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destroyed the whole of the Roman fleet, while the | 121, as consul for the second time, three years after
Carthaginians, who were better sailors, had sought the death of Trajan. His first consulate does not
a safe place of refuge before the storm broke out. appear in the Fasti, and therefore it may be in-
(Polyb. i. 53, 54. )
ferred that he was consul suffectus. If the rescript
2. The Carthaginian commander of the cavalry of Trajan, cited Dig. 29, tit. 1, s. 24, were ad-
in the army of Hannibal. In B. c. 217, he fought dressed, according to the Haloandrine reading, to
against L. Hostilius Mancinus, in the neighbour- Catilius Severus, it is probably referable to the
hood of Casilinum, and put him to flight. The time of the proconsulate succeeding his first consul-
Romans, under Mancinus, who were merely a re- ship. (Bertrandus, 2, 22, 1. Maiansius, ii. p.
connoitering band which had been sent out by 273--287. )
[J. T. G. )
the dictator, Q. Fabius, at last resolved to make CARTIMANDUA, or CARTISMANDUA,
a stand against the enemy, but nearly all of them queen of the Brigantes in Britain, about A. D. 50,
were cut to pieces. This Carthalo' is probably in which year she treacherously delivered up to
the noble Carthaginian of the same name, whom the Romans Caractacus, who had come to seek her


## p. 617 (#637) ############################################

CARUS.
617
CARUS.
The
a
TESTER
protection. By this act of treachery towards her of the troops was confirmed by the senate. The
own countrymen, she won the favour of the Ro- new ruler, soon after his accession, gained a victory
mans, and increased her power. Hence, says over the Sarmatians, who had invaded Illyricum
Tacitus, arose wealth and luxury, and Cartimandua and were threatening Thrace and even Italy itself.
repudiated her own husband Venutius to share her Having conferred the title of Caesar upon both his
bed and throne with Vellocatus, the arm-bearer of her sons, he nominated Carinus, the elder, governor of
husband. This threw her state into a civil war, a all the Western provinces, and, accompanied by
portion of her people supporting Venutius against the Numerianus, the younger, set out upon an expedi-
adulterer. Venutius collected an army of auxiliaries, tion against the Persians which had been planned
defeated the Brigantes, and reduced Cartimandua by his predecessor. The campaign which followed
to the last extremity. She solicited the aid of the was most glorious for the Roman arms.
Romans, who rescued her from her danger; but enemy, distracted by internal dissensions, were
Venutius remained in possession of her kingdom, unable to oppose a vigorous resistance to the in-
A. D. 69. (Tac. Ann. xii. 36, 49, Hist. iii. 45. ) [L. S. ] vaders. All Mesopotamia was quickly occupied,
CARVI'LIA GENS, plebeian, came into dis- -Seleucia and Ctesiphon were forced to yield.
tinction during the Samnite wars. The first mem- But the career of Carus, who was preparing to
ber of the gens who obtained the consulship was push his conquests beyond the Tigris, was suddenly
Sp. Carvilius in B. c. 293, who received the sur-cut short, for he perished by disease, or treachery,
name of MAXIMUS, which was handed down as a or, as the ancient historians commonly report, by
regular family-name. For those whose cognomen a stroke of lightning, towards the close of 283,
is not mentioned, see CARVILIUS.
after a reign of little more than sixteen months.
The following coin is referred to this gens, and The account of his death, transmitted by his secre-
