The truth is, however, that the fable of
Ganymede?
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
33.
-- Eutrop.
, 9, 8.
-- Zona-
ras. 12, 24, seqq. )
Gallinaria Svlva, a wood in Campania, near Li-
ternum, that furnished timber for the fleet with which
Sextus Pompeius infested the coasts of the Mediter-
ranean. {Strabo, 243. ) Juvenal mentions the spot
as a noted haunt of robbers and assassins. (Sat. , 3,
305. ) Cicero leads us to suppose that this wood lay
on the road from Sinuesss to Naples. (Ad Fam. , 9,
23. ) It is now celled Pineta di Cattel Volturno.
(Praiiili dHla Via Appia, p. 183. )
Gali. ogracia or Galatia, an extensive country of
Asia Minor, occupied by a horde of Gauls. This re-
gion being merely a dismembered portion of ancient
Phrygia, it will only be necessary here, in inquiring
into its former history, to account for its being occu-
pied by the Gauls or Gallo-Graeci, from whom its new
appellations were derived. We collect from Polybius
and Livy (the latter of whom, however, only copies
from the former), that this Asiatic colony was, in fact,
hut a detachment of those vast hordes which had wan-
dered from Gaul under the conduct of Brennus, and
with which that leader had invaded Greece On their
amval in Dardania, a dispute arose between some of
the chiefs and the principal commander, when the dis-
contented troops, to the number of 20,000, determined
to abandon the main body, and seek their fortunes else-
where, under the direction of Leonorius and Lutarius.
They traversed the plains of Thrace, and, encamping
lear Byzantium, were for a time the bane and terror
>>f the citizens, by the devastations they committed.
and the galling tribute they imposed. At length, how-
wer, tempted by the beautiful aspect of the shores of
Asia, and the reputed wealth and fertility of that coun-
try, they were easily induced to listen to the offers of
Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, for entering into his ser-
vice. They accordingly crossed the Bosporus, and
kaving joined the troops of Nicomedes, were of great
assistance to him in his wars with Zibcetes. They
oow obtained a firm footing in Asia Minor; and, though
not more than 20,000 men, and of these not more than
one half furnished with arms, they spread alarm and
consternation throughout the peninsula, and compelled
whole provinces and even empires to pay them tribute.
They even proceeded to divide the whole of Asia Mi-
nor among their three tribes, allotting to each a por-
tion on which it was to levy impositions. The Hel-
? ? lespont was assigned to the Trocmi, ^Eolis and Ionia
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? GAL
GAXllS.
imits ol Gallo-Graccia. It i>> known generally, that to
the west it bordered upon Phrygia Epictetus, and a
portion of Bithynia, north of the Sangarius: on the
north it ranged along the Bilhynian and Paphlagonian
chains, till it met the Halys, which separated it from
Cappadocia towards the east: on the south it was con-
tiguous to Lycaonia and part of Pisidia, till it met
? gain the Phrygian frontier, somewhere between the
sources of the Sangarius and Alander on the north.
{Cramers Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 79, seqq)
Gai. mis, I. Caius or Cnssus Sulpitius, was consul
B. C. 166. His name is honourably connected with
the history of ancient science, sinco he may be regard-
ed as the first individual among the Romans that turn-
ed his attention to astronomical studies. Liry states,
that, when a tribune in the army of Paulus . -Ennlius
in Maccdon, he foretold an eclipse of the moon, first
to the consul, and then, with his leave, to the Roman
army. The eclipse took place on the evening before
the great battle of Pydna, and the Romans, being pre-
pared for it, were under no alarm, while their oppo-
nents were terrified, and deemed it an omen of the fall
of their king Perses. (Lie, 44, 37. --Compare Cic,
de Scvcct. , 16. ) The date of this eclipse was 168
B. C. Now as the tables of Hipparchus only began
with 162 B. C. , Gallus must have availed himself of
Mime (probably Oriental) mode earlier than that of
Hipparchus, but which has not come down to us. A
passage in Pliny (2, 19) would seem to have reference
to a work composed by Gallus, which may have been a
treatise on eclipses, and such, indeed, is the opinion of
Hardouin (Ad Ptin. , I. c). Cicero praises the as-
trcnomical knowledge of Gallus (de Senecl. , 16), and
L vy, Valerius Majumus, and Frontinus have not for
gotten his name. He is said to have repudiated h't
wife because she appesred on one occssion in pub1 c
without a veil. (Vol. Max. , 6,3, 10. )--II. Cornelii s,
a distinguished Roman, ranked among the chief of'he
Liiim elegiac writers, and compared by Quintilian ~*ith
Tibullus, Propertius, ind Ovid. He was born r. i ooor
? id ignoble parents, A. U. C. 685. Forum J>>ilii is said
? o have been the place of his birth (Chrvn. Euseb),
cut there were two towns of tl>>>t /tame within the
boundaries of the Roman empire. The one, since call-
ed Friuii, lay within the district of that name; the other
(now Frejus, in Provence) was situate on the south-
ern coast of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonen-
sis. Some writers have fixed on the former as the
birthplace of Gallus (Hist. Lit. Aquileiensis, lib. 1,8.
--Liruli, Notiz. dell' Vite ed Opere de Let. de Friuii,
vol. 1, p. 2--Tiraboschi, vol. 1, pt. 1, lib. 3, 1), but a
greater number have maintained that he was a native of
Frejus. (Hist. Litt. de la France, par let Bencdictins.
