No More Learning

"
Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,
And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.
Eagerly I wished the morrow: vainly I had sought to borrow
From my books surcease of sorrow. sorrow for the lost Lenore,
For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore,-
Nameless here for evermore.
—
And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain
Thrilled me-filled me- with fantastic terrors never felt before;
So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating,
'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door; -
Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door:
This it is, and nothing more. "
—
Presently my soul grew stronger: hesitating then no longer,-
"Sir," said I, "or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore;
But the fact is, I was napping, and so gently you came rapping,
And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door,
That I scarce was sure I heard you. " Here I opened wide the door
Darkness there, and nothing more.
Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there, wondering, fear-
ing,
Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before;
But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token,
And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, "Lenore! "
This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, "Lenore! "
Merely this, and nothing more.
Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,
Soon again I heard a tapping, something louder than before.
"Surely," said I, "surely that is something at my window-lattice:
Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore,-
Let my heart be still a moment, and this mystery explore:
'Tis the wind, and nothing more. "


## p. 11692 (#312) ##########################################

11692
EDGAR ALLAN POE
Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter,
In there stepped a stately Raven of the saintly days of yore.
Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed
he:
But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door,-
Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door,—
Perched, and sat, and nothing more.
Then this ebon bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling,
By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore,
"Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou," I said, "art sure no
craven,
Ghastly, grim, and ancient Raven, wandering from the Nightly shore.
Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore! "
Quoth the Raven, "Nevermore. "
Much I marveled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly,
Though its answer little meaning - little relevancy bore;
For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being
Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door-
Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door -
With such name as "Nevermore. "
But the Raven, sitting lonely on that placid bust, spoke only
That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour.
Nothing further then he uttered; not a feather then he fluttered:
Till I scarcely more than muttered, "Other friends have flown be-
fore!
On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before! "
Then the bird said, "Nevermore. "
Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken,
"Doubtless," said I, "what it utters is its only stock and store;
Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster
Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore,—
Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore
Of Never- nevermore! >»
But the Raven still beguiling all my sad soul into smiling,
Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird and bust and
door;
Then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking
Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore
What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore
Meant in croaking "Nevermore. "


## p. 11693 (#313) ##########################################

EDGAR ALLAN POE
11693
This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing
To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core;
This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining
On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamplight gloated o'er,—
But whose velvet violet lining with the lamplight gloating o'er,
She shall press, ah, nevermore!
Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen
censer
Swung by Seraphim whose footfalls tinkled on the tufted floor.
"Wretch! " I cried, "thy God hath lent thee - by these angels he
hath sent thee
Respite-respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore!
Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe, and forget the lost Lenore! »
Quoth the Raven, "Nevermore. "
"Prophet! " cried I, "thing of evil! -prophet still, if bird or devil! —
Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore,
Desolate yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted,-
On this home by horror haunted,- tell me truly, I implore,
Is there is there balm in Gilead? Tell me! tell me, I implore! "
Quoth the Raven, "Nevermore. "
"Prophet! " cried I, "thing of evil! -prophet still, if bird or devil! -
By that heaven that bends above us,—by that God we both adore,-
Tell this soul with sorrow laden, if, within the distant Aidenn,
It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore –
Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore. »
Quoth the Raven, "Nevermore. »
"Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend! " I shrieked, up-
starting.
"Get thee back into the tempest and the Night's Plutonian shore!
Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken!
Leave my loneliness unbroken! -quit the bust above my door!
Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my
door! »
Quoth the Raven, "Nevermore. "
And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting
On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;
And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming,
And the lamplight o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the
floor;
And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor
Shall be lifted - nevermore!


## p. 11694 (#314) ##########################################

11694
EDGAR ALLAN POE
HEA
Н
THE BELLS
I
EAR the sledges with the bells,-
Silver bells!
What a world of merriment their melody foretells!
How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle,
In the icy air of night!
While the stars that oversprinkle
All the heavens, seem to twinkle
With a crystalline delight;
Keeping time, time, time,
In a sort of Runic rhyme,
To the tintinnabulation that so musically wells
From the bells, bells, bells, bells,
Bells, bells, bells,-
From the jingling and the tinkling of the bells.
II
Hear the mellow wedding bells,-
Golden bells!
What a world of happiness their harmony foretells!
Through the balmy air of night
How they ring out their delight!
From the molten golden notes,
And all in tune,
What a liquid ditty floats
To the turtle-dove that listens, while she gloats
On the moon!
Oh, from out the sounding cells,
What a gush of euphony voluminously wells!
How it swells!
How it dwells
On the Future! How it tells
Of the rapture that impels
To the swinging and the ringing.
Of the bells, bells, bells,
Of the bells, bells, bells, bells,
Bells, bells, bells,-
To the rhyming and the chiming of the bells!


