from the fact of its being
customary
to shed some 223; Val.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
1540, &c.
; Welcker, Die Aeschyl,
Harmodius (a descendant, it seems, of the mur- Trilog. p. 408, &c. ; Suid. s. v. levdepós. ) Accord-
derer of Hipparchus) had endeavoured to striping to Dictys Cretensis (i. 19, &c. ), Iphigeneia
- ουκ αν προσε-
## p. 619 (#635) ############################################
IPHIGENEIA.
619
IPHIS.
was saved in a peal of thunder by the voice of Ar- that the Taurians considered the goddess to whom
temis and the interference of Achilles, who had they offered sacrifices, to be Iphigeneia, the daughter
been gained over by Clytaemnestra, and sent of Agamemnon. From these and other circum-
Iphigeneia to Scythia. Tzetzes (l. c. ) even states stances, it has been inferred that Iphigeneia was
that Achilles was actually married to her, and be originally not only a priestess of Artemis, or a
came by her the father of Pyrrhus.
heroine, but an attribute of Artemis, or Artemis
While Iphigeneia was serving Artemis as priest- herself. For further explanations, see Kanne,
ess in Tauris, her brother Orestes, on the advice of Mythol. p. 115, &c. ; Müller, Dor. ii. 9. § 6;
an oracle, formed the plan of fetching the image of Schwenk, Etym. Mythol. Andeut. p. 218; G. Meyer,
Artemis in Tauris, which was believed once to De Diana Taurica Dissert. Berlin, 1835. (L. s)
have fallen from heaven, and of carrying it to Attica. IPHIMEDEIA or IPHIMEDE ('loquédeca,
(Eurip. Iph. Taur. 79, &c. ) When Orestes, ac- | 'loquéon), a daughter of Triops, and the wife of
companied by Pylades, arrived in Tauris, he was, Aloeus. Being in love with Poseidon, she often
according to the custom of the country, to be sacri- walked to the sea, and collected its waters in her
ficed in the temple of the goddess. But Iphigeneia lap, whence she became, by Poseidon, the mother
recognised her brother, and fled with him and the of the Aloadae, Otus and Ephialtes. When Iphi-
statue of the goddess. Some say that Thoas, king medeia and her daughter, Pancratis, celebrated the
of Tauris, was previously murdered by the fugi: orgies of Dionysus on Mount Drius, they were
tives. (Hygin. Fab. 121; Serv. ad Aen. ii. 116. ) carried off by Thracian pirates to Naxos or Stron-
In the meantime Electra, another sister of Orestes, gyle; but both were delivered by the Aloadae.
had heard that he had been sacrificed in Tauris by The tomb of Iphimedeia and her sons was shown
the priestess of Artemis, and, in order to ascertain at Anthedon. She was worshipped as a heroine at
the truth of the report, she travelled to Delphi, Mylasia in Caria, and was represented by Poly-
where she met Iphigeneia, and was informed that gnotus in the Lesche at Delphi. (Hom. Od. xi.
she had murdered Orestes. Electra therefore re- 304; Apollod. i. 7. 4; Diod. v. 50 ; Hygin.
solved on putting Iphigeneia's eyes out, but was Fab. 28; Paus. ix. 22. § 5, 1. 28. in fin. ; Pind.
prevented by the interference of Orestes, and a Pyth. vii. 89. )
(L. S. )
scene of recognition took place. All now returned IPHIMEDON ('loquédwr), a son of Eurys-
to Mycenae ; but Iphigeneia carried the statue of theus, who fell in the battle against the Hera-
Artemis to the Attic town of Brauron near Mara- cleidae. (Apollod. ii. 8. $ 1. )
(L. S. )
thon. She there died as priestess of the goddess. IPHI'NOE ('lo. vón). 1. A daughter of Proe-
As a daughter of Theseus she was connected tus and Stheneboea. (Apollod. ii. 2. § 2. )
with the heroic families of Attica, and after her 2. The wife of Metion, and mother of Daedalus.
death the veils and most costly garments which (Schol. ad Soph. Oed. Col. 468. )
had been worn by women who had died in child- 3. A daughter of Nisus, and the wife of Mega-
birth were offered up to her. (Eurip. Iph. Taur. reus. (Paus. i. 39, in fin. )
1464 ; Diod. iv. 44, &c. ; Paus. i. 33. ) Pausanias 4. A daughter of Alcathous, who died a virgin.