--Fuhrmann, Handbuch, &c, p. 286. --Harles, In-
trod, in Not. Lit. Rom. , vol. 1, p. 333-- Muller, Ein-
leitung, vol. 2, p. 232 ) The Euscbian chronicle is
the authority which places his birth at Forum Julii;
but, owing to a corruption in some of the manuscripts
of that chronicle, Forum Livii being substituted in its
room, a few writers have supposed that he was born
at that town, now Forli, in the Romagna. (Flavins
Blondus, Jtal. lllustrala. --Morgapni, Opv. sc. Miscell. )
From the obscurity of his birth and of his original sit-
uation, little is known concerning the early years of
Gallus. He is first mentioned in history as accompany-
ing Octavius when he marched to Rome, after the bat-
tle of Modena, to demand the consulship. He had
? ? soon so far ingratiated himself with this leader, that we
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? GALLUS.
GALLUS.
throughout all Egypt, and engraving a record of his
exploits on the pyramids. In unguarded hours, and
when under the influence of the double intoxication of
prosperity and wine, he applied to his master the most
opprobrious and insulting expressions. (Iho Can. ,
53, 33. ) Indiscretion and vanity were quickly fol-
lowed by acts of misgovemment and rapine. He
plundered the ancient city of Thebes, and stripped it
of its principal ornaments (Ammianus Mareell. , 16, 4),
? nd he is even said, though on no very certain au-
thority, to have filled up the measure of his offences
by conspiring against the life of the emperor. In con-
sequence of his misconduct, and of those unguard-
ed expressions, which were probably conveyed to his
master, with exaggeration, by some fulsc friend or
enemy, he was recalled in the fifth year of his gov-
ernment; and immediately after his return to Rome,
one of his most intimate friends, called I. argus, stood
forth as bis accuser. Augustus, in the mean while,
forbade him his presence; and the charges, which now
multiplied from every quarter, were brought before the
senate. Though Gallus had many friends among the
poets, he had few among the senators. No one could
refuse verses to Gallus, but a fair hearing was proba-
bly denied him. He was sentenced to perpetual exile,
and his whole property was confiscated. (Dio Cat*. ,
53, 23. ) Unable to endure the humiliation, which
presented such a contrast to his former brilliant for-
tune, he terminated his existence by a voluntary death.
This sad conclusion to his once prosperous career took
place A. U. C. 727, when he was in the forty-third year
of bis age. Augustus is said to have mourned the
death which his severity had thus occasioned; and
Suetonius, in the life of that emperor (c. 66), has de-
scribed the feelings which he expressed on receiving
intelligence of his melancholy fate. But his sorrow
probably was not sincere; and, if wc may believe
Donatus, he ungenerously carried his resentment so far
beyond the tomb, as to command Virgil to expunge
an eulogy on Gallus, which he had introduced near
me conclusion of the Georgics, and to substitute in its
place the story of Aristsus and the bees, which, how-
ever beautiful in itself, does not compensate for the
loss of the poet's delineation of an eminent friend, by
whom i. e was warmly patronised, and whom, in re-
turn, he warmly loved. --The guilt or the misfortunes
of Gallus as a statesman have been long since forgot-
ten, and he is now remembered only as a distinguished
patron of learning, and as an elegant poet. Gallus
was the friend of Pollio and Maccnas, and rivalled
them, through life, as an eminent promoter of the in-
terests of literature. He protected Parthenius Nice-
nus, a Greek author, who bad been brought to Rome
during tho Milhradalic war, and who inscribed to him
bis collection of amorous mythological stories, entitled
ttepi ipuriKuv noBtiiULTuv, declaring, in his dedica-
tion, that he addressed tbe work to Gallus, as likely to
furnish incidents which might be employed by him in
the poems he was then writing. But Gallus is best
known to posterity as the patron of Virgil, whom he
introduced to the notice of Maecenas, and as also in-
strumental in obtaining for him restitution of his farm,
after the partition of the lands among the soldiery.
(Probut, Vit. Virg. ) In gratitude for these and other
favours conferred on him, the Mantuan bard has in-
troduced an elegant compliment to Gallus in the sixth
eclogue; and has devoted the tenth to the celebration
? ? of his passion for Lycoris. The real name of this fe-
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? GAN
OAR
OhoabidjE, a people near the mouths of the Gan-
ges. Ptolemy assign-a them a capital, called Ganga
fvegia, on the western aide of the Ganges, which
D'Anville places in latitude 24? flu", and makes the
site to coincide with thai of Raji-mohol. The Gan-
garida* were allies of the Prasii, who lay nearer the
Indus towards the northwest. The united forces of
these two nations awaited the army of Alexander on
l'ic other side of the Hyphasis; but report made them
so formidable for numbers and valour, that the wearied
and alarmed Macedonians refused to cross the stream,
? n spite of all the efforts and remonstrances of their
king. (Justin, 12, 8. --Curl. , 9, 2. --Virg. , JEn. , 3,
27. )
Ganges, a famous river of India, which, in the lan-
guage of Hindustan, is called Padda, and is alsc
named Burra Gonga, or the Great River, and Gonga,
or the river, by way of eminence; and hence the Eu-
ropean name of the stream is derived. The Sanscrit
name of the Ganges (Padda) signifies foot, because
the Brahmins, in their fabulous legends, make the
river to flow from the foot of Beschan, who is the
same with Vischnou, or the preserving deity. This
great stream, together with the Burrampooter, whose
twin-sister it haa not unaptly been denominated, has
its source in the vast mountains of Thibet. It seeks
considered peculiarly holy. The places most super
stitiously revered are the junctions of riven, called
Prayags, the principal of which ii that of the Jumna
with the Ganges at Allahabad. In the British courts
of justice, the water of the Ganges is used for swear
ing Hindus, as the Koran is for Mohammedans, and
the Gospel for Christians. (Malte-Brun, Gcogr. , to!
