No More Learning

Perga in Pamphylia, his native city, a mathemati-
Besides the Argonautica and epigrams (Antonin. cian educated at Alexandria under the successors
Lib. 23), of which we possess only the one on of Euclid. He was born in the reign of Ptolemy
Callimachus, Apollonius wrote several other works Euergetes (Eutoc. Comm. in Ap. Con. lib. i. ), and
which are now lost. Two of them, nepi 'Apxıló- died under Philopator, who reigned B. c. 222–
xov (Athen. x. p. 451) and Após Znvódotov (Schol. 205. (Hephaest. ap. Phot. cod. cxc. )
Venet. ad Hom. ll. xiii. 657), were probably gram- therefore, probably about 40 years younger than
matical works, and the latter may have bad Archimedes. His geometrical works were beld in
reference to the recension of the Homeric poems such esteem, that they procured for him the ap-
by Zenodotus, for the Scholia on Homer occasion- pellation of the Great Geometer. (Eutoc. l. c. )
ally refer to Apollonius. A third class of Apol- He is alsc mentioned by Ptolemy as an astronomer,
lonius' writings were his KTloers, that is, poems on and is said to have been called by the sobriquet of
the origin or foundation of several towns. These e, from his fondness for observing the moon, the
poems were of an historico-epical character, and shape of which was supposed to resemble that
most of them seem to have been written in hexa- letter. His most important work, the only con-
meter verse. The following are known: 1. 'Pódov siderable one which has come down to our time,
ktiois, of which one line and a half are preserved was a treatise on Conic Sections in eight books.
in Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v. Activ), and to Of these the first four, with the commentary of
which we have perhaps to refer the statements Eutocius, are extant in Greek ; and all but the
contained in the Scholiast on Pindar. (Ol. vii. 86 ; eighth in Arabic. The eighth book seems to have
Pyth. iv. 57. ) 2. Naukpátws ktiois, of which been lost before the date of the Arabic versione
six lines are preserved in Athenaeus. (vii. p. 283, We have also introductory lemmata to all the
&c. ; comp. Aelian, Hist. Am xv. 23. ) 3. 'Aletav. eight, by Pappus. The first four books probably
opeias kilois. (Schol. ad Nicand. Ther. 11. ) 4. contain little more than the substance of what
Kaúvou atlous. (Parthen. Erot. ) and 11. ) 5. Kvis former geometers had done ; they treat of the de-
Ons Koloss. (Steph. Byz. s. v. Yurthpos. ) Whether | finitions and elementary properties of the conic
the last three were like the first two in verse or sections, of their diameters, tangents, asymptotes,
prose is uncertain, as no fragments are extant. mutual intersections, &c. But Apollonius seems
6. Kavwnos, which may likewise have been an to lay claim to originality in most of what follows.
account of the foundation of Canopus. It was (See the introductory epistle to the first book. )
written in verse, and consisted of at least two The fifth treats of the longest and shortest right
books. Two choliambic lines of it are extant. lines (in other words the normals) which can be
(Steph. Byz. s. w. Xápa, Kópv@os. ) (Compare drawn from a given point to the curve. The sixth
E. Gerhard, Lectiones Apollonianae, Leipzig, 1816, of the equality and similarity of conic sections;
8vo. ; Weichert, Ueber das Leben und Gedicht des and the seventh relates chiefly to their diameters,
Apollonius von Rhodus, Meissen, 1821, 8vo. ) and rectilinear figures described upon them.
24. A SYRIAN, a platonic philosopher, who lived We learn from Eutocius (Comm. in lib. i. ), that
about the time of Hadrian, and who had inserted Heraclius in his life of Archimedes accused Apol-
in his works an oracle which promised to Hadrianlonius of having appropriated to himself in this
the government of the P. oman world. (Spartian. work the unpublished discoveries of that great
Hadr. 2. )