the three names upon it, Car. OgVL. Ver. , are tary Junius Calphurnius to the praefect of the
those of three triumvirs of the mint.
city, is so confused and mysterious that we can
scarcely avoid the surmise that his end was has-
tened by foul play, and suspicion has rested upon
Arrius Aper, who was afterwards put to death by
Diocletian on the charge of having murdered Nu-
merianus.
CAR.
According to the picture drawn by the Augustan
historian, Carus held a middle rank between those
preeminent in virtue or in vice, being neither very
bad nor very good, but rather good than bad.
CARVI’LIUS. 1. and 2. L. CARVILIUS and His character undoubtedly stood high before his
SP. CARVILIUS, tribunes of the plebs B. C. 212, elevation to the throne: no credit is to be attached
accused M. Postumius. [POSTUMIUS. ) (Liv. xxv. 3. ) to the rumour that he was accessary to the death
3. Sp. CARVILIUS, was sent by Cn. Şicinius to of his benefactor, Probus, whose murderers he
Rome in B. c. 171, when Perseus despatched an sought out and punished with the sternest justice,
embassy to the senate. When the senate ordered and the short period of his sway was unstained
the ambassadors to quit Italy within eleven days, by any great crime. But the atrocities of Carinus
Carvilius was appointed to keep watch over them, threw a shade over the memory of his father,
till they embarked on board their ships. (Liv. xlii. whom men could not forgive for having bequeathed
36. )
his power to such a son. (Vopisc. Carus; Aurel.
4. C. CARVILIUS of Spoletium, negotiated on Vict. Caes. xxxviii. , Epit. xxxviii. ; Zonar. xii. 30 ;
behalf of the Roman garrison the surrender of Eutrop. ix. 12. )
(W. R. ]
Uscana, a town of the Penestae, to Perseus in B. C.
169. (Liv. xliii. 18, 19. )
CAÐUS, a Roman poet, and a contemporary of
Ovid, who appears to have written a poem on
Hercules. (Ovid, Epist. ex Pont. iv. 16. 7. )
CARUS, M. AURELIUS, according to Victor,
whose account is confirmed by Sidonius Apolli-
naris and Zonaras, was a native of Narbonne in
Gaul; but Vopiscus professes to be unable to speak
with certainty either of his lineage or birth-place,
and quotes the conflicting statements of older CARUS, JU'LIUS, one of the murderers of T.
authorities, who variously represented that he was Vinius when Galba was put to death in a. D. 69.
born at Milan; or in Illyria, of Carthaginian ances- (Tac. Hist. i. 42. )
tors; or in the metropolis, of Illyrian parents. He CARUS, ME'TIUS, one of the most infamous
himself undoubtedly claimed Roman descent, as informers under Domitian. (Tac. Agric. 45; Juv.
appears from a letter addressed by him when pro- i. 36 ; Martial, xii. 25; Plin. Ep. i. 5, vii. 19, 27. )
consul of Cilicia to his legate Junius, but this is CA'RUS, SEIUS, son of Fascianus, at one
not inconsistent with the supposition that he may time praefectus urbi, was put to death by Elaga-
have belonged to some city which was also a balus under the pretext that he had stirred up a
colony. After passing through many different mutiny among some of the soldiers quartered in
stages of civil and military preferment, he was ap- the camp under the Alban Mount, but in reality
pointed praefect of the praetorians by Probus, who because he was rich, elevated in station, and high
entertained the highest respect for his talents and in intellect. He was brought to trial in the palace
integrity. When that prince was murdered by and there executed, no one appearing to give evi-
the soldiers at Sirmium in A. D. 282, Carus was dence against him except his accuser the emperor.
unanimously hailed as itis successor, and the choice | (Dion Cass. lxxix. 4. )
[W. R. ]
ARUS