3, p. 18, scqq. )
Gangiticus Sinus, now the Bay of Bengal, ij to
which the Ganges falls.
Ganyhedks, son of Tros and of Callirhoe daughter
of the Scamander. He was remarkable for his beau
ty, and on this account, according to the legend, was
carried off to Olympus by an eagle, to be the cup-
bearer of Jove, who gave Tros, as a compensation,
some horses of the Olympian breed. (Horn. , 11, 5,
265, sea. --Id. to. , 20, 234, scq. --Horn. , Hymn, 4,
202. ) One of the Cyclic poets (up. Schot. adEurip,
Orest. , 1390) said, that Jupiter gave Laomedon a gold-
en vine for Ganymede. The son of Troa succeeded
Hebe as cup-bearer of the skies. (Vid. Hebe. ) They
who wish to give en historical aspect to this legend,
make Ganymedes to have been carried off by Tantalus.
The truth is, however, that the fable of Ganymede? ,
according to Knight, seems to have arisen from some
symbolical composition, representing the act of fructi-
the plains of Hindustan by the west, and pursues the fying nature, attended by Power end Wisdom: and
early part of its course through rugged valleys and de-
files. After wandering about eight hundred milea
through these mountainous regions, it issues forth a
this composition would appear to have been at first
misunderstood, and afterward misrepresented in poeli
cal fiction. For the lines in the Iliad alluding to ii
deity to the superstitious yet gladdened Hindu. This ' are, as Knight maintains, spurious; and, according tc
river was unknown to Herodotus, as he does not men-1 Pindar, the most orthodox, perhaps, of all the poets,
lion it, though it became famous in a century after-
ward. Ita source was for a long period involved in
obscurity. A survey, however, has been recently made
Ganymede was not the son of Troa, but a mighty
genius or deity, who regulated or caused the over-
flowings of the Nile hy the motion of his feel (ScSol
? ? by the British-Indian government, and it haa been i in Aral. Phanom. , v. 282. ) His being, therefore,
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? G AZ
G El.
from PlaUea, on Mount Cithaeron, towards tbo Athe-
nian frontier. (Gell, /fin. , p. 112. )
Gakoarcs (plur. a, orum), one of the summits of
Ida, the roots of which formed the promontory of Lec-
tins. It is generally supposed to have been the high-
eat peak of the range, but this honour must be assigned
to the ancient Colylus. (Hobhouse's Travels, Lett. 42. )
On Gargarus was a town named Gargara. (Strabo,
621 ) Dr. Hunt gives an interesting account of his
ascent of Gargarus. He found the summit covered
with snow, and mentions the following particular rela-
tive to its ancient name. "I have ventured to record
a circumstance which proves on how fanciful a founda-
tion etymological reasonings arc founded. Our guide,
when he pointed expressively to the snow on the top
of the mountain, repeated the words Gar,gar,' Snow,
snow,' in which an enthusiastic topographer of the Iliad
would easily have traced the ancient name of Garga-
rus. " (Walpde's Memoirs, vol. 1, p. 122. -- Com-
pare, in relation to Gargarus, Clarke's Travels, Greece,
Egypt, <Stc, vol. 3, p. 166. )
Garoettus, a dermis or borough of the tribe iEge'is
in Attica, where Eurystheus is said to have been bu-
ried. (Steph. Byz. , s. v. --Slrabo, 377. ) It was the
birthplace of Epicurus. (Diog. Laert. , 10, 1 ) The
modern Krabato is supposed to occupy its site. (. S7<<-
arfs Ant. of Ath. , 3, p. 16. --Span. , vol. 2, p. 104 --
GeU's IHn. , p. 75. )
Garcuna, now the Garonne, a river of Gaul, which
rises in the valley of Arran, to the south of Bertrand,
among the Pyrenees, and falls into the Oceanus Can-
tabricus, or Bay of Biscay. The general course of
this river, which extends to about 250 miles, is north-
west. After its junction with the Duranius or Dor-
iogne, below Burdegala or Bourdeauz, it assumes the
name of Gironde. According to Julius Cesar's divis-
ion of Gallia, the Garumna was the boundary of Aqui-
ania, and separated that district from Gallia Celtica.
Itus river is navigable to Tolosa or Toulouse, and
communicates with the Mediterranean by means of the
ar. al of Louis XIV. , about 180 miles long, made
through Languedoe. (Mela, 3,2. --Manncrt, Geogr. ,
vol. 2, p. 117. )
Gaiioamela, a village of Assyria, in the district of
Atoria, and about 500 atadia from Arbela. (Aman,
6,1 ) The battle between Alexander and Darius took
place near this spot; but, as Arbela was a considera-
ble town, the Greeks chose to distinguish the conflict
by the name of the latter. Gaugamela is said to have
signified, in Persian, "the house of the camel," and to
hare been so called because Darius, the son of Hys-
taspes. having escaped upon his camel across the des-
erts of Scythia, when retreating from the latter coun-
try, placed the animal here, and appointed the revenue
of certain villages for its maintenance. (Plut. , Vil.