mathematician ; however this may have been,
25. TYANEUS. . See below.
there is truth in the reply quoted by the same
26. Of TYRE, a stoic philosopher, who lived in author from Geminus : that neither Archimedes
the reign of Ptomany Auletes, is mentioned by nor Apollonius pretended to have invented this
Diogenes Laërtius (vii. 1, 2, 24, and 28) as the branch of Geometry, but that Apollonius had in-
author of a work on Zeno. Strabo (xvi. p. 757) troduced a real improvement into it. For whereas
mentions a work of his which he calls niva's Twv Archimedes, according to the ancient method, con-
από Ζήνωνος φιλοσόφων και των βιβλίων, and | sidered only the section of a right cone by a plane
which appears to have been a short survey of the perpendicular to its side, so that the species of the
philosophers and their writings from the time of curve depended upon the angle of the cone ; Apol-
Zeno. Whether this Apollonius is the same as lonius took a more general view, conceiving the
the one who wrote a work on female philosophers curve to be produced by the intersection of any
(Phot. Cod. i61), or as the author of the chronolo- plane with a cone generated by a right line passing
gical work (xpovená) of which Stephanus Byzan always through the circumference of a fixed circle
tius (s. v. Xarantópior) quotes the fourth book, and any fixed point. The principal edition of the
cannot be decided.
Conics is that of Halley, “ Apoll. Perg. Conic. lib.
27. King of TYRE is the hero of a Greek ro viii. , &c. ," Oxon. 1710, fol. The eighth book is a
mance, the author of which is unknown. Barth conjectural restoration founded on the introductory
(Adversar. Iviji. 1) thought that the author was a lemmata of Pappus. The first four books were
Christian of the name of Symposius. About the translated into Latin, and published by J. Bapt.
year a. D. 1500, the romance was put into so Memus (Venice, 1537), and by Commandine
:
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242
APOLLONIUS.
APOLLONIUS.
or
(Bologna, 1566). The 5th, 6th, and 7th were Apollonius, according to the narrative of his
translated from an Arabic manuscript in the biographer, was of noble ancestry, and claimed
Medicean library by Abraham Echellensis and kindred with the founders of the city of Tyana.
Borelli, and edited in Latin (Florence, 1661); and We need not stop to dispute the other story of the
by Ravius (Kilonii, 1669).
incarnation of the god Proteus, or refer it, with
Apollonius was the author of several other Tillemont, to demoniacal agency. At the age of
works. The following are described by Pappus in fourteen he was placed under the care of Euthyde-
the 7th book of his Mathematical Collections: mus, a rhetorician of Tarsus; but, being disgusted
Περί Λόγου Αποτομής and Περί Χωρίου Απο- | at the luxury of the inhabitants, he obtained leave
Touñs, in which it was shewn how to draw a line of his father and instructor to retire to the neigh-
through a given point so as to cut segments from bouring town of Aegae. Here he is said to have
two given lines, 1st. in a given ratio, 2nd. contain- studied the whole circle of the Platonic, Sceptic,
ing a given rectangle.
Epicurean, and Peripatetic philosophy, and ended
of the first of these an Arabic version is still by giving his preference to the Pythagorean, in
extant, of which a translation was edited by Hal- which he had been trained by Euxenus of Hera-
ley, with a conjectural restoration of the second. clea. (Phil. i. 7. ) Immediately, as if the idea of
(Oxon. 1706. )
treading in the footsteps of Pythagoras had seized
Tepi Alpiouévns Touñs. To find a point in a him in his earliest youth, he began to exercise
given straight line such, that the rectangle of its | bimself in the severe asceticism of the sect; ab
distances from two given points in the same should stnined from animal food and woollen clothing,
fulfil certain conditions. (See Pappus, l. c. ) A foreswore wine and the company of women, suf-
solution of this problem was published by Robt. fered his hair to grow, and betook himself to the
Simson. Nepl Tórwv 'Emité'wv, “ A Treatise temple of Aesculapius at Aegae, who was supposed
in two books on Plane Loci. Restored by Robt. to regard him with peculiar favour. He was re-
Simson,” Glasg. 1749.
called to Tyana, in the twentieth year of his age,
Tepl’Enaowv, in which it was proposed to draw by his father's death : after dividing his inherir
a circle fulfilling any three of the conditions of ance with a brother whom he is said to have re-
passing through one more of three given claimed from dissolute living, and giving the greater
points, and touching one or more of three given part of wbat remained to his poorer relatives (Phil.
