But even when these de- remarkable exemplification of some of the leading
signs were betrayed by some of the Helots, the features and faults of the Spartan character and
ephors were still reluctant to act upon this inform- constitution.
signs were betrayed by some of the Helots, the features and faults of the Spartan character and
ephors were still reluctant to act upon this inform- constitution.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
iji.
425 ; Val.
Flacc.
ji.
89; the mutilation of Leonidas, by impaling the corpse
Claudian. in Rufin, i. 344. )
(L. S. ] of Mardonius ; an advice which Pausanias rejected
PAUSANIAS, historical. 1. A Spartan of with abhorrence. Pausanias gave directions that
the Agid branch of the royal family, the son of all the spoil should be left to be collected by the
Cleombrotus and nephew of Leonidas (Thuc. i. 94 ; Helots. Ten samples of all that was most valuable
Herod. ix. 10). His mother's name was Alcathea in this booty were presented to Pausanias. Hero-
or Alcithea (Schol. ad Thuc. i. 134 ; Schol. ad dotus has preserved a story, that, to exhibit the
Aristoph. Equit
. I. 84; Suidas calls her 'Ayx:0éa ; contrast between their modes of living, Pausanias
Polyaen, riji. 51, Theano). Several writers (Arist. ordered the Persian slaves to prepare a banquet
Polit. v. 1. & 5, vii. 13. § 13 ; Plut. Consol. ad similar to what they commonly prepared for Mar-
Apollon. p. 182 ; Dem, in Neuer. § 97, p. 1378, donius, and then directed his Helots to place by
ed. Reiske ; Suidas, s. r. Navoavlas, &c. ) incor- the side of it a Laconian dinner; and, laughing,
rectly call him king (Paus. iii. 4. $ 9); he only bade the Greek generals observe the folly of the
succeeded his father Cleombrotus in the guardian leader of the Medes, who, while able to live in such
d the following Libri Singulares: Dv
7, De Articulis Literalis Caesse wird
he same work), De Assignatica Lion
nceptione Formularum, De Drites like
Legem Fusiam Caninign, De lifce
Ad Sch
. Turpillianum, De Paris La
De Cognitionibus ; and the notes 13
aian, and Scaevola, which las, ko gerein
cited. There is also a passar in de
## p. 158 (#174) ############################################
158
PAUSANIAS.
PAUSANIAS.
stores,
style, had come to rob the Greeks of their scanty naeus (xii. 9, p. 536, a b. ). It does not distinctly
(Herod. ix. 10-85 ; Diod. xi. 29— appear what could have induced Justin (ix. 1) to
33. )
call Pausanias the founder of Byzantium (a state
Ás to the generalship of Pausanias in this action, ment which is repeated by Isidorus, Origines, xr.
Bishop Thirlwall remarks (Hist. of Greece, vol. ii. 1. § 42); though iſ
, as Justin says, Pausanias held
p. 352): “Whether Pausanias committed any possession of the city for seven years, he may have
considerable faults as a general, is a question still had opportunities for effecting such alterations in
more open to controversy than similar cases in the city and the government as nearly to have re-
modern warfare. But at least it seems clear that modelled both, and the honours usually accorded to
he followed, and did not direct or control events, founders may have been conferred on him by the
and that he was for a time on the brink of ruin, Byzantines.
from which he was delivered more by the rashness The capture of Byzantium afforded Pausanias
of the enemy than by his own prudence. In the an opportunity for commencing the execution o.
critical moment, however, he displayed the firmness, the design which he had apparently formed even
and if, as appears manifest, the soothsayer was his before leaving Greece. Dazzled by his success and
instrument, the ability of a commander equal to reputation, his station as a Spartan citizen had
the juncture. ”
become too restricted for his ambition. His po
Immediately after the battle a formal confederacy sition as regent was one which must terminate
was entered into, on the proposition of Aristeides when the king became of age. As a tyrant over,
(Plut. Arist. 21). The contingents which the not Sparta merely, but the whole of Greece
allies were to maintain for carrying on the war (équeuevos 'Eannvinns dpxis, Thuc. i. 128), sup-
against the barbarians, were fixed ; deputies were ported by the power of the Persian king, he hoped
to be sent from all the states of Greece every year that the reward of his treachery to Greece would
to Plataeae, to deliberate on their common interests, be ample enough to satisfy his overweening pride
and celebrate the anniversary of the battle ; and and arrogance.
every fifth year a festival, to be called the Feast Among the prisoners taken at Byzantiurr were
of Liberty, was to be celebrated at Plataeae, the in- some Persians connected with the royal family.
habitants of which place were declared inviolable These Pausanias, by the aid of Gongylus, whom
and independent. It is this treaty which Thucy- he had made governor of Byzantium, sent to the
dides calls τας παλαιάς Παυσανίου μετά τον Μή- king without the knowledge of the other allies,
duv o povôás (Thuc. iii. 68, comp. ii
. 71). Before giving out that they had made their escape. Gon-
the Greek forces withdrew, Pausanias led them to gylus escorted them, and was the bearer of a letter
attack Thebes, and demanded the surrender of those from Pausanias to the king, in which the former
who had been traitors to the cause of Greece. After offered to bring Sparta and the rest of Greece under
a siege of twenty days, Timagenidas and Attaginus, his power, and proposed to marry his daughter
who had been the leaders of the Median party, (Herodotus, v. 32. mentions that he had proposed
consented to be delivered up. The latter, however, to marry the daughter of Megabates). He at the
made his escape. Pausanias dismissed his family same time requested Xerxes to send some trusty
unbarmed ;
but the rest who were delivered up he person to the coast to treat with him. Xerxes
had conveyed to Corinth and put to death there sent Artabazus with a letter thanking Pausanias
without any form of trial—" the first indication for the release of the prisoners, and offering him
that appears of his imperious character” (Herod. ix. whatever amount of troops and money he required
88 ; Diod. xi. 33). It was speedily followed by for accomplishing his designs. (According to Plu-
another. On the tripod dedicated by the Greeks tarch, Parall. 10, he actually received 500 talents
at Delphi from the spoil taken from the Medes he of gold from the king. ) Pausanias now set no
had the following inscription engraved :
bounds to his arrogant and domineering temper.
