nov. 6, 1807; died in Chester, Pa. , Feb. 26,
1802. In 1834 he became professor of Greek
literature at Harvard; in 1860 its president.
His publications include many translations from
German, French, and Greek, of which (The
Clouds) and (The Birds) of Aristophanes are
the most distinguished; also Familiar Letters
from Europe) (1864); (Greece, Ancient and
Modern) (1867); (Selections from Modern
Greek Writers); etc.
Fénelon, François de Salignac de la Mothe
(fān-lôn'). A French theologian and writer;
born in the Château Fénelon in Périgord,
Dordogne, Aug. 6, 1651; died Jan. 7, 715.
He is especially famous for his story (Telem-
achus. His other writings include: (Treatise
on the Education of Young Girls ); (Fables);
Dialogues of the Dead); Life of Charle-
magne); Exposition of the Maxims of the
Saints Regarding the Inner Life); and many
others. *
Fenn, George Manville. An English story-
writer; born in London, Jan. 3, 1831. He
graduated from journalism into fiction, gaining
prominence by Eli's Children (1882), a tale
of clerical life; (The Golden agnet) (1884),
a story for boys; (The Master of the Cere.
monies) (1886), a novel of old-fashioned Eng.
land; and many others.
Fenton, Elijah. An English poet, dramatist,
and biographer; born at Shelton, Staffordshire,
May 20, 1683; died in Berkshire, August (not
July) 1730. He worked with Pope at the trans-
lation of the Odyssey, wrote Mariamne, a
tragedy, and produced a (Hymn to the Sun,
with other verse displaying taste and talent.
Ferguson, Adam. A Scotch historian and
ethical writer; born June 20, 1723; died at
St. Andrews, Feb. 22, 1816. As a professor,
and later as traveling companion to the young
Lord Chesterfield, he exhibited the taste, refine-
ment, and charm which characterize no less
his writings than his personality as revealed
by his contemporaries. Institutes of Moral
Philosophy) (1769), (Observations on Civil and
Political Liberty) (1776), and History of the
Progress and Termination of the Roman Repub-
lic) (1805), are a few of his interesting books.
Ferguson, Sir Samuel. An Irish lawyer, anti-
quarian, and poet; born in Belfast, Ireland, in
1810; died in 1886. In early life he was a prom-
inent member of the Irish bar; in 1867 was
appointed Deputy Keeper of the Public Rec-
ords of Ireland; and in 1878 was knighted in
recognition of his antiquarian and literary ac-
complishments. He will best be remembered as
the author of the stirring poem, (The Forging
of the Anchor, which first appeared in Black-
wood's Magazine. Chief among his other pub-
lications are: (Lays of the Western Gael) (1864);
(Congal (1872), a poem in five books; (Poems)
(1880); (Shakespearean Brevities) (1882).
Fergusson, James. A celebrated Scotch
writer on architecture; born at Ayr, Scotland,
Jan. 22, 1808; died in London, Jan. 9, 1886. His
early travels in the Orient resulted in the (His-
torical Inquiry into the True Principles of Art)
(1849). His monumental achievement, which
constitutes him perhaps the greatest of writers
on the subject, is (History of Architecture in
All Countries) (3d ed. 1894). Among his titles,
which include volumes incorporated into his
great history, are Illustrated Handbook of
Architecture (1855); (History of the Modern
Styles of Architecture); (The History of Indian
and Eastern Architecture); (Fire and Serpent
Worship'; and innumerable pamphlets on the
scientific and ästhetic aspects of architecture
and kindred themes.
Fergusson, Robert. A Scotch poet; born
in Edinburgh, Sept. 5, 1750; died there, Oct. 16,
1774. He had a precocious and versatile poeti-
cal genius, but of the kind nearly allied to
madness; and after publishing Poems) (1773),
a collection of many gems, he was carried to
an insane asylum.
Pern, Fanny. See Parton.
Fernald, Chester Bailey. An American
writer; born in 1868. He is a resident of San
Francisco, Cal. He is a contributor to maga-
zines, and the author of (The Ca and the
Cherub, and Other Stories) (1896).
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## p. 184 (#200) ############################################
184
FERNANDEZ - FERRARI
:
(
Fernández, Diego (fer-nän'deth). A Spanish-
American historian; born in Palencia, Spain,
1530 (? ); died in Seville, Spain, 1581. He was
apparently a soldier of fortune, lured to the
scene of Pizarro's great conquest in the hope
of fabulous wealth; the upshot being some
fighting experiences, and (The First and Sec-
ond Parts of the History of Peru? (1571), a
warm and interesting, although perhaps parti-
san, narrative of the subjugation of the Incas.
Fernandez, Lucas. A Spanish dramatist of
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. His
works, published under the general title (Farces
and Eclogues in the Pastoral Style and Man-
ner) (1514), consist of six pastoral dramas in
his native Castilian dialect : three religious,
the others pictures actual pastoral life, with
shepherds acting simply and discoursing in
their naive way.
Fernandez de los Rios, Angel (fer-nän'deth
dā los rē'os). A Spanish publicist, topical and
descriptive writer, and journalist; born in Ma-
drid, July 27, 1821; died near Paris (? ), 1879.
Active in politics and political journalism at
home, he was banished at last, and became a
man of letters in Paris. To his credit are
placed (All or Nothing' (1876), an anti-Bourbon
prose study of social conditions ; A Week in
Lisbon (1876); and many essays of value on
the politics and resources of the Peninsula.
Fernandez de Piedrahita, Lucas (fer-
nän'deth dā pyā-drä-e'ta). A South-American
historian and prelate; born in Bogota, Colom-
bia, 1624; died in Panama, 1688. Educated by
the Jesuits, he was soon noted as far as Rome
for his learning, piety, and capacity; his pro-
motion to episcopal rank coming early. A
(History of the Kingdom of New Granada)
(1688), the result of many years' researches, is
an inestimable storehouse, from which every
subsequent worker has drawn treasures; the
performance remaining incomplete, however,
in consequence of the disappearance of the
author's manuscript after his death.
Fernandez-Guerra y Orbe, Aureliano (fer-
nän'deth ger'ä ē or'bė). A Spanish poet, dram-
atist, and critic; born in Granada, June 16,
1817 (or 1816). A long life devoted to literary
studies has resulted in (The Lovers' Punish-
ment) (1838), a comedy ; (Odes and Romances)
(1842), a collection of verse; a critical edition
of the works of Francisco de Quevedo; and
many other performances as brilliant.
Fernandez-Guerra y Orbe, Luis. A Span-
ish dramatist and verse-writer, brother of Au-
reliano; born in Granada, April 11, 1818. The
law was his first calling, but he wrote (A
Vow,! (Her Highness's Hair-Dresser,' and other
stage skits, and established himself in literature;
producing much verse, and a highly prized crit-
ical work on the eminent dramatist Alarcon
y Mendoza.
Fernandez-Lizardi, José Joaquin (fer-nän'-
deth le-thär'dē). A distinguished Mexican nov-
elist; born in the City of Mexico in 1771; died
there, June 1827. His most famous work is
(Periquillo Sarniento) (1816; new ed. , illus-
trated, 2 vols. , 1884). He also published two
novels, (Sad Nights and Gala Days) (1823)
and Life and Exploits of the Famous Knight
Don Catrin de la Facheuda' (1832).
Fernández-Madrid, José. A South-American
poet; born in Cartagena, Colombia, Feb. 9,
1789; died near London, England, June 28,
1829. He published a volume of poems, "Las
Rosas! (1822); also two tragedies, Atala)
(1822) and (Guatimozin (1827).