circles and three given straight lines. Or, which i. 13), he returned to the discipline of Pythagoras,
is the same thing, to draw a circle touching three and for five years preserved the mystic silence,
given circles whose radii may have any magnitude, during which alone the secret truths of philosophy
including zero and infinity. (Ap. de Tactionibus were disclosed. At the end of the five years, be
quae supers. , ed. J. G. Camerer. " Goth. et Amst. travelled in Asia Minor, going from city to city,
1795, 8vo. )
and everywhere disputing, like Pythagoras, upon
Tepl Netoewy. To draw through a given point divine rites. There is a blank in bis biography,
a right line so that a given portion of it should be at this period of his life, of about twenty years,
intercepted between two given right lines. (Re during which we must suppose the same employ-
stored by S. Horsley, Oxon. 1770. )
ment to have continued, unless indeed we have
Proclus, in his commentary on Euclid, mentions reason to suspect that the received date of his birth
two treatises, De Cochlea and De Perturbatis has been anticipated twenty years. He was be-
Rationibus.
tween forty and fifty years old when he set out on
Ptolemy (Magn. Const. lib. xii. init. ) refers to his travels to the east ; and here Philostratus
Apollonius for the demonstration of certain pro sends forth his hero on a voyage of discovery, in
positions relative to the stations and retrogradations which we must be content rapidly to follow him.
of the planets.
From Aegae he went to Nineveh, where he met
Eutocius, in his commentary on the Dimensio Damis, the future chronicler of his actions, and,
Circuli of Archimedes, mentions an arithmetical proceeding on his route to India, he discoursed at
work called 'OKUTÓ6oov, (see Wallis, Op. vol. iii. Babylon with Bardanes, the Parthian king, and
p.
559,) which is supposed to be referred to in a consulted the magi and Brahmins, who were sup-
fragment of the 2nd book of Pappus, edited by posed to have imparted to him some theurgic se
Wallis. (Op. vol. iii. p. 597. ) (Montucla, Hist. crets. He next visited Taxila, the capital of
des Mathém. vol. i. ; Halley, Praef. ad Ap. Conic. ; | Phraortes, an Indian prince, where he met İarchas,
Wenrich, de auct. Graec. versionibus et comment. the chief of the Brahmins, and disputed with In-
Syrincis, Arab. Armen. Persicisque, Lips. 1842; dian Gymnosophists already versed in Alexandrian
Pope Blount, Censur. Celeb. Auth. ) (W. F. D. ) philosophy. (Phil. iii. 51. ) This eastern journey
APOLLONIUS TYANAEUS (’Arondwvios lasted five years : at its conclusion, he returned to
Travaios), a Pythagorean philosopher, born at the Ionian cities, where we first hear of his pre-
Tyana in Cappadocia about four years before the tensions to miraculous power, founded, as it would
Christian era. Much of his reputation is to be seem, on the possession of some divine knowledge
attributed to the belief in his magical or super- derived from the east. If it be true that the
natural powers, and the parallel which modern and honours of a god were decreed to him at this
ancient writers have attempted to draw between period of his life, we are of course led to suspect
his character and supposed miracles, and those of some collusion with the priests (iv. 1), who are
the Author of our religion. His life by Philostratus said to have referred the sick to him for relief.
is a mass of incongruities and fables : whether it From Ionia he crossed over into Greece (iv. 11),
hare any groundwork of historical truth, and whe- visited the temples and oracles which lay in his
ther it were written wholly or partly with a con- way, everywhere disputing about religion, and
troversial aim, are questions we shall be better assuming the anthority of a divine legislator. At
prepared to discuss after giving an account of the the Eleusinian mysteries he was rejected as a ma-
contents of the work itself.
gician, and did not obtain admission to them until


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APOLLONIUS.
