It was more read than
any ecclesiastical History that is known.
any ecclesiastical History that is known.
Sarpi - 1868 - Life of Fra Paolo Sarpi
How De Dominis acted,
will be seen in the sequel; but for the present he must be followed
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? 11*/r. 64. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 203
to Coire in the Grisons, Heidelberg, and subsequently to England.
Tidings of his manifesto appear to have reached Fra Paolo, because
he says he "suspended his judgment with regard to a prelate," as
also that he mentions a "manifesto of De Dominis; " but after observing.
"that all he printed was certain to be prohibited," he adds, "that he
knew nothing further respecting him. " At a later period he thus
writes to M. Gillotz " I have news from my friend of the Archbishop
of Spalatro. He conversed confidentially with him, and he saw some
of his books about to be published, he assured me that they were
written without any pretension, or any appearance of controversy. He
avoids all bitterness; he only maintains his own opinions distinctly,
and proves all by ancient documents. However, my friend neither
praised their prolixity (which is perhaps extreme), nor -the vacillation
or anxiety of mind, which the author ingenuously confesses, 'I should
admire it if he lived in France, where interchange of thought is not
forbidden to any, but in a place where men are- deprived from their
cradles of liberty of thought I value it highly in a Dalmatian, who
has been brought up in the dungeons of the Jesuits, that he has been
able to extricate himself from darkness. In forming my judgment of
his worth and learning, I take these difficulties into account; I could
not otherwise have spoken of them in such absolute terms. "
Thus charitably did Sarpi write of De Dominis. Having declared
himself one of the Reformed in England, De Dominis was received
with great distinction at Court by the King, entertained sumptuously
by the Universities, and lodged by royal command at the palace of the
Archbishop of Canterbury.
After the ceremony of the renunciation of his episcopacy at St.
Paul's Cathedral, London, he was presented to the Mastership of the
Savoy, London, and to the living and parsonage of West Ilsley, Berkshire;
but De Dominis was not satisfied.
His work "De Republica Ecclesiastica, " was one of great' service,
but the vacillating nature of its author impaired its usefulness lat-
terly. High authority pronounced its arguments nnanswerable, but the
Nuncio demanded a prohibition of his works, and Sarpi had again
the mortification to see one, who he had hoped might benefit his
country, leave him to struggle on without the aid of his pen or his high
dignity to assist him, but Sarpi was obedient to the commands of heaven.
Heaven had given him the key which unlocks its portals, the late
dews of night and the first breath of early morn found him sup-
plicating for his country, and the Christian patriot resigned himself to
the thought, that whatever God permitted to happen to the Church, it
would be for her benefit,-"He thus wrote:
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? 204 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1617.
" As to what I touched upon in my letter concerning the Kingdom
of Heaven, Christ is, without doubt, a King and Priest. 'He hath
made us all,' says St. Peter, 'priests and kings,' that is he hath
made his Church a royal priesthood, by making his ministers partakers
of the royal and priestly power. Admit this; he hath made his stewards
and ministers viceroys in his absence. This is certain, 'As my Father
sent me, so I send you. ' It belongs to the Kingdom of Heaven; it
neither receives nor gives anything of mutual help from, or to an
earthly King. And there is no wonder in this; they do not walk
together, they cannot meet together. Christ's minister and vicar has
his conversation in heaven, from whence we look for Christ the Saviour.
The King of France has no diminution. of power, because his dominion
does not reach to the stars. The Kingdom of Heaven is further from
the French nation than those stars are. 'The Kingdom of Heaven is
within you,' said Christ (St. Luke xvm,). But whether an earthly
prince does anything towards the Kingdom of Heaven, he will best
be able to say who learns from history, how much more it prospered
under Diocletian than under Constantine. No one comes after Christ
but one that takes up His cross.
"The Kingdom of Heaven began by the cross, it is extended and
perfected by the cross: not but that the Church may flourish in
peace, because God sometimes plants it by the favour of princes, and
sometimes by persecution; 'through honour and dishonour, by evil
report and good report,' (2 Cor. vI). 'All things work together for
good to them that love God. ' I have not taken the words of the
Kingdom of Heaven as meant of the Church on earth; and I so conceive
the Scriptures teach me to understand it. . . .
"They are Christ's ministers who have the keys of the Kingdom
committed to them. Nobody can say that he that keeps the keys of
the house is the house itself; and in the first and second chapters of
St. John's Revelation those Words, 'Thou hast made us unto our
God kings and priests, and we shall reign on the earth,' are not
only spoken of his ministers, but of all else, of every tribe, language,
people, and nation that are cleansed and redeemed by the blood of
Christ. "
Sarpi speaks of those who engrossed the name of " Church" to them-
selves, who also took to themselves its goods and estates, and those
of Rome had given him a very low place, because he did " not allow
them a coercive power over sovereigns. "
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? 205
CHAPTER X.
s. n. 1618 -- s. n. 1623.
Door: or VENICE. 1618 Niccolo Donato. 1618 Antonio Priuli.
Sovanmcns or GERMANY. Matthias. Ferdinand.
GREAT B'1? irAr_N_. James I_.
S? A1? . 'Philip III. 1621 Philip IV.
Tummy. Mustapha. Osman III. Mustapha.
Porns. Paul V. 1621 Gregory XV.
WIN/I/WVVN
Conspiracy. - F. Paolo's history of the Council of Trent. - Public events. --
Death of Paul V. - Gregory XV. - Prince de Conde's visit. - Fra Paolo's
illness and death. - Public funeral. - His remains about to be disturbed are
hidden, exhumed and reburied, again raised. - Buried in the church of
S. Michele di Murano.
Fra Paolo Sarpi was not mistaken in his fears for his country. Like a
gem of matchless beauty and great value, Venetia had long been coveted
by the unscrupulous and the ambitious. The year 1618 was peculiarly
dark to her, a deep plot had been laid against her, and she seemed about
to be swept from her high place amongst the nations of Europe. Little
however of this conspiracy has been published, and they who would
explore its labyrinths must track them in the Archives of Venice. The
Senate commanded Fra Paolo to write an account of it. He had long be-
lieved that one of the powers of Europe was ready to make Venetia her
own, but it is not for his biographer to do more than express gladness
that he never saw his country beneath a foreign yoke.
N o alarm, no illness, no business however pressing, seems ever to have
severed him wholly from his studies; and amongst them at this time he
is found making notes on a treatise by the learned Scot, Anderson, Profes-
sor of Mathematics at Paris. We have also of this date some thoughts
from Paolo's pen on a well known passage of Cicero, ' and in this, as in
all his other writings, he ascribes honor to Him by whose fiat all things
were created.
1 " Est enim admirabilis quaedam continuatio seriesque rerum, ut alias ex aliis
nexee, et omnes inter se aptae colligataeque videantur. " De Natura Deorum, lib. 1.
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? 206 THE LIFE OF [AD. 1619.
His correspondence, however, met with a severe check; in his last letter
to M. Groslot he refers to the difficulty with which he sent a letter to
him, and they who are hasty in their condemnation of the government of
Venice may learn what great necessity there was for vigilance, when
their theologian and counsellor could not correspond even with a friend
in safety, watched over as he and probably every other member of the
Venetian government were by foreign spies. But his opinions were still
the same, he still sighed as much for reformation in the Church as when
Diodati, Bedell and others had urged it upon him during and subsequent
to the Interdict, although almost prevented from correspondence with its
advocates: but he still availed himself of any opportunity to show himself
friendly to those of the Reformed religion, as is evinced by his conduct to
a near relative of his old friend M. de Mornay, who far from his home and
in the prime of youth and hope lay dying.
The learned Daille? had accompanied this youth and his brother to Italy.