Alex, c. 31. )
Gavlds, I. a small island adjacent to Mclite or
Malta, now called Gozo. (Plin. , 3, 8. )--II. Another
below the south shore of Crete, now called Gozo of
Candia, for distinction' sake from Gozo of Malta.
Giuacs, a ndg: of mountains bordering on Lake
4vernus, a-1 now cillcd Monte Barbaro. It was fa-
mous for its wines. [Lucan 2, 665, seqq--Sil. Ital. ,
*, 534-- Stat. Sur . 3, 5, 99. )
G>>zi, one of the five Philistine satrapies or princi-
palities, situate towards the southern extremity of Ca-
naan, about 16 miles south of Ascalon (Itin. Am. , p.
? ? 150). and a small distance from the Mediterranean.
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? GEL
GEM
detunes. Agathoclrs, suspecting the inhabitants of
favouring the Carthaginians, suddenly made himself
master of Gela, put to death 4000 of the wealthiest
citizens, confiscated their property, and placed a gar-
rison in the city. The final blow was at last received
from its own colony Agrigentum. Phintias, tyrant of
this latter place, wishing to perpetuate his name, built
the small but commodious city of Phintias, called after
himsetf, and transferred (o it all the inhabitants of Gela.
From jiis period, therefore, 404 years after its found-
ation, the city of Gela ceased to exist. On a part of
the ancient site stands the modern Terra Nova. The
plains around Gela (Campi Geloi) were famed for
their fertility and beauty. (Diod. Sic, 11, 25. --Id. ,
13, 98. --Id. , 19, 108--Id. , 20, 31. --Id. , 22, 2. --
>S( abo, 418. --Manner! , Geogr. , vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 345. )
(ikllids, Aui. us (or, as some manuscripts give the
name, Agellius), a Latin grammarian, born at Rome
in the early part of the second century, and who died
at the beginning of the reign of Marcus Aurclius. We
have but few particulars of his life. We know that he
studied rhetoric under Cornelius Fronto at Rome, and
philosophy under Phavorinus at Athens, and that, on
his return to Rome, while still at an early age, he was
made one of the centumviri or judges in civil causes.
{Noel. Alt. , 14, 2. ) Gellius has left behind him one
work entitled Noetes Attica, "Attic Nights. " It was
written, as he informs us in the preface, during the
winter evenings in Attica, to amuse his children in
their hours of relaxation. It appears, from his own
account, that he had been accustomed to keep a com-
monplace book, in which he entered whatever he heard
in conversation, or met with in his private reading, that
appeared worthy of remembrance. In composing his
"Koctes Attica" he seems merely to havo copied the
contents of his commonplace book, with a little altera-
tion in the language, but without any attempt at class-
ification X arrangement. The work contains anec-
dotes and arguments, scraps of history and pieces
of poetry, and dissertations on various points in phi-
kcophy, geometry, and grammar. Amid much that
U trifling and puerile, we obtain information on many
oubjects relating to antiquity, of which we must other-
wise have been ignorant. It is divided into twenty
books, which are alill extant, excepting the eighth and
the beginning of the seventh. He mentions, in the
conclusion of his preface, his intention of continuing
the work, which he probably, however, never carried
into effect. --The style of Aulus Gellius is in general
negligent and incorrect. In his eagerness to imitate
the old writers, he is often carried too far, and intro-
duces too many forms of expression from the earlier
comic poets, whom he seems most anxious to take for
his models in this respect. That he invented, how-
ever, any new terms himself seems hardly credible.
The best editions of Aulus Gellius are, that of Grono-
vius, Lugd. Bat. , 1706, 4to, and that of Lion, Got-
ting. . 1824, 2 vols. 8vo. 'Scholl, Hist. Lit. Rom. ,
vol. 3, p. 310. -- Jiahr, Gcsch. Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, p.
719. )
Gelon, a native of Gela in Sicily, who rose from
the station of a private citizen to be supreme ruler of
Gela and Syracuse. He was descended from an an-
cient family, which originally came from Trios, an isl-
and off the coast of Caria, and settled at Gela, when
it was first colonized by the Rhodians. During the
time that Hippocrates reigned at Gele (B. C. 498-491),
? ? Gelon was appointed commander of the cavalry, and
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? GEN
GEO
ram, to bt exposed to the gaze of the multitude. ( Vol.
Max. , 6, 9--Liv. , 33, 59. )
Gcnabcm, a town of the Aureliani, on the Ligeris
? r Loire, which ran through it. It wao afterward called
Aureliani, from the name of the people, and is now
Orleans. (CiU. , B. C, 7, 3--Lueaie, 1, 440. )
Genaoni, a people'of Vindelicia. (Vid. Brenni. )
GenIva, a city of the AUobroges, at the western
extremity of the Lacus Lemanus or Lake of Geneva,
tn the south bank of the Rhodanus or Rhone. The
modern name is the same as the ancient. (Cass. ,
B. G. , 1, 6. )
Genskric (more correctly Gp<seri<;ii), king of the
Vandals, was the illegitimate brother of Gondcric,
whom he succeeded A. D. 429.
ras. 12, 24, seqq. )
Gallinaria Svlva, a wood in Campania, near Li-
ternum, that furnished timber for the fleet with which
Sextus Pompeius infested the coasts of the Mediter-
ranean. {Strabo, 243. ) Juvenal mentions the spot
as a noted haunt of robbers and assassins. (Sat. , 3,
305. ) Cicero leads us to suppose that this wood lay
on the road from Sinuesss to Naples. (Ad Fam. , 9,
23. ) It is now celled Pineta di Cattel Volturno.