Ελλήνων αρχηγός έπει στρατόν ώλεσε Μήδων, | He treated the allies with harshness and injustice,
made himself difficult of access, and conducted
Παυσανίας Φοίβη μνήμ’ ανέθηκε τόδε.
himself so angrily and violently towards all alike,
The inscription was afterwards obliterated by that no one could come near him; and with a
the Lacedaemonians, and the names of the states rashness that even exceeded his arrogance as-
which joined in effecting the overthrow of the bar- sumed the dress and state of a Persian satrap, and
barian substituted (Thuc. i. 132 ; Dem. in Neaeram, even journeyed through Thrace with a guard of
p. 1378, ed. Reiske ; Corn. Nepos, Paus. 1; | Persians and Egyptians. The allies were so dis-
Herod. viii. 82). Simonides, with whom Pau- gusted by this conduct, especially as contrasted
sanias seems to have been on terms of intimacy with that of Cimon and Aristeides, that they all,
(Aelian, Var. Hist. ix. 41), was the composer of except the Peloponnesians and Aeginetans, volun-
the elegy. (Paus. iii. 8. § 2. )
tarils offered to transfer to the Athenians that pre-
In B. C. 477 (see the discussion by Clinton On eminence of rank which Sparta had hitherto en-
the Athenian Empire, Fasti Hellen. vol. ii. p. 248, joyed. In this way the Athenian confederacy
&c. ) the confederate Greeks sent out a fleet under first took its rise. Reports of the conduct and
the command of Pausanias, to follow up their designs of Pausanias reached Sparta, and he was
success by driving the Persians completely out of recalled ; and as the allies refused to obey Dorcis,
Europe and the islands. Cyprus was first attacked, who was sent in his place, the Spartans declined
and the greater part of it subdued. From Cyprus to take any farther share in the operations against
Pausanias sailed to Byzantium, and captured the the Persians. Pausanias, on reaching Sparta, was
city (Thuc. i. 94). It was probably as a memorial put upon his trial, and convicted of various offences
of this conquest that he dedicated to Poseidon in a against individuals ; but the evidence respecting
temple on the Thracian Bosporus, at a place called his meditated treachery and Medism was not yet
Exampaeus, the bowl mentioned by Herodotus (iv. thought sufficiently strong. He however, without
81), the inscription on which is preserved by Athe. I the orders of the ephors, sailed in a vessel of Her-
## p. 159 (#175) ############################################
PAUSANIAS.
PAUSANIAS.
159
mione, as though with the intention of taking i was removed and buried at the spot where he
part in the war, and, returning to Byzantium, died ; and to atone to the goddess for the loss of
which was still in the hands of Gongylus, re- her suppliant, two brazen statues were dedicated
newed his treasonable intrigues. According to in her temple. (Thuc. i. 94, 95, 128-134 ; Diod.
Plutarch (Cimon, c. 6; comp. Moral. p. 555, b. ), xi. 44, 45; Nepos, Paus. 5 ; Suidas, s. r. Navo. ;
the immediate occasion of his expulsion from the Polyaen. viii. 51. ) According to Plutarch (do
city was an atrocious injury offered to a family of sera numinum l'indicta, p. 560), an oracle directed
distinction in Byzantium, which ended in the the Spartans to propitiate the soul of Pausanias,
tragical death of the victim of his lust and cruelty, for which purpose they brought necromancers from
at which the allies were so incensed, that they Italy. As to the date of the death of Pausanias,
called upon the Athenians to expel him. He did we only know that it must have been later than
not return to Sparta, but went to Colonae in the B. C. 471, when Themistocles was banished, for
Troas, where he again entered into communication Themistocles was living in Argos at the time when
with the Persians. Having received an impera- Pausanias communicated to him his plans (Plut.
tive recal to Sparta, and not thinking his plans Themist. p. 123), and before B. C. 466, when The-
sufficiently matured to enable him to bid defiance mistocles took refuge in Asia. The accounts of
to the ephors, he returned at their command, and the death of Pausanias given by Nepos, Aelian,
on his arrival was thrown into prison. He was, and others, differ, and are doubtless erroneous, in
however, soon set at liberty; and, trusting to the some particulars.
influence of money, offered himself for trial. Still all Pausanias left three sons behind him, Pleisto-
the suspicious circumstances which were collected anax (afterwards king ; Thuc. i. 107, 114), Cleo-
and compared with respect to his present and pre- menes (Thuc. iii. 26), and Aristocles (Thuc.
vious breaches of established customs did not seem v. 16). From a notice in Plutarch (Apophth. p.
sufficient to warrant the ephors in proceeding to ex. 230, c. ) it has been concluded that on one occasion
tremities with a man of his rank. But even after | Pausanias was a victor at the Olympic games.
this second escape Pausanias could not rest He But the passage may refer merely to his success at
opened an intrigue with the Helots (comp. Arist. Plataeae, having been publicly announced by way
Polit
. v. 1, 7), promising them freedom and the of honour at the games.
rights of citizenship, if they would rise and over- The character and history of Pausanias furnish a
throw the government.