Fernandez y Gonzalez, Manuel (fer-nän'-
deth ë gön-thä'leth). A Spanish poet and nov.
elist; born at Seville, 1826; died Jan. 16, 1888.
A boyhood in Granada and seven years' army
service gave him varied experience of life and
men. From 1846 he gave himself to literature;
and the plays (Struggling Against Fate) (1848);
(The Cid) (1858); “A Duel on Time) (1859);
(Imperial Adventures) (1864), well constructed
and full of humor, won great popularity.
Among his more notable novels, which circu-
lated widely, are: (The Seven Children of
Lara) (1862); (The Bloody Queen' (1883);
(The Plantagenet Brothers' (1889).
Ferrand, Eduard (fe-ron'), pseudonym of
Eduard Schulz. A German poet and story-
writer; born in Landsberg-on-the-Warta, Jan.
23, 1813; died in Berlin, Oct. 23, 1842. In vari-
ous Poems) (1834), and collected (Tales!
(1835), and in Experiences of the Heart)
(1839), he shows imaginativeness, and great sus-
ceptibility to love in all its exquisite emanci-
pation from the practical.
Ferrari, Giuseppe (fer-rä're). An Italian
historian and philosophical writer; born in
Milan, 1812; died in Rome, July 1, 1876. Early
trained to an unsparingly material and real-
istic standpoint, he became noted for the vigor
and democratic impartiality of his On Error)
( 1840 ); Campanella's Religious Opinions)
(1840); Machiavelli as Judge of the Revolu-
tions of our Time) (1849); “Philosophy of Rev.
olutions) (1851); (History of Italian Revolu-
tions, or Guelphs and Ghibellines) (1856-58);
etc. , — mostly happy in style, and profoundly
influential in molding contemporary thought.
Ferrari, Paolo. An Italian dramatist; born
at Modena, April 5, 1822; died March 9, 1889.
His early comedies had little success; and his
masterpiece, (Goldoni and his Sixteen Com-
edies) (1852) was refused production for two
years, but when acted won both a popular and
a critical ovation. Its successor, Parini and
Satire) (1857), gained equal favor. Among his
others are : (The Modern Tartuffe) (1862);
(Suicide) (1875); (The Rival Friends) (1878);
(Antonietta) (1880); (Fulvio Testi) (1889).
Ferrari, Severino. An Italian poet and
scholar; born in Alberino, near Bologna, 1856.
Much study and cunning workmanship are
manifest in the verse collections (For Him and
His) (1876); New Stanzas) (1888); and in
longer experiments.
(
## p. 185 (#201) ############################################
FERRAZZI - FESZLER
185
mare.
Ferrazzi, Giuseppe Jacopo (fer-äts'ē). An
Italian critic, essayist, and Dante scholar; born
in Cartigliano, near Bassano, March 20, 1813;
died at Bassano, 1887 (not 1881). He is best
known for his invaluable Handbooks to
Dante) (1865-77); but (Torquato Tasso : a Bio-
graphical, Critical, and Bibliographical Study)
(1880), and studies of Ariosto, besides an
(Italian Anthology) (1858–59), would in them-
selves make him a conspicuous literary figure.
Ferreira, Antonio.
A celebrated Portuguese
poet and dramatist; born at Lisbon in 1528;
died of the plague in 1569. He held a pro-
fessorship at the University of Coimbra; subse-
quently became judge of the supreme court at
Lisbon. During his leisure he composed son-
nets, odes, and epigrams, which earned for him
the title of the Portuguese Horace. ” His
high literary reputation, however, is due to his
(Epistles) and the tragedy of "Inez de Castro,
the second regular tragedy produced in Europe.
The subject is a popular Portuguese legend; the
play is modeled upon the Greek tragic drama.
Ferreira de Vasconcellos, Jorge (fer-rā'ē-rä
dā vas''kon-sel'osh). A Portuguese dramatist;
died 1585. His prose comedies, (Euphrosyne)
(1560), “Usilippo' (1618), (Aulegraphia' (1619),
are strictly national, and are valuable both
philologically and for the proverbs in which
they abound. He wrote also a romance of chiv-
alry, 'The Triumph of Sagramor) (1567).
Ferreras, Juan de (fer-rā'ras). A Spanish
historian and poetaster; born in Labañeza,
June 7, 1652; died (probably) near Madrid, June
8, 1735. He was a scholarly and respected
priest, whose careful History of Spain) (1700-
27) is authoritative for the period prior to
1598; his Poems) (1726) are less important.
Ferretti, Luigi (fer-et'tē). An Italian dia-
lect poet; born in Rome, Feb. 26, 1836. He is
an inspector of schools in the city of his birth,
and has studied dialect to good purpose in
"Sonnets in Roman Dialect) (1878), and one
or two other collections.
Ferreyra de la Cerda, Bernarda (fer-ri'rä
dā lä ther'da). A Portuguese poet; born in
Oporto, 1595; died in Lisbon, 1644. Highly
educated by her father, a powerful court official,
she became, when little more than twenty, a
cherished verse and play writer, of pleasing
style and great beauty of diction and imagery.
(Liberated Spain,' a sort of poetic history, ex-
emplifies her merits.
Ferrier, Susan Edmonstone. A Scotch nov-
elist (1782-1854). She wrote three tales :
Marriage) (1818); (The Inheritance) (1824);
Destiny? (1831). In them is seen a faithful
and spirited delineation of Scotch character;
and her pages are illumined by a genial wit and
a quick sense of the ludicrous. *
Ferrigni, Piero Francesco Leopoldo Coc-
coluto (fer-ēn'ye). An Italian journalist, and
topical and descriptive writer; born in Li-
vorno (Leghorn), Nov. 15, 1836. A genius for
throwing literary Aash-lights on the subjects
of the day has made him a prodigious favorite ;
among the many stepping-stones to his pop-
ularity being (Among Pictures and Statues )
(1872); “See Naples and :'; (Up and
Down in Florence (1877); (The King Is
Dead) (1878); Jousts and Tourneys) (1883).
Ferris, George Titus. An American writer
on music and musicians. His works include:
(Great German Composers) ( 1879 ); (Great
Italian and French Composers) (1879); “Great
Singers) (1880-81); (Great Violinists and Pian-
ists) (1881).
Ferry, Gabriel (fe-rē'), the Elder, pseudo-
nym of Eugène Louis Gabriel Ferry de Belle-
A French story-teller (1809-52). His
stories appeared first serially in the Revue des
Deux Mondes. He made repeated voyages to
America : in his last voyage, to California, he
lost his life in the burning at sea of the ship
Amazon. Among his tales are: (The Wood-
ranger); Hunting with Cossacks ); (Costal
the Indian); (Scenes of Military Life in Mex-
ico); “The Squatters. .
Ferry, Gabriel, the Younger. A French
dramatist and novelist, son of Gabriel the
Elder and continuing his pseudonym; born in
Paris, May 30, 1846. He has produced plays, –
(Réginah) (1874), being one of the best; while
his miscellaneous prose includes «The Last
Years of Alexandre Dumas, 1864-70) (1883);
(Balzac and his (Feminine) Friends) (1888);
and “The Exploits of Cæsar: A Parisian
Novel (1889).
Fessenden, Thomas Green. An American
who wrote partly under the name “Christopher
Caustic); born in Walpole, N. H. , April 22,
1771; died in Boston, Mass. , Nov. II, 1837. He
graduated from Dartmouth. While in college
he wrote a ballad, Jonathan's Courtship. He
went to London in 1801, and while there pub.
lished anonymously a satirical poem, "Terrible
Tractoration (1803). He returned to the United
States; did literary work in New York; went
to Boston and founded the New England
Farmer (1822). Some of his publications were
(The American Clerk's Companion) (1815);
(The Ladies' Monitor) (1818); and Laws of
Patents for New Inventions) (1822).