## p. 11695 (#315) ##########################################

EDGAR ALLAN POE
11695
III
Hear the loud alarum bells,-
Brazen bells!
What a tale of terror, now, their turbulency tells!
In the startled ear of night
How they scream out their affright!
Too much horrified to speak,
They can only shriek, shriek, shriek,
Out of tune,
In a clamorous appealing to the mercy of the fire,
In a mad expostulation with the deaf and frantic fire,
Leaping higher, higher, higher,
With a desperate desire,
And a resolute endeavor
Now now to sit, or never,
By the side of the pale-faced moon.
Oh, the bells, bells, bells!
What a tale their terror tells
Of Despair!
―
How they clang, and clash, and roar!
What a horror they outpour
On the bosom of the palpitating air!
Yet the ear it fully knows,
By the twanging,
And the clanging,
How the danger ebbs and flows;
Yet the ear distinctly tells,
In the jangling,
And the wrangling,
How the danger sinks and swells,
By the sinking or the swelling in the anger of the bells,
Of the bells,-
Of the bells, bells, bells, bells,
Bells, bells, bells,-
In the clamor and the clangor of the bells!
IV
Hear the tolling of the bells,-
Iron bells!
What a world of solemn thought their monody compels!
In the silence of the night,
How we shiver with affright
At the melancholy menace of their tone!


## p. 11696 (#316) ##########################################

11696
EDGAR ALLAN POE
For every sound that floats
From the rust within their throats
Is a groan.
And the people — ah, the people —
They that dwell up in the steeple,
All alone,
And who tolling, tolling, tolling,
In that muffled monotone,
Feel a glory in so rolling
On the human heart a stone,—
They are neither man nor woman,
They are neither brute nor human:
They are Ghouls;
And their king it is who tolls,
And he rolls, rolls, rolls,
Rolls a pæan from the bells;
And his merry bosom swells
With the pean of the bells,
And he dances, and he yells;
Keeping time, time, time,
In a sort of Runic rhyme,
To the pæan of the bells,—
Of the bells:
Keeping time, time, time,
In a sort of Runic rhyme,
To the throbbing of the bells,-
Of the bells, bells, bells,—
To the sobbing of the bells;
Keeping time, time, time,
As he knells, knells, knells,
In a happy Runic rhyme,
To the rolling of the bells,-
Of the bells, bells, bells,—
To the tolling of the bells,
Of the bells, bells, bells, bells,-
Bells, bells, bells,-
To the moaning and the groaning of the bells.
ANNABEL LEE
I
T WAS many and many a year ago,
In a kingdom by the sea,
That a maiden there lived whom you may know,
By the name of Annabel Lee;


## p. 11697 (#317) ##########################################

EDGAR ALLAN POE
11697
And this maiden she lived with no other thought
Than to love and be loved by me.
I was a child and she was a child,
In this kingdom by the sea:
But we loved with a love that was more than love,-
I and my Annabel Lee;
With a love that the wingèd seraphs of heaven
Coveted her and me.
And this was the reason that, long ago,
In this kingdom by the sea,
A wind blew out of a cloud, chilling
My beautiful Annabel Lee;
So that her high-born kinsman came
And bore her away from me,
To shut her up in a sepulchre
In this kingdom by the sea.
The angels, not half so happy in heaven,
Went envying her and me:
Yes! that was the reason (as all men know,
In this kingdom by the sea)
That the wind came out of the cloud by night,
Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee.
But our love it was stronger by far than the love
Of those who were older than we-
Of many far wiser than we:
And neither the angels in heaven above,
Nor the demons down under the sea,
Can ever dissever my soul from the soul
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;
For the moon never beams without bringing me dreams
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;
And the stars never rise but I feel the bright eyes
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee:
XX-732
And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side
Of my darling-my darling-my life and my bride,
In the sepulchre there by the sea,
In her tomb by the sounding sea.


## p. 11698 (#318) ##########################################

11698
EDGAR ALLAN POE
ULALUME
THE
HE skies they were ashen and sober,
The leaves they were crispèd and sere,-
The leaves they were withering and sere;
It was night in the lonesome October
Of my most immemorial year;
It was hard by the dim lake of Auber,
In the misty mid-region of Weir,—
It was down by the dank tarn of Auber,
In the ghoul-haunted woodland of Weir.
Here once, through an alley Titanic
Of cypress, I roamed with my Soul,-
Of cypress, with Psyche, my Soul.
These were days when my heart was volcanic
As the scoriac rivers that roll-
As the lavas that restlessly roll-
Their sulphurous currents down Yaanek
In the ultimate climes of the pole,-
That groan as they roll down Mount Yaanek,
In the realms of the boreal pole.
Our talk had been serious and sober,
But our thoughts they were palsied and sere,-
Our memories were treacherous and sere:
For we knew not the month was October,
And we marked not the night of the year;-
(Ah, night of all nights in the year! )
We noted not the dim lake of Auber
―――――――
And now, as the night was senescent,
And star-dials pointed to morn,-
As the star-dials hinted of morn,-
At the end of our path a liquescent
And nebulous lustre was born,
Out of which a miraculous crescent
Arose with a duplicate horn,—
Astarte's bediamonded crescent,
Distinct with its duplicate horn.
-
(Though once we had journeyed down here),—
Remembered not the dank tarn of Auber,
Nor the ghoul-haunted woodland of Weir.
And I said, "She is warmer than Dian:
She rolls through an ether of sighs,—
She revels in a region of sighs:
-
-