And. all three being of the Reformed religion, they feared to remain in
Mantua on account of the Inquisition, but proceeded to Padua. There the
youth was tended with great care by M. Assclineapi the friend of Fra
Paolo, another physician, and an apothecary, all of the Reformed religion,
but their aid was fruitless, their patient died, and Fra Paolo, to whom
they had letters of introduction from du Plessis Mornay, obtained permis-
sion from the Venetian government to furnish the mourners with what-
leave was necessary, that the body of the youth might be taken to Saumur,
and buried there.
This was no small boon and is one of the many proofs of the tolerance of
Sarpi. '
To the surprise of many, but to no one more than to the author him-
self, the History of the Council of Trent now appeared. This last Council
of the Church of Rome, Which sat at intervals from 1545 till 1563, is too
generally known to require more particular notice than that it was assembled
in order to correct, illustrate and fix with perspicuity the doctrines of the
church, to restore her discipline, and to reform the lives of the clergy.
The preponderance of papal authority, and subsequent interpretation of
the decrees of Trent being so distasteful to many of tbe'members of the
Church of Rome/Sarpi wrote an authentic account of that assemblywhicly
although called to cement the divisions in the Church, in reality widened
them.
The writer of these pages took pains at Venice to obtain particulars
respecting the History of the Council of Trent. The original MS. is in
the writing of Sarpi's amanuensis Franzano, and on the first page of the
MS. is written by Fra Paolo Sarpi " L'Ht'st0ria dell Uoncilio Tridentino,
scritta do Pietro Suave Pohmo. " The other words " L'H1'strrria' dell Con
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? Er. 67. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 207
a
cilia Tridentino, " either head the other books which are in all eight, or _
are on the margin also written by Fra Paolo as are the corrections
throughout. This is worthy of notice, as it has been alleged that the
original MS. was written by Sarpi, in place of being dictated by him and
the corrections made by others. The reverse is the fact, as is attested on
the MS. by the Secretary Fontano. ' But to any one who has examined
the MS. , it is evident that every word must have been read by Sarpi, or
to him, from the many and minute corrections by his own hand. It is in
good preservation, bound by four leather thongs and parchment cover,
and consists of one thousand and eighty three pages , closely and finely
written, and carefully pointed. Paolo Sarpi did not publish his own work.
It has been observed that this MS. was borrowed from him by the Arch-
bishop de Dominis; who it is believed had it copied, carried to England
and published in London without Sarpi's knowledge, with a dedication
to the King of Great Britain by de Dominis. This dedication gave him
great pain; many, as Sarpi wrote were the defects of the Church of Rome
he never could hear it spoken against without regret, and although his own
language against the Court of Rome was very strong, still the unprejudic-
ed have always pronounced the History of the Council of Trent as did the
learned Sir Roger Twysden, " to be written with so great moderation
learning and wisdome, as might deserve a place amongst the exactest
pieces of ecclesiastic story any age hath produced. "
In Italy, many of her scholars, and they are not few, assured the
writer, "that none but the most profoundly ignorant hold any opinion
but that of admiration for the works of Fra Paolo Sarpi, and for his efforts
to reform the Romish Church. "
No one can reasonably affirm that this History was written in haste,
who is acquainted with the difficulty of research, and with the toil and
perseverance necessary to collect, collate, and embody materials for any
Work. Fra Paolo's aim was truth, and he did not shrink from the laborious
search after it in writing and compiling his History / and he had the
peculiar advantage, as we have seen, of personal acquaintance with many
who had attended the Council, and who were in possession of many me-
morials which no one else ever saw.
' It is to be regretted that the work of Fra Buonfiglio Capra perished by
fire; he had collected with great assiduity authentic references to all the
authorities consulted by Sarpi in the History of the Council of Trent, and
it is a well known fact that the materials for that work were in the Quirini
Library.
1 Deputato alla Canceleria Segreta, 16 Feb. 1772, arid by Bettiu Librarian.
"SS. Italiani de la Marciana, Classe v, N" 26.
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? 208 " THE LIFE or [s. D. 1619.
I Besides these, there are the journal of Chiergato, N uncio of Adrian VI; the
Acts of the Legation of the Cardinal Gaspar Contarini at Ratisbon; some of
the letters of the Cardinal del Monte, President of the Council of Trent
under Paul III; those of Viscomti, agent of Pius IV; the Memoirs of the
Cardinal Amulio; the despatches of the Venetian Ambassador at the
Council; the greater part of those of the French Ambassador, collected by
the friends of Fra Paolo, M- Groslet, De Thou, and others. To these may
be added, the Relazione, letters and speeches of the prelates at Trent;
the History of the Council, by Milledonne; the Acts of Massarelli; the
papers containing the votes of the prelates and theologians during the ses-
sions of the Council; the Memorials of the Spanish ambassador Vergos;
the Conciliary Acts of Salmio, Bishop of Verdun; the MSS. of the Cardinal
Borromeo; and many other MSS. relating to the latter years of the Council,
examined by Griselini 1785, in the Collection of the Senator Gradenigo.
Sarpi had also access to the libraries of the Vatican, of Padua, of Milan,
of Mantua, and of Venice; and the rare Collections of books and MSS. of
the Grimani, Contarini, Donati, Manutii, and of the monastic bodies were
at his disposal. '
At Rome, Sarpi's work was prohibited, some say before it was publish-
ed. l If it was so, it must have been in consequence of the information
that Paul V had received from the friars who wished to poison Sarpi,
and who were told to procure leaves of his writings, but this is of little
consequence. It is probable that Sarpi. never intended to publish his work,
and that he referred to its publication after his death when he said he
would do more against those who sought his life, dead than living. Ful-
ganzio's remarks on the History are interesting.
It was more read than
any ecclesiastical History that is known. " The idea prevailed, and it was
published in Rome as an undoubted fact, that he (Fra Paolo Sarpi) was
the Author of the History of the Council of Trent, in eight Books, printed
in the Italian language in London, and which was afterwards translated
into all the most common languages of Europe, an argument, that this is
no ordinary work. And it might be, that at Rome they had also taken
it as a proof that F. Paolo was its author, that for a long term of years,
the Father spared no pains, either through friendship or cost, to obtain
information concerning the celebration of this Council, not only in Italy,
but abroad. And at the time when he had free intercourse with the
Princes, he was most intimate with the Ambassadors of France, Monsieur
de Fresnes, de Mes, and Du Ferrier, and particularly the latter, who at-
tended the said Council. No judgment can be given on his writings,
unless it be done with the discretion of a skilful artizan, who by one
1 Index Lib. Prob. Gregory XVI, Romae, 1841. Deor. 22 Nov. 1619.
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? mr. 67. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 209
claw, knows the size of the Lion, and who could, as history relates, by
the measure of one finger comprehend the proportions of the Colossus of
Rhodes. "
But it is to be feared that few have the discretion of the skilful artisan
of whom Fulgenzio speaks, and while some have said that the History is
the most noble in any language, others have pronounced it but a lengthened
satire.
It was not an easy task to write without satire of a Council unlawfully
constituted, and entirely under the guidance of the Popes, their Legates
and adherents. There is much pungent satire in the work, yet the style
is dignified and agreeable, not redundant yet strictly correct, and evidently
that of a master,,'. 1iut to praise a work so long held in high esteem is as
presumptuous as to criticise it. " I would rather, " said a scholar of no mean
degree, " have been the Author of the History of the Council of Trent than
of any book I know. "
Curiosity was much excited to discover who wrote a History which was
received by scholars with enthusiasm. Although he never said so, Sarpi
was at once pronounced to have written it, and the liberal minded of the
Church of Rome ever regarded its author with admiration. It is a mistake
with respect to the work to speak of Sarpi as a partizan. /These comments
of Gibbon and d'Alembert ought sufficiently to negative the imputation.