Feszler, Ignaz Aurelius (fes'ler). A Hun-
garian historian and novelist (1756-1839). A
Capuchin priest, his secret communication to
Joseph II. in 1781 regarding the monasteries
brought about a radical reformation of them.
Appointed professor of Oriental languages in
the Vienna University, he had to leave the post
and Austria for his atheistic and seditious
tragedy (Sidney) (1787); similar reasons cost
him a professorship in the Alexander Nevsky
Academy of St. Petersburg; afterward he be-
came general superintendent of the Lutheran
congregations in that city. He wrote the his-
torical novels (Marcus Aurelius) (1790); Aris-
tides and Themistocles) (1792); Matthias
Corvinus) (1793); (Attila) (1794). His greatest
## p. 186 (#202) ############################################
186
FET - FIBIGER
a
>
work is a History of Hungary) (10 vols. , 1812–
25). He wrote voluminously on Freemasonry,
and published an interesting autobiography, A
Review of my Seventy Years' Pilgrimage)
(1826).
Fet, A. (fet), pseudonym of Afanasy Afana-
sievitch Shenshin. A Russian poet; born in
Orel, Dec. 5, 1820; died at Moscow, Dec. 4, 1892.
A versifier almost from his cradle, he made
himself noted in early manhood by his many
charming poems: his most enduring fame rest-
ing upon the collection called Evenings and
Nights) (1883), although versions of Horace,
Juvenal, Goethe, and even Shakespeare, show
his scholarly and literary attainments.
Fétis, François Joseph (fā-tēs'). A Belgian
composer and authority on music; born at
Mons, March 25, 1784; died in Brussels, March
26, 1871. His music is admired for original
harmony and a sympathetic interpretation of
emotion; and his writings, especially the (His-
tory of Music) (1868) and Biography and Bib-
liography of Music and Musicians) (1837), are
respected by experts.
Feuchtersleben, Baron Ernst von (foich'-
ters-lā''ben). An Austrian poet and physician;
born at Vienna, April 29, 1806; died there,
Sept. 3, 1849. In medicine he stood in the
foremost rank as a practitioner; and his works,
especially on psychiatry, were widely read for
authority and lucid exposition. Among his
(Poems) (1836) is the lyric - now become a
popular melody - (It stands in God's decrees »
(Es ist bestimmt in Gottes Rat).
Feuerbach, Anselm (foi'er-bäch). A Ger-
man archæologist, brother of Ludwig; born
Sept. 9, 1798; died Sept. 8, 1851. His Vatican
Apollo) (1833), and essays and studies in classic
art and art history, are of great merit and im-
portance.
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas. A noted Ger-
man philosopher; born in Landshut, July 28,
1804; died in the Reichenberg, near Nuremberg,
Sept. 13, 1872. He was a Hegelian and ma-
terialist whose opinions hindered a professional
career, and who devoted himself to metaphys.
ics in retirement; but in his masterpiece, (The
Essence of Christianity' (4th ed. 1883), he is no
longer a Hegelian. In his (Theogonie) (2d ed.
1866), he deals with worship from the historical
standpoint.
Feuerbach, Paul Johann Anselm von. An
eminent German criminalist and reformer of
the penal laws; born in Hainichen, near Jena,
Nov. 14, 1775; died at Frankfort-on-the-Main,
May 29, 1833. He is at his best in: (Review
of the Fundamental Principles and Ideals of
Penal Law) (1799); Exposition of Remarkable
Crimes) (1828); (Kaspar Hauser : An Instance
of a Crime against a Soul (1832).
Feuillet, Octave (fė-yā'). A distinguished
French novelist; born at St. LÔ, Aug. II, 1821 ;
died at Paris, Dec. 29, 1890. "The Great Old
Man) (1845) was his first story; but the (Ro-
mance of a Poor Young Man) (1858), which
was dramatized, first made him famous. Among
his numerous other novels are : «The History
of Sibylla) (1862), a romance of mysticism;
Julia de Trécour) (1872), dramatized as (The
Sphinx); (A Marriage in High Life) (1875);
(Story of a Parisienne); La Morte) (1886).
He was also a successful playwright: Mont-
joye) (1863) mirrored the moral rottenness of
the Second Empire. He was elected to the
Academy in 1863. Beginning as a young-girls'
novelist of the discreetest sort, he ended in
much the usual French fashion. *
Feuillet de Conches, Baron Félix Sébas-
tien (fė-yā dė konsh). A French writer of
biographical and historical miscellany; born
in Paris, Dec. 4, 1798; died there, Feb. 6, 1887.
Literary criticism is the mother of Metaphysi-
cal Meditations and Correspondence of Male-
branche) (1841) and Léopold Robert: His
Life, Labors, and Letters) (1849); while a gos-
sipy fluency imparts interest to "An Old Child's
Tales) (1860) and a History of the English
School of Painting (1883).
Féval, Paul (fā-väl'). A notable French nov-
elist; born at Rennes, Sept. 27, 1817; died at
Paris, March 8, 1887. His first story, 'The Seals'
Club) (1841), and others, having given him
some note, he was offered a large sum to write,
under the pseudonym Francis Trollope ) (as
though an Englishman), a sensational story
(The Mysteries of London,' after the manner
of Sue's Mysteries of Paris. It was done in
II vols. , was immensely successful, widely trans-
lated, and put on the stage. He remained a
very fertile, spirited, and popular writer, often
dramatized, with long runs. Especially success-
ful were : (The Son of the Devil) (1847); (The
Hunchback) (1858); Mrs. Gil Blas); (The
Last Man Alive) (1873); (The Wonders of Mt.
St. Michael (1879).
Feydeau, Ernest (fā-do'). A French novel-
ist (1821-73). His ill-famed story (Fanny)
(1858) had an unprecedented success. It was
followed by Daniel (1859); (Catherine d'Over-
meire) (1860); (Sylvie) (1861); and (A Début
at the Opera) (1863). Of his later works one
only had any marked success, (The Countess
de Chalis, or the Morals of our Day) (1868).
He tried, but with little success, to write for
the stage.
He repeatedly felt the need of
rebutting the charge of indecency: (On the
Luxury of Women ; on Morals, Literature, and
Virtue) (1866) is an elaborate apologia.
Ffraid, I. D. , pseudonym of John Evans.
A Welsh poet and essayist; born at Ty Mawr,
Llansantffraid yn Nghonwy, July 23, 1814; died
there (? ), March 4, 1876. He wrote brilliant
papers for the Baner and other journals; while
his (Mixed Poems) (Difyrwch Bechgyn Glanau
Conwy) (1835) aroused general admiration.
Fibiger, Johannes Henrik Tauber (fib'ê.
ger). A Danish poet; born at Nykjöbing, Jan.
27, 1821. He wrote dramas founded on Biblical
history, --( Jephtha's Daughter) (1849); (Jere-
miah) (1850); John the Baptist) (1857); also
## p. 187 (#203) ############################################
FICHTE - FIELDS
187
>
a few secular tragedies, the most notable among
them being 'Cross and Love) (1858) and (The
Everlasting Struggle' (1866); and a narrative
poem in 16 cantos, (The Gray Friars) (1882).
Fichte, Immanuel Hermann von (fiċh'te).
A German philosopher, son of Johann; born
in Jena, July 18, 1796; died in Stuttgart, Aug.