But even when these de- remarkable exemplification of some of the leading
signs were betrayed by some of the Helots, the features and faults of the Spartan character and
ephors were still reluctant to act upon this inform- constitution. His pride and arrogance were not
ation. Accident, however, soon furnished them very different either in kind or in degree from that
with decisive evidence. Pausanias was still carry commonly exhibited by his countrymen. The
ing on his intrigues with Persia. A man named selfish ambition which appears in him as an indi-
Argilius, who was charged with a letter to Arta- vidual Spartan appears as characteristic of the
bazus, having his suspicions awakened by noticing national policy of Sparta throughout her whole
that none of those sent previously on similar er history ; nor did Sparta usually show herself more
rands had returned, counterfeited the seal of Pau- scrupulous in the choice of means for attaining her
sanias and opened the letter, in which he found ends than Pausanias. Sparta never exhibited any
directions for his own death. He carried the remarkable fidelity to the cause of Greece, except
letter to the ephors, and, in accordance with a plan when identical with her own immedịate interests ;
suggested by himself, took refuge in the temple of and at a subsequent period of her history appears
Poseidon at Taenarus, in a hut which he divided with the aid of Persia in a position that beans
by a partition, behind which he placed some of the considerable analogy to that which Pausanias de-
ephors. Pausanias, as he expected, came to in- signed to occupy.
If these characteristics appear
quire the reason of his placing himself here as a in Pausanias in greater degree, their exaggeration
suppliant. Argilius reproached him with his un- was but a natural result of the influence of that
grateful disregard of his past services, and con. position in which he was placed, so calculated to
trived that the ephors should hear from the lips foster and stimulate ambition, and so little likely
of Pausanias himself the admission of his various ultimately to supply it with a fair field for legiti-
intrigues with the barbarian. Upon this the mate exertion.
ephors prepared to arrest him in the street as he 2. Son of Pleistoanax, and grandson of the pre-
returned to Sparta. But, warned by a friendly ceding. He succeeded to the throne on the
signal from one of the ephors, and guessing from banishment of his father (B. C. 444), being placed
the looks of another the purpose for which they under the guardianship of his uncle Cleomenes.
were coming, he filed and took refuge in the temple He accompanied the latter, at the head of the
of Athene Chalcioecus, establishing himself for Lacedaemonian army, in the invasion of Attica,
shelter in a building attached to the temple. The B. C. 427. (Thuc. iii. 26. ) We next hear of
ephors, having watched for a time when he was him in B. C. 403, when Lysander, with a large
inside, intercepted him, stripped off the roof, and body of troops, was blockading Thrasybulus and
proceeded to build up the door ; the aged mother his partisans in Peiraeus. The king, the ephors,
of Pausanias being said to have been among the and many of the leading men in Sparta, being
first who laid a stone for this purpose. When he jealous of the increasing influence of Lysander, a
was on the point of expiring, the ephors took him plan was concerted for baffling his designs. Pau-
out lest his death should pollute the sanctuary. sanias was sent at the head of an army into Attica,
He died as soon as he got ontside. It was at first professedly to assist Lysander, but in reality to
proposed to cast his body into the Caeadas ; but counteract his plans. He accordingly encamped
that proposal was overruled, and he was buried in near Peiraeeus. The besieged, not knowing his
the neighbourhood of the temple. Subsequently, intentions, attacked him as he was ostensibly re-
by the direction of the Delphic oracle, his body connoitring the ground to make preparations for a
а
1
## p. 160 (#176) ############################################
160
PAUSANIAS.
PAUSANIAS.
ZANIA
circumvallation. He defeated the assailants with accession by Amyntas II. , B. C. 394. (Diod. zi7.
some slaughter, but did not follow up his victory, 82, 84. )
and secretly sent a message to the besieged. At
his suggestion a deputation was sent by them to
himself and the ephors, an armistice was concluded
with the exiles, and their deputies were sent to
PAYS
Sparta to plead their cause. The result was, that
fifteen commissioners were appointed, in conjunc-
tion with Pausanias, to settle the differences of the
two Athenian parties. An amnesty was published,
including all but the thirty tyrants, the Eleven,
and the Ten who had been governors of Peiraeeus.
Pausanias then disbanded his forces (Xen. Helien.
ii. 4. & 28—39 ; Paus. iii. 5. § 1; Plut. Lysand.
COIN OP PAUSANIAS, KING OF MACEDONIA.
c. 21). On his return to Sparta, however, the
opposite party brought him to trial before a court 6. A pretender to the throne of Macedonia.
consisting of the gerontes, the ephors, and the According to the scholiast on Aeschines (p. 754,
other king Agis. Fourteen of the gerontes, with ed. Reiske), he belonged to the royal family. He
king Agis, voted for his condemnation ; the rest made his appearance in B. C. 368, after Alexander
acquitted him. (Pans. iii. 5. & 2. )
II. , the son of Amyntas II. , had been assassinated
În B. C. 395, when hostilities broke out between by Ptolemaeus; and, being supported by numerous
Phocis and Thebes, and the former applied to adherents, gained possession of several towns. Eu-
Sparta, war was decreed against Thebes, and rydice, the widow of Amyntas, sent to request the
Lysander was sent into Phocis, to raise all the aid of the Athenian general, Iphicrates, who ex-
forces he could in that quarter. Pausanias was to pelled Pausanias from the kingdom. (Aeschines,
join him on an appointed day with the Pelopon- de falsa Leg. c. 23, p. 31, ed. Steph. ; Corn. Nepos,
nesian troops. These collected so slowly, that Iphicr. c. 3. )
when Lysander with the troops which he had 7. A Macedonian youth of distinguished family,
raised reached Haliartus, Pausanias had not ar from the province of Orestis. He was one of the
rived. A battle ensued under the walls of Haliar- body-guard of king Philip, who, on account of his
tus, in which Lysander was slain. Next day beauty, was much attached to him. Perceiving
Pausanias reached the spot, but the arrival of an himself in danger of being supplanted in the affec-
Athenian army rendered him unwilling to engage. tion of Philip by a rival also called Pausanias, he,
A council of war was held, in which it was de in the most opprobrious manner, assailed the latter,
cided that application should be made for permis- who complained to his friend Attalus, and soon
sion to carry away the dead bodies of those who after perished in battle with the Illyrians. Attalus
had been slain in the late engngement. This was contrived to take the most odious revenge on Pau-
only granted on condition that Pausanias should sanias, who complained of the outrage to Philip.