243
APOLLONIUS.
a later period of his life: the same cause excluded | Rhodes, and Crete, laid claim to the honour of
him at the cave of Trophonius (from whence he being his last dwelling-place. Tyana, where a
pretended to have obtained the sacred books of temple was dedicated to him, became henceforth
Pythagoras), and which be entered by force. (viii. one of the sacred cities, and possessed the privilege
19. ) After visiting Lacedaemon, Corinth, and the of electing its own magistrates.
other towns of Greece, he bent his course towards We now proceed to discuss very briefly three
Rome, and arrived there just after an edict against questions. 1. The historical groundwork on which
magicians had been issued by Nero. He was im- the narrative of Philostratus was founded. II. How
mediately brought before Telesinus the consul, and far, if at all, it was designed as a rival to the Gos-
Tigellinus, the favourite of the emperor, the first of pel history. III. The real character of Apollonius
whom dismissed him, we are told, from the love of himself.
philosophy, and the latter from the fear of a magic I. However impossible it may be to separate
power, which could make the letters vanish from truth from falsehood in the narrative of Philos-
the indictment. On his acquittal, he went to tratus, we cannot conceive that a professed history,
Spain, Africa, and Athens, where, on a second ap- appealed to as such by contemporary authors, and
plication, he was admitted to the mysteries; and written about a hundred years after the death of
from Athens proceeded to Alexandria, where Ves Apollonius himself, should be simply the invention
pasian, who was maturing his revolt, soon saw the of a writer of romance. It must be allowed, that
use which might be made of such an ally. The all the absurd fables of Ctesias, the confused false-
story of their meeting may be genuine, and is cer- hoods of all mythologies (which become more and
tainly curious as exhibiting Apollonius in the third more absurd as they are farther distant), eastern
of the threefold characters assumed by Pythagoras fairy tales, and perhaps a parody of some of the
--philosopher, mystic, and politician. Vespasian Christian miracles, are all pressed into the service
was met at the entrance of the city by a body of by Philostratus to adom the life of his hero : it
magistrates, praefects and philosophers, and bastily will be allowed further, that the history itself,
asked whether the Tyanean was among the num- stripped of the miracles, is probably as false as the
ber. Being told that he was philosophizing in the miracles themselves. Still we cannot account for
Serapeum, he proceeded thither, and begged A pol- the reception of the narrative among the ancients,
lonius to make him emperor : the philosopher re and even among the fathers themselves, unless
plied that "he had already done so, in praying the there had been some independent tradition of the
gods for a just and venerable sovereign;" upon character of Apollonius on which it rested. Euse
which Vespasian declared that he resigned himself bius of Caesarea, who answered the Abyos pina-
entirely into his hands. A council of philosophers anons após Xploriávous of Hierocles (in which a
was forth with held, including Dio and Eupbrates, comparison was attempted between our Lord and
Stoics in the emperor's train, in which the ques Apollonius), seems (c. v. ) to allow the truth
tion was formally debated, Euphrates protesting of Philostratus's narrative in the main, with the
against the ambition of Vespasian and the base exception of wbat is miraculous. And the parody,
subserviency of Apollonius, and advocating the if it may be 80 termed, of the life of Pythagoras,
restoration of a republic. (v. 31. ) This dispute may be rather traceable to the impostor himself
laid the foundation of a lasting quarrel between than to the ingenuity of his biographer. Statues
the two philosophers, to which Philostratus often and temples still existed in his honour; his letters
alludes. "The last journey of Apollonius was to and supposed writings were extant; the manu-
Ethiopia, whence he returned to settle in the Ionian script of his life by Damis the Assyrian was the
cities. The same friendship which his father had original work which was dressed out by the rheto-
shewn was continued towards him by the emperor ric of Philostratus ; and many notices of his visits
Titus, who is said to have invited him to Argos in and acts might be found in the public records of
Cilicia, and to have obtained a promise that he Asiatic cities, which would have at once disproved
would one day visit Rome. On the accession of the history, if inconsistent with it. Add to this,
Domitian, Apollonius endeavoured to excite the pro- that another life of Apollonius of Tyana, by Moe-
vinces of Asia Minor against the tyrant. An order ragenes, is mentioned, which was professedly dis-
was sent to bring him to Rome, which he thought regarded by Philostratus, because, he says, it
proper to anticipate by voluntarily surrendering omitted many important particulars, and which
himself, to avoid bringing suspicion on his compa- Origen, who had read it, records to have spoken of
nions. On being conducted into the emperor's Apollonius as a magician whose imposture bad de-
presence, his prudence deserted him: he launched ceived many celebrated philosophers. The conclu-
forth into the praise of Nerva, and was hurried to sion we seem to come to on the whole is that at a
prison, loaded with chains. The charges against period when there was a general belief in magical
him resolved themselves into three heads—the powers Apollonius did attain great influence by
singularity of his dress and appearance, his being pretending to them, and that the history of Philos-
worshipped as a god, and his sacrificing a child iratus gives a just idea of his character and repu-
with Nerva for an augury. As destruction seemed tation, however inconsistent in its facts and absurd
impending, it was a time to display his miraculous in its marvels.