8, 1879. He was a mystic theist, but tried to
frame a compromise which should not exclude
disbelief in a supreme being. Speculative
Theology) (1847); “System of Ethics) (1850);
and “The Soul Question: A Philosophic Con-
fession (1859), are his typical works.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb. A celebrated Ger-
man philosopher; born at Rammenau in Upper
Lusatia, May 19, 1762; died at Berlin, Jan. 27,
1814. He wrote his treatise (Essay toward a
Critique of All Revelation (1792) as a "letter
of introduction to Kant. He was appointed
professor of philosophy in the University of Jena
in 1794 ; and the following year published his
Doctrine of Science,' a fundamental departure
from Kant. Of his philosophical writings the
most important are: (The Doctrine of Science)
(1794); (Foundations of the Whole Doctrine of
Science) (1794); Introduction to the Doctrine
of Science) (1798); “System of Moral Doctrine)
(1798); (Man's Destiny) (1800). *
Field, Mrs. Caroline Leslie (Whitney).
An American writer, daughter of Mrs. A. D. T.
Whitney; a native of Massachusetts. She is
a resident of Guilford, Conn. Her works are :
(High Lights) (1885), a novel; “The Unseen
King, and Other Poems) (1887).
Field, Eugene. An American poet and hu-
morous journalist; born at St. Louis, Mo. , Sept.
2, 1850; died Nov. 4, 1895. His latter years
were spent in Chicago. By his poems and
tales in the press he won a high reputation
in the West, which before his death had be-
come national. His poems for children are
admirable in their simplicity and in their sym-
pathetic insight into the child's world of thought
and feeling. His complete works comprise :
Love Songs of Childhood); (A Little Book
of Western Verse); (A Second Book of Verse);
(The Holy Cross, and Other Tales); (The Love
Affairs of a Bibliomaniac. ' He made, in col-
laboration with his brother Roswell Martin
Field, some good translations from Horace -
(Echoes from the Sabine Farm. *
Field, Henry Martyn. An American clergy-
man and scholar; born in Stockbridge, Mass. ,
April 3, 1822. He is a graduate of Williams
College, and was ordained to the ministry in
1812. In 1854 he became editor and proprietor
of the New York Evangelist. He has been a
lifelong traveler. Among his works
*Summer Pictures from Copenhagen to Venice)
(1859); (History of the Atlantic Telegraph)
(1866); (From the Lakes of Killarney to the
Golden Horn) (1876); (From Egypt to Japan)
(1878); (On the Desert! (1883); Among the
Holy Hills) (1883); (The Greek Islands and
Turkey after the War) (1885); (Our West-
ern Archipelago); (The Barbary Coast); (Old
Spain and New Spain); “Gibraltar); (Bright
Skies and Dark Shadows); (The Story of the
Atlantic Cable. )
Field, Kate. (Mary Katherine Kemble. ) An
American author and lecturer; born in St. Louis,
Mo. , about 1840; died in Honolulu, Hawaii,
May 19, 1896. During several years she was
European correspondent of the New York
Tribune and other journals. She founded Kate
Field's Washington (1889), in Washington,
D. C. Among her books are: Planchette's
Diary) (1868); (Ten Days in Spain) (1875);
(History of Bell's Telephone);(Life of Fechter);
etc.
Field, Maunsell Bradhurst. An American
prose and verse writer; born in New York
city, March 26, 1822; died there, Jan. 24, 1875.
Among his published works are a volume of
poems (1869). In collaboration with G. P. R.
James he wrote (Adrian; or the Clouds of the
Mind) (1852), and Memoirs of Many Men
and Some Women) (1874).
Fielding, Henry. A celebrated English nov-
elist; born at Sharpham Park, Somersetshire,
April 22, 1707, of the blood of the Hapsburgs;
died at Lisbon, Oct. 8, 1754. After ill success
as playwright and lawyer he wrote (The Ad-
ventures of Joseph Andrews) (1742), to bur-
lesque Richardson's Pamela'; it grew in his
hands into a strong novel of a new type, and
his career and fame were determined. His
masterpiece is (Tom Jones; or the History of
a Foundling) (1749). His last novel, (Amelia)
(1752), is characteristic of his sentiments rather
than of his genius.
beside Dante's; the result being a curious poem,
He wrote also many double-rhymed poems;
"The World Described,' a servile but not en-
and a Persian imitation of the famous Indian
tirely contemptible imitation of the Divine epic Nala and Damajanti, designed to form
Comedy. He wrote also inferior stanzas and
the third member of an epic cycle, of which
sonnets.
the first was to be (The Centre of the Circle,
the second (Solomon and Balkis) (the Queen
Fearing, Lillien Blanche. An American
of Sheba), the fourth (The Seven Zones of
writer of verse; born in Davenport, Iowa, 1863.
She became a member of the Chicago bar.
the Earth, and the fifth (The History of
Akbar): only the first and third were com-
Her works are: (The Sleeping World and
Other Poems) (1887); (In the City by the
pleted. His scientific treatises were numerous
Lake,' poems; (Roberta); etc.
Feitama, Sybrand (fi'tä-mä). A Dutch minor
Fechner, Gustav Theodor (fech'ner). A poet and critic; born in Amsterdam, Dec. 10,
German humorist and writer on physics and
1694; died there, June 13, 1758. Quite destitute
psychiatry; born in Great Särchen in the Nie-
of originality, but of faultless taste, he made
derlausitz, April 19, 1801 ; died in Leipsic, Nov.
his literary verdicts respected; and translated
18, 1887. His works on purely scientific topics,
Voltaire's (Henriade, Fénelon's (Telemachus,
Elements of Psychophysics) (1860) and <Text
and other French plays into correct if somewhat
Book of Experimental Physics) (1828) among
insipid Dutch verse of marked Gallic favor.
them, and his (Three Motives and Grounds of
Feith, Rhijnvis (fit). A Dutch poet and
Faith) (1863), have made him eminent; while story-teller; born at Zwolle in Oberyssel, Feb.
under the name of a Doctor Mises » he has 7, 1753; died Feb. 8, 1824. Among his (Odes
written various popular humorous tales and and. Poems? (5 vols. , 1796-1810) are several
fancies, notably (A Proof that the Moon is that show true poetic inspiration. His trage.
Made of lodine) (1821),(Comparative Anatomy dies are: (Thirza) (1784); Lady Jane Grey)
of the Angels) (1825), and (The Little Book (1791); (Inez de Castro) (1793); Mucius Cor-
of Life after Death) (1836).
dus (1795); and (The Resuscitation of Laz-
Federici, Camillo (fa-da-re’che). [Properly arus) (1811). He wrote also some stories --
Giovanni Battista Viassolo, or (according to Julia! (1783); Ferdinand and Constance)
others) Ogeri. ] An Italian comedy-writer; (1785) - which, like his odes and his didactic
born at Poggiolo di Garessio, Mondovi, April poem (The Count,' show plainly the influence
9, 1749; died in Turin, Dec. 23, 1802. He set of German poetry in the “Werther” period.
up as a lawyer, but turned to the stage and
Felder, Franz Michael (fel'der). An Aus-
wrote several comedies, including A Word of
trian story-writer; born at Schoppernau, in the
Advice to Husbands); “The Sculptor and the
Bregenzer Wald, May 13, 1839; died at Bre-
Blind Man); and (Falsehood is Short-lived. "
genz, April 26, 1869. Though condemned to the
Fedkovic, Joseph Horodencuk (fed-kõ'vich). labor of the field and by poverty oppressed,
A Ruthenian (Austria) poet and story-writer;
his (Out of the Ordinary: Life and Character
born in Bukovina, 1834 ; died at Czernowitz,
Pictures of the Bregenzer Wald) (1867), and
Jan. II, 1888. He was early a journalist of re-
(Rich and Poor) (1868), markedly original in
pute, and took to the writing of German verse ;
style and view, gave him an acknowledged lit-
producing subsequently poems in his native Ru- erary standing
thenian. Poems) (1862) and (Stories) (1876)
Feldmann, Leopold (feld'män). A German
show an engaging realism in local color.