(i. 43), however, speaks her tomb and heroum The women of Megara previous to their marriage
at Megara, whereas other traditions stated that offered to her a funeral sacrifice, and dedicated a
Iphigeneia had not died at all, but had been lock of hair to her. (Paus. i. 43. $ 4. )
changed by Artemis into Hecate, or that she was 5. One of the Lemnian women who received the
endowed by the goddess with immortality and Argonauts on their arrival in Lemnos. (Apollon.
eternal youth, and under the name of Oreilochia Rhod. i. 702 ; Val. Flacc. ii. 162, 327. ) [L. S. )
she became the wife of Achilles in the island of IPHION ('lolwv) of Corinth, a painter, who is
Leuce. (Anton. Lib. 27. ) The Lacedaemonians, only known by two epigrams, which are ascribed,
on the other hand, maintained that the carved on doubtful grounds, to Simonides. (Anth. Pal.
image of Artemis, which Iphigeneia and Orestes | ix. 757, xiii. 17; Brunck, Anal. vol. i. p. 142, No.
had carried away from Tauris, existed at Sparta, 85, 86. )
(P. S. )
and was worshipped there in Limnaeon under the IPHIS (*Iqıs). 1. A son of Alector, and a
name of Artemis Orthia. (Paus. iii. 16. ) The descendant of Megapenthes, the son of Proetus.
worship of this goddess in Attica and Lacedaemon He was king of Argos, and from him were descended
is of great importance. At Sparta her image was Eteoclus and Evadne, the wiſe of Capaneus. (Paus.
said to have been found in a bush, and to have ii. 18. $ 4, x. 10. 9 2 ; Apollod. iii. 7. $ 1; Schol.
thrown the beholders into a state of madness ; and ad Pind. Ol. vi. 46. ) He advised Polyneices to
once, as at the celebration of her festival, a quarrel | induce Amphiaraus to take part in the expedition
arose which ended in bloodshed, an oracle com- | against Thebes, by giving the famous necklace to Eri-
manded that in future human sacrifices should be phyle. (Apollod. iii. 6. & 2. ) As he lost his two
offered to her. Lycurgus, however, is said to have children, he left his kingdom to Sthenelus, the son
abolished these sacrifices, and to have introduced of Capaneus. (Paus. ii. 18. § 4; Eurip. Supple
in their stead the scourging of youths. (Paus. iii. 1034, &c. )
16. § 6; Dict. of Antiq. s. 0. Diamastigosis. ) 2. A son of Sthenelus, and brother of Eurys-
That in Attica, also, human sacrifices were offered theus, was one of the Argonauts who fell in the
to her, at least in early times, may be inferred battle with Aeetes. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. iv.
from the fact of its being customary to shed some 223; Val. Flacc. i. 441; Diod. iv. 48, with Wes-
human blood in the worship instituted there in seling's note. )
honour of Orestes. (Eurip. Iph. Taur. 1446, &c. ) 3. [ANAXARETE. )
(L. S. )
Now, as regards the explanation of the mythus IPHIS (*1915). 1. One of the daughters of
of Iphigeneia, we are informed by Pausanias (ii. Thespius, by whom Heracles became the father of
35. § 2) that Artemis had a temple at Hermione, Celeustanor. (Apollod. ii. 7. $ 8. )
under the surname of Iphigeneia ; and the same 2. The beloved of Patroclus, of the island of
author (vii. 26) and Herodotus (iv. 103) tell us, Scyros. (Hom. Il. ix. 667; Philostr. Her. 10. )
:
## p. 620 (#636) ############################################
620
IRENAEUS.
IRENAEUS.
3. A daughter of Ligdus and Telethusa, of example, his writings contain the most puerile
Phaestus in Crete. She was brought up as a boy, absurdities.
because, previous to her birth, her father had or- The chief work of Irenaeus, and the only one
dered the child to be killed, if it should be a girl. now extant, is entitled Adversus Haereses, or De
When Iphis had grown up, and was to be be- Refutatione et Eversione fulsae Scientiae, Libri V.
trothed to lanthe, the difficulty thus arising was the object of which is to refute the Gnostics. The
removed by the favons of Isis, who had before ad-original Greek is lost, with the exception of some
vised the mother to treat Iphis as a boy, and now fragments preserved by Epiphanius and other
metamorphosed her into a youth. (Öv. Met. ix. writers on heresies; but the work exists in a bar.