## p. 11699 (#319) ##########################################

EDGAR ALLAN POE
11699
She has seen that the tears are not dry on
These cheeks, where the worm never dies,
And has come past the stars of the Lion
To point us the path to the skies,-
To the Lethean peace of the skies,-
Come up, in despite of the Lion,
To shine on us with her bright eyes,-
Come up through the lair of the Lion,
With love in her luminous eyes. "
But Psyche, uplifting her finger,
Said, «< Sadly this star I mistrust,-
Her pallor I strangely mistrust:
Oh, hasten! oh, let us not linger!
Oh, fly! - let us fly! -for we must. "
In terror she spoke, letting sink her
Wings until they trailed in the dust,-
In agony sobbed, letting sink her
Plumes till they trailed in the dust,—
Till they sorrowfully trailed in the dust.
-
I replied, "This is nothing but dreaming:
Let us on by this tremulous light!
Let us bathe in this crystalline light!
Its Sibylic splendor is beaming
With Hope and in Beauty to-night;
See! it flickers up the sky through the night!
Ah, we safely may trust to its gleaming,
And be sure it will lead us aright.
We safely may trust to a gleaming
That cannot but guide us aright,
Since it flickers up to heaven through the night. "
Thus I pacified Psyche, and kissed her,
And tempted her out of her gloom,-
And conquered her scruples and gloom :
And we passed to the end of the vista,
But were stopped by the door of a tomb-
By the door of a legended tomb;
And I said, "What is written, sweet sister,
On the door of this legended tomb? "
She replied, "Ulalume! - Ulalume! —
'Tis the vault of thy lost Ulalume! "


## p. 11700 (#320) ##########################################

EDGAR ALLAN POE
11700
Then my heart it grew ashen and sober
As the leaves that were crispèd and sere,
As the leaves that were withering and sere:
And I cried, "It was surely October,-
On this very night of last year,
That I journeyed-I journeyed down here,-
That I brought a dread burden down here:
On this night, of all nights in the year,
Ah, what demon has tempted me here?
Well I know now this dim lake of Auber,
This misty mid-region of Weir,-
Well I know now this dank tarn of Auber,
This ghoul-haunted woodland of Weir. "
TO HELEN
H
ELEN, thy beauty is to me
Like those Nicean barks of yore,
That gently o'er a perfumed sea,
The weary, wayworn wanderer bore
To his native shore.
On desperate seas long wont to roam,
Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,
Thy Naiad airs have brought me home
To the glory that was Greece
And the grandeur that was Rome.
Lo! in yon brilliant window-niche
How statue-like I see thee stand!
The agate lamp within thy hand,
Ah! Psyche, from the regions which
Are Holy Land!
-


## p. 11701 (#321) ##########################################

11701
POLYBIUS
(204-122 B. C. )
BY B. PERRIN
OLYBIUS of Megalopolis in Arcadia must rank as the third
Greek historian, Herodotus and Thucydides being first and
second. He was also an eminent soldier, statesman, and
diplomat. He took the most active part in the conduct of the great
Achæan League from 181 B. C. to 168 B. C. , as his father Lycortas
had done before him, and as Philopomen had done before Lycortas.
By inheritance and by actual experience,
Polybius was better qualified than any one
else to tell of the great era of Greek fed-
eration, and he is our chief authority for
this period. When Greek federation also
yielded to the irresistible advance of the
Roman power, Polybius had such an alto-
gether exceptional experience that he was
justified in his own eyes, and in the eyes
of the best of his countrymen, in allying
himself prominently with the Roman power.
This exceptional experience was an enforced
residence at Rome for seventeen years. Dur-
ing these seventeen years he won his way
into public esteem, and enjoyed intimate,
even affectionate intercourse with some of the most influential Ro-
mans of the age, such as Emilius Paulus, and Scipio Africanus the
Younger. He lived in the house of the former, as the instructor of
his sons Fabius and Scipio. He stood by the latter's side at the final
destruction of Carthage in 147-6 B. C. One year later he returned to
his native country, which in his absence and against his advice had
rashly revolted from Rome. His influence with prominent Romans
mitigated somewhat the horrors of the sack of Corinth by Mummius.
His last political task was one intrusted to him by the Roman con-
querors. It was that of reconciling his conquered countrymen to their
defeat, and to the Roman rule. He accomplished this delicate task
in such a way as to retain the confidence of the Romans without
forfeiting the gratitude of the Greeks. This closed his active career.