dramatist and journalist; born at Munich, May
Feis, Jakob (fis or fvis). A German dram- 22, 1802; died March 26, 1882. In 1835 ap-
atist, essayist, and translator ; born in Deides- peared his Lays of Hell, on the theme of
heim, July 10, 1842. Long a resident of Lon- unrequited love; next the comedy (The Son
don, he has studied the literature of England on his Travels, which made a brilliant suc-
thoroughly; translating Tennyson's (Locksley
cess at Munich. After five years in travel,
Hall Sixty Years Later) (1888), and producing
chiefly in Greece, as correspondent of the All-
the series of studies on “Shakespeare and Mon- gemeine Zeitung, in 1850 he settled in Vienna
taigne) (1884) to which his chief celebrity is
for life. His comedies were very popular in
due. Johanna Grey) (1881) and (The New their day; the most worthy of mention are :
Master(1891) are well-written dramas on con- (Free Choice); "Sweetheart's Portrait); (The
temporary social questions.
Late Countess); (The Comptroller and his
Daughter. )
Feisi, Abul-Feis ibn Mubarak (fā-e-sē'). A
celebrated Indo-Persian poet and scholar; born Feletz, Charles Marie Dorimond de (fā-lets').
at Agra, 1547; died 1595. He surpassed all his A French critic and essayist ; born at Grimont,
## p. 183 (#199) ############################################
FELLOWS-FERNALD
183
!
Limousin (? ), about 1767; died in Paris (? ), Feb.
II, 1850. After some thrilling experiences in
the Revolutionary period, he settled down to
journalism in Paris, writing many celebrated
essays and reviews, and entering the French
Academy. The volumes of Philosophical, His-
torical, and Literary Miscellany) (1828), and
(Historical and Literary Estimates) (1840), con-
tain his finest studies.
Fellows, Sir Charles. An English archæol.
ogist and writer on classical antiquities; born
in Nottingham, August 1799; died there, Nov.
8, 1860. Learning and accuracy are manifest
in'An Account of Discoveries in Lycia) (1841),
(The Xanthian Marbles) (1843), and many
like investigations.
Fellows, John. An American prose-writer;
born in Sheffield, Mass. , in 1700; died in New
York city, Jan. 3, 1844. His publications in-
clude "The Veil Removed) (1843); Exposi-
tion of the Mysteries or Religious Dogmas
and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, Pyth-
agoreans, and Druids); Mysteries of Free-
Masonry); and a work on the authorship of
the Junius Letters.
Felt, Joseph Barlow. An American his-
torical writer; born in Salem, Mass. , Dec. 22,
1789; died there, Sept. 8, 1869. He was well
known for his extensive and accurate knowl-
edge of New England history. Among his
publications are: (Annals of Salem,' said by
Bancroft to be (an accurate and useful work »
(1827; 2d ed. , 2 vols. , 1845-49); (The Customs
of New England) (1853); and Ecclesiastical
History of New England) (2 vols. , 1855-62).
Felton, Cornelius Conway. An American
scholar and writer; born in Newbury, Mass. ,
Nov. 6, 1807; died in Chester, Pa. , Feb. 26,
1802. In 1834 he became professor of Greek
literature at Harvard; in 1860 its president.
His publications include many translations from
German, French, and Greek, of which (The
Clouds) and (The Birds) of Aristophanes are
the most distinguished; also Familiar Letters
from Europe) (1864); (Greece, Ancient and
Modern) (1867); (Selections from Modern
Greek Writers); etc.
Fénelon, François de Salignac de la Mothe
(fān-lôn'). A French theologian and writer;
born in the Château Fénelon in Périgord,
Dordogne, Aug. 6, 1651; died Jan. 7, 715.
He is especially famous for his story (Telem-
achus. His other writings include: (Treatise
on the Education of Young Girls ); (Fables);
Dialogues of the Dead); Life of Charle-
magne); Exposition of the Maxims of the
Saints Regarding the Inner Life); and many
others. *
Fenn, George Manville. An English story-
writer; born in London, Jan. 3, 1831. He
graduated from journalism into fiction, gaining
prominence by Eli's Children (1882), a tale
of clerical life; (The Golden agnet) (1884),
a story for boys; (The Master of the Cere.
monies) (1886), a novel of old-fashioned Eng.
land; and many others.
Fenton, Elijah. An English poet, dramatist,
and biographer; born at Shelton, Staffordshire,
May 20, 1683; died in Berkshire, August (not
July) 1730. He worked with Pope at the trans-
lation of the Odyssey, wrote Mariamne, a
tragedy, and produced a (Hymn to the Sun,
with other verse displaying taste and talent.
Ferguson, Adam. A Scotch historian and
ethical writer; born June 20, 1723; died at
St. Andrews, Feb. 22, 1816. As a professor,
and later as traveling companion to the young
Lord Chesterfield, he exhibited the taste, refine-
ment, and charm which characterize no less
his writings than his personality as revealed
by his contemporaries. Institutes of Moral
Philosophy) (1769), (Observations on Civil and
Political Liberty) (1776), and History of the
Progress and Termination of the Roman Repub-
lic) (1805), are a few of his interesting books.
Ferguson, Sir Samuel. An Irish lawyer, anti-
quarian, and poet; born in Belfast, Ireland, in
1810; died in 1886. In early life he was a prom-
inent member of the Irish bar; in 1867 was
appointed Deputy Keeper of the Public Rec-
ords of Ireland; and in 1878 was knighted in
recognition of his antiquarian and literary ac-
complishments. He will best be remembered as
the author of the stirring poem, (The Forging
of the Anchor, which first appeared in Black-
wood's Magazine. Chief among his other pub-
lications are: (Lays of the Western Gael) (1864);
(Congal (1872), a poem in five books; (Poems)
(1880); (Shakespearean Brevities) (1882).
Fergusson, James. A celebrated Scotch
writer on architecture; born at Ayr, Scotland,
Jan. 22, 1808; died in London, Jan. 9, 1886. His
early travels in the Orient resulted in the (His-
torical Inquiry into the True Principles of Art)
(1849). His monumental achievement, which
constitutes him perhaps the greatest of writers
on the subject, is (History of Architecture in
All Countries) (3d ed. 1894). Among his titles,
which include volumes incorporated into his
great history, are Illustrated Handbook of
Architecture (1855); (History of the Modern
Styles of Architecture); (The History of Indian
and Eastern Architecture); (Fire and Serpent
Worship'; and innumerable pamphlets on the
scientific and ästhetic aspects of architecture
and kindred themes.
Fergusson, Robert. A Scotch poet; born
in Edinburgh, Sept. 5, 1750; died there, Oct. 16,
1774. He had a precocious and versatile poeti-
cal genius, but of the kind nearly allied to
madness; and after publishing Poems) (1773),
a collection of many gems, he was carried to
an insane asylum.
Pern, Fanny. See Parton.
Fernald, Chester Bailey. An American
writer; born in 1868. He is a resident of San
Francisco, Cal. He is a contributor to maga-
zines, and the author of (The Ca and the
Cherub, and Other Stories) (1896).