665, &c. )
(L. S. ) barous, but ancient Latin version, which Dodwell
I'PHITUS (*101T08). ). A son of Eurytus of supposes to have been composed towards the end of
Oechalia, is mentioned among the Argonauts, but the 4th century. Irenaeus also wrote a discours
was killed by Heracles. (Hom. Od. xxi. 14, &c. ; agninst the Gentiles, teplétiothuns ; a work on
Apollod. ii. 6. Ø 1; Paus. iii. 15. § 2; Apollon. the preaching of the apostles, addressed to his
Rhod. i. 86. )
brother Marcianus ; a book of tracts on various
2. A son of Naubolus, and father of Schedius, questions, Alané rwv diapópw; and several letters
Epistrophus, and Eurynome, in Phocis, was like respecting the ecclesiastical controversies of his day,
wise one of the Argonauts. (Hom. II. ii. 518, xvii. among which were two to Florinus, a friend of his,
306; Paus. X. 4. § 1; Apollod. i. 9. 16; Apol- who had become a convert to Gnosticism ; one to
lon. Rhod, i. 207 ; Orph. Arg. 144. )
Blastus on schism, and the synodic epistle above
3. A son of Haemon, Prxonides, or Iphitus. referred to, from the Gallic churches to Victor,
At the command of the Delphic oracle, he restored bishop of Rome, respecting Easter. Of these works
the Olympian games, and instituted the cessation only a few fragments remain.
of all war during their celebration. (Paus. v. 4. The elitio princeps of Irenaeus is that of Eras-
5. ) Another Iphitus, who is otherwise unknown, mus, Basel, 1526, 8vo. , containing the Latin version
is mentioned by Apollodorus (ii. 5. Ø 1). [L. S. ] of the five books against heretics, reprinted at
IPHTHI'ME ('1qolun). 1. One of the Nere- 1 Basel, 1534, 1548, 1554, and 1560, fol. ; at Paris,
ides, and the mother of the Satyrs. (Nonn. Dionys. 1545, 1563, and 1567, 8vo. ; re-edited, with va-
xiv. 114. )
rious readings, by Jo. Jac. Grynaeus, Basel, 1571:
2. A daughter of Icarius, and sister of Penelope. the first edition, containing the fragments, besides
Athena assumed the appearance of Iphthime, when the Latin version, was that of Nicolas Gallasius,
she appeared to the unfortunate mother of Tele- | Paris, 1570, fol. ; next comes the edition of Fr.
machus. (Hom. Od. iv. 797. )
[L. S. ] Feuardentius, Cologne, 1596, 1625, and best, 1639 ;
IRENAEUS (Eipnvaios). 1. St. , bishop of but the best edition of all is that of Grabe, Oxon.
Lyon, in Gaul, during the latter part of the second | 1702, fol. , which was re-edited by the Benedictine
century after Christ, seems to have been a native Massuet, Paris, 1710, fol. : this Benedictine edition
of Smyrna, or of some neighbouring place in Asia was reprinted in two volumes folio, at Venice,
Minor. The time of his birth is not known ex- 1734. The chief separate edition of the fragments
actly, but Dodwell is certainly wrong in placing it is that of Pfaff, Hag. Com. 1715, 8vo. (Euseb.
80 early as A. D. 97 ; it was probably between A. D. H. E. v. 15, 20, 24, 26 ; Hieron. de Vir. Illust.
120 and A. D. 140. In his early youth he heard 33; Dodwell, Dissertationes in Irenaeum ; Cave,
Polycarp, for whom he felt throughout life the Hist. Litt. sub ann. 167; Lardner's Credibility; the
greatest reverence. The occasion of his going from Ecclesiasticul Histories of Tillemont, Fleury, Jortin,
Asia to Gaul is uncertain ; the common account is Mosheim, and Schrockh; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol.
that he accompanied Pothinus on his mission to vii. p. 75. )
Gaul, which resulted in the formation of the churches 2. Bishop of Tyre, but previously a count of the
at Lyon and Vienne. He became a presbyter to empire, was the representative of the emperor Theo
Pothinus, on whose martyrdom, in A. D. 177, dosius at the council of Ephesus, where he took
Irenaeus succeeded to the bishopric of the church part with the Nestorians, A. D. 431. Immediately
at Lyon. His government was signalised by after the council, he hastened Constantinople, in
Christian devotedness and zeal, and he made many order to counteract the influence of the representi-
converts from heathenism. He was most active in tives of the party of Cyril on the emperor's mind.