POLYBIUS


## p. 11702 (#322) ##########################################

11702
POLYBIUS
It had especially qualified him to write of four great subjects with a
knowledge absolutely unsurpassed. These four great subjects were:
The Achæan League, or Hellenic Federations; The Roman Power
of the Second Century B. C. ; The Roman Conquest of Carthage;
The Roman Conquest of Greece. He devoted the rest of his life
to the composition of the history which finally included these four
themes, and died at the good old age of eighty-two.
His experience in public life is unique in many ways, as is also
the history which is his imperishable monument. It was a marvel-
ous combination of events which enabled a leading Greek to become
practically a leading Roman, without hearing from either side the
charge of treachery. But Polybius was compelled to go to Rome,
and only the force and dignity of his character prevented his seven-
teen years of exile from being what they were to his fellow exiles,
a prolonged imprisonment. As adviser and officer of the Achæan
League, which included at last all Peloponnesus, the policy of Polyb-
ius was to conform loyally to all actual agreements of the League
with Rome, but yet to maintain the dignity of the League, and to
guard jealously all the independence and power still left it. Polyb-
ius, that is, was a Nationalist. But there was a party of Roman-
izers in the Achæan League. These were willing, for the sake of
private gain, to further a more rapid advance of Roman interests, a
more speedy absorption of Greece by the Roman Empire. The polit-
ical situation was not unlike that of the previous century, when
Demosthenes fought a losing fight for Hellenic as opposed to Mace-
donian nationalism. Polybius had a sturdier and more philosophical
nature than Demosthenes, and his antagonists were not so disinter-
ested as was Phocion, the greatest opponent of Demosthenes. But
in other respects the political situations were similar. Rome is
merely to be substituted for Macedon, and Macedon is to be ranged
along with Athens and Sparta as a subject power. For in 168 Rome
had conquered Macedon; and soon after, ten Roman commissioners
had appeared in Achaia to establish more firmly there the Roman
power. They went as far as they could go without actual conquest,
aided by the Romanizing party in the League. One thousand of the
most influential Achæans of the Nationalist party were arrested and
deported to Italy, to be tried there for their lives.
Polybius was of course one of these. His companions were never
brought to trial, but distributed about for imprisonment in the small
towns of Italy. After seventeen years of deferred justice, the three
hundred surviving exiles were contemptuously sent home by the
Roman Senate. Cato, brutal even in his mercy, had said that "the
only question that remained was whether the undertakers of Italy
or of Greece were to have the burying of them. " But Polybius had


## p. 11703 (#323) ##########################################

POLYBIUS
11703
obtained permission to reside during those long years at Rome,
doubtless through the influence of Æmilius Paulus, who, as procon-
sul of Macedonia, had disbelieved the charges brought against the
exiles. Polybius even entered the family of the greatest Roman of
his age, and became the teacher, counselor, and beloved friend of his
greater son Scipio Africanus the Younger. His seventeen years of
exile brought him, therefore, unsurpassed opportunities to become
acquainted with the Roman State. He was free from perplexing
political turmoil, free also from all the restraints of a prisoner. The
highest circles of Roman society were open to him, and the liberality
of Scipio enabled him to devote himself to historical studies.
So when his exile also was closed by decree of the Senate, he was
specially qualified to take the part of mediator between Rome and his
own distracted country. Fervor of loyalty, romantic patriotism, might
have led him to a forlorn-hope attempt to stay the advance of Roman
power. But Polybius had neither fervor nor romance. He was emi-
nently practical by nature, a Roman by temperament rather than a
Greek; and his long residence in Rome, among the chief Romans,
had only emphasized his natural tendencies. He seems to have
been especially gifted and trained by Providence to be an acceptable
guide for the Eastern world in its transition from Greek to Roman
sway.
The history of Polybius was in forty books. Of these only the
first five have come down to us intact. Of the rest we have more or
less generous fragments. But the plan of the whole is clear. The
main part, Books iii. -xxx. , covers the events of those wonderful fifty-
three years, 220-168 B. C. , during which the Romans subdued the
world. "Can any one," he asks at the outset, "be so indifferent or
idle as not to care to know by what means, and under what kind of
polity, almost the whole inhabited world was conquered and brought
under the dominion of the single city of Rome, and that too within
a period of not quite fifty-three years? " This was an event, as
Polybius thought, for which the past afforded no precedent, and to
which the future could show no parallel. Books i. and ii. are intro-
ductory to this main body of the work, giving a sketch of the earlier
history of Rome, and of contemporary events in Greece and Asia.
The last ten books gave a history of the manner in which Rome
exercised her vast power, until Carthage was annihilated and the
Achæan league finally shattered,- the history of the years 168-146.
Polybius had the highest possible standard of the calling and
duties of the historian. The true historian, he says, will be a man of
action, versed in political and military affairs. He will not confine
himself to the study of documents and monuments merely, although
he will not neglect these.
He will study carefully and in person the


## p. 11704 (#324) ##########################################

11704
POLYBIUS
topography of the actions he describes. He will ask questions of as
many people as possible who were connected in any way with the
events or places which he is describing, and he will believe those
most worthy of credit, and show critical sagacity in judging all their
reports. He will be a man of dignity and good sense. When he
resolves to retaliate upon a personal enemy, he will think first, not
what that enemy deserves, but what it is becoming in himself to do
to that enemy, what his self-respect will allow him to say of that
enemy.
Two aims distinguish his history from that of all his predecessors:
first its comprehensiveness, second its philosophical nature. He aims
to give a general view of the events of the civilized world within
the limits of the period chosen for treatment, and he aims to trace
events to their causes, and show why things happened, as well as
what happened. And what catastrophic events fall within the limits
which he sets for himself! The devastations of Hannibal, the anni-
hilation of Carthage, the sack of Corinth! Surely in matter his
work can never fail to interest. His spirit also is eminently truthful
and sincere. He labors to be impartial, and succeeds far better than
most of his predecessors. Only in method and form is he disappoint-
ing. As he had no romance or fervor, so he had no grace. His lit-
erary style is absolutely tedious. He carries to the utmost extreme
that revolt against mere grace of form and style which had been
instituted, not without some justification, by Thucydides as against
Herodotus. But he has not the severe control of Thucydides in his
very severity. His sense of proportion is false,- or wanting entirely.
He is inclined to be unjust toward his predecessors. He devotes a
whole book, for instance, to a laborious and repetitious attack upon
Timæus, the historian of Sicily. Besides this, he is forever preach-
ing and moralizing. To sum up, he treats a grand period capably but
tediously.
-
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the great critic of the Augustan age,
said that Polybius so neglected the graces of style that no one was
patient enough to read his works through to the end. And one of
the best modern estimates of the historian-that of Strachan-Davidson
in Abbott's 'Hellenica' - begins thus: "No ancient writer of equal
interest and importance finds fewer readers than Polybius. " No bet-
ter example of painstaking, conscientious, but wearisome fidelity, as
compared with brilliant, graceful, artistic invention, can be found
than the accounts of the Hannibalic wars as given by Polybius and
Livy. For the ultimate facts we go of course to Polybius. But
for the indescribable charm which brings tears to the eyes of the
poor Latin tutor in the 'Autocrat of the Breakfast Table,' we go to
Livy.