1
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## p. 184 (#200) ############################################
184
FERNANDEZ - FERRARI
:
(
Fernández, Diego (fer-nän'deth). A Spanish-
American historian; born in Palencia, Spain,
1530 (? ); died in Seville, Spain, 1581. He was
apparently a soldier of fortune, lured to the
scene of Pizarro's great conquest in the hope
of fabulous wealth; the upshot being some
fighting experiences, and (The First and Sec-
ond Parts of the History of Peru? (1571), a
warm and interesting, although perhaps parti-
san, narrative of the subjugation of the Incas.
Fernandez, Lucas. A Spanish dramatist of
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. His
works, published under the general title (Farces
and Eclogues in the Pastoral Style and Man-
ner) (1514), consist of six pastoral dramas in
his native Castilian dialect : three religious,
the others pictures actual pastoral life, with
shepherds acting simply and discoursing in
their naive way.
Fernandez de los Rios, Angel (fer-nän'deth
dā los rē'os). A Spanish publicist, topical and
descriptive writer, and journalist; born in Ma-
drid, July 27, 1821; died near Paris (? ), 1879.
Active in politics and political journalism at
home, he was banished at last, and became a
man of letters in Paris. To his credit are
placed (All or Nothing' (1876), an anti-Bourbon
prose study of social conditions ; A Week in
Lisbon (1876); and many essays of value on
the politics and resources of the Peninsula.
Fernandez de Piedrahita, Lucas (fer-
nän'deth dā pyā-drä-e'ta). A South-American
historian and prelate; born in Bogota, Colom-
bia, 1624; died in Panama, 1688. Educated by
the Jesuits, he was soon noted as far as Rome
for his learning, piety, and capacity; his pro-
motion to episcopal rank coming early. A
(History of the Kingdom of New Granada)
(1688), the result of many years' researches, is
an inestimable storehouse, from which every
subsequent worker has drawn treasures; the
performance remaining incomplete, however,
in consequence of the disappearance of the
author's manuscript after his death.
Fernandez-Guerra y Orbe, Aureliano (fer-
nän'deth ger'ä ē or'bė). A Spanish poet, dram-
atist, and critic; born in Granada, June 16,
1817 (or 1816). A long life devoted to literary
studies has resulted in (The Lovers' Punish-
ment) (1838), a comedy ; (Odes and Romances)
(1842), a collection of verse; a critical edition
of the works of Francisco de Quevedo; and
many other performances as brilliant.
Fernandez-Guerra y Orbe, Luis. A Span-
ish dramatist and verse-writer, brother of Au-
reliano; born in Granada, April 11, 1818. The
law was his first calling, but he wrote (A
Vow,! (Her Highness's Hair-Dresser,' and other
stage skits, and established himself in literature;
producing much verse, and a highly prized crit-
ical work on the eminent dramatist Alarcon
y Mendoza.
Fernandez-Lizardi, José Joaquin (fer-nän'-
deth le-thär'dē). A distinguished Mexican nov-
elist; born in the City of Mexico in 1771; died
there, June 1827. His most famous work is
(Periquillo Sarniento) (1816; new ed. , illus-
trated, 2 vols. , 1884). He also published two
novels, (Sad Nights and Gala Days) (1823)
and Life and Exploits of the Famous Knight
Don Catrin de la Facheuda' (1832).
Fernández-Madrid, José. A South-American
poet; born in Cartagena, Colombia, Feb. 9,
1789; died near London, England, June 28,
1829. He published a volume of poems, "Las
Rosas! (1822); also two tragedies, Atala)
(1822) and (Guatimozin (1827).
Fernandez y Gonzalez, Manuel (fer-nän'-
deth ë gön-thä'leth). A Spanish poet and nov.
elist; born at Seville, 1826; died Jan. 16, 1888.
A boyhood in Granada and seven years' army
service gave him varied experience of life and
men. From 1846 he gave himself to literature;
and the plays (Struggling Against Fate) (1848);
(The Cid) (1858); “A Duel on Time) (1859);
(Imperial Adventures) (1864), well constructed
and full of humor, won great popularity.
Among his more notable novels, which circu-
lated widely, are: (The Seven Children of
Lara) (1862); (The Bloody Queen' (1883);
(The Plantagenet Brothers' (1889).
Ferrand, Eduard (fe-ron'), pseudonym of
Eduard Schulz. A German poet and story-
writer; born in Landsberg-on-the-Warta, Jan.
23, 1813; died in Berlin, Oct. 23, 1842. In vari-
ous Poems) (1834), and collected (Tales!
(1835), and in Experiences of the Heart)
(1839), he shows imaginativeness, and great sus-
ceptibility to love in all its exquisite emanci-
pation from the practical.
Ferrari, Giuseppe (fer-rä're). An Italian
historian and philosophical writer; born in
Milan, 1812; died in Rome, July 1, 1876. Early
trained to an unsparingly material and real-
istic standpoint, he became noted for the vigor
and democratic impartiality of his On Error)
( 1840 ); Campanella's Religious Opinions)
(1840); Machiavelli as Judge of the Revolu-
tions of our Time) (1849); “Philosophy of Rev.
olutions) (1851); (History of Italian Revolu-
tions, or Guelphs and Ghibellines) (1856-58);
etc. , — mostly happy in style, and profoundly
influential in molding contemporary thought.
Ferrari, Paolo. An Italian dramatist; born
at Modena, April 5, 1822; died March 9, 1889.
His early comedies had little success; and his
masterpiece, (Goldoni and his Sixteen Com-
edies) (1852) was refused production for two
years, but when acted won both a popular and
a critical ovation. Its successor, Parini and
Satire) (1857), gained equal favor. Among his
others are : (The Modern Tartuffe) (1862);
(Suicide) (1875); (The Rival Friends) (1878);
(Antonietta) (1880); (Fulvio Testi) (1889).
Ferrari, Severino. An Italian poet and
scholar; born in Alberino, near Bologna, 1856.
Much study and cunning workmanship are
manifest in the verse collections (For Him and
His) (1876); New Stanzas) (1888); and in
longer experiments.
(
## p. 185 (#201) ############################################
FERRAZZI - FESZLER
185
mare.
Ferrazzi, Giuseppe Jacopo (fer-äts'ē). An
Italian critic, essayist, and Dante scholar; born
in Cartigliano, near Bassano, March 20, 1813;
died at Bassano, 1887 (not 1881). He is best
known for his invaluable Handbooks to
Dante) (1865-77); but (Torquato Tasso : a Bio-
graphical, Critical, and Bibliographical Study)
(1880), and studies of Ariosto, besides an
(Italian Anthology) (1858–59), would in them-
selves make him a conspicuous literary figure.
Ferreira, Antonio.
A celebrated Portuguese
poet and dramatist; born at Lisbon in 1528;
died of the plague in 1569. He held a pro-
fessorship at the University of Coimbra; subse-
quently became judge of the supreme court at
Lisbon. During his leisure he composed son-
nets, odes, and epigrams, which earned for him
the title of the Portuguese Horace. ” His
high literary reputation, however, is due to his
(Epistles) and the tragedy of "Inez de Castro,
the second regular tragedy produced in Europe.
The subject is a popular Portuguese legend; the
play is modeled upon the Greek tragic drama.
Ferreira de Vasconcellos, Jorge (fer-rā'ē-rä
dā vas''kon-sel'osh). A Portuguese dramatist;
died 1585. His prose comedies, (Euphrosyne)
(1560), “Usilippo' (1618), (Aulegraphia' (1619),
are strictly national, and are valuable both
philologically and for the proverbs in which
they abound. He wrote also a romance of chiv-
alry, 'The Triumph of Sagramor) (1567).