withdraw his forces from Boeotia ; and these terms But, apparently on account of his relationship to
were accepted. On his return to Sparta, Pau- Attalus, and because he needed his services, Philip
sanias was impeached, and, besides his conduct on declined to inflict any punishment on Attalus. Pau-
this last occasion, his leniency to Thrasybulus and sanias accordingly directed his vengeance against
his party at Peiraeeus was again brought up Philip himself. An opportunity presented itself at
against him; and Pausanias, seeing that a fair the festival held by Philip at Aegae, as, in a mag-
trial was not to be hoped for, went into voluntary nificent procession, Philip approached, having di-
exile, and was condemned to death. He sought rected his guards to keep at a distance, as though
shelter in the sanctuary of Athene Alea at Tegea, on such an occasion he had no need of them. Pau-
and was still living here in B. C. 385, when sanias rushed forwards from the crowd, and, draw-
Mantinea was besieged by his son Agesipolis, who ing a large Celtic sword from beneath his dress,
succeeded him on the throne. Pausanias, who plunged it into the king's side. The murderer
had friendly relations with the leading men of forth with rushed towards the gates of the town,
Mantinea, interceded with his son on behalf of the where horses were ready for him. He was, how-
city. (Xen. Hellen. iii. 5. $ 17—25, v. 2. $ 3— ever, closely pursued by some officers of the king's
6; Paus. iii. 5. 83–7; Plut. Lysand. c. 31. ) Diodo- guard, and, having stumbled and fallen, was de-
rus (xiv. 17) erroneously substitutes Pausanias for spatched by them on the spot. Suspicion rested
Agis in connection with the quarrel between the on Olympias and Alexander of having been privy
Lacedaemonians and Eleans.
to the deed. According to Justin, it was Olympias
3. An Athenian of the Deme Cerameis, cele- who provided the horses for the flight of Pausanias ;
brated for his amorous propensities towards those and when his corpse was crucified she placed a
of his own sex, and for his attachment to the poet crown of gold upon the bead, caused the body to
Agathon. Both Plato (Convivium, p. 176, a. , be burnt over the remains of her husband, and
180, c. ; comp. Protag. p. 315, d. ) and Xenophon erected a monument to him in the same place, and
(Convivium, 8. $32) introduce him. It has been even instituted yearly rites in memory of him.
supposed that Pausanias was the author of a se- The sword with which he had assassinated the
parate erotic treatise ; but Athenaeus (v. p. 216) king she dedicated to Apollo. The suspicion with
affirms that no treatise of the kind existed. regard to Alexander is probably totally unfounded.
4. A son or brother of Derdas. (Schol. ad There was likewise a story that Pausanias, while
Threc. i. 61. ) He appears among the antagonists meditating revenge, having asked the sophist Her-
of king Perdiccas.
mocrates which was the shortest way to fame, the
5. King of Macedonia, the son and successor of latter replied, that it was by killing the man who
Aeropus. He was assassinated in the year of his had performed the greatest achievements. These
## p. 161 (#177) ############################################
PAUSANIAS.
PAUSANIAS.
161
occurrences took place in B. C. 336. (Diod. xvi. / art, such as buildings, temples, statues, and pic-
93, 94 ; Justin. ix. 6,7 ; Plut. Alex. c. 9, 10. ) tures. He also mentions mountains, rivers, and
8. An officer in the service of Alexander. On fountains, and the mythological stories connected
the capture of Sardes he was appointed to the com- with them, which indeed are his chief inducements
mand of the citadel. (Arrian, i. 17. & 8. ) to speak of them. His religious feeling was strong,
9. A native of Thessaly, with whom the cele- and his belief sure, for he tells many old legends
brated Laïs fell in love. (Lais. )
in true good faith and seriousness. His style has
10. According to some accounts (Paus. ii. 33. been much condemned by modern critics, some of
§ 4), the assassinator of Harpalus (HARPALUS), whom consider it a sample of what has been called
was a man named Pausanias.
(C. P. M. ] the Asiatic style. Some even go so far as to say
PAUSA'NIAS (Plavoavias), the author of the that his words are wrongly placed, and that it
'Exnádos Depinynois, has been supposed to be a seems as if he tried to make his meaning difficult
native of Lydia. The passage in which this to discover. But if we except some corrupt pag-
opinion is founded is in his own work (v. 13. & 7). sages, and if we allow that his order of words is
The time when he travelled and lived is fixed not that of the best Greek writers, there is hardly
approximately by various passages. The latest much obscurity to a person who is competently
Roman emperors whom he mentions are Antoninus acquainted with Greek, except that obscurity which
Pius, whom he calls the fornier Antoninus (viii. sometimes is owing to the matter, lle makes no
43. § 1), and his successor Marcus Antoninus, attempt at ornament ; when he speaks of the noble
whom he calls the second Antoninus (viii.