## p. 11705 (#325) ##########################################

POLYBIUS
11705
The best and most accessible text of Polybius is that of Hultsch
(Berlin, Weidmann, Vols. i. and ii. , 1888, 1892; Vols. iii. , iv. , 1870,
1872). The best English translation and a very good one too, with
admirable introduction—is that of E. S. Shuckburgh (2 vols. , Macmil-
lan & Co. , 1889.
B. Pherin
-
SCOPE OF POLYBIUS'S HISTORY
From the Histories of Polybius
W*
E SHALL best show how vast and marvelous our subject is,
by comparing the most famous empires which preceded,
and which have been the favorite themes of historians,
and measuring them with the superior greatness of Rome. There
are but three that deserve even to be so compared and meas-
ured, and they are the following. The Persians for a certain
length of time were possessed of a great empire and dominion.
But every time they ventured beyond the limits of Asia, they
found not only their empire but their own existence in danger.
The Lacedæmonians, after contending many generations for su-
premacy in Greece, held it without dispute for barely twelve years
when they did get it. The Macedonians obtained dominion in
Europe from the lands bordering on the Adriatic to the Danube,
- which after all is but a small fraction of this continent, and
by the destruction of the Persian empire they afterwards added
to that the dominion of Asia. And yet, though they had the
credit of having made themselves masters of a larger number of
countries and States than any people had ever done, they still
left the greater half of the inhabited world in the hands of oth-
ers. They never so much as thought of attempting Sicily, Sar-
dinia, or Libya; and as to Europe, to speak the plain truth, they
never even knew of the most warlike tribes of the West. The
Roman conquest, on the other hand, was not partial. Nearly
the whole inhabited world was reduced by them to obedience;
and they left behind them an empire not to be paralleled in the
past or rivaled in the future. Students will gain from my nar-
rative a clearer view of the whole story, and of the numerous
and important advantages offered by such exact record of events.


## p. 11706 (#326) ##########################################

11706
POLYBIUS
There is this analogy between the plan of my history and the
marvelous spirit of the age with which I have to deal. Just as
Fortune made almost all the affairs of the world incline in one
direction, and forced them to converge upon one and the same
point, so it is my task as a historian to put before my readers
a compendious view of the part played by Fortune in bringing
about the general catastrophe. It was this peculiarity which
originally challenged my attention, and determined me on under-
taking this work. And combined with this was the fact that no
other writer of our time has undertaken a general history. Had
any one done so, my ambition in this direction would have been
much diminished. But in point of fact, I notice that by far
the greater number of historians concern themselves with iso-
lated wars and the incidents that accompany them; while as to a
general and comprehensive scheme of events, their date, origin,
and catastrophe,- no one as far as I know has undertaken to
examine it.
-
I thought it therefore distinctly my duty neither to pass by
myself, nor allow any one else to pass by, without full study,
a characteristic specimen of the dealings of Fortune, at once
brilliant and instructive in the highest degree. For fruitful as
Fortune is in change, and constantly as she is producing dra-
mas in the life of men, yet never assuredly before this did she
work such a marvel, or act such a drama, as that which we
have witnessed. And of this we cannot obtain a comprehensive
view from writers of mere episodes. It would be as absurd to
expect to do so, as for a man to imagine that he has learnt
the shape of the whole world, its entire arrangement and order,
because he has visited one after the other the most famous cities
in it; or perhaps merely examined them in separate pictures.
That would be indeed absurd; and it has always seemed to
me that men who are persuaded that they get a competent view
of universal from episodical history, are very like persons who
should see the limbs of some body, which had once been living
and beautiful, scattered and remote; and should imagine that to
be quite as good as actually beholding the activity and beauty of
the living creature itself. But if some one could there and then
reconstruct the animal once more, in the perfection of its beauty
and the charm of its vitality, and could display it to the same
people, they would beyond doubt confess that they had been far