(Praiiili dHla Via Appia, p. 183. )
Gali. ogracia or Galatia, an extensive country of
Asia Minor, occupied by a horde of Gauls. This re-
gion being merely a dismembered portion of ancient
Phrygia, it will only be necessary here, in inquiring
into its former history, to account for its being occu-
pied by the Gauls or Gallo-Graeci, from whom its new
appellations were derived. We collect from Polybius
and Livy (the latter of whom, however, only copies
from the former), that this Asiatic colony was, in fact,
hut a detachment of those vast hordes which had wan-
dered from Gaul under the conduct of Brennus, and
with which that leader had invaded Greece On their
amval in Dardania, a dispute arose between some of
the chiefs and the principal commander, when the dis-
contented troops, to the number of 20,000, determined
to abandon the main body, and seek their fortunes else-
where, under the direction of Leonorius and Lutarius.
They traversed the plains of Thrace, and, encamping
lear Byzantium, were for a time the bane and terror
>>f the citizens, by the devastations they committed.
and the galling tribute they imposed. At length, how-
wer, tempted by the beautiful aspect of the shores of
Asia, and the reputed wealth and fertility of that coun-
try, they were easily induced to listen to the offers of
Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, for entering into his ser-
vice. They accordingly crossed the Bosporus, and
kaving joined the troops of Nicomedes, were of great
assistance to him in his wars with Zibcetes. They
oow obtained a firm footing in Asia Minor; and, though
not more than 20,000 men, and of these not more than
one half furnished with arms, they spread alarm and
consternation throughout the peninsula, and compelled
whole provinces and even empires to pay them tribute.
They even proceeded to divide the whole of Asia Mi-
nor among their three tribes, allotting to each a por-
tion on which it was to levy impositions. The Hel-
? ? lespont was assigned to the Trocmi, ^Eolis and Ionia
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? GAL
GAXllS.
imits ol Gallo-Graccia. It i>> known generally, that to
the west it bordered upon Phrygia Epictetus, and a
portion of Bithynia, north of the Sangarius: on the
north it ranged along the Bilhynian and Paphlagonian
chains, till it met the Halys, which separated it from
Cappadocia towards the east: on the south it was con-
tiguous to Lycaonia and part of Pisidia, till it met
? gain the Phrygian frontier, somewhere between the
sources of the Sangarius and Alander on the north.
{Cramers Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 79, seqq)
Gai. mis, I. Caius or Cnssus Sulpitius, was consul
B. C. 166. His name is honourably connected with
the history of ancient science, sinco he may be regard-
ed as the first individual among the Romans that turn-
ed his attention to astronomical studies. Liry states,
that, when a tribune in the army of Paulus . -Ennlius
in Maccdon, he foretold an eclipse of the moon, first
to the consul, and then, with his leave, to the Roman
army. The eclipse took place on the evening before
the great battle of Pydna, and the Romans, being pre-
pared for it, were under no alarm, while their oppo-
nents were terrified, and deemed it an omen of the fall
of their king Perses. (Lie, 44, 37. --Compare Cic,
de Scvcct. , 16. ) The date of this eclipse was 168
B. C. Now as the tables of Hipparchus only began
with 162 B. C. , Gallus must have availed himself of
Mime (probably Oriental) mode earlier than that of
Hipparchus, but which has not come down to us. A
passage in Pliny (2, 19) would seem to have reference
to a work composed by Gallus, which may have been a
treatise on eclipses, and such, indeed, is the opinion of
Hardouin (Ad Ptin. , I. c). Cicero praises the as-
trcnomical knowledge of Gallus (de Senecl. , 16), and
L vy, Valerius Majumus, and Frontinus have not for
gotten his name. He is said to have repudiated h't
wife because she appesred on one occssion in pub1 c
without a veil. (Vol. Max. , 6,3, 10. )--II. Cornelii s,
a distinguished Roman, ranked among the chief of'he
Liiim elegiac writers, and compared by Quintilian ~*ith
Tibullus, Propertius, ind Ovid. He was born r. i ooor
? id ignoble parents, A. U. C. 685. Forum J>>ilii is said
? o have been the place of his birth (Chrvn. Euseb),
cut there were two towns of tl>>>t /tame within the
boundaries of the Roman empire. The one, since call-
ed Friuii, lay within the district of that name; the other
(now Frejus, in Provence) was situate on the south-
ern coast of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonen-
sis. Some writers have fixed on the former as the
birthplace of Gallus (Hist. Lit. Aquileiensis, lib. 1,8.
--Liruli, Notiz. dell' Vite ed Opere de Let. de Friuii,
vol. 1, p. 2--Tiraboschi, vol. 1, pt. 1, lib. 3, 1), but a
greater number have maintained that he was a native of
Frejus. (Hist. Litt. de la France, par let Bencdictins.