" Since the origin of theological factions, Arminus Marcellinus, Fra Paolo,
Thuanas, Hume, and perhaps a few others, have deserved the singular
praise of holding the balance with a steady and equal hand. Independent
and unconnected, they contemplated with the same indifference the
opinions and interests of contending parties, or, if they were seriously at-
tached to a particular system, they were armed with a firm and moderate
temper which enabled them to suppress their affection and to sacrifice
their interest, " and " Fra Paolo is perhaps the only monk who has risen
above monastic prejudice, who saw and judged the interests of society
with the extensive survey of a philosopher, and the nobility of a man of
birth. "/
He had the wisdom to point out to his countrymen what they are now
beginning to believe, that the temporal power of the Pope was the great
prop of the abuses of the Church of Rome, and as this, together with his
protest against the doctrines of the Jesuits, was what throughout life he
insisted upon, he takes pains to show in the History of the Council of
Trent, by what means their false theology was inserted into its decrees.
This is seen in Father Salmeron's proceedings with regard to the
sacrifice of the Mass, ' as well as his known approval of the English Liturgy
1 Appendix.
H
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? 210 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1619.
and confessions of the Reformed Churches. And it is probable that Sarpi's
approval of opposition to Salmeron's opinions, was what drew upon him
the charge of Bossuet, " Sous un froc il cachoit un coeur Calvinists, et il
travailloit sourdement a descrediter la Messe, qu'il disoit tous les jours. "
It is hoped that sufficient has been said in this biography to prove that
Sarpi had Written much of his great work in early life. His History of
the Council has been preserved that his countrymen may read for them-
selves, and judge how one and another nation sent their prelates to Trent
to obtain the restoration of ancient doctrines and rites, and saw them
return obliged to conform to the pleasure of the Pope and his Legates,
who often were made to receive against their will what was contrary to
their conscience. It was in vain that in many of the Sessions of Trent the
Scriptures were cited as the rule of faith, they were not received as of
sufficient authority alone, unless the dogma or article of faith was sup-
ported by tradition or long use, and therefore it is not marvellous that
Sarpi dissented from some of the decrees of the Council.
It has been observed that he wished a free Council to be assembled at
the time of the Interdict, he well knew that some would have sought to
exclude the Jesuits from it, and then he and Fra Fulgenzio and some of
the seven might perhaps have seen the Holy Scriptures, the prohibited
book, unchained and open to all, and might have heard again the
eloquent Fulgenzio preaching the Gospel of Christ, as he had done before
he was hindered by the Nuncio.
Sarpi longed for freedom, he knew and felt one of the noblest sayings
ever embodied in words, that " he is the freeman whom the truth makes
free and all are slaves besides, " and to him the truth was dear. He had
laid hold of it with the full grasp of his intellect, but he felt that it need-
ed a still more powerful lever to raise his heart heavenwards, and he ever
spoke and wrote of that divine grace, which had unbarred to him the
gates of heaven, with a devotion which was as humble as it was sincere ;
he could look beyond the superstitions of an overcharged ritual, and
pray for the time when all would perceive that Heaven requires not
merely acts of devotion but the service of the heart. Throughout life We
have seen that he looked for a reformation of the visible church, a return
to its ancient usages, and that although he was disappointed at the issue
of the disputes with Pope Paul V, he was too Wise not to know that he
had given a stimulus to those who came after)( him to shun atheism as
repugnant to human nature, ' and to persevere in the struggle for re-
formation.
If then a friar, so surrounded with superstition as Sarpi was, could long
1 "L'ateismo repugna alla natura humans, " MS. Sarpi.
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? B1'. 67. ] FHA PAOLO SARPI 211
to break through the trammels with which the Church of Rome was sur-
rounded, why again we ask should not his successors do the same? Let but
one of the clergy arise, let him but follow the example given him; let
the voice of controversy be mute, but let the voice of entreaty be strong;
let him in the full vigor of powerful intellect, but with words shorn of all
personality, with that charity which is as faithful as enduring, with that
generosity which never triumphs over another, and with all that holy
zeal which will nerve him to the noble task, let him dwell on the
benefits of the death of the Saviour, and thousands will listen now, as
they did when the Servite told out to crowds that the sacrifice of-
fered on Calvary was as complete as infinite.
As the History of the Council of Trent by Pallavicino was not
published for more than thirty years after that by Sarpi, any notice
of its criticisms lies beyond our province. ' All are familiar with Vol-
taire's ridicule of Pallavicino's remarks. Perhaps his foes past, present
and future cannot be better answered than by the moderate pen of Mr.
Zouch.
" We have already had occasion to mention this veherable Ecclesiastic.
It was said of Father Paul that he not only knew more than other men,
but that he knew better, and that he seemed to have Wisdom by habit.
I " Attempts have recently been made by some modern writers amongst
the high Catholics, as they are denominated, to depreciate the fame,
and invalidate the authority of this great man. These attempts are
vain. His works will be held in veneration long after the names of his
adversaries are sunk in oblivion. '}
We must now attend to the alliance between the Venetians and the
faithful Hollanders which was formed this year; it was probably
advised by Sarpi, and it gave him great pleasure. The diplomacy of
the seventeenth century was such as to perplex honest men, and an
honest ambassador could ill discharge his duty; still there were such
men, and none knew better than the Venetians how to appreciate them,
of which Sarpi gives many proofs. '
Again the subject was mooted, whether a power which acknowledged
the Pope could employ soldiers professing the Reformed religion. On
this question Fra Paolo supplied the Senate with a lucid reply in the
affirmative.
It is needless to enter further on the history of Europe of this date
1 Istoria del Concilio di Trento, scritta dal P. S. Pallavicino, della Compa-
gnia di Gesv. Roma, MDCLVI. Marciana.
2 Nor is that feeling yet dead in Venetia, as eyewitnesses of the recent
reception of the Ambassador from a great northern power can tell, when S.
Mark's palace resounded with a spontaneous tribute to talent and worth. 1866.
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? 212 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1621.
than to remark that intolerance again burst forth, and that the hills and
dales of the Valteline reech. oed with the cry of the wretched in-
habitants; their mountains formed no shelter for them, and like
the apostolic, good, and learned Church of the Valdesi, many Were
pursued and slain. The Papists amongst the Grisons were resolved to
free themselves from the government of the Reformed, and while Fra
Paolo, was still looking for reformation in the Church to enter from
the Grisons, he had the sorrow to behold the papal party triumphant,
and to learn that the Grisons were subdued or slain in the frightful contest.
After a reign of nearly sixteen years Paul V died, and was suc-
ceeded by Alessandro di Bologna, who took the name of Gregory XV.
By the address of his nephew' the papal party prevailed in France,
Italy and Austria, where the Sovereign had once been willing and
anxious for the restitution of the rights of the early Church. '
This had an indirect influence upon Venice, and Fra Paolo beheld
_his country settle down into comparative carelessness and indif-
ference as to the abuses of the Romish Church. Those who really felt
anxiety on the subject were not of sufficient number to have weight
in the Senate; fear of offending Rome was again paralyzing freedom.
Had Paolo Sarpi then 'effected nothing? Had the long, weary, and
arduous life which he had led, all the persecution he had suffered, all
the brilliant hopes he had formed for his country, beeri as the down
of the thistle on the bosom of the blast?