## p. 11707 (#327) ##########################################

POLYBIUS
11707
from conceiving the truth, and had been little better than
dreamers. For indeed some idea of a whole may be got from a
part, but an accurate knowledge and clear comprehension cannot.
Wherefore we must conclude that episodical history contributes
exceedingly little to the familiar knowledge and secure grasp of
universal history: while it is only by the combination and com-
parison of the separate parts of the whole,-by observing their
likeness and their difference,- that a man can attain his object;
can obtain a view at once clear and complete, and thus secure
both the profit and the delight of history.
POLYBIUS AND THE SCIPIOS
From the Histories>
I
WISH to carry out fully, for the sake of students, what was
left as a mere promise in my previous book. I promised
then that I would relate the origin and manner of the rise
and unusually early glory of Scipio's reputation in Rome; and
also how it came about that Polybius became so attached to and
intimate with him, that the fame of their friendship and constant
companionship was not merely confined to Italy and Greece, but
became known to more remote nations also. We have already
shown that the acquaintance began in a loan of some books and
the conversation about them. But as the intimacy went on, and
the Achæan détenus were being distributed among the various
cities, Fabius and Scipio, the sons of Lucius Æmilius Paulus,
exerted all their influence with the prætor that Polybius might
be allowed to remain in Rome. This was granted; and the inti-
macy was becoming more and more close, when the following
incident occurred:-
-
One day, when they were all three coming out of the house of
Fabius, it happened that Fabius left them to go to the Forum,
and that Polybius went in another direction with Scipio. As they
were walking along, Scipio said, in a quiet and subdued voice,
and with the blood mounting to his cheeks: "Why is it, Polyb-
ius, that though I and my brother eat at the same table, you
address all your conversation and all your questions and expla-
nations to him, and pass me over altogether? Of course you too
have the same opinion of me as I hear the rest of the city has.
For I am considered by everybody, I hear, to be a mild effete


## p. 11708 (#328) ##########################################

11708
POLYBIUS
person, and far removed from the true Roman character and
ways, because I don't care for pleading in the law courts. And
they say that the family I come of requires a different kind of
representative, and not the sort that I am. That is what annoys
me most. "
Polybius was taken aback by the opening words of the young
man's speech (for he was only just eighteen), and said, "In
heaven's name, Scipio, don't say such things, or take into your
head such an idea. It is not from any want of appreciation of
you, or any intention of slighting you, that I have acted as I
have done: far from it! It is merely that, your brother being
the elder, I begin and end my remarks with him, and address
my explanations and counsels to him, in the belief that you
share the same opinions. However, I am delighted to hear you
say now that you appear to yourself to be somewhat less spir-
ited than is becoming to members of your family; for you show
by this that you have a really high spirit, and I should gladly
devote myself to helping you to speak or act in any way worthy
of your ancestors. As for learning, to which I see you and your
brother devoting yourselves at present with so much earnestness
and zeal, you will find plenty of people to help you both; for I
see that a large number of such learned men from Greece are
finding their way into Rome at the present time. But as to the
points which you say are just now vexing you, I think you will
not find any one more fitted to support and assist you than
myself. "
While Polybius was still speaking, the young man seized his
right hand with both of his own, and pressing it warmly, said,
"Oh that I might see the day on which you would devote your
first attention to me, and join your life with mine. From that
moment I shall think myself worthy both of my family and my
ancestors. " Polybius was partly delighted at the sight of the
young man's enthusiasm and affection, and partly embarrassed
by the thought of the high position of his family and the wealth
of its members. However, from the hour of this mutual confi-
dence the youth never left the side of Polybius, but regarded
his society as his first and dearest object.
From that time forward they continually gave each other
practical proof of an affection which recalled the relationship of
father and son, or of kinsmen of the same blood.


## p. 11709 (#329) ##########################################

POLYBIUS
11709
THE FALL OF CORINTH
·
From the Histories'
THE
HE incidents of the capture of Corinth were melancholy. The
soldiers cared nothing for the works of art and the con-
secrated statues. I saw with my own eyes, pictures thrown
on the ground and soldiers playing dice on them.
Owing to the popular reverence for the memory of Philopœ-
men, they did not take down the statues of him in the various
cities. So true is it, as it seems to me, that every genuine act
of virtue produces in the mind of those who benefit by it an
affection which it is difficult to efface.
There were many statues of Philopomen, and many erections
in his honor, voted by the several cities; and a Roman, at the
time of the disaster which befell Greece at Corinth, wished to
abolish them all, and to formally indict him, laying an infor-
mation against him, as though he were still alive, as an enemy
and ill-wisher to Rome. But after a discussion, in which Polyb-
ius spoke against this sycophant, neither Mummius nor the
commissioners would consent to abolish the honors of an illus-
trious man.
Polybius, in an elaborate speech, conceived in the spirit of
what has just been said, maintained the cause of Philopomen.
His arguments were that "this man had indeed been frequently
at variance with the Romans on the matter of their in unctions,
but he only maintained his opposition so far as to inform and
persuade them on points in dispute; and even that he did not
do without serious cause. He gave a genuine proof of his loyal
policy and gratitude by a test as it were of fire, in the peri-
ods of the wars with Philip and Antiochus. For, possessing at
those times the greatest influence of any one in Greece, from his
personal power as well as that of the Achæans, he preserved
his friendship for Rome with the most absolute fidelity; having
joined in the vote of the Achæans in virtue of which, four
months before the Romans crossed from Italy, they levied a
war from their own territory upon Antiochus and the Etolians,
when nearly all the other Greeks had become estranged from
the Roman friendship. " Having listened to this speech, and ap-
proved of the speaker's view, the ten commissioners granted that
the complimentary erections to Philopomen in the several cities