Ferreras, Juan de (fer-rā'ras). A Spanish
historian and poetaster; born in Labañeza,
June 7, 1652; died (probably) near Madrid, June
8, 1735. He was a scholarly and respected
priest, whose careful History of Spain) (1700-
27) is authoritative for the period prior to
1598; his Poems) (1726) are less important.
Ferretti, Luigi (fer-et'tē). An Italian dia-
lect poet; born in Rome, Feb. 26, 1836. He is
an inspector of schools in the city of his birth,
and has studied dialect to good purpose in
"Sonnets in Roman Dialect) (1878), and one
or two other collections.
Ferreyra de la Cerda, Bernarda (fer-ri'rä
dā lä ther'da). A Portuguese poet; born in
Oporto, 1595; died in Lisbon, 1644. Highly
educated by her father, a powerful court official,
she became, when little more than twenty, a
cherished verse and play writer, of pleasing
style and great beauty of diction and imagery.
(Liberated Spain,' a sort of poetic history, ex-
emplifies her merits.
Ferrier, Susan Edmonstone. A Scotch nov-
elist (1782-1854). She wrote three tales :
Marriage) (1818); (The Inheritance) (1824);
Destiny? (1831). In them is seen a faithful
and spirited delineation of Scotch character;
and her pages are illumined by a genial wit and
a quick sense of the ludicrous. *
Ferrigni, Piero Francesco Leopoldo Coc-
coluto (fer-ēn'ye). An Italian journalist, and
topical and descriptive writer; born in Li-
vorno (Leghorn), Nov. 15, 1836. A genius for
throwing literary Aash-lights on the subjects
of the day has made him a prodigious favorite ;
among the many stepping-stones to his pop-
ularity being (Among Pictures and Statues )
(1872); “See Naples and :'; (Up and
Down in Florence (1877); (The King Is
Dead) (1878); Jousts and Tourneys) (1883).
Ferris, George Titus. An American writer
on music and musicians. His works include:
(Great German Composers) ( 1879 ); (Great
Italian and French Composers) (1879); “Great
Singers) (1880-81); (Great Violinists and Pian-
ists) (1881).
Ferry, Gabriel (fe-rē'), the Elder, pseudo-
nym of Eugène Louis Gabriel Ferry de Belle-
A French story-teller (1809-52). His
stories appeared first serially in the Revue des
Deux Mondes. He made repeated voyages to
America : in his last voyage, to California, he
lost his life in the burning at sea of the ship
Amazon. Among his tales are: (The Wood-
ranger); Hunting with Cossacks ); (Costal
the Indian); (Scenes of Military Life in Mex-
ico); “The Squatters. .
Ferry, Gabriel, the Younger. A French
dramatist and novelist, son of Gabriel the
Elder and continuing his pseudonym; born in
Paris, May 30, 1846. He has produced plays, –
(Réginah) (1874), being one of the best; while
his miscellaneous prose includes «The Last
Years of Alexandre Dumas, 1864-70) (1883);
(Balzac and his (Feminine) Friends) (1888);
and “The Exploits of Cæsar: A Parisian
Novel (1889).
Fessenden, Thomas Green. An American
who wrote partly under the name “Christopher
Caustic); born in Walpole, N. H. , April 22,
1771; died in Boston, Mass. , Nov. II, 1837. He
graduated from Dartmouth. While in college
he wrote a ballad, Jonathan's Courtship. He
went to London in 1801, and while there pub.
lished anonymously a satirical poem, "Terrible
Tractoration (1803). He returned to the United
States; did literary work in New York; went
to Boston and founded the New England
Farmer (1822). Some of his publications were
(The American Clerk's Companion) (1815);
(The Ladies' Monitor) (1818); and Laws of
Patents for New Inventions) (1822).
Feszler, Ignaz Aurelius (fes'ler). A Hun-
garian historian and novelist (1756-1839). A
Capuchin priest, his secret communication to
Joseph II. in 1781 regarding the monasteries
brought about a radical reformation of them.
Appointed professor of Oriental languages in
the Vienna University, he had to leave the post
and Austria for his atheistic and seditious
tragedy (Sidney) (1787); similar reasons cost
him a professorship in the Alexander Nevsky
Academy of St. Petersburg; afterward he be-
came general superintendent of the Lutheran
congregations in that city. He wrote the his-
torical novels (Marcus Aurelius) (1790); Aris-
tides and Themistocles) (1792); Matthias
Corvinus) (1793); (Attila) (1794). His greatest
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186
FET - FIBIGER
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>
work is a History of Hungary) (10 vols. , 1812–
25). He wrote voluminously on Freemasonry,
and published an interesting autobiography, A
Review of my Seventy Years' Pilgrimage)
(1826).
Fet, A. (fet), pseudonym of Afanasy Afana-
sievitch Shenshin. A Russian poet; born in
Orel, Dec. 5, 1820; died at Moscow, Dec. 4, 1892.
A versifier almost from his cradle, he made
himself noted in early manhood by his many
charming poems: his most enduring fame rest-
ing upon the collection called Evenings and
Nights) (1883), although versions of Horace,
Juvenal, Goethe, and even Shakespeare, show
his scholarly and literary attainments.
Fétis, François Joseph (fā-tēs'). A Belgian
composer and authority on music; born at
Mons, March 25, 1784; died in Brussels, March
26, 1871. His music is admired for original
harmony and a sympathetic interpretation of
emotion; and his writings, especially the (His-
tory of Music) (1868) and Biography and Bib-
liography of Music and Musicians) (1837), are
respected by experts.
Feuchtersleben, Baron Ernst von (foich'-
ters-lā''ben). An Austrian poet and physician;
born at Vienna, April 29, 1806; died there,
Sept. 3, 1849. In medicine he stood in the
foremost rank as a practitioner; and his works,
especially on psychiatry, were widely read for
authority and lucid exposition. Among his
(Poems) (1836) is the lyric - now become a
popular melody - (It stands in God's decrees »
(Es ist bestimmt in Gottes Rat).
Feuerbach, Anselm (foi'er-bäch). A Ger-
man archæologist, brother of Ludwig; born
Sept. 9, 1798; died Sept. 8, 1851. His Vatican
Apollo) (1833), and essays and studies in classic
art and art history, are of great merit and im-
portance.
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas. A noted Ger-
man philosopher; born in Landshut, July 28,
1804; died in the Reichenberg, near Nuremberg,
Sept. 13, 1872. He was a Hegelian and ma-
terialist whose opinions hindered a professional
career, and who devoted himself to metaphys.
ics in retirement; but in his masterpiece, (The
Essence of Christianity' (4th ed. 1883), he is no
longer a Hegelian. In his (Theogonie) (2d ed.
1866), he deals with worship from the historical
standpoint.
Feuerbach, Paul Johann Anselm von. An
eminent German criminalist and reformer of
the penal laws; born in Hainichen, near Jena,
Nov. 14, 1775; died at Frankfort-on-the-Main,
May 29, 1833. He is at his best in: (Review
of the Fundamental Principles and Ideals of
Penal Law) (1799); Exposition of Remarkable
Crimes) (1828); (Kaspar Hauser : An Instance
of a Crime against a Soul (1832).
Feuillet, Octave (fė-yā'). A distinguished
French novelist; born at St. LÔ, Aug. II, 1821 ;
died at Paris, Dec. 29, 1890. "The Great Old
Man) (1845) was his first story; but the (Ro-
mance of a Poor Young Man) (1858), which
was dramatized, first made him famous. Among
his numerous other novels are : «The History
of Sibylla) (1862), a romance of mysticism;
Julia de Trécour) (1872), dramatized as (The
Sphinx); (A Marriage in High Life) (1875);
(Story of a Parisienne); La Morte) (1886).