powers : he vanished from his persecutors; and II. We have purposely omitted the wonders
after appearing to Darius at Puteoli at the same with which Philostratus has garnished his narra-
hour he disappeared from Rome, he passed over tive, of which they do not in general form an
into Greece, where he remained two years, having essential part. Many of these are curiously co-
given out that the emperor had publicly acquitted incident with the Christian miracles. The pro-
him. The last years of his life were probably clamation of the birth of Apollonius to his mother
spent at Ephesus, where he is said to have pro- by Proteiis, and the incarnation of Proteus himself,
claimed the death of the tyrant Domitian at the the chorus of swans which sung for joy on the oc-
instant it took place. Three places—Ephesus, casion, the casting out of devils, raising the dead,
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244
APOLLONIUS.
APOLLOXIUS.
and lcaling the sick, the sudden disappearances working secret, which gives him a deeper insight
and reappearances of Apollonius, his adventures in into them than is possessed by ordinary men.
the cave of Trophonius, and the sacred voice which Upon the whole, we may place Apollonius mid-
called him at his death, to which may be added way between the mystic philosopher and the mere
his claim as a teacher having authority to reform impostor, between Pythagoras and Lucian's Alex-
the world -- cannot fail to suggest the parallel pas ander; and in this double character he was re-
sages in the Gospel history. We know, too, ihat garded by the ancients themselves.
Apollonius was one among many rivals set up by The following list of Apollonius's works has
the Eclectics (as, for instance, by Hierocles of come down to us : 1. “Υμνος εις Μνημοσύναν.
Nicomedia in the time of Diocletian) to our Saviour (Philostr. 'it. Apoll. i. 14; Suidas, s. e. Aproll. )
an attempt, it may be worth remarking, renewed | 2. Hvoayópou dožai, and 3. Tubaybpov Bios, men-
by the English freethinkers, Blount and Lord Her- tioned by Suidas, and probably (see Ritter) one of
bert. Still it must be allowed that the resem- the works which, according to Philostratus (viii
blances are very general, that where Philostratus 19), Apollonius brought with him from the care of
has borrowed from the Gospel narrative, it is only Trophonius. 4. Alanan, written in Ionic Greek.
as he has borrowed from all other wonderful his | (Phil. i. 3; vii. 39. ) 5. 'Απολογία against a
tory, and that the idea of a controversial aim is complaint of Euphrates the philosopher to Domi-
inconsistent with the account which makes the life tian. (viii. 7. ) 6. Περί μαντείας αστέρων.
written by Damis the groundwork of the more re- 7. Τελεται η περί 9υαιών. (iii. 41, iv. 19;
cent story. Moreover, Philostratus wrote at the Euseb. Prep. Er. iv. 13. ) 8. Xonouol, quoted by
command of the empress Julia Domna, and was at Suidas. 9. Nuxohuepov, a spurious work. 10.
the time living in the palace of Alexander Severus, 'ET OTONALXXXV. Bp. Lloyd supposes those
who worshipped our Lord with Orpheus and which are still extant to be a spurious work. On
Apollonius among his Penates : so that it seems the other hand, it must be allowed that the Laconic
improbable he should have felt any peculiar hosti- brevity of their style suits well with the authorita-
lity to Christianity; while, on the other hand, he tive character of the philosopher. They were cer-
would be acquainted with the general story of our tainly not inventions of Philostratus, and are not
Lord's life, from which he might naturally draw wholly the same with the collection to which he
many of his own incidents. On the whole, then, refers. The 'Aro oyla which is given by Philos-
we conclude with Ritter, that the life of Apollonius tratus (vüi. 7) is the only other extant writing of
was not written with a controversial aim, as the Apollonius.