## p. 11710 (#330) ##########################################

POLYBIUS
11710
should be allowed to remain. Acting on this pretext, Polybius
begged of the consul the statues of Achæus, Aratus, and Philo-
pomen, though they had already been transported to Acarnania
from the Peloponnesus: in gratitude for which action, people set
up a marble statue of Polybius himself.
•
After the settlement made by the ten commissioners in
Achaia, they directed the quæstor, who was to superintend the
selling of Diæus's property, to allow Polybius to select anything
he chose from the goods and present it to him as a free gift,
and to sell the rest to the highest bidders. But so far from
accepting any such present, Polybius urged his friends not to
covet anything whatever of the goods sold by the quæstor any-
where; - for he was going a round of the cities, and selling the
property of all those who had been partisans of Diæus, as well
as of those who had been condemned, except such as left children
or parents. Some of these friends did not take his advice; but
those who did follow it earned a most excellent reputation among
their fellow-citizens.


## p. 11710 (#331) ##########################################



## p. 11710 (#332) ##########################################


ALEXANDER POPE.


## p. 11710 (#333) ##########################################

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## p. 11710 (#334) ##########################################


RUPE


## p. 11711 (#335) ##########################################

11711
ALEXANDER POPE
(1688-1744)
BY THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY
LEXANDER POPE, the foremost English poet of the eighteenth
century, was born in Lombard Street, London, on May
21st, 1688, and died at Twickenham, May 30th, 1744.
In our
literature he is the earliest man of letters pure and simple. With
that pursuit previous writers had mingled other avocations, if indeed
literature itself had not been with them an avocation amid the dis-
traction of other pursuits. Chaucer was a soldier and a diplomatist.
Spenser was a government official. Shakespeare was an actor, besides
being connected with the management of the company of which he
was a member. Milton was an eager and earnest participant in the
fierce religious and political strife of his time. Even Dryden held a
position in the civil service. But Pope was never anything else than
a man of letters. That career he had chosen from the first; and to
it he remained faithful to the last.
It was mainly due to choice; partly it was a result of necessity.
He was the son of a linen-draper who was a Roman Catholic; and
Pope, though almost a latitudinarian in matters of religion, stood
stanchly to the end by the faith of his parents. His creed accord-
ingly shut him out of all the posts of profit and sinecures with which
it was then not uncommon to reward literary merit. Even had it
been otherwise, it is not likely that he would have been turned aside
from his choice by the attraction of any other pursuit. In his case
the Muse cannot be said to have been ungrateful. To him in a
most unusual sense poetry was its own exceeding great reward. It
lifted him to a station such as no man of letters before his time had
ever attained, and few have attained since,- and this too in spite
of obstacles that it might seem would have put an effectual bar in
the way of success. A member of a proscribed religious body, with
no advantages of birth and fortune, with every disadvantage of per-
sonal appearance, he raised himself by the sheer force of genius
to a position of equality with the highest of the land. Unplaced,
untitled, he became the companion and friend of nobles and minis-
ters of State, without in a single instance sacrificing his personal self-
respect, or appearing even to his bitterest foes in the light of a
dependent upon the favor of the great.


## p. 11712 (#336) ##########################################

ALEXANDER POPE
11712
In one way this extraordinary success was due to good fortune.
Pope saw the beginning of the end of the system of patronage, and
was to profit more than any one else by the method of publication by
subscription — which to some extent took its place in the transition
that was going on to the system of publication now in force. Before
his time authors generally relied for their support, not on the sale of
their works, but upon the gifts received from the wealthy and power-
ful. To them they dedicated their productions, usually in terms of
fulsome eulogy; from them they received a reward varying with the
feelings and character of the bestower. The extravagant praise given
to ordinary men in these dedications by Pope's great predecessor has
cast something of a stain upon the reputation of Dryden; though all
that can be justly said against him was that in the general daubing
which every patron at that time received, his was the hand that laid
on the plaster with most skill and most effectiveness. But Pope was
reduced to no such sad necessity. The publication by subscription of
his translation of the Iliad, completed when he was but little over
thirty years old, with the subsequent translation of the Odyssey,
brought out in a similar way, made him pecuniarily independent. He
was never forced in consequence to resort for his subsistence to any
of those shifts and mean devices-as they appear at least from the
modern point of view-to which many of his most eminent contem-
poraries betook themselves either from choice or from necessity. Not
merely his example, but also his precepts, tended to bring the whole
system of patronage into disrepute. All these feelings about the early
adverse conditions which had surrounded him, and the success with
which he had triumphed over them, came to his mind when late in
life-it was in the year 1737 - he brought out his imitation of the
second epistle of the second book of Horace. In these following
lines, possessed of special biographic interest, he recalled the disabil-
ities under which he and his parents had suffered, and expressed his
joy in the right he had earned to boast that Homer had made him
independent of the favor of the powerful:-
"Bred up at home, full early I begun
To read in Greek the wrath of Peleus's son.
Besides, my father taught me from a lad
The better art to know the good from bad
(And little sure imported to remove,
To hunt for truth in Maudlin's learned grove):
But knottier points we knew not half so well
Deprived us soon of our paternal cell;
And certain laws, by sufferers thought unjust,
Denied all posts of profit or of trust:
Hopes after hopes of pious Papists failed,
While mighty William's thundering arm prevailed.