opposing the Gnostics, and especially the Valen- In this he succeeded for the time ; but, after long
tinians. He also took part in the controversy re- vacillation, Theodosius at last declared himself
specting the time of keeping Easter, and wrote a against the Nestorians, and banished Irenaeus from
letter to Victor, bishop of Rome, rebuking the arro his court, about A. D. 435. Irenaeus betook him-
gance with which he anathematised the Asiatic self to his friends, the Oriental bishops, by whom he
churches. Irenaeus seems to have lived till about was made bishop of Tyre, A. D. 444. In an im-
the end of the second century. The silence of all perial decree against the Nestorians, which still
the early writers, such as Tertullian, Eusebius, exists, it is ordered that Irenaeus should be deposed
Augustin, and Theodoret, sufficiently refutes the from bis bishopric, and deprived of his clerical
claim to the honours of martyrdom, which later character. The sentence was carried into effect in
writers set up in his behalf. But he eminently de- A. D. 448. In his retirement, Irenaeus wrote a
serves the far higher honour attached to sincere history of the Nestorian struggle, under the title of
piety and the zealous, but not arrogant discharge Tragoedia seu Commentarii de Rebus in Synodo
of his episcopal duties. He was possessed of con- Ephesina ac in Oriente gestis. The original Greek
siderable learning, but was very deficient in sound is lost entirely, but we have an old Latin transla-
judgment respecting the value of those traditions, tion of parts of it, published by Christian Lupus,
which, as they came from men who lived in the Louvain, 1682 ; for, though Lupus entitled his
age next to the apostles, he engerly received and book Variorum Patruin Epistolue ad Concilium
recorded. On the subject of the Millennium, for | Ephesinum pertinentes, there can be no doubt that
## p. 621 (#637) ############################################
IRENE.
621
IRIS.
all the passages in it are remains of the work of empires ; and, according to the same sources, the
Irenacus. Mansi, Sacr. Concil. Nov. Collect. vol. plan first originated with the Frankish king. The
v. pp. 417, 731; Tillemont, Mém. Eccles. vol.
Harmodius (a descendant, it seems, of the mur- Trilog. p. 408, &c. ; Suid. s. v. levdepós. ) Accord-
derer of Hipparchus) had endeavoured to striping to Dictys Cretensis (i. 19, &c. ), Iphigeneia
- ουκ αν προσε-
## p. 619 (#635) ############################################
IPHIGENEIA.
619
IPHIS.
was saved in a peal of thunder by the voice of Ar- that the Taurians considered the goddess to whom
temis and the interference of Achilles, who had they offered sacrifices, to be Iphigeneia, the daughter
been gained over by Clytaemnestra, and sent of Agamemnon. From these and other circum-
Iphigeneia to Scythia. Tzetzes (l. c. ) even states stances, it has been inferred that Iphigeneia was
that Achilles was actually married to her, and be originally not only a priestess of Artemis, or a
came by her the father of Pyrrhus.
heroine, but an attribute of Artemis, or Artemis
While Iphigeneia was serving Artemis as priest- herself. For further explanations, see Kanne,
ess in Tauris, her brother Orestes, on the advice of Mythol. p. 115, &c. ; Müller, Dor. ii. 9. § 6;
an oracle, formed the plan of fetching the image of Schwenk, Etym. Mythol. Andeut. p. 218; G. Meyer,
Artemis in Tauris, which was believed once to De Diana Taurica Dissert. Berlin, 1835. (L. s)
have fallen from heaven, and of carrying it to Attica. IPHIMEDEIA or IPHIMEDE ('loquédeca,
(Eurip. Iph. Taur. 79, &c. ) When Orestes, ac- | 'loquéon), a daughter of Triops, and the wife of
companied by Pylades, arrived in Tauris, he was, Aloeus. Being in love with Poseidon, she often
according to the custom of the country, to be sacri- walked to the sea, and collected its waters in her
ficed in the temple of the goddess. But Iphigeneia lap, whence she became, by Poseidon, the mother
recognised her brother, and fled with him and the of the Aloadae, Otus and Ephialtes. When Iphi-
statue of the goddess. Some say that Thoas, king medeia and her daughter, Pancratis, celebrated the
of Tauris, was previously murdered by the fugi: orgies of Dionysus on Mount Drius, they were
tives. (Hygin. Fab. 121; Serv. ad Aen. ii. 116. ) carried off by Thracian pirates to Naxos or Stron-
In the meantime Electra, another sister of Orestes, gyle; but both were delivered by the Aloadae.