No! Seek deeper into the page of history, search longerin the
archives of his country, rend the veil from volumes which are not his,
give them back to their writers, but let the fame of Sarpi shine forth
in all the lustre that his integrity (IQISerVeS. ' No one can deny but
that by Sarpi's means the reign of Paul V had been productive of good
to Italy. Italy has never since been so blind to her political interests/
and her patient suffering was one day to be rewarded. The impress
of the seal of the pontificate was to be effaced, if gradually yet surely,
from the land, the Papacy received a blow from the resistance of
Sarpi to Paul V, from which it has never recovered; -no bull of
excommunication ever reached Venetia in after days; rulers and
subjects were forced to believe that the power of the Pope, and what
he termed the rights of the Church were wrongfully usurped, and
some gave credit to the opinions of Sarpi that the Pope was neither
Supreme Pontiff, nor infallible ruler of the Church, but merely Bishop of
Rome and liable to err, as did St. Peter and all men.
Sarpi enjoyed his high reputation for learning till the end of his
1 Appendix.
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? mr. 69. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 213
life, and when permitted, he sometimes received people of distinction.
"Many princes honored him with letters, and one royal personage, on
sending his son to Italy, told him that he must not fail to visit the
' Orbfs term; ocullus. ' " He had however little time for visitors,
especially as he now had a new charge. The Nuncios had caused
disquiet by many infractions on existing laws, they were the medium
of the demands of the Auditor of the papal chamber, which Fra
Paolo thought were often as unlawful as superstitious, and he there-
fore proposed that a scrutiny of all Laws should be made by a cano-
uist appointed for the purpose. The Senate immediately appointed
Paolo, who discharged this duty till his death, when a counsellor,
called " Theologian for . the revision of Papal Bulls," succeeded him.
The Nuncios were thus deprived of some power, as they had been in
the habit of yielding entirely to the interests of the Court of Rome.
These duties, however, increased the burden of labor which Paolo had
to perform, and was induced to undertake from conscientious motives,
not from gain, for as through life, so now in old age, he was indif-
ferent to Wealth. . ' ' .
" His latter years were spent very monotonously, owing to his being al-
most a prisoner except when the public service or his profession required
him to go abroad. His food was a little bread toasted on coals, to escape ill
intent, and having no relation but a very old cousin, he had nothing to
wish for his family. In him ambition was wholly dead, and now he was
content that any one rather than himself, should enjoy the merit of any of
his scientific discoveries. "
" Such was his fidelity in the public service, that the prince honored him
in a manner which had never been done before; he had free access to the
two secret archives, and free permission to examine all the writings of the
State as also of the government.
"His memory was so extraordinary, that he could immediately put his
hand on any MS. he wished to examine, and as these Archives contained
public documents of laws, treaties of peace and war, truces, confederations,
negotiations, with all the despatches for centuries past from all parts of the
world, in old volumes which it was difficult to decipher, this was no easy
matter.
" There could be no greater proof of the entire confidence of the Govern-
ment in the integrity of Sarpi, than the permission thus given to him to
examine and arrange its most secret Archives. It was a work of interest
but very arduous, and his health suffered from it, for on Easter day, when
in his accustomed place in the Segreta, he was suddenly seized with cold
as if he had been frozen, accompanied by hoarseness and numbness. He
had never had any catarrh before, but from this and ague he now suffered
Z
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? 214 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1622.
severely for three months, yet he never changed his way of life, or relaxed
his laborious occupation, a diminution of his strength was apparent, and
he often said that he never was well after this illness. " '
There was little to cheer him from Rome, the power of the Jesuits being
very great there, in consequence of the countenance they received from
the Pope and his nephew. They soon gave trouble to Venice, but Fra Paolo
counselled the Senate not to give way. The Jesuits wished to be reinstated
in a Greek College which they had once possessed, but he plainly told the
government that if they were established thergthe sons of ignorant people
would be educated in the maxims of a society inimical to it. This remon-
strance was not likely to please the Curia; but Paolo did not consult his own
interest; he was well aware of the opinion which the new Pope held of his
being the Counsellor of the Republic, as on his accession, Gregory XV
said, " that there never would be a perfect peace between the Apostolic see
and Venetia, except such an one as Fra Paolo Sarpi chose. " On this Fra
Paolo not only determined to relinquish the public service, but to quit the
States of Venice. He was in declining years; but on many accounts it
would have been a sacrifice i-f he had left his country. The King of Great
Britain had not been able to prevail upon him to leave it, and the State
certainly would not have permitted him to do so. He had however resolv-
ed to go to the Levant, Constantinople, or elsewhere, and had obtained
information from travellers, particularly from a Jew who had often made
the journey; he even provided himself with a passport, and had every
thing ready to meet any adverse fortune, and was determined to depart,
rather than that his prince or country should receive any ill, although he was
sure that the Senate would rather have gone to war on his account than
withdraw their protection. It was not however so to be, and Sarpi was to
suffer neither from the threatened malevolence of the Pope Gregory, or
of his successor, Urban VIII. Ere the latter had ascended the pontifical
throne, Fra Paolo Sarpi was beyond the reach of wrong.
It was unlikely that the publication of so remarkable a work as his
History of the Council of the Church would not be productive of great
opposition by the Papal Nuncios and other adherents of the Curia, one
instance of this may suffice, and again the attack came from one who had
forsaken the reformed religion.
The Prince de Conde? , immediately on the appearance of Fra Paolo's
History of the Council of Trent, had made enquiries concerning it of
the Venetian ambassador at Paris, who had informed the good Servite,
and this appears to have influenced him in not wishing to meet the
Prince when he came to Venice. It was in vain that he excused him-
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? AT 70. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 216
selfllhe Prince insisted so peremptorily, that the Senate gave orders that
he was to be received. A meeting without the walls of the Convent
was appointed, at the house of the afore--mentioned ambassador who
was lately returned from Paris. The conversation was taken down, and
a more desultory one has seldom been heard; the Prince endeavcring
to discover Sarpi's opinions, but he left the Prior to answer for him in
general terms as to the mass and as to his being a foe of the Jesuits, but
it is apparent that the Prince knew that he did not agree withhim, he
then questioned Sarpi on the religious sects, on the Reformed Church
of France, the superiority of the Council over the Pope, the liberty of
the Gallican Church, whether it was lawful to employ men at arms of
different religions, the excommunication of Princes, but above all, who was
the author of the History of the Council of Trent.
" The Prince blamed the Huguenots, without even touching upon the
most trivial points of their doctrine, the Father dexterously diverted
him from this topic, by alluding to the valor and prudence of his
father and grandfather; as to the Pope and Councils and their rela-
tive superiority, he put the Prince in mind of the Sorbonne and the
change and degeneracy of France since the admission of the Jesuits,
and the difference between the old and modern Sorbonnist, Without touch'
ing on the point of superiority, as the Father wished to have done.
And as to the liberty of the Gallican Church, the Father passed it over
in general terms, saying that the Parliament of France and the Sor-
bonne had maintained these liberties as the natural right of all Chur-
ches, but that in France they had been better defended than elsewhere. As
to the employment of soldiers of different opinions in religion, he only
observed that Julius II had employed the Turks at Bologna, and
Paul III the Grisons in Rome, whom he called angels sent by God to
defend him, and yet they were heretics. They then discoursed diflhsely
on the excommunication of Princes, and the Father obliged the Prince to
speak of Gregory VII, and made him confess that he had seen many
public and private documents by which it appears, that if the Pope had
not made such pretensions as to forbid princes to be present at mass,
and other services of the Church, controversies would not have attained
such a height; but the chief point was as to excommunication, whether
princes under it had cause of complaint, as excommunication was only
a spiritual sentence; whether they should be exposed to the rebellion
of their subjects, and to the plots of those who watched for their lives
or sought to deprive them of their crowns.
" As to the Father being the author of the History of the Council
of Trent, he told the Prince that it was he who had divulged this in
France, and had said as much to the Venetian Ambassador then resi-
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? 216 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1622.
dent at the Court of the Most Christian King, so that the Ambassador
was obliged to write to the State, and he only answered further, that
at Rome it was well known who was the author, and with all his
turnings and windings the Prince could get nothing more out of him.