## p. 11713 (#337) ##########################################

ALEXANDER POPE
11713
For right hereditary taxed and fined,
He stuck to poverty with peace of mind;
And me the Muses helped to undergo it:
Convict a Papist he, and I a poet.
But (thanks to Homer) since I live and thrive,
Indebted to no prince or peer alive,
Sure I should want the care of ten Monroes,
If I would scribble rather than repose.
Years following years steal something every day,
At last they steal us from ourselves away;
In one our frolics, one amusements end,
In one a mistress drops, in one a friend:
This subtle thief of life, this paltry time,
What will it leave me if it snatch my rhyme?
If every wheel of that unwearied mill,
That turned ten thousand verses, now stands still ? »
In many respects Pope's life was peculiarly uneventful in the
usually uneventful life of an author. His father quitted his business
while the son was still a child, and took up his residence at Binfield
in Berkshire, on the northern border of Windsor Forest. From that
place he went in 1716 to Chiswick. In October of the following year
he died. Early in 1718 Pope left Chiswick, and removed with his
mother to Twickenham, about twelve miles from the centre of the
city of London proper. There he leased a house surrounded with five
acres on the banks of the Thames. On the adornment and improve-
ment of these grounds he spent henceforth time, thought, and money.
Through them ran the highway from Hampton Court to London, and
the two portions of his property were connected by a tunnel under
the road. This underground passage, styled a grotto, possessed a
spring; and was adorned with shells, corals, crystals, and in general
with an assortment of natural curiosities, to which Dr. Johnson in
his life of the poet applies the name of "fossil bodies. " This grotto
became noted; and references to it are by no means unfrequent in
the literature of the day. Twickenham remained henceforth Pope's
home, and his residence in it made it even during his lifetime classic
ground. From that place he ruled with almost undisputed sway over
English letters, making and unmaking reputations by the praise or
blame he bestowed in a single line.
Pope had almost from his infancy been devoted to literature.
He never really knew what it was to be a boy. His health, always
delicate, would not have endured the close confinement and hard
application of any rigid system of training. As he was a Catholic,
he could not have attended a public school had he so wished. That
deprivation was to him however no misfortune. Sickly and deformed,
precocious and sensitive, he would have been little at home in that
XX-733


## p. 11714 (#338) ##########################################

11714
ALEXANDER POPE
brutal boy-world, which spares the feelings of no comrade on the
ground of personal or mental defects. Accordingly he was thrown
from his earliest years upon the society of books and of his elders.
Taught mainly by private tutors and schoolmasters more
or less
incapable, his education was mainly of a desultory character; and
for the best part of it he was indebted to himself. For his purposes
it was probably none the worse on that account. Living a secluded
life in the country, he early manifested all the tastes and aspira-
tions of the born man of letters. While yet a mere boy he made
translations into verse, he wrote an epic, he wrote a tragedy; and
long before he reached his majority, he had displayed powers which
attracted the attention of men prominent in the social and literary
world.
His active career as a man of letters began with the publication
of his 'Pastorals. ' These appeared in 1709 in the sixth volume of
Tonson's Miscellany. Never was there a kind of literature more
unreal and conventional than that to which they belonged, though
our ancestors persuaded themselves, or affected to believe, that it was
a return to the simplicity of nature. The poetical pieces of the char-
acter then written are the most artificial products of an artificial age.
At their best no inhabitant of either city or country ever talked or
felt in real life as did those who are represented as bearing a part in
their dialogue; at their worst they were so expressionless as to re-
semble much more the bleating of sheep than the song of shepherds.
Yet they had been made a fashion. Those of Pope were received
with great contemporary applause, which, so far as the melody of the
numbers was concerned, was fully deserved. Following these on not
altogether dissimilar lines was the descriptive poem Windsor For-
est,' which came out in 1712. At a later period Pope apparently
learned to despise the taste which had inspired these productions.
"Who could take offense," he said, referring to them,
"While pure description took the place of sense? »
A far more worthy and substantial success was achieved by the
'Essay on Criticism,' which appeared in 1711. Pope was but twenty-
three years old at the time of its publication. The production,
however, is a remarkable one in many ways. The rules and maxims
are indeed little more than commonplaces; but the skill with which
they are expressed makes this poem, considering its character and
the youth of its writer, one of the most signal illustrations of pre-
cocity which our literature furnishes. In it in particular occur a
number of those pointed lines which have contributed to render Pope,
with the single exception of Shakespeare, the most frequently quoted
author in our speech. To "snatch a grace beyond the reach of art,"


## p. 11715 (#339) ##########################################

ALEXANDER POPE
11715
and "Fools rush in where angels fear to tread," are perhaps the
most familiar of the numerous sayings, which, occurring originally
in this poem, are now heard from the lips of everybody.