--Fuhrmann, Handbuch, &c, p. 286. --Harles, In-
trod, in Not. Lit. Rom. , vol. 1, p. 333-- Muller, Ein-
leitung, vol. 2, p. 232 ) The Euscbian chronicle is
the authority which places his birth at Forum Julii;
but, owing to a corruption in some of the manuscripts
of that chronicle, Forum Livii being substituted in its
room, a few writers have supposed that he was born
at that town, now Forli, in the Romagna. (Flavins
Blondus, Jtal. lllustrala. --Morgapni, Opv. sc. Miscell. )
From the obscurity of his birth and of his original sit-
uation, little is known concerning the early years of
Gallus. He is first mentioned in history as accompany-
ing Octavius when he marched to Rome, after the bat-
tle of Modena, to demand the consulship. He had
? ? soon so far ingratiated himself with this leader, that we
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? GALLUS.
GALLUS.
throughout all Egypt, and engraving a record of his
exploits on the pyramids. In unguarded hours, and
when under the influence of the double intoxication of
prosperity and wine, he applied to his master the most
opprobrious and insulting expressions. (Iho Can. ,
53, 33. ) Indiscretion and vanity were quickly fol-
lowed by acts of misgovemment and rapine. He
plundered the ancient city of Thebes, and stripped it
of its principal ornaments (Ammianus Mareell. , 16, 4),
? nd he is even said, though on no very certain au-
thority, to have filled up the measure of his offences
by conspiring against the life of the emperor. In con-
sequence of his misconduct, and of those unguard-
ed expressions, which were probably conveyed to his
master, with exaggeration, by some fulsc friend or
enemy, he was recalled in the fifth year of his gov-
ernment; and immediately after his return to Rome,
one of his most intimate friends, called I. argus, stood
forth as bis accuser. Augustus, in the mean while,
forbade him his presence; and the charges, which now
multiplied from every quarter, were brought before the
senate. Though Gallus had many friends among the
poets, he had few among the senators. No one could
refuse verses to Gallus, but a fair hearing was proba-
bly denied him. He was sentenced to perpetual exile,
and his whole property was confiscated. (Dio Cat*. ,
53, 23. ) Unable to endure the humiliation, which
presented such a contrast to his former brilliant for-
tune, he terminated his existence by a voluntary death.
This sad conclusion to his once prosperous career took
place A. U. C. 727, when he was in the forty-third year
of bis age. Augustus is said to have mourned the
death which his severity had thus occasioned; and
Suetonius, in the life of that emperor (c. 66), has de-
scribed the feelings which he expressed on receiving
intelligence of his melancholy fate. But his sorrow
probably was not sincere; and, if wc may believe
Donatus, he ungenerously carried his resentment so far
beyond the tomb, as to command Virgil to expunge
an eulogy on Gallus, which he had introduced near
me conclusion of the Georgics, and to substitute in its
place the story of Aristsus and the bees, which, how-
ever beautiful in itself, does not compensate for the
loss of the poet's delineation of an eminent friend, by
whom i. e was warmly patronised, and whom, in re-
turn, he warmly loved. --The guilt or the misfortunes
of Gallus as a statesman have been long since forgot-
ten, and he is now remembered only as a distinguished
patron of learning, and as an elegant poet. Gallus
was the friend of Pollio and Maccnas, and rivalled
them, through life, as an eminent promoter of the in-
terests of literature. He protected Parthenius Nice-
nus, a Greek author, who bad been brought to Rome
during tho Milhradalic war, and who inscribed to him
bis collection of amorous mythological stories, entitled
ttepi ipuriKuv noBtiiULTuv, declaring, in his dedica-
tion, that he addressed tbe work to Gallus, as likely to
furnish incidents which might be employed by him in
the poems he was then writing. But Gallus is best
known to posterity as the patron of Virgil, whom he
introduced to the notice of Maecenas, and as also in-
strumental in obtaining for him restitution of his farm,
after the partition of the lands among the soldiery.
(Probut, Vit. Virg. ) In gratitude for these and other
favours conferred on him, the Mantuan bard has in-
troduced an elegant compliment to Gallus in the sixth
eclogue; and has devoted the tenth to the celebration
? ? of his passion for Lycoris. The real name of this fe-
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? GAN
OAR
OhoabidjE, a people near the mouths of the Gan-
ges. Ptolemy assign-a them a capital, called Ganga
fvegia, on the western aide of the Ganges, which
D'Anville places in latitude 24? flu", and makes the
site to coincide with thai of Raji-mohol. The Gan-
garida* were allies of the Prasii, who lay nearer the
Indus towards the northwest. The united forces of
these two nations awaited the army of Alexander on
l'ic other side of the Hyphasis; but report made them
so formidable for numbers and valour, that the wearied
and alarmed Macedonians refused to cross the stream,
? n spite of all the efforts and remonstrances of their
king. (Justin, 12, 8. --Curl. , 9, 2. --Virg. , JEn. , 3,
27. )
Ganges, a famous river of India, which, in the lan-
guage of Hindustan, is called Padda, and is alsc
named Burra Gonga, or the Great River, and Gonga,
or the river, by way of eminence; and hence the Eu-
ropean name of the stream is derived. The Sanscrit
name of the Ganges (Padda) signifies foot, because
the Brahmins, in their fabulous legends, make the
river to flow from the foot of Beschan, who is the
same with Vischnou, or the preserving deity. This
great stream, together with the Burrampooter, whose
twin-sister it haa not unaptly been denominated, has
its source in the vast mountains of Thibet. It seeks
considered peculiarly holy. The places most super
stitiously revered are the junctions of riven, called
Prayags, the principal of which ii that of the Jumna
with the Ganges at Allahabad. In the British courts
of justice, the water of the Ganges is used for swear
ing Hindus, as the Koran is for Mohammedans, and
the Gospel for Christians. (Malte-Brun, Gcogr. , to!