"Such was the celebrated conversation of the Prince of Conde?
will be seen in the sequel; but for the present he must be followed
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? 11*/r. 64. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 203
to Coire in the Grisons, Heidelberg, and subsequently to England.
Tidings of his manifesto appear to have reached Fra Paolo, because
he says he "suspended his judgment with regard to a prelate," as
also that he mentions a "manifesto of De Dominis; " but after observing.
"that all he printed was certain to be prohibited," he adds, "that he
knew nothing further respecting him. " At a later period he thus
writes to M. Gillotz " I have news from my friend of the Archbishop
of Spalatro. He conversed confidentially with him, and he saw some
of his books about to be published, he assured me that they were
written without any pretension, or any appearance of controversy. He
avoids all bitterness; he only maintains his own opinions distinctly,
and proves all by ancient documents. However, my friend neither
praised their prolixity (which is perhaps extreme), nor -the vacillation
or anxiety of mind, which the author ingenuously confesses, 'I should
admire it if he lived in France, where interchange of thought is not
forbidden to any, but in a place where men are- deprived from their
cradles of liberty of thought I value it highly in a Dalmatian, who
has been brought up in the dungeons of the Jesuits, that he has been
able to extricate himself from darkness. In forming my judgment of
his worth and learning, I take these difficulties into account; I could
not otherwise have spoken of them in such absolute terms. "
Thus charitably did Sarpi write of De Dominis. Having declared
himself one of the Reformed in England, De Dominis was received
with great distinction at Court by the King, entertained sumptuously
by the Universities, and lodged by royal command at the palace of the
Archbishop of Canterbury.
After the ceremony of the renunciation of his episcopacy at St.
Paul's Cathedral, London, he was presented to the Mastership of the
Savoy, London, and to the living and parsonage of West Ilsley, Berkshire;
but De Dominis was not satisfied.
His work "De Republica Ecclesiastica, " was one of great' service,
but the vacillating nature of its author impaired its usefulness lat-
terly. High authority pronounced its arguments nnanswerable, but the
Nuncio demanded a prohibition of his works, and Sarpi had again
the mortification to see one, who he had hoped might benefit his
country, leave him to struggle on without the aid of his pen or his high
dignity to assist him, but Sarpi was obedient to the commands of heaven.
Heaven had given him the key which unlocks its portals, the late
dews of night and the first breath of early morn found him sup-
plicating for his country, and the Christian patriot resigned himself to
the thought, that whatever God permitted to happen to the Church, it
would be for her benefit,-"He thus wrote:
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? 204 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1617.
" As to what I touched upon in my letter concerning the Kingdom
of Heaven, Christ is, without doubt, a King and Priest. 'He hath
made us all,' says St. Peter, 'priests and kings,' that is he hath
made his Church a royal priesthood, by making his ministers partakers
of the royal and priestly power. Admit this; he hath made his stewards
and ministers viceroys in his absence. This is certain, 'As my Father
sent me, so I send you. ' It belongs to the Kingdom of Heaven; it
neither receives nor gives anything of mutual help from, or to an
earthly King. And there is no wonder in this; they do not walk
together, they cannot meet together. Christ's minister and vicar has
his conversation in heaven, from whence we look for Christ the Saviour.
The King of France has no diminution. of power, because his dominion
does not reach to the stars. The Kingdom of Heaven is further from
the French nation than those stars are. 'The Kingdom of Heaven is
within you,' said Christ (St. Luke xvm,). But whether an earthly
prince does anything towards the Kingdom of Heaven, he will best
be able to say who learns from history, how much more it prospered
under Diocletian than under Constantine. No one comes after Christ
but one that takes up His cross.
"The Kingdom of Heaven began by the cross, it is extended and
perfected by the cross: not but that the Church may flourish in
peace, because God sometimes plants it by the favour of princes, and
sometimes by persecution; 'through honour and dishonour, by evil
report and good report,' (2 Cor. vI). 'All things work together for
good to them that love God. ' I have not taken the words of the
Kingdom of Heaven as meant of the Church on earth; and I so conceive
the Scriptures teach me to understand it. . . .
"They are Christ's ministers who have the keys of the Kingdom
committed to them. Nobody can say that he that keeps the keys of
the house is the house itself; and in the first and second chapters of
St. John's Revelation those Words, 'Thou hast made us unto our
God kings and priests, and we shall reign on the earth,' are not
only spoken of his ministers, but of all else, of every tribe, language,
people, and nation that are cleansed and redeemed by the blood of
Christ. "
Sarpi speaks of those who engrossed the name of " Church" to them-
selves, who also took to themselves its goods and estates, and those
of Rome had given him a very low place, because he did " not allow
them a coercive power over sovereigns. "
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? 205
CHAPTER X.
s. n. 1618 -- s. n. 1623.
Door: or VENICE. 1618 Niccolo Donato. 1618 Antonio Priuli.
Sovanmcns or GERMANY. Matthias. Ferdinand.
GREAT B'1? irAr_N_. James I_.
S? A1? . 'Philip III. 1621 Philip IV.
Tummy. Mustapha. Osman III. Mustapha.
Porns. Paul V. 1621 Gregory XV.
WIN/I/WVVN
Conspiracy. - F. Paolo's history of the Council of Trent. - Public events. --
Death of Paul V. - Gregory XV. - Prince de Conde's visit. - Fra Paolo's
illness and death. - Public funeral. - His remains about to be disturbed are
hidden, exhumed and reburied, again raised. - Buried in the church of
S. Michele di Murano.
Fra Paolo Sarpi was not mistaken in his fears for his country. Like a
gem of matchless beauty and great value, Venetia had long been coveted
by the unscrupulous and the ambitious. The year 1618 was peculiarly
dark to her, a deep plot had been laid against her, and she seemed about
to be swept from her high place amongst the nations of Europe. Little
however of this conspiracy has been published, and they who would
explore its labyrinths must track them in the Archives of Venice. The
Senate commanded Fra Paolo to write an account of it. He had long be-
lieved that one of the powers of Europe was ready to make Venetia her
own, but it is not for his biographer to do more than express gladness
that he never saw his country beneath a foreign yoke.
N o alarm, no illness, no business however pressing, seems ever to have
severed him wholly from his studies; and amongst them at this time he
is found making notes on a treatise by the learned Scot, Anderson, Profes-
sor of Mathematics at Paris. We have also of this date some thoughts
from Paolo's pen on a well known passage of Cicero, ' and in this, as in
all his other writings, he ascribes honor to Him by whose fiat all things
were created.
1 " Est enim admirabilis quaedam continuatio seriesque rerum, ut alias ex aliis
nexee, et omnes inter se aptae colligataeque videantur. " De Natura Deorum, lib. 1.
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? 206 THE LIFE OF [AD. 1619.
His correspondence, however, met with a severe check; in his last letter
to M. Groslot he refers to the difficulty with which he sent a letter to
him, and they who are hasty in their condemnation of the government of
Venice may learn what great necessity there was for vigilance, when
their theologian and counsellor could not correspond even with a friend
in safety, watched over as he and probably every other member of the
Venetian government were by foreign spies. But his opinions were still
the same, he still sighed as much for reformation in the Church as when
Diodati, Bedell and others had urged it upon him during and subsequent
to the Interdict, although almost prevented from correspondence with its
advocates: but he still availed himself of any opportunity to show himself
friendly to those of the Reformed religion, as is evinced by his conduct to
a near relative of his old friend M. de Mornay, who far from his home and
in the prime of youth and hope lay dying.
The learned Daille? had accompanied this youth and his brother to Italy.