had heard that he had been sacrificed in Tauris by The tomb of Iphimedeia and her sons was shown
the priestess of Artemis, and, in order to ascertain at Anthedon. She was worshipped as a heroine at
the truth of the report, she travelled to Delphi, Mylasia in Caria, and was represented by Poly-
where she met Iphigeneia, and was informed that gnotus in the Lesche at Delphi. (Hom. Od. xi.
she had murdered Orestes. Electra therefore re- 304; Apollod. i. 7. 4; Diod. v. 50 ; Hygin.
solved on putting Iphigeneia's eyes out, but was Fab. 28; Paus. ix. 22. § 5, 1. 28. in fin. ; Pind.
prevented by the interference of Orestes, and a Pyth. vii. 89. )
(L. S. )
scene of recognition took place. All now returned IPHIMEDON ('loquédwr), a son of Eurys-
to Mycenae ; but Iphigeneia carried the statue of theus, who fell in the battle against the Hera-
Artemis to the Attic town of Brauron near Mara- cleidae. (Apollod. ii. 8. $ 1. )
(L. S. )
thon. She there died as priestess of the goddess. IPHI'NOE ('lo. vón). 1. A daughter of Proe-
As a daughter of Theseus she was connected tus and Stheneboea. (Apollod. ii. 2. § 2. )
with the heroic families of Attica, and after her 2. The wife of Metion, and mother of Daedalus.
death the veils and most costly garments which (Schol. ad Soph. Oed. Col. 468. )
had been worn by women who had died in child- 3. A daughter of Nisus, and the wife of Mega-
birth were offered up to her. (Eurip. Iph. Taur. reus. (Paus. i. 39, in fin. )
1464 ; Diod. iv. 44, &c. ; Paus. i. 33. ) Pausanias 4. A daughter of Alcathous, who died a virgin.
(i. 43), however, speaks her tomb and heroum The women of Megara previous to their marriage
at Megara, whereas other traditions stated that offered to her a funeral sacrifice, and dedicated a
Iphigeneia had not died at all, but had been lock of hair to her. (Paus. i. 43. $ 4. )
changed by Artemis into Hecate, or that she was 5. One of the Lemnian women who received the
endowed by the goddess with immortality and Argonauts on their arrival in Lemnos. (Apollon.
eternal youth, and under the name of Oreilochia Rhod. i. 702 ; Val. Flacc. ii. 162, 327. ) [L. S. )
she became the wife of Achilles in the island of IPHION ('lolwv) of Corinth, a painter, who is
Leuce. (Anton. Lib. 27. ) The Lacedaemonians, only known by two epigrams, which are ascribed,
on the other hand, maintained that the carved on doubtful grounds, to Simonides. (Anth. Pal.
image of Artemis, which Iphigeneia and Orestes | ix. 757, xiii. 17; Brunck, Anal. vol. i. p. 142, No.
had carried away from Tauris, existed at Sparta, 85, 86. )
(P. S. )
and was worshipped there in Limnaeon under the IPHIS (*Iqıs). 1. A son of Alector, and a
name of Artemis Orthia. (Paus. iii. 16. ) The descendant of Megapenthes, the son of Proetus.
worship of this goddess in Attica and Lacedaemon He was king of Argos, and from him were descended
is of great importance. At Sparta her image was Eteoclus and Evadne, the wiſe of Capaneus. (Paus.
said to have been found in a bush, and to have ii. 18. $ 4, x. 10. 9 2 ; Apollod. iii. 7. $ 1; Schol.
thrown the beholders into a state of madness ; and ad Pind. Ol. vi. 46. ) He advised Polyneices to
once, as at the celebration of her festival, a quarrel | induce Amphiaraus to take part in the expedition
arose which ended in bloodshed, an oracle com- | against Thebes, by giving the famous necklace to Eri-
manded that in future human sacrifices should be phyle. (Apollod. iii. 6. & 2. ) As he lost his two
offered to her. Lycurgus, however, is said to have children, he left his kingdom to Sthenelus, the son
abolished these sacrifices, and to have introduced of Capaneus. (Paus. ii. 18. § 4; Eurip. Supple
in their stead the scourging of youths. (Paus. iii. 1034, &c. )
16. § 6; Dict. of Antiq. s. 0. Diamastigosis. ) 2. A son of Sthenelus, and brother of Eurys-
That in Attica, also, human sacrifices were offered theus, was one of the Argonauts who fell in the
to her, at least in early times, may be inferred battle with Aeetes. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. iv.