3, p. 18, scqq. )
Gangiticus Sinus, now the Bay of Bengal, ij to
which the Ganges falls.
Ganyhedks, son of Tros and of Callirhoe daughter
of the Scamander. He was remarkable for his beau
ty, and on this account, according to the legend, was
carried off to Olympus by an eagle, to be the cup-
bearer of Jove, who gave Tros, as a compensation,
some horses of the Olympian breed. (Horn. , 11, 5,
265, sea. --Id. to. , 20, 234, scq. --Horn. , Hymn, 4,
202. ) One of the Cyclic poets (up. Schot. adEurip,
Orest. , 1390) said, that Jupiter gave Laomedon a gold-
en vine for Ganymede. The son of Troa succeeded
Hebe as cup-bearer of the skies. (Vid. Hebe. ) They
who wish to give en historical aspect to this legend,
make Ganymedes to have been carried off by Tantalus.
The truth is, however, that the fable of Ganymede? ,
according to Knight, seems to have arisen from some
symbolical composition, representing the act of fructi-
the plains of Hindustan by the west, and pursues the fying nature, attended by Power end Wisdom: and
early part of its course through rugged valleys and de-
files. After wandering about eight hundred milea
through these mountainous regions, it issues forth a
this composition would appear to have been at first
misunderstood, and afterward misrepresented in poeli
cal fiction. For the lines in the Iliad alluding to ii
deity to the superstitious yet gladdened Hindu. This ' are, as Knight maintains, spurious; and, according tc
river was unknown to Herodotus, as he does not men-1 Pindar, the most orthodox, perhaps, of all the poets,
lion it, though it became famous in a century after-
ward. Ita source was for a long period involved in
obscurity. A survey, however, has been recently made
Ganymede was not the son of Troa, but a mighty
genius or deity, who regulated or caused the over-
flowings of the Nile hy the motion of his feel (ScSol
? ? by the British-Indian government, and it haa been i in Aral. Phanom. , v. 282. ) His being, therefore,
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? G AZ
G El.
from PlaUea, on Mount Cithaeron, towards tbo Athe-
nian frontier. (Gell, /fin. , p. 112. )
Gakoarcs (plur. a, orum), one of the summits of
Ida, the roots of which formed the promontory of Lec-
tins. It is generally supposed to have been the high-
eat peak of the range, but this honour must be assigned
to the ancient Colylus. (Hobhouse's Travels, Lett. 42. )
On Gargarus was a town named Gargara. (Strabo,
621 ) Dr. Hunt gives an interesting account of his
ascent of Gargarus. He found the summit covered
with snow, and mentions the following particular rela-
tive to its ancient name. "I have ventured to record
a circumstance which proves on how fanciful a founda-
tion etymological reasonings arc founded. Our guide,
when he pointed expressively to the snow on the top
of the mountain, repeated the words Gar,gar,' Snow,
snow,' in which an enthusiastic topographer of the Iliad
would easily have traced the ancient name of Garga-
rus. " (Walpde's Memoirs, vol. 1, p. 122. -- Com-
pare, in relation to Gargarus, Clarke's Travels, Greece,
Egypt, <Stc, vol. 3, p. 166. )
Garoettus, a dermis or borough of the tribe iEge'is
in Attica, where Eurystheus is said to have been bu-
ried. (Steph. Byz. , s. v. --Slrabo, 377. ) It was the
birthplace of Epicurus. (Diog. Laert. , 10, 1 ) The
modern Krabato is supposed to occupy its site. (. S7<<-
arfs Ant. of Ath. , 3, p. 16. --Span. , vol. 2, p. 104 --
GeU's IHn. , p. 75. )
Garcuna, now the Garonne, a river of Gaul, which
rises in the valley of Arran, to the south of Bertrand,
among the Pyrenees, and falls into the Oceanus Can-
tabricus, or Bay of Biscay. The general course of
this river, which extends to about 250 miles, is north-
west. After its junction with the Duranius or Dor-
iogne, below Burdegala or Bourdeauz, it assumes the
name of Gironde. According to Julius Cesar's divis-
ion of Gallia, the Garumna was the boundary of Aqui-
ania, and separated that district from Gallia Celtica.
Itus river is navigable to Tolosa or Toulouse, and
communicates with the Mediterranean by means of the
ar. al of Louis XIV. , about 180 miles long, made
through Languedoe. (Mela, 3,2. --Manncrt, Geogr. ,
vol. 2, p. 117. )
Gaiioamela, a village of Assyria, in the district of
Atoria, and about 500 atadia from Arbela. (Aman,
6,1 ) The battle between Alexander and Darius took
place near this spot; but, as Arbela was a considera-
ble town, the Greeks chose to distinguish the conflict
by the name of the latter. Gaugamela is said to have
signified, in Persian, "the house of the camel," and to
hare been so called because Darius, the son of Hys-
taspes. having escaped upon his camel across the des-
erts of Scythia, when retreating from the latter coun-
try, placed the animal here, and appointed the revenue
of certain villages for its maintenance. (Plut. , Vil.