And. all three being of the Reformed religion, they feared to remain in
Mantua on account of the Inquisition, but proceeded to Padua. There the
youth was tended with great care by M. Assclineapi the friend of Fra
Paolo, another physician, and an apothecary, all of the Reformed religion,
but their aid was fruitless, their patient died, and Fra Paolo, to whom
they had letters of introduction from du Plessis Mornay, obtained permis-
sion from the Venetian government to furnish the mourners with what-
leave was necessary, that the body of the youth might be taken to Saumur,
and buried there.
This was no small boon and is one of the many proofs of the tolerance of
Sarpi. '
To the surprise of many, but to no one more than to the author him-
self, the History of the Council of Trent now appeared. This last Council
of the Church of Rome, Which sat at intervals from 1545 till 1563, is too
generally known to require more particular notice than that it was assembled
in order to correct, illustrate and fix with perspicuity the doctrines of the
church, to restore her discipline, and to reform the lives of the clergy.
The preponderance of papal authority, and subsequent interpretation of
the decrees of Trent being so distasteful to many of tbe'members of the
Church of Rome/Sarpi wrote an authentic account of that assemblywhicly
although called to cement the divisions in the Church, in reality widened
them.
The writer of these pages took pains at Venice to obtain particulars
respecting the History of the Council of Trent. The original MS. is in
the writing of Sarpi's amanuensis Franzano, and on the first page of the
MS. is written by Fra Paolo Sarpi " L'Ht'st0ria dell Uoncilio Tridentino,
scritta do Pietro Suave Pohmo. " The other words " L'H1'strrria' dell Con
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? Er. 67. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 207
a
cilia Tridentino, " either head the other books which are in all eight, or _
are on the margin also written by Fra Paolo as are the corrections
throughout. This is worthy of notice, as it has been alleged that the
original MS. was written by Sarpi, in place of being dictated by him and
the corrections made by others. The reverse is the fact, as is attested on
the MS. by the Secretary Fontano. ' But to any one who has examined
the MS. , it is evident that every word must have been read by Sarpi, or
to him, from the many and minute corrections by his own hand. It is in
good preservation, bound by four leather thongs and parchment cover,
and consists of one thousand and eighty three pages , closely and finely
written, and carefully pointed. Paolo Sarpi did not publish his own work.
It has been observed that this MS. was borrowed from him by the Arch-
bishop de Dominis; who it is believed had it copied, carried to England
and published in London without Sarpi's knowledge, with a dedication
to the King of Great Britain by de Dominis. This dedication gave him
great pain; many, as Sarpi wrote were the defects of the Church of Rome
he never could hear it spoken against without regret, and although his own
language against the Court of Rome was very strong, still the unprejudic-
ed have always pronounced the History of the Council of Trent as did the
learned Sir Roger Twysden, " to be written with so great moderation
learning and wisdome, as might deserve a place amongst the exactest
pieces of ecclesiastic story any age hath produced. "
In Italy, many of her scholars, and they are not few, assured the
writer, "that none but the most profoundly ignorant hold any opinion
but that of admiration for the works of Fra Paolo Sarpi, and for his efforts
to reform the Romish Church. "
No one can reasonably affirm that this History was written in haste,
who is acquainted with the difficulty of research, and with the toil and
perseverance necessary to collect, collate, and embody materials for any
Work. Fra Paolo's aim was truth, and he did not shrink from the laborious
search after it in writing and compiling his History / and he had the
peculiar advantage, as we have seen, of personal acquaintance with many
who had attended the Council, and who were in possession of many me-
morials which no one else ever saw.
' It is to be regretted that the work of Fra Buonfiglio Capra perished by
fire; he had collected with great assiduity authentic references to all the
authorities consulted by Sarpi in the History of the Council of Trent, and
it is a well known fact that the materials for that work were in the Quirini
Library.
1 Deputato alla Canceleria Segreta, 16 Feb. 1772, arid by Bettiu Librarian.
"SS. Italiani de la Marciana, Classe v, N" 26.
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? 208 " THE LIFE or [s. D. 1619.
I Besides these, there are the journal of Chiergato, N uncio of Adrian VI; the
Acts of the Legation of the Cardinal Gaspar Contarini at Ratisbon; some of
the letters of the Cardinal del Monte, President of the Council of Trent
under Paul III; those of Viscomti, agent of Pius IV; the Memoirs of the
Cardinal Amulio; the despatches of the Venetian Ambassador at the
Council; the greater part of those of the French Ambassador, collected by
the friends of Fra Paolo, M- Groslet, De Thou, and others. To these may
be added, the Relazione, letters and speeches of the prelates at Trent;
the History of the Council, by Milledonne; the Acts of Massarelli; the
papers containing the votes of the prelates and theologians during the ses-
sions of the Council; the Memorials of the Spanish ambassador Vergos;
the Conciliary Acts of Salmio, Bishop of Verdun; the MSS. of the Cardinal
Borromeo; and many other MSS. relating to the latter years of the Council,
examined by Griselini 1785, in the Collection of the Senator Gradenigo.
Sarpi had also access to the libraries of the Vatican, of Padua, of Milan,
of Mantua, and of Venice; and the rare Collections of books and MSS. of
the Grimani, Contarini, Donati, Manutii, and of the monastic bodies were
at his disposal. '
At Rome, Sarpi's work was prohibited, some say before it was publish-
ed. l If it was so, it must have been in consequence of the information
that Paul V had received from the friars who wished to poison Sarpi,
and who were told to procure leaves of his writings, but this is of little
consequence. It is probable that Sarpi. never intended to publish his work,
and that he referred to its publication after his death when he said he
would do more against those who sought his life, dead than living. Ful-
ganzio's remarks on the History are interesting.
It was more read than
any ecclesiastical History that is known. " The idea prevailed, and it was
published in Rome as an undoubted fact, that he (Fra Paolo Sarpi) was
the Author of the History of the Council of Trent, in eight Books, printed
in the Italian language in London, and which was afterwards translated
into all the most common languages of Europe, an argument, that this is
no ordinary work. And it might be, that at Rome they had also taken
it as a proof that F. Paolo was its author, that for a long term of years,
the Father spared no pains, either through friendship or cost, to obtain
information concerning the celebration of this Council, not only in Italy,
but abroad. And at the time when he had free intercourse with the
Princes, he was most intimate with the Ambassadors of France, Monsieur
de Fresnes, de Mes, and Du Ferrier, and particularly the latter, who at-
tended the said Council. No judgment can be given on his writings,
unless it be done with the discretion of a skilful artizan, who by one
1 Index Lib. Prob. Gregory XVI, Romae, 1841. Deor. 22 Nov. 1619.
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? mr. 67. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 209
claw, knows the size of the Lion, and who could, as history relates, by
the measure of one finger comprehend the proportions of the Colossus of
Rhodes. "
But it is to be feared that few have the discretion of the skilful artisan
of whom Fulgenzio speaks, and while some have said that the History is
the most noble in any language, others have pronounced it but a lengthened
satire.
It was not an easy task to write without satire of a Council unlawfully
constituted, and entirely under the guidance of the Popes, their Legates
and adherents. There is much pungent satire in the work, yet the style
is dignified and agreeable, not redundant yet strictly correct, and evidently
that of a master,,'. 1iut to praise a work so long held in high esteem is as
presumptuous as to criticise it. " I would rather, " said a scholar of no mean
degree, " have been the Author of the History of the Council of Trent than
of any book I know. "
Curiosity was much excited to discover who wrote a History which was
received by scholars with enthusiasm. Although he never said so, Sarpi
was at once pronounced to have written it, and the liberal minded of the
Church of Rome ever regarded its author with admiration. It is a mistake
with respect to the work to speak of Sarpi as a partizan. /These comments
of Gibbon and d'Alembert ought sufficiently to negative the imputation.