from the fact of its being customary to shed some 223; Val. Flacc. i. 441; Diod. iv. 48, with Wes-
human blood in the worship instituted there in seling's note. )
honour of Orestes. (Eurip. Iph. Taur. 1446, &c. ) 3. [ANAXARETE. )
(L. S. )
Now, as regards the explanation of the mythus IPHIS (*1915). 1. One of the daughters of
of Iphigeneia, we are informed by Pausanias (ii. Thespius, by whom Heracles became the father of
35. § 2) that Artemis had a temple at Hermione, Celeustanor. (Apollod. ii. 7. $ 8. )
under the surname of Iphigeneia ; and the same 2. The beloved of Patroclus, of the island of
author (vii. 26) and Herodotus (iv. 103) tell us, Scyros. (Hom. Il. ix. 667; Philostr. Her. 10. )
:
## p. 620 (#636) ############################################
620
IRENAEUS.
IRENAEUS.
3. A daughter of Ligdus and Telethusa, of example, his writings contain the most puerile
Phaestus in Crete. She was brought up as a boy, absurdities.
because, previous to her birth, her father had or- The chief work of Irenaeus, and the only one
dered the child to be killed, if it should be a girl. now extant, is entitled Adversus Haereses, or De
When Iphis had grown up, and was to be be- Refutatione et Eversione fulsae Scientiae, Libri V.
trothed to lanthe, the difficulty thus arising was the object of which is to refute the Gnostics. The
removed by the favons of Isis, who had before ad-original Greek is lost, with the exception of some
vised the mother to treat Iphis as a boy, and now fragments preserved by Epiphanius and other
metamorphosed her into a youth. (Öv. Met. ix. writers on heresies; but the work exists in a bar.
665, &c. )
(L. S. ) barous, but ancient Latin version, which Dodwell
I'PHITUS (*101T08). ). A son of Eurytus of supposes to have been composed towards the end of
Oechalia, is mentioned among the Argonauts, but the 4th century. Irenaeus also wrote a discours
was killed by Heracles. (Hom. Od. xxi. 14, &c. ; agninst the Gentiles, teplétiothuns ; a work on
Apollod. ii. 6. Ø 1; Paus. iii. 15. § 2; Apollon. the preaching of the apostles, addressed to his
Rhod. i. 86. )
brother Marcianus ; a book of tracts on various
2. A son of Naubolus, and father of Schedius, questions, Alané rwv diapópw; and several letters
Epistrophus, and Eurynome, in Phocis, was like respecting the ecclesiastical controversies of his day,
wise one of the Argonauts. (Hom. II. ii. 518, xvii. among which were two to Florinus, a friend of his,
306; Paus. X. 4. § 1; Apollod. i. 9. 16; Apol- who had become a convert to Gnosticism ; one to
lon. Rhod, i. 207 ; Orph. Arg. 144. )
Blastus on schism, and the synodic epistle above
3. A son of Haemon, Prxonides, or Iphitus. referred to, from the Gallic churches to Victor,
At the command of the Delphic oracle, he restored bishop of Rome, respecting Easter. Of these works
the Olympian games, and instituted the cessation only a few fragments remain.
of all war during their celebration. (Paus. v. 4. The elitio princeps of Irenaeus is that of Eras-
5. ) Another Iphitus, who is otherwise unknown, mus, Basel, 1526, 8vo. , containing the Latin version
is mentioned by Apollodorus (ii. 5. Ø 1). [L. S. ] of the five books against heretics, reprinted at
IPHTHI'ME ('1qolun). 1. One of the Nere- 1 Basel, 1534, 1548, 1554, and 1560, fol. ; at Paris,
ides, and the mother of the Satyrs. (Nonn. Dionys. 1545, 1563, and 1567, 8vo. ; re-edited, with va-
xiv. 114. )
rious readings, by Jo. Jac. Grynaeus, Basel, 1571:
2. A daughter of Icarius, and sister of Penelope. the first edition, containing the fragments, besides
Athena assumed the appearance of Iphthime, when the Latin version, was that of Nicolas Gallasius,
she appeared to the unfortunate mother of Tele- | Paris, 1570, fol. ; next comes the edition of Fr.
machus. (Hom. Od. iv. 797. )
[L. S. ] Feuardentius, Cologne, 1596, 1625, and best, 1639 ;
IRENAEUS (Eipnvaios). 1. St. , bishop of but the best edition of all is that of Grabe, Oxon.