Alex, c. 31. )
Gavlds, I. a small island adjacent to Mclite or
Malta, now called Gozo. (Plin. , 3, 8. )--II. Another
below the south shore of Crete, now called Gozo of
Candia, for distinction' sake from Gozo of Malta.
Giuacs, a ndg: of mountains bordering on Lake
4vernus, a-1 now cillcd Monte Barbaro. It was fa-
mous for its wines. [Lucan 2, 665, seqq--Sil. Ital. ,
*, 534-- Stat. Sur . 3, 5, 99. )
G>>zi, one of the five Philistine satrapies or princi-
palities, situate towards the southern extremity of Ca-
naan, about 16 miles south of Ascalon (Itin. Am. , p.
? ? 150). and a small distance from the Mediterranean.
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? GEL
GEM
detunes. Agathoclrs, suspecting the inhabitants of
favouring the Carthaginians, suddenly made himself
master of Gela, put to death 4000 of the wealthiest
citizens, confiscated their property, and placed a gar-
rison in the city. The final blow was at last received
from its own colony Agrigentum. Phintias, tyrant of
this latter place, wishing to perpetuate his name, built
the small but commodious city of Phintias, called after
himsetf, and transferred (o it all the inhabitants of Gela.
From jiis period, therefore, 404 years after its found-
ation, the city of Gela ceased to exist. On a part of
the ancient site stands the modern Terra Nova. The
plains around Gela (Campi Geloi) were famed for
their fertility and beauty. (Diod. Sic, 11, 25. --Id. ,
13, 98. --Id. , 19, 108--Id. , 20, 31. --Id. , 22, 2. --
>S( abo, 418. --Manner! , Geogr. , vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 345. )
(ikllids, Aui. us (or, as some manuscripts give the
name, Agellius), a Latin grammarian, born at Rome
in the early part of the second century, and who died
at the beginning of the reign of Marcus Aurclius. We
have but few particulars of his life. We know that he
studied rhetoric under Cornelius Fronto at Rome, and
philosophy under Phavorinus at Athens, and that, on
his return to Rome, while still at an early age, he was
made one of the centumviri or judges in civil causes.
{Noel. Alt. , 14, 2. ) Gellius has left behind him one
work entitled Noetes Attica, "Attic Nights. " It was
written, as he informs us in the preface, during the
winter evenings in Attica, to amuse his children in
their hours of relaxation. It appears, from his own
account, that he had been accustomed to keep a com-
monplace book, in which he entered whatever he heard
in conversation, or met with in his private reading, that
appeared worthy of remembrance. In composing his
"Koctes Attica" he seems merely to havo copied the
contents of his commonplace book, with a little altera-
tion in the language, but without any attempt at class-
ification X arrangement. The work contains anec-
dotes and arguments, scraps of history and pieces
of poetry, and dissertations on various points in phi-
kcophy, geometry, and grammar. Amid much that
U trifling and puerile, we obtain information on many
oubjects relating to antiquity, of which we must other-
wise have been ignorant. It is divided into twenty
books, which are alill extant, excepting the eighth and
the beginning of the seventh. He mentions, in the
conclusion of his preface, his intention of continuing
the work, which he probably, however, never carried
into effect. --The style of Aulus Gellius is in general
negligent and incorrect. In his eagerness to imitate
the old writers, he is often carried too far, and intro-
duces too many forms of expression from the earlier
comic poets, whom he seems most anxious to take for
his models in this respect. That he invented, how-
ever, any new terms himself seems hardly credible.
The best editions of Aulus Gellius are, that of Grono-
vius, Lugd. Bat. , 1706, 4to, and that of Lion, Got-
ting. . 1824, 2 vols. 8vo. 'Scholl, Hist. Lit. Rom. ,
vol. 3, p. 310. -- Jiahr, Gcsch. Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, p.
719. )
Gelon, a native of Gela in Sicily, who rose from
the station of a private citizen to be supreme ruler of
Gela and Syracuse. He was descended from an an-
cient family, which originally came from Trios, an isl-
and off the coast of Caria, and settled at Gela, when
it was first colonized by the Rhodians. During the
time that Hippocrates reigned at Gele (B. C. 498-491),
? ? Gelon was appointed commander of the cavalry, and
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? GEN
GEO
ram, to bt exposed to the gaze of the multitude. ( Vol.
Max. , 6, 9--Liv. , 33, 59. )
Gcnabcm, a town of the Aureliani, on the Ligeris
? r Loire, which ran through it. It wao afterward called
Aureliani, from the name of the people, and is now
Orleans. (CiU. , B. C, 7, 3--Lueaie, 1, 440. )
Genaoni, a people'of Vindelicia. (Vid. Brenni. )
GenIva, a city of the AUobroges, at the western
extremity of the Lacus Lemanus or Lake of Geneva,
tn the south bank of the Rhodanus or Rhone. The
modern name is the same as the ancient. (Cass. ,
B. G. , 1, 6. )
Genskric (more correctly Gp<seri<;ii), king of the
Vandals, was the illegitimate brother of Gondcric,
whom he succeeded A. D. 429.