" Since the origin of theological factions, Arminus Marcellinus, Fra Paolo,
Thuanas, Hume, and perhaps a few others, have deserved the singular
praise of holding the balance with a steady and equal hand. Independent
and unconnected, they contemplated with the same indifference the
opinions and interests of contending parties, or, if they were seriously at-
tached to a particular system, they were armed with a firm and moderate
temper which enabled them to suppress their affection and to sacrifice
their interest, " and " Fra Paolo is perhaps the only monk who has risen
above monastic prejudice, who saw and judged the interests of society
with the extensive survey of a philosopher, and the nobility of a man of
birth. "/
He had the wisdom to point out to his countrymen what they are now
beginning to believe, that the temporal power of the Pope was the great
prop of the abuses of the Church of Rome, and as this, together with his
protest against the doctrines of the Jesuits, was what throughout life he
insisted upon, he takes pains to show in the History of the Council of
Trent, by what means their false theology was inserted into its decrees.
This is seen in Father Salmeron's proceedings with regard to the
sacrifice of the Mass, ' as well as his known approval of the English Liturgy
1 Appendix.
H
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? 210 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1619.
and confessions of the Reformed Churches. And it is probable that Sarpi's
approval of opposition to Salmeron's opinions, was what drew upon him
the charge of Bossuet, " Sous un froc il cachoit un coeur Calvinists, et il
travailloit sourdement a descrediter la Messe, qu'il disoit tous les jours. "
It is hoped that sufficient has been said in this biography to prove that
Sarpi had Written much of his great work in early life. His History of
the Council has been preserved that his countrymen may read for them-
selves, and judge how one and another nation sent their prelates to Trent
to obtain the restoration of ancient doctrines and rites, and saw them
return obliged to conform to the pleasure of the Pope and his Legates,
who often were made to receive against their will what was contrary to
their conscience. It was in vain that in many of the Sessions of Trent the
Scriptures were cited as the rule of faith, they were not received as of
sufficient authority alone, unless the dogma or article of faith was sup-
ported by tradition or long use, and therefore it is not marvellous that
Sarpi dissented from some of the decrees of the Council.
It has been observed that he wished a free Council to be assembled at
the time of the Interdict, he well knew that some would have sought to
exclude the Jesuits from it, and then he and Fra Fulgenzio and some of
the seven might perhaps have seen the Holy Scriptures, the prohibited
book, unchained and open to all, and might have heard again the
eloquent Fulgenzio preaching the Gospel of Christ, as he had done before
he was hindered by the Nuncio.
Sarpi longed for freedom, he knew and felt one of the noblest sayings
ever embodied in words, that " he is the freeman whom the truth makes
free and all are slaves besides, " and to him the truth was dear. He had
laid hold of it with the full grasp of his intellect, but he felt that it need-
ed a still more powerful lever to raise his heart heavenwards, and he ever
spoke and wrote of that divine grace, which had unbarred to him the
gates of heaven, with a devotion which was as humble as it was sincere ;
he could look beyond the superstitions of an overcharged ritual, and
pray for the time when all would perceive that Heaven requires not
merely acts of devotion but the service of the heart. Throughout life We
have seen that he looked for a reformation of the visible church, a return
to its ancient usages, and that although he was disappointed at the issue
of the disputes with Pope Paul V, he was too Wise not to know that he
had given a stimulus to those who came after)( him to shun atheism as
repugnant to human nature, ' and to persevere in the struggle for re-
formation.
If then a friar, so surrounded with superstition as Sarpi was, could long
1 "L'ateismo repugna alla natura humans, " MS. Sarpi.
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? B1'. 67. ] FHA PAOLO SARPI 211
to break through the trammels with which the Church of Rome was sur-
rounded, why again we ask should not his successors do the same? Let but
one of the clergy arise, let him but follow the example given him; let
the voice of controversy be mute, but let the voice of entreaty be strong;
let him in the full vigor of powerful intellect, but with words shorn of all
personality, with that charity which is as faithful as enduring, with that
generosity which never triumphs over another, and with all that holy
zeal which will nerve him to the noble task, let him dwell on the
benefits of the death of the Saviour, and thousands will listen now, as
they did when the Servite told out to crowds that the sacrifice of-
fered on Calvary was as complete as infinite.
As the History of the Council of Trent by Pallavicino was not
published for more than thirty years after that by Sarpi, any notice
of its criticisms lies beyond our province. ' All are familiar with Vol-
taire's ridicule of Pallavicino's remarks. Perhaps his foes past, present
and future cannot be better answered than by the moderate pen of Mr.
Zouch.
" We have already had occasion to mention this veherable Ecclesiastic.
It was said of Father Paul that he not only knew more than other men,
but that he knew better, and that he seemed to have Wisdom by habit.
I " Attempts have recently been made by some modern writers amongst
the high Catholics, as they are denominated, to depreciate the fame,
and invalidate the authority of this great man. These attempts are
vain. His works will be held in veneration long after the names of his
adversaries are sunk in oblivion. '}
We must now attend to the alliance between the Venetians and the
faithful Hollanders which was formed this year; it was probably
advised by Sarpi, and it gave him great pleasure. The diplomacy of
the seventeenth century was such as to perplex honest men, and an
honest ambassador could ill discharge his duty; still there were such
men, and none knew better than the Venetians how to appreciate them,
of which Sarpi gives many proofs. '
Again the subject was mooted, whether a power which acknowledged
the Pope could employ soldiers professing the Reformed religion. On
this question Fra Paolo supplied the Senate with a lucid reply in the
affirmative.
It is needless to enter further on the history of Europe of this date
1 Istoria del Concilio di Trento, scritta dal P. S. Pallavicino, della Compa-
gnia di Gesv. Roma, MDCLVI. Marciana.
2 Nor is that feeling yet dead in Venetia, as eyewitnesses of the recent
reception of the Ambassador from a great northern power can tell, when S.
Mark's palace resounded with a spontaneous tribute to talent and worth. 1866.
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? 212 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1621.
than to remark that intolerance again burst forth, and that the hills and
dales of the Valteline reech. oed with the cry of the wretched in-
habitants; their mountains formed no shelter for them, and like
the apostolic, good, and learned Church of the Valdesi, many Were
pursued and slain. The Papists amongst the Grisons were resolved to
free themselves from the government of the Reformed, and while Fra
Paolo, was still looking for reformation in the Church to enter from
the Grisons, he had the sorrow to behold the papal party triumphant,
and to learn that the Grisons were subdued or slain in the frightful contest.
After a reign of nearly sixteen years Paul V died, and was suc-
ceeded by Alessandro di Bologna, who took the name of Gregory XV.
By the address of his nephew' the papal party prevailed in France,
Italy and Austria, where the Sovereign had once been willing and
anxious for the restitution of the rights of the early Church. '
This had an indirect influence upon Venice, and Fra Paolo beheld
_his country settle down into comparative carelessness and indif-
ference as to the abuses of the Romish Church. Those who really felt
anxiety on the subject were not of sufficient number to have weight
in the Senate; fear of offending Rome was again paralyzing freedom.
Had Paolo Sarpi then 'effected nothing? Had the long, weary, and
arduous life which he had led, all the persecution he had suffered, all
the brilliant hopes he had formed for his country, beeri as the down
of the thistle on the bosom of the blast?
No! Seek deeper into the page of history, search longerin the
archives of his country, rend the veil from volumes which are not his,
give them back to their writers, but let the fame of Sarpi shine forth
in all the lustre that his integrity (IQISerVeS. ' No one can deny but
that by Sarpi's means the reign of Paul V had been productive of good
to Italy. Italy has never since been so blind to her political interests/
and her patient suffering was one day to be rewarded. The impress
of the seal of the pontificate was to be effaced, if gradually yet surely,
from the land, the Papacy received a blow from the resistance of
Sarpi to Paul V, from which it has never recovered; -no bull of
excommunication ever reached Venetia in after days; rulers and
subjects were forced to believe that the power of the Pope, and what
he termed the rights of the Church were wrongfully usurped, and
some gave credit to the opinions of Sarpi that the Pope was neither
Supreme Pontiff, nor infallible ruler of the Church, but merely Bishop of
Rome and liable to err, as did St. Peter and all men.