Lyon, in Gaul, during the latter part of the second | 1702, fol. , which was re-edited by the Benedictine
century after Christ, seems to have been a native Massuet, Paris, 1710, fol. : this Benedictine edition
of Smyrna, or of some neighbouring place in Asia was reprinted in two volumes folio, at Venice,
Minor. The time of his birth is not known ex- 1734. The chief separate edition of the fragments
actly, but Dodwell is certainly wrong in placing it is that of Pfaff, Hag. Com. 1715, 8vo. (Euseb.
80 early as A. D. 97 ; it was probably between A. D. H. E. v. 15, 20, 24, 26 ; Hieron. de Vir. Illust.
120 and A. D. 140. In his early youth he heard 33; Dodwell, Dissertationes in Irenaeum ; Cave,
Polycarp, for whom he felt throughout life the Hist. Litt. sub ann. 167; Lardner's Credibility; the
greatest reverence. The occasion of his going from Ecclesiasticul Histories of Tillemont, Fleury, Jortin,
Asia to Gaul is uncertain ; the common account is Mosheim, and Schrockh; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol.
that he accompanied Pothinus on his mission to vii. p. 75. )
Gaul, which resulted in the formation of the churches 2. Bishop of Tyre, but previously a count of the
at Lyon and Vienne. He became a presbyter to empire, was the representative of the emperor Theo
Pothinus, on whose martyrdom, in A. D. 177, dosius at the council of Ephesus, where he took
Irenaeus succeeded to the bishopric of the church part with the Nestorians, A. D. 431. Immediately
at Lyon. His government was signalised by after the council, he hastened Constantinople, in
Christian devotedness and zeal, and he made many order to counteract the influence of the representi-
converts from heathenism. He was most active in tives of the party of Cyril on the emperor's mind.
opposing the Gnostics, and especially the Valen- In this he succeeded for the time ; but, after long
tinians. He also took part in the controversy re- vacillation, Theodosius at last declared himself
specting the time of keeping Easter, and wrote a against the Nestorians, and banished Irenaeus from
letter to Victor, bishop of Rome, rebuking the arro his court, about A. D. 435. Irenaeus betook him-
gance with which he anathematised the Asiatic self to his friends, the Oriental bishops, by whom he
churches. Irenaeus seems to have lived till about was made bishop of Tyre, A. D. 444. In an im-
the end of the second century. The silence of all perial decree against the Nestorians, which still
the early writers, such as Tertullian, Eusebius, exists, it is ordered that Irenaeus should be deposed
Augustin, and Theodoret, sufficiently refutes the from bis bishopric, and deprived of his clerical
claim to the honours of martyrdom, which later character. The sentence was carried into effect in
writers set up in his behalf. But he eminently de- A. D. 448. In his retirement, Irenaeus wrote a
serves the far higher honour attached to sincere history of the Nestorian struggle, under the title of
piety and the zealous, but not arrogant discharge Tragoedia seu Commentarii de Rebus in Synodo
of his episcopal duties. He was possessed of con- Ephesina ac in Oriente gestis. The original Greek
siderable learning, but was very deficient in sound is lost entirely, but we have an old Latin transla-
judgment respecting the value of those traditions, tion of parts of it, published by Christian Lupus,
which, as they came from men who lived in the Louvain, 1682 ; for, though Lupus entitled his
age next to the apostles, he engerly received and book Variorum Patruin Epistolue ad Concilium
recorded. On the subject of the Millennium, for | Ephesinum pertinentes, there can be no doubt that
## p. 621 (#637) ############################################
IRENE.
621
IRIS.
all the passages in it are remains of the work of empires ; and, according to the same sources, the
Irenacus. Mansi, Sacr. Concil. Nov. Collect. vol. plan first originated with the Frankish king. The
v. pp. 417, 731; Tillemont, Mém. Eccles. vol.