Claudian. in Rufin, i. 344. )
(L. S. ] of Mardonius ; an advice which Pausanias rejected
PAUSANIAS, historical. 1. A Spartan of with abhorrence. Pausanias gave directions that
the Agid branch of the royal family, the son of all the spoil should be left to be collected by the
Cleombrotus and nephew of Leonidas (Thuc. i. 94 ; Helots. Ten samples of all that was most valuable
Herod. ix. 10). His mother's name was Alcathea in this booty were presented to Pausanias. Hero-
or Alcithea (Schol. ad Thuc. i. 134 ; Schol. ad dotus has preserved a story, that, to exhibit the
Aristoph. Equit
. I. 84; Suidas calls her 'Ayx:0éa ; contrast between their modes of living, Pausanias
Polyaen, riji. 51, Theano). Several writers (Arist. ordered the Persian slaves to prepare a banquet
Polit. v. 1. & 5, vii. 13. § 13 ; Plut. Consol. ad similar to what they commonly prepared for Mar-
Apollon. p. 182 ; Dem, in Neuer. § 97, p. 1378, donius, and then directed his Helots to place by
ed. Reiske ; Suidas, s. r. Navoavlas, &c. ) incor- the side of it a Laconian dinner; and, laughing,
rectly call him king (Paus. iii. 4. $ 9); he only bade the Greek generals observe the folly of the
succeeded his father Cleombrotus in the guardian leader of the Medes, who, while able to live in such
d the following Libri Singulares: Dv
7, De Articulis Literalis Caesse wird
he same work), De Assignatica Lion
nceptione Formularum, De Drites like
Legem Fusiam Caninign, De lifce
Ad Sch
. Turpillianum, De Paris La
De Cognitionibus ; and the notes 13
aian, and Scaevola, which las, ko gerein
cited. There is also a passar in de
## p. 158 (#174) ############################################
158
PAUSANIAS.
PAUSANIAS.
stores,
style, had come to rob the Greeks of their scanty naeus (xii. 9, p. 536, a b. ). It does not distinctly
(Herod. ix. 10-85 ; Diod. xi. 29— appear what could have induced Justin (ix. 1) to
33. )
call Pausanias the founder of Byzantium (a state
Ás to the generalship of Pausanias in this action, ment which is repeated by Isidorus, Origines, xr.
Bishop Thirlwall remarks (Hist. of Greece, vol. ii. 1. § 42); though iſ
, as Justin says, Pausanias held
p. 352): “Whether Pausanias committed any possession of the city for seven years, he may have
considerable faults as a general, is a question still had opportunities for effecting such alterations in
more open to controversy than similar cases in the city and the government as nearly to have re-
modern warfare. But at least it seems clear that modelled both, and the honours usually accorded to
he followed, and did not direct or control events, founders may have been conferred on him by the
and that he was for a time on the brink of ruin, Byzantines.
from which he was delivered more by the rashness The capture of Byzantium afforded Pausanias
of the enemy than by his own prudence. In the an opportunity for commencing the execution o.
critical moment, however, he displayed the firmness, the design which he had apparently formed even
and if, as appears manifest, the soothsayer was his before leaving Greece. Dazzled by his success and
instrument, the ability of a commander equal to reputation, his station as a Spartan citizen had
the juncture. ”
become too restricted for his ambition. His po
Immediately after the battle a formal confederacy sition as regent was one which must terminate
was entered into, on the proposition of Aristeides when the king became of age. As a tyrant over,
(Plut. Arist. 21). The contingents which the not Sparta merely, but the whole of Greece
allies were to maintain for carrying on the war (équeuevos 'Eannvinns dpxis, Thuc. i. 128), sup-
against the barbarians, were fixed ; deputies were ported by the power of the Persian king, he hoped
to be sent from all the states of Greece every year that the reward of his treachery to Greece would
to Plataeae, to deliberate on their common interests, be ample enough to satisfy his overweening pride
and celebrate the anniversary of the battle ; and and arrogance.
every fifth year a festival, to be called the Feast Among the prisoners taken at Byzantiurr were
of Liberty, was to be celebrated at Plataeae, the in- some Persians connected with the royal family.
habitants of which place were declared inviolable These Pausanias, by the aid of Gongylus, whom
and independent. It is this treaty which Thucy- he had made governor of Byzantium, sent to the
dides calls τας παλαιάς Παυσανίου μετά τον Μή- king without the knowledge of the other allies,
duv o povôás (Thuc. iii. 68, comp. ii
. 71). Before giving out that they had made their escape. Gon-
the Greek forces withdrew, Pausanias led them to gylus escorted them, and was the bearer of a letter
attack Thebes, and demanded the surrender of those from Pausanias to the king, in which the former
who had been traitors to the cause of Greece. After offered to bring Sparta and the rest of Greece under
a siege of twenty days, Timagenidas and Attaginus, his power, and proposed to marry his daughter
who had been the leaders of the Median party, (Herodotus, v. 32. mentions that he had proposed
consented to be delivered up. The latter, however, to marry the daughter of Megabates). He at the
made his escape. Pausanias dismissed his family same time requested Xerxes to send some trusty
unbarmed ;
but the rest who were delivered up he person to the coast to treat with him. Xerxes
had conveyed to Corinth and put to death there sent Artabazus with a letter thanking Pausanias
without any form of trial—" the first indication for the release of the prisoners, and offering him
that appears of his imperious character” (Herod. ix. whatever amount of troops and money he required
88 ; Diod. xi. 33). It was speedily followed by for accomplishing his designs. (According to Plu-
another. On the tripod dedicated by the Greeks tarch, Parall. 10, he actually received 500 talents
at Delphi from the spoil taken from the Medes he of gold from the king. ) Pausanias now set no
had the following inscription engraved :
bounds to his arrogant and domineering temper.