Sarpi enjoyed his high reputation for learning till the end of his
1 Appendix.
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? mr. 69. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 213
life, and when permitted, he sometimes received people of distinction.
"Many princes honored him with letters, and one royal personage, on
sending his son to Italy, told him that he must not fail to visit the
' Orbfs term; ocullus. ' " He had however little time for visitors,
especially as he now had a new charge. The Nuncios had caused
disquiet by many infractions on existing laws, they were the medium
of the demands of the Auditor of the papal chamber, which Fra
Paolo thought were often as unlawful as superstitious, and he there-
fore proposed that a scrutiny of all Laws should be made by a cano-
uist appointed for the purpose. The Senate immediately appointed
Paolo, who discharged this duty till his death, when a counsellor,
called " Theologian for . the revision of Papal Bulls," succeeded him.
The Nuncios were thus deprived of some power, as they had been in
the habit of yielding entirely to the interests of the Court of Rome.
These duties, however, increased the burden of labor which Paolo had
to perform, and was induced to undertake from conscientious motives,
not from gain, for as through life, so now in old age, he was indif-
ferent to Wealth. . ' ' .
" His latter years were spent very monotonously, owing to his being al-
most a prisoner except when the public service or his profession required
him to go abroad. His food was a little bread toasted on coals, to escape ill
intent, and having no relation but a very old cousin, he had nothing to
wish for his family. In him ambition was wholly dead, and now he was
content that any one rather than himself, should enjoy the merit of any of
his scientific discoveries. "
" Such was his fidelity in the public service, that the prince honored him
in a manner which had never been done before; he had free access to the
two secret archives, and free permission to examine all the writings of the
State as also of the government.
"His memory was so extraordinary, that he could immediately put his
hand on any MS. he wished to examine, and as these Archives contained
public documents of laws, treaties of peace and war, truces, confederations,
negotiations, with all the despatches for centuries past from all parts of the
world, in old volumes which it was difficult to decipher, this was no easy
matter.
" There could be no greater proof of the entire confidence of the Govern-
ment in the integrity of Sarpi, than the permission thus given to him to
examine and arrange its most secret Archives. It was a work of interest
but very arduous, and his health suffered from it, for on Easter day, when
in his accustomed place in the Segreta, he was suddenly seized with cold
as if he had been frozen, accompanied by hoarseness and numbness. He
had never had any catarrh before, but from this and ague he now suffered
Z
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? 214 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1622.
severely for three months, yet he never changed his way of life, or relaxed
his laborious occupation, a diminution of his strength was apparent, and
he often said that he never was well after this illness. " '
There was little to cheer him from Rome, the power of the Jesuits being
very great there, in consequence of the countenance they received from
the Pope and his nephew. They soon gave trouble to Venice, but Fra Paolo
counselled the Senate not to give way. The Jesuits wished to be reinstated
in a Greek College which they had once possessed, but he plainly told the
government that if they were established thergthe sons of ignorant people
would be educated in the maxims of a society inimical to it. This remon-
strance was not likely to please the Curia; but Paolo did not consult his own
interest; he was well aware of the opinion which the new Pope held of his
being the Counsellor of the Republic, as on his accession, Gregory XV
said, " that there never would be a perfect peace between the Apostolic see
and Venetia, except such an one as Fra Paolo Sarpi chose. " On this Fra
Paolo not only determined to relinquish the public service, but to quit the
States of Venice. He was in declining years; but on many accounts it
would have been a sacrifice i-f he had left his country. The King of Great
Britain had not been able to prevail upon him to leave it, and the State
certainly would not have permitted him to do so. He had however resolv-
ed to go to the Levant, Constantinople, or elsewhere, and had obtained
information from travellers, particularly from a Jew who had often made
the journey; he even provided himself with a passport, and had every
thing ready to meet any adverse fortune, and was determined to depart,
rather than that his prince or country should receive any ill, although he was
sure that the Senate would rather have gone to war on his account than
withdraw their protection. It was not however so to be, and Sarpi was to
suffer neither from the threatened malevolence of the Pope Gregory, or
of his successor, Urban VIII. Ere the latter had ascended the pontifical
throne, Fra Paolo Sarpi was beyond the reach of wrong.
It was unlikely that the publication of so remarkable a work as his
History of the Council of the Church would not be productive of great
opposition by the Papal Nuncios and other adherents of the Curia, one
instance of this may suffice, and again the attack came from one who had
forsaken the reformed religion.
The Prince de Conde? , immediately on the appearance of Fra Paolo's
History of the Council of Trent, had made enquiries concerning it of
the Venetian ambassador at Paris, who had informed the good Servite,
and this appears to have influenced him in not wishing to meet the
Prince when he came to Venice. It was in vain that he excused him-
? MS.
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? AT 70. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 216
selfllhe Prince insisted so peremptorily, that the Senate gave orders that
he was to be received. A meeting without the walls of the Convent
was appointed, at the house of the afore--mentioned ambassador who
was lately returned from Paris. The conversation was taken down, and
a more desultory one has seldom been heard; the Prince endeavcring
to discover Sarpi's opinions, but he left the Prior to answer for him in
general terms as to the mass and as to his being a foe of the Jesuits, but
it is apparent that the Prince knew that he did not agree withhim, he
then questioned Sarpi on the religious sects, on the Reformed Church
of France, the superiority of the Council over the Pope, the liberty of
the Gallican Church, whether it was lawful to employ men at arms of
different religions, the excommunication of Princes, but above all, who was
the author of the History of the Council of Trent.
" The Prince blamed the Huguenots, without even touching upon the
most trivial points of their doctrine, the Father dexterously diverted
him from this topic, by alluding to the valor and prudence of his
father and grandfather; as to the Pope and Councils and their rela-
tive superiority, he put the Prince in mind of the Sorbonne and the
change and degeneracy of France since the admission of the Jesuits,
and the difference between the old and modern Sorbonnist, Without touch'
ing on the point of superiority, as the Father wished to have done.
And as to the liberty of the Gallican Church, the Father passed it over
in general terms, saying that the Parliament of France and the Sor-
bonne had maintained these liberties as the natural right of all Chur-
ches, but that in France they had been better defended than elsewhere. As
to the employment of soldiers of different opinions in religion, he only
observed that Julius II had employed the Turks at Bologna, and
Paul III the Grisons in Rome, whom he called angels sent by God to
defend him, and yet they were heretics. They then discoursed diflhsely
on the excommunication of Princes, and the Father obliged the Prince to
speak of Gregory VII, and made him confess that he had seen many
public and private documents by which it appears, that if the Pope had
not made such pretensions as to forbid princes to be present at mass,
and other services of the Church, controversies would not have attained
such a height; but the chief point was as to excommunication, whether
princes under it had cause of complaint, as excommunication was only
a spiritual sentence; whether they should be exposed to the rebellion
of their subjects, and to the plots of those who watched for their lives
or sought to deprive them of their crowns.
" As to the Father being the author of the History of the Council
of Trent, he told the Prince that it was he who had divulged this in
France, and had said as much to the Venetian Ambassador then resi-
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? 216 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1622.
dent at the Court of the Most Christian King, so that the Ambassador
was obliged to write to the State, and he only answered further, that
at Rome it was well known who was the author, and with all his
turnings and windings the Prince could get nothing more out of him.
"Such was the celebrated conversation of the Prince of Conde?