He was also a successful playwright: Mont-
joye) (1863) mirrored the moral rottenness of
the Second Empire. He was elected to the
Academy in 1863. Beginning as a young-girls'
novelist of the discreetest sort, he ended in
much the usual French fashion. *
Feuillet de Conches, Baron Félix Sébas-
tien (fė-yā dė konsh). A French writer of
biographical and historical miscellany; born
in Paris, Dec. 4, 1798; died there, Feb. 6, 1887.
Literary criticism is the mother of Metaphysi-
cal Meditations and Correspondence of Male-
branche) (1841) and Léopold Robert: His
Life, Labors, and Letters) (1849); while a gos-
sipy fluency imparts interest to "An Old Child's
Tales) (1860) and a History of the English
School of Painting (1883).
Féval, Paul (fā-väl'). A notable French nov-
elist; born at Rennes, Sept. 27, 1817; died at
Paris, March 8, 1887. His first story, 'The Seals'
Club) (1841), and others, having given him
some note, he was offered a large sum to write,
under the pseudonym Francis Trollope ) (as
though an Englishman), a sensational story
(The Mysteries of London,' after the manner
of Sue's Mysteries of Paris. It was done in
II vols. , was immensely successful, widely trans-
lated, and put on the stage. He remained a
very fertile, spirited, and popular writer, often
dramatized, with long runs. Especially success-
ful were : (The Son of the Devil) (1847); (The
Hunchback) (1858); Mrs. Gil Blas); (The
Last Man Alive) (1873); (The Wonders of Mt.
St. Michael (1879).
Feydeau, Ernest (fā-do'). A French novel-
ist (1821-73). His ill-famed story (Fanny)
(1858) had an unprecedented success. It was
followed by Daniel (1859); (Catherine d'Over-
meire) (1860); (Sylvie) (1861); and (A Début
at the Opera) (1863). Of his later works one
only had any marked success, (The Countess
de Chalis, or the Morals of our Day) (1868).
He tried, but with little success, to write for
the stage.
He repeatedly felt the need of
rebutting the charge of indecency: (On the
Luxury of Women ; on Morals, Literature, and
Virtue) (1866) is an elaborate apologia.
Ffraid, I. D. , pseudonym of John Evans.
A Welsh poet and essayist; born at Ty Mawr,
Llansantffraid yn Nghonwy, July 23, 1814; died
there (? ), March 4, 1876. He wrote brilliant
papers for the Baner and other journals; while
his (Mixed Poems) (Difyrwch Bechgyn Glanau
Conwy) (1835) aroused general admiration.
Fibiger, Johannes Henrik Tauber (fib'ê.
ger). A Danish poet; born at Nykjöbing, Jan.
27, 1821. He wrote dramas founded on Biblical
history, --( Jephtha's Daughter) (1849); (Jere-
miah) (1850); John the Baptist) (1857); also
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FICHTE - FIELDS
187
>
a few secular tragedies, the most notable among
them being 'Cross and Love) (1858) and (The
Everlasting Struggle' (1866); and a narrative
poem in 16 cantos, (The Gray Friars) (1882).
Fichte, Immanuel Hermann von (fiċh'te).
A German philosopher, son of Johann; born
in Jena, July 18, 1796; died in Stuttgart, Aug.
8, 1879. He was a mystic theist, but tried to
frame a compromise which should not exclude
disbelief in a supreme being. Speculative
Theology) (1847); “System of Ethics) (1850);
and “The Soul Question: A Philosophic Con-
fession (1859), are his typical works.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb. A celebrated Ger-
man philosopher; born at Rammenau in Upper
Lusatia, May 19, 1762; died at Berlin, Jan. 27,
1814. He wrote his treatise (Essay toward a
Critique of All Revelation (1792) as a "letter
of introduction to Kant. He was appointed
professor of philosophy in the University of Jena
in 1794 ; and the following year published his
Doctrine of Science,' a fundamental departure
from Kant. Of his philosophical writings the
most important are: (The Doctrine of Science)
(1794); (Foundations of the Whole Doctrine of
Science) (1794); Introduction to the Doctrine
of Science) (1798); “System of Moral Doctrine)
(1798); (Man's Destiny) (1800). *
Field, Mrs. Caroline Leslie (Whitney).
An American writer, daughter of Mrs. A. D. T.
Whitney; a native of Massachusetts. She is
a resident of Guilford, Conn. Her works are :
(High Lights) (1885), a novel; “The Unseen
King, and Other Poems) (1887).
Field, Eugene. An American poet and hu-
morous journalist; born at St. Louis, Mo. , Sept.
2, 1850; died Nov. 4, 1895. His latter years
were spent in Chicago. By his poems and
tales in the press he won a high reputation
in the West, which before his death had be-
come national. His poems for children are
admirable in their simplicity and in their sym-
pathetic insight into the child's world of thought
and feeling. His complete works comprise :
Love Songs of Childhood); (A Little Book
of Western Verse); (A Second Book of Verse);
(The Holy Cross, and Other Tales); (The Love
Affairs of a Bibliomaniac. ' He made, in col-
laboration with his brother Roswell Martin
Field, some good translations from Horace -
(Echoes from the Sabine Farm. *
Field, Henry Martyn. An American clergy-
man and scholar; born in Stockbridge, Mass. ,
April 3, 1822. He is a graduate of Williams
College, and was ordained to the ministry in
1812. In 1854 he became editor and proprietor
of the New York Evangelist. He has been a
lifelong traveler. Among his works
*Summer Pictures from Copenhagen to Venice)
(1859); (History of the Atlantic Telegraph)
(1866); (From the Lakes of Killarney to the
Golden Horn) (1876); (From Egypt to Japan)
(1878); (On the Desert! (1883); Among the
Holy Hills) (1883); (The Greek Islands and
Turkey after the War) (1885); (Our West-
ern Archipelago); (The Barbary Coast); (Old
Spain and New Spain); “Gibraltar); (Bright
Skies and Dark Shadows); (The Story of the
Atlantic Cable. )
Field, Kate. (Mary Katherine Kemble. ) An
American author and lecturer; born in St. Louis,
Mo. , about 1840; died in Honolulu, Hawaii,
May 19, 1896. During several years she was
European correspondent of the New York
Tribune and other journals. She founded Kate
Field's Washington (1889), in Washington,
D. C. Among her books are: Planchette's
Diary) (1868); (Ten Days in Spain) (1875);
(History of Bell's Telephone);(Life of Fechter);
etc.
Field, Maunsell Bradhurst. An American
prose and verse writer; born in New York
city, March 26, 1822; died there, Jan. 24, 1875.
Among his published works are a volume of
poems (1869). In collaboration with G. P. R.
James he wrote (Adrian; or the Clouds of the
Mind) (1852), and Memoirs of Many Men
and Some Women) (1874).
Fielding, Henry. A celebrated English nov-
elist; born at Sharpham Park, Somersetshire,
April 22, 1707, of the blood of the Hapsburgs;
died at Lisbon, Oct. 8, 1754. After ill success
as playwright and lawyer he wrote (The Ad-
ventures of Joseph Andrews) (1742), to bur-
lesque Richardson's Pamela'; it grew in his
hands into a strong novel of a new type, and
his career and fame were determined. His
masterpiece is (Tom Jones; or the History of
a Foundling) (1749). His last novel, (Amelia)
(1752), is characteristic of his sentiments rather
than of his genius.