Ελλήνων αρχηγός έπει στρατόν ώλεσε Μήδων, | He treated the allies with harshness and injustice,
made himself difficult of access, and conducted
Παυσανίας Φοίβη μνήμ’ ανέθηκε τόδε.
himself so angrily and violently towards all alike,
The inscription was afterwards obliterated by that no one could come near him; and with a
the Lacedaemonians, and the names of the states rashness that even exceeded his arrogance as-
which joined in effecting the overthrow of the bar- sumed the dress and state of a Persian satrap, and
barian substituted (Thuc. i. 132 ; Dem. in Neaeram, even journeyed through Thrace with a guard of
p. 1378, ed. Reiske ; Corn. Nepos, Paus. 1; | Persians and Egyptians. The allies were so dis-
Herod. viii. 82). Simonides, with whom Pau- gusted by this conduct, especially as contrasted
sanias seems to have been on terms of intimacy with that of Cimon and Aristeides, that they all,
(Aelian, Var. Hist. ix. 41), was the composer of except the Peloponnesians and Aeginetans, volun-
the elegy. (Paus. iii. 8. § 2. )
tarils offered to transfer to the Athenians that pre-
In B. C. 477 (see the discussion by Clinton On eminence of rank which Sparta had hitherto en-
the Athenian Empire, Fasti Hellen. vol. ii. p. 248, joyed. In this way the Athenian confederacy
&c. ) the confederate Greeks sent out a fleet under first took its rise. Reports of the conduct and
the command of Pausanias, to follow up their designs of Pausanias reached Sparta, and he was
success by driving the Persians completely out of recalled ; and as the allies refused to obey Dorcis,
Europe and the islands. Cyprus was first attacked, who was sent in his place, the Spartans declined
and the greater part of it subdued. From Cyprus to take any farther share in the operations against
Pausanias sailed to Byzantium, and captured the the Persians. Pausanias, on reaching Sparta, was
city (Thuc. i. 94). It was probably as a memorial put upon his trial, and convicted of various offences
of this conquest that he dedicated to Poseidon in a against individuals ; but the evidence respecting
temple on the Thracian Bosporus, at a place called his meditated treachery and Medism was not yet
Exampaeus, the bowl mentioned by Herodotus (iv. thought sufficiently strong. He however, without
81), the inscription on which is preserved by Athe. I the orders of the ephors, sailed in a vessel of Her-
## p. 159 (#175) ############################################
PAUSANIAS.
PAUSANIAS.
159
mione, as though with the intention of taking i was removed and buried at the spot where he
part in the war, and, returning to Byzantium, died ; and to atone to the goddess for the loss of
which was still in the hands of Gongylus, re- her suppliant, two brazen statues were dedicated
newed his treasonable intrigues. According to in her temple. (Thuc. i. 94, 95, 128-134 ; Diod.
Plutarch (Cimon, c. 6; comp. Moral. p. 555, b. ), xi. 44, 45; Nepos, Paus. 5 ; Suidas, s. r. Navo. ;
the immediate occasion of his expulsion from the Polyaen. viii. 51. ) According to Plutarch (do
city was an atrocious injury offered to a family of sera numinum l'indicta, p. 560), an oracle directed
distinction in Byzantium, which ended in the the Spartans to propitiate the soul of Pausanias,
tragical death of the victim of his lust and cruelty, for which purpose they brought necromancers from
at which the allies were so incensed, that they Italy. As to the date of the death of Pausanias,
called upon the Athenians to expel him. He did we only know that it must have been later than
not return to Sparta, but went to Colonae in the B. C. 471, when Themistocles was banished, for
Troas, where he again entered into communication Themistocles was living in Argos at the time when
with the Persians. Having received an impera- Pausanias communicated to him his plans (Plut.
tive recal to Sparta, and not thinking his plans Themist. p. 123), and before B. C. 466, when The-
sufficiently matured to enable him to bid defiance mistocles took refuge in Asia. The accounts of
to the ephors, he returned at their command, and the death of Pausanias given by Nepos, Aelian,
on his arrival was thrown into prison. He was, and others, differ, and are doubtless erroneous, in
however, soon set at liberty; and, trusting to the some particulars.
influence of money, offered himself for trial. Still all Pausanias left three sons behind him, Pleisto-
the suspicious circumstances which were collected anax (afterwards king ; Thuc. i. 107, 114), Cleo-
and compared with respect to his present and pre- menes (Thuc. iii. 26), and Aristocles (Thuc.
vious breaches of established customs did not seem v. 16). From a notice in Plutarch (Apophth. p.
sufficient to warrant the ephors in proceeding to ex. 230, c. ) it has been concluded that on one occasion
tremities with a man of his rank. But even after | Pausanias was a victor at the Olympic games.
this second escape Pausanias could not rest He But the passage may refer merely to his success at
opened an intrigue with the Helots (comp. Arist. Plataeae, having been publicly announced by way
Polit
. v. 1, 7), promising them freedom and the of honour at the games.
rights of citizenship, if they would rise and over- The character and history of Pausanias furnish a
throw the government.