MAYRO
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5
MP
FAVC.


## p. 618 (#638) ############################################

618
CASCA.
CASCELLIUS.
CARYA'TIS (Kapuśtis), a surname of Artemis, The foregoing coin of the Servilia gens belongs.
derived from the town of Caryae in Laconia. either to No. 2 or No. 3; it contains on the obverse
Here the statue of the goddess stood in the open the head of Neptune, and on the reverse a figure
air, and maidens celebrated a festival to her every of Victory.
(L. S. ]
year with dances. (Paus. ii. 10. § 8, iv. 16. § 5; A. CASCE'LLIUS, an eminent Roman jurist,
Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. viii. 30. ) (L. S. ) contemporary with Trebatius, whom he exceeded
CARY'STIUS, ANTIÖGONUS. (ANTIGONUS in eloquence, though Trebatius surpassed him in
of CarystUS. )
legal skill. Their contempomry, Ofilius, the dis
CARY'STIUS(Kapúotios), a Greek grammarian ciple of Servius Sulpicius, was more learned than
of Pergamus, who lived after the time of Nicander either. Cascellius, according to Pliny the Elder
(Athen. xv. p. 684), and conscquently about the (H. N. viii. 40), was the disciple of one Volcatius,
end of the second century B. C. He is mentioned as who, on a certain occasion, was saved by a dog
the author of several works : 1. 'lotopika Tou from the attack of robbers. Pomponius (Dig. 1,
vnuata, sometimes also called simply úmouvnuara, tit. 2, s. 2, $ 45), according to the Florentine ma-
an historical work of which great use was made by nuscript, writes thus—“ Fuit Cascellius, Mucius,
Athenaeus, who has preserved a considerable num- Volusii auditor: denique in illius honorem testa-
ber of statements from it. (i. p. 24, x. p. 434, &c. , mento P.
Mucium nepotem ejus reliquit heredem. ”
xi pp. 506, 508, xii. pp. 542, 548, xiii. p. 577, xiv. This may be understood to mean that, at the end
p. 639; comp. Schol. ad Aristopli
. Ar. 575, ad of a long life, Cascellius made the grandson of his
Theocrit
. xiii. 22. ) It must have consisted of at fellow-pupil his heir, but a man is more likely to
least three books, as the third is referred to by honour his praeceptor than his fellow-pupil, and, on
Athenaeus. 2. Tepi didackalwv, that is, an ac- this construction, the Latinity is harsh, both in
count of the Greek dramas, of the time and place the use of the singular for the plural, and in the
of their performance, of their success, and the like. reference of the word illius to the former of the
(Athen. vi. p. 233; the Greek Life of Sophocles,) two names, Mucius and Volusius, which are con-
3. Tepi Ewrádov, or a commentary on the poet nected merely by collocation. Hence the con-
Sotades. (Athen. xiv. p. 620. ) All these works jectural reading of Balduinus adopted by Bertran-
are lost.
(L. S. ] dus (de Vitis Jurisp. 2, 19), viz. “ Fuit Cascellius
CARYSTUS (Kápvotos), a son of Cheiron and Mucii et Volcatii auditor," has gained the approba-
Chariclo, from whom the town of Carystus in. tion of many critics.
Euboea was believed to bave derived its name. Cascellius was a man of stern republican princi-
(Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. iv. 181; Eustath. ad Hom. ples : of Caesar's proceedings he spoke with the
p. 281. )
[L. S. ] utmost freedom. Neither hope nor fear could
CASCA, the name of a plebeian family of the induce him, B. C. 41, to compose legal forms for the
donations of the triumvirs, the fruits of their pro-
1. C. SERVILIUS Casca, was tribune of the scriptions, which be looked upon as wholly irregu-
plebs in B. c. 212. In that year M. Postumius, lar and illegal. His independence and liberty of
a farmer of the public revenue, and a relation of speech he ascribed to two things, which most men
Casca, was accused of baving defrauded the regarded as misfortunes, old age and childlessness.
republic, and his only hope of escaping condemna- In offices of honour, he never advanced beyond the
tion was Casca, who, however, was either too first step, the quaestorship, though he survived to
honest or too timid to interpose on his behalf. the reign of Augustus, who offered him the con-
(Liv. xxv. 3. )
sulship, which he declined. (Val. Max. vi. 2, §
2. P. Servilius Casca, one of the conspirators 12, Dig. I. c. )
against Caesar, who aimed the first stroke at his Cascellius is frequently quoted at second hand in
assassination, B. C. 44. He was in that year tribune the Digest, especially by Javolenus. In Dig. 35,
of the plebs, and soon afterwards fied from Rome, tit. 1, s. 40, s. ), and 32, s. 100, ¢ 1, we find him
as he anticipated the revenge which Octavianus differing from Ofilius. In the latter passage, the
was going to take. His leaving Rome as tribune case proposed was this :-A man leaves by will
was against the constitution, and his colleague, two specific marble statues, and all his marble.
P. Titius, accordingly carried a decree in the as-
Do his other marble statues pass ? Cascellius
sembly of the people, by which he was deprived of thought not, and Labeo agreed with him, in oppo-
his tribuneship. He fought in the battle of Phi- sition to Ofilius and Trebatius.
lippi, and died shortly afterwards. (Appian B. C. In Dig. 38, tit. 5, 6. 17, § 5, the following
ii. 113, 115, 117; Dion Cass. xliv. 52, xlvi. 49; words occur in a quotation from Ulpian, “ Labeo
Cic. Philipp. xiii. 15, ad Att. i. 17, ad Brut. i. 18; quarto Posteriorum scripsit, nec Arisio, vel Aulus,
Plut. Brut. 17, 45. )
utpote probabile, notant. ” For Aulus here it is
3. C. Servilius Casca, a brother of the pre- not unlikely that Paulus ought to be read, for Cas-
ceding, and a friend of Caesar, notwithstanding cellius is no where else in the Digest called Aulus
which he was likewise one of the conspirators simply. Moreover, he was of older standing than
against the life of the dictator. (Appian, B. C. Labeo, and the only work of Cascellius extant in
ii. 113; Plut. Caes. 66; Suet. Caes. 82; Dion the time of Pomponius (who was anterior to UI-
Cass. xliv. 52; Cic. Philipp. ii. 11. )
pian), was a book of legal bons mots (bencdictorum
liber).
In conversation, Cascellius was graceful, amusing,
and witty. Several of his good sayings are pre-
served. When a client, wishing to sever a part-
nership in a ship, said to him, “ Navem dividere
volo," his answer was, “ You will destroy your
ship. ” He probably remembered the story of the
analogous quibble on the words of a treaty, which,
Servilia gens.
CAS