[B. J. )
resemblances, although real, only indicate that a APOLLONIL'S, artists. 1. APOLLONIUS and
few things were borrowed, and exbibit no trace of Tauriscus of Tralles, were two brothers, and the
a systematic parallel. (Ritter, Geschichte der Phil. sculptors of the group which is commonly known
vol. iv. p. 492. )
as the Famese bull, representing the punishment
III. The character of Apollonius as well as the of Dirce by Zethus and Amphion. [DIRCE. ) 1:
facts of his life bear a remarkable resemblance to those was taken from Rhodes to Rome by Asinius Pollio,
of Pythagoras, whom he professedly followed. Tra and afterwards placed in the baths of Caracalla,
vel, mysticism, and disputation, are the three words where it was dug up in the sixteenth century, and
in which the earlier half of both their lives may be deposited in the Farnese palace. It is now at
summed up. There can be no doubt that Apollo Naples. After its discovery, it was restored, in a
nius pretended to supernatural powers, and was manner not at all in keeping with its style, by
variously regarded by the ancients as a magician Battista Bianchi of Milan. There is some reason
and a divine being. The object of his scheme, as to believe that additions were made to it in the
far as it can be traced, was twofold - partly phila time of Caracalla. It was originally formed out
sophical and partly religious. As a philosopher, of one block of marble. A full description of the
he is to be considered as one of the middle terms group is given by Winckelmann, who distinguishes
between the Greek and Oriental systems, which the old parts from the new.
he endeavoured to harmonize in the symbolic lore From the style of the ancient portions of the
of Pythagoras. The Pythagorean doctrine of group, Winckelmann and Müller refer its execution
numbers, and their principles of music and astro- to the same period to which they imagine the
nomy, he looked upon as quite subordinate, while Laocoon to belong, that is, the period after Alex-
his main efforts were directed to re-establish the ander the Great. Both groups belong to the sime
old religion on a Pythagorean basis. His aim school of art, the Rhodian, and both probably to
was to purify the worship of Paganism from the the same period. If, therefore, we admit the force
corruptions which he said the fables of the poets of the arguments of Lessing and Thiersch respect-
had introduced, and restore the rites of the temples ing the date of the Laocoon (AGELADAS), we may
in all their power and meaning. In his works on infer, that the Farnese bull was newly executed
divination by the stars, and on offerings, he rejects when Asinius Pollio took it to Rome, and conse-
sacrifices as impure in the sight of God. All ob- quently, that Apollonius and Tauriscus flourished
jects of sense, even fire, partook of a material and at the beginning of the first century of the Chris-
corruptible nature : prayer itself should be the un-
tian aera. It is worth while to notice, that we
tainted offering of the heart, and was polluted by bave no history of this work before its removal
passing through the lips. (Euseb. Prep. Ev. iv. 13. ) from Rhodes to Rome.
This objection to sacrifice was doubtless connected Pliny says of Apollonius and Tauriscus, “Pa-
with the Pythagorean doctrine of the transmigra- rentum ii certamen de se fecere : Menecratem
tion of souls. In the miracles attributed to him videri professi, sed esse naturalem Artemidorum,"
we see the same trace of a Pythagorean character: which is understood to mean, that they placed an
they are chiefly prophecies, and it is not the inscription on their work, expressing a doubt whe
power of controlling the laws of nature which ther their father, Artemidorus, or their teacher,
Apollonius lays claim to, but rather a wonder- Menecrates, ought to be considered their true par


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APOLLONIUS.
245
APOLLONIUS.
Some por-
rent The Farnese bull bears no such inscription, in the first century B. C. The only work of his
but there are the marks of an effaced inscription that remains is a short Commentary on Hippo
on a trunk of a tree which forms a support for the crates, Nepl 'ApOpwv, De Articulis, in three books.
figure of Zethus. (Plin. xxxvi. 4. $ 10; Winckel. It is dedicated to a king of the name of Ptolemy,
mann, Werkc, vi. p. 52, vii. p. 205; Müller, Archäol. who is conjectured to have been a younger brother
der Kunst. § 157. )
of Ptolemy Auletes, king of Egypt, who was
2. An Athenian sculptor, the son of Nestor, made king of Cyprus, and who is mentioned
was the maker of the celebrated torso of Hercules several times by Cicero. (Pro Dom. c. 8, 20,
in the Belvedere, which is engraved in the Mus. Pro Flacc.