But even when these de- remarkable exemplification of some of the leading
signs were betrayed by some of the Helots, the features and faults of the Spartan character and
ephors were still reluctant to act upon this inform- constitution. His pride and arrogance were not
ation. Accident, however, soon furnished them very different either in kind or in degree from that
with decisive evidence. Pausanias was still carry commonly exhibited by his countrymen. The
ing on his intrigues with Persia. A man named selfish ambition which appears in him as an indi-
Argilius, who was charged with a letter to Arta- vidual Spartan appears as characteristic of the
bazus, having his suspicions awakened by noticing national policy of Sparta throughout her whole
that none of those sent previously on similar er history ; nor did Sparta usually show herself more
rands had returned, counterfeited the seal of Pau- scrupulous in the choice of means for attaining her
sanias and opened the letter, in which he found ends than Pausanias. Sparta never exhibited any
directions for his own death. He carried the remarkable fidelity to the cause of Greece, except
letter to the ephors, and, in accordance with a plan when identical with her own immedịate interests ;
suggested by himself, took refuge in the temple of and at a subsequent period of her history appears
Poseidon at Taenarus, in a hut which he divided with the aid of Persia in a position that beans
by a partition, behind which he placed some of the considerable analogy to that which Pausanias de-
ephors. Pausanias, as he expected, came to in- signed to occupy.
If these characteristics appear
quire the reason of his placing himself here as a in Pausanias in greater degree, their exaggeration
suppliant. Argilius reproached him with his un- was but a natural result of the influence of that
grateful disregard of his past services, and con. position in which he was placed, so calculated to
trived that the ephors should hear from the lips foster and stimulate ambition, and so little likely
of Pausanias himself the admission of his various ultimately to supply it with a fair field for legiti-
intrigues with the barbarian. Upon this the mate exertion.
ephors prepared to arrest him in the street as he 2. Son of Pleistoanax, and grandson of the pre-
returned to Sparta. But, warned by a friendly ceding. He succeeded to the throne on the
signal from one of the ephors, and guessing from banishment of his father (B. C. 444), being placed
the looks of another the purpose for which they under the guardianship of his uncle Cleomenes.
were coming, he filed and took refuge in the temple He accompanied the latter, at the head of the
of Athene Chalcioecus, establishing himself for Lacedaemonian army, in the invasion of Attica,
shelter in a building attached to the temple. The B. C. 427. (Thuc. iii. 26. ) We next hear of
ephors, having watched for a time when he was him in B. C. 403, when Lysander, with a large
inside, intercepted him, stripped off the roof, and body of troops, was blockading Thrasybulus and
proceeded to build up the door ; the aged mother his partisans in Peiraeus. The king, the ephors,
of Pausanias being said to have been among the and many of the leading men in Sparta, being
first who laid a stone for this purpose. When he jealous of the increasing influence of Lysander, a
was on the point of expiring, the ephors took him plan was concerted for baffling his designs. Pau-
out lest his death should pollute the sanctuary. sanias was sent at the head of an army into Attica,
He died as soon as he got ontside. It was at first professedly to assist Lysander, but in reality to
proposed to cast his body into the Caeadas ; but counteract his plans. He accordingly encamped
that proposal was overruled, and he was buried in near Peiraeeus. The besieged, not knowing his
the neighbourhood of the temple. Subsequently, intentions, attacked him as he was ostensibly re-
by the direction of the Delphic oracle, his body connoitring the ground to make preparations for a
а
1
## p. 160 (#176) ############################################
160
PAUSANIAS.
PAUSANIAS.
ZANIA
circumvallation. He defeated the assailants with accession by Amyntas II. , B. C. 394. (Diod. zi7.
some slaughter, but did not follow up his victory, 82, 84. )
and secretly sent a message to the besieged. At
his suggestion a deputation was sent by them to
himself and the ephors, an armistice was concluded
with the exiles, and their deputies were sent to
PAYS
Sparta to plead their cause. The result was, that
fifteen commissioners were appointed, in conjunc-
tion with Pausanias, to settle the differences of the
two Athenian parties. An amnesty was published,
including all but the thirty tyrants, the Eleven,
and the Ten who had been governors of Peiraeeus.
Pausanias then disbanded his forces (Xen. Helien.
ii. 4. & 28—39 ; Paus. iii. 5. § 1; Plut. Lysand.
COIN OP PAUSANIAS, KING OF MACEDONIA.
c. 21). On his return to Sparta, however, the
opposite party brought him to trial before a court 6. A pretender to the throne of Macedonia.
consisting of the gerontes, the ephors, and the According to the scholiast on Aeschines (p. 754,
other king Agis. Fourteen of the gerontes, with ed. Reiske), he belonged to the royal family. He
king Agis, voted for his condemnation ; the rest made his appearance in B. C. 368, after Alexander
acquitted him. (Pans. iii. 5. & 2. )
II. , the son of Amyntas II. , had been assassinated
În B. C. 395, when hostilities broke out between by Ptolemaeus; and, being supported by numerous
Phocis and Thebes, and the former applied to adherents, gained possession of several towns. Eu-
Sparta, war was decreed against Thebes, and rydice, the widow of Amyntas, sent to request the
Lysander was sent into Phocis, to raise all the aid of the Athenian general, Iphicrates, who ex-
forces he could in that quarter. Pausanias was to pelled Pausanias from the kingdom. (Aeschines,
join him on an appointed day with the Pelopon- de falsa Leg. c. 23, p. 31, ed. Steph. ; Corn. Nepos,
nesian troops. These collected so slowly, that Iphicr. c. 3. )
when Lysander with the troops which he had 7. A Macedonian youth of distinguished family,
raised reached Haliartus, Pausanias had not ar from the province of Orestis. He was one of the
rived. A battle ensued under the walls of Haliar- body-guard of king Philip, who, on account of his
tus, in which Lysander was slain. Next day beauty, was much attached to him. Perceiving
Pausanias reached the spot, but the arrival of an himself in danger of being supplanted in the affec-
Athenian army rendered him unwilling to engage. tion of Philip by a rival also called Pausanias, he,
A council of war was held, in which it was de in the most opprobrious manner, assailed the latter,
cided that application should be made for permis- who complained to his friend Attalus, and soon
sion to carry away the dead bodies of those who after perished in battle with the Illyrians. Attalus
had been slain in the late engngement. This was contrived to take the most odious revenge on Pau-
only granted on condition that Pausanias should sanias, who complained of the outrage to Philip.