## p. 619 (#639) ############################################

CASPERIUS.
619
CASSANDER.
to the disgrace of the Romans, deprived Antiochus in Armenian and Corbulo sent him as ambassador
the Great of his whole fleet. Vatinius, an un- to Vologeses to expostulate with him respecting
popular personage, for whom it is to be presumed his conduct. (Tac. Ann. xii. 45, xv. 5. ) (L. S. )
that Cascellius had no great liking, had been pelted CASPEʻRIUS AELIA'NUS. (AELIANUS. ]
with stones at a gladiatorial show, and consequently CASSANDA'NE (Κασσανδάνη), a Persian
got a clause inserted in the edict of the aediles, lady of the family of the Achaemenidae, daughter
ne quis in arenam nisi pomum mitteret. ” About of Pharnaspes, who married Cyrus the Great, and
this tinc, the question was put to Cascellius, when became by him the mother of Cambyses. She
ther a nur pinca were a pomum, it being a legal died before her husband, who much lamented her
doubt whether fruits with hard as well as with loss, and ordered a general mourning in her
soft external rind, were included in the term. “Si honour. (Herod. ii. 1, iii. 2. ) (E. E. )
in Vatinium missurus es, pomum est. ” (Quintil. CASSANDER (Káo ravopos). 1. King of Mace-
vi. 3 ; Macrob. Saturn. ii. 6. )
donia, and son of Antipater, was 35 years old before
Horace (Ars Poet. 371, 372) pays a compliment his father's death, if we may trust an incidental
to the established legal reputation of Cascellius notice to that effect in Athenaeus, and must, there-
-nec scit quantum Cascellius Aulus, fore, have been born in or before B. c. 354.
Et tamen in pretio est. "
(Athen. i. p. 18, a. ; Droysen, Gesch. der Nach-
The old scholiast on this passage remarks, that folger Alexanders, p. 256. ) His first appearance
Gellius mentions Cascellius with praise, but this in history is on the occasion of his being sent from
seems to be a mistake, unless the lost portions of Macedonia to Alexander, then in Babylon, to
Gellius should bear out the scholiast's assertion. defend his father against his accusers: here,
He probably confounds the jurist with Caesellius according to Plutarch (Alex. 74), Cassander was
Vindex, the grammarian, who is frequently cited so struck by the sight, to him new, of the Persian
by Gellius. The name of the jurist is often cor- ceremonial of prostration, that he could not restrain
ruptly spelt Caesellius, Ceselius, &c.
his laughter, and the king, incensed at his rude-
When an interdictum recuperandae possessionis ness, is said to have seized him by the hair and
was followed by an action on a sponsio, if the dashed his head against the wall. Allowing for
claimant were successful in recovering on the some exaggeration in this story, it is certain that
sponsio, he was entitled as a consequence to the he met with some treatment from Alexander which
restitution of possession by what was called the left on his mind an indelible impression of terror
Cascellianum or secutorium judicium. (Gaius, iv. and hatred,-a feeling which perhaps nearly as
160, 169. ) It is likely that this judicium was de much as ambition urged him afterwards to the
vised by A. Cascellius.
destruction of the royal family. The story which
Cicero (pro Balbo, 20) and Val. Maximus (viii. ascribed Alexander's death to poison (see pp. 201,
12, § 1) say, that Q. Mucius Scaevola, the augur, 320), spoke also of Cassander as the person who
a most accomplished lawyer, when he was consulted brought the deadly water to Babylon. With
concerning jus praediatorium, used to refer his respect to the satrapy of Caria, which is said
clients to Furius and Cascellius, who, being them- Diodorus, Justin, and Curtius to bave been given
selves praediatores, and consequently personally in- to Cassander among the arrangements of B. c. 3:23,
terested in that part of the law, had made it their the confusion between the names Cassander and
peculiar study. The quotations from our Cascellius Asander is pointed out in p. 379, a. (Comp.
in the Digesi, do not point to praediatorian law, Diod. xviii. 68. ). On Polysperchon's being ap-
and a consideration of dates goes far to prove, that pointed to succeed Antipater in the regency, Cas-
Cascellius praediator, was not our jurist, but per- sander was confirmed in the secondary dignity of
haps his father.