withdraw his forces from Boeotia ; and these terms But, apparently on account of his relationship to
were accepted. On his return to Sparta, Pau- Attalus, and because he needed his services, Philip
sanias was impeached, and, besides his conduct on declined to inflict any punishment on Attalus. Pau-
this last occasion, his leniency to Thrasybulus and sanias accordingly directed his vengeance against
his party at Peiraeeus was again brought up Philip himself. An opportunity presented itself at
against him; and Pausanias, seeing that a fair the festival held by Philip at Aegae, as, in a mag-
trial was not to be hoped for, went into voluntary nificent procession, Philip approached, having di-
exile, and was condemned to death. He sought rected his guards to keep at a distance, as though
shelter in the sanctuary of Athene Alea at Tegea, on such an occasion he had no need of them. Pau-
and was still living here in B. C. 385, when sanias rushed forwards from the crowd, and, draw-
Mantinea was besieged by his son Agesipolis, who ing a large Celtic sword from beneath his dress,
succeeded him on the throne. Pausanias, who plunged it into the king's side. The murderer
had friendly relations with the leading men of forth with rushed towards the gates of the town,
Mantinea, interceded with his son on behalf of the where horses were ready for him. He was, how-
city. (Xen. Hellen. iii. 5. $ 17—25, v. 2. $ 3— ever, closely pursued by some officers of the king's
6; Paus. iii. 5. 83–7; Plut. Lysand. c. 31. ) Diodo- guard, and, having stumbled and fallen, was de-
rus (xiv. 17) erroneously substitutes Pausanias for spatched by them on the spot. Suspicion rested
Agis in connection with the quarrel between the on Olympias and Alexander of having been privy
Lacedaemonians and Eleans.
to the deed. According to Justin, it was Olympias
3. An Athenian of the Deme Cerameis, cele- who provided the horses for the flight of Pausanias ;
brated for his amorous propensities towards those and when his corpse was crucified she placed a
of his own sex, and for his attachment to the poet crown of gold upon the bead, caused the body to
Agathon. Both Plato (Convivium, p. 176, a. , be burnt over the remains of her husband, and
180, c. ; comp. Protag. p. 315, d. ) and Xenophon erected a monument to him in the same place, and
(Convivium, 8. $32) introduce him. It has been even instituted yearly rites in memory of him.
supposed that Pausanias was the author of a se- The sword with which he had assassinated the
parate erotic treatise ; but Athenaeus (v. p. 216) king she dedicated to Apollo. The suspicion with
affirms that no treatise of the kind existed. regard to Alexander is probably totally unfounded.
4. A son or brother of Derdas. (Schol. ad There was likewise a story that Pausanias, while
Threc. i. 61. ) He appears among the antagonists meditating revenge, having asked the sophist Her-
of king Perdiccas.
mocrates which was the shortest way to fame, the
5. King of Macedonia, the son and successor of latter replied, that it was by killing the man who
Aeropus. He was assassinated in the year of his had performed the greatest achievements. These
## p. 161 (#177) ############################################
PAUSANIAS.
PAUSANIAS.
161
occurrences took place in B. C. 336. (Diod. xvi. / art, such as buildings, temples, statues, and pic-
93, 94 ; Justin. ix. 6,7 ; Plut. Alex. c. 9, 10. ) tures. He also mentions mountains, rivers, and
8. An officer in the service of Alexander. On fountains, and the mythological stories connected
the capture of Sardes he was appointed to the com- with them, which indeed are his chief inducements
mand of the citadel. (Arrian, i. 17. & 8. ) to speak of them. His religious feeling was strong,
9. A native of Thessaly, with whom the cele- and his belief sure, for he tells many old legends
brated Laïs fell in love. (Lais. )
in true good faith and seriousness. His style has
10. According to some accounts (Paus. ii. 33. been much condemned by modern critics, some of
§ 4), the assassinator of Harpalus (HARPALUS), whom consider it a sample of what has been called
was a man named Pausanias.
(C. P. M. ] the Asiatic style. Some even go so far as to say
PAUSA'NIAS (Plavoavias), the author of the that his words are wrongly placed, and that it
'Exnádos Depinynois, has been supposed to be a seems as if he tried to make his meaning difficult
native of Lydia. The passage in which this to discover. But if we except some corrupt pag-
opinion is founded is in his own work (v. 13. & 7). sages, and if we allow that his order of words is
The time when he travelled and lived is fixed not that of the best Greek writers, there is hardly
approximately by various passages. The latest much obscurity to a person who is competently
Roman emperors whom he mentions are Antoninus acquainted with Greek, except that obscurity which
Pius, whom he calls the fornier Antoninus (viii. sometimes is owing to the matter, lle makes no
43. § 1), and his successor Marcus Antoninus, attempt at ornament ; when he speaks of the noble
whom he calls the second Antoninus (viii.
