No More Learning

The day of his death there was a great terror in hell, and a
great joy in heaven.
For the blood of the Just had saved the world.
VIII
IN The beginning, labor was not necessary for man to live;
the earth of itself supplied all his needs.
But man did evil; and as he revolted against God, the earth
revolted against him. It came to pass to him then as it comes
to pass to the child that revolts against his father: the father
recalled his love from him, abandoning him to himself; and the
servants of the house refusing to serve him, he has had to go
out to seek here and there his poor life, eating bread earned by
the sweat of his brow.
Since then, God has condemned all men to labor, and all have
their work to do, either of the body or of the mind; and those
who say "I shall not work,” are the most miserable.
For as
worms devour the corpse, so do vices devour them;
and if it is not vices it is ennui.
And when God wanted man to go to work, he hid a treasure
for him in the work; for he is a father, and the love of a father
never dies.
And to him who makes good use of this treasure, and does
not foolishly waste, there comes to him a true rest; and then he
is as men were at the beginning.
And God gave them also this precept: "Aid one another; for
there
are among you some stronger, some weaker, some sickly,
some healthy; and nevertheless they all must live.
And if you


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8856
LAMENNAIS
(
act thus to one another, all will live; because I will recognize
the pity that you had for your brother, and I shall make the
sweat of your brow fertile. ”
And that which God promised has always been verified, and
never has he who aids his brothers been seen to lack bread.
Now there was once a wicked man, and cursed of Heaven.
And this man was strong and hated work; so that he said, “How
shall I do? If I do not work I shall die, and work is unendur-
able to me! ”
Then a thought came from hell into his heart. He went
by night, and seizing some of his brothers while they slept,
he put them in chains. "For,” said he, "I will force them
with rods and with the whip to work for me, and I will eat the
fruit of their work. ”
And he did as he thought; and others seeing this, did like-
wise: and there were no longer any brothers, there were masters
and slaves.
It was a day of mourning upon all the earth.
A long time afterwards there was another man, more wicked
than the first and more cursed of Heaven.
Seeing that men had multiplied everywhere, and that their
multitude was innumerable, he said to himself: "I might well
perhaps enchain some of them, and force them to work for me;
but I should have to nourish them, and that would diminish my
gain. Let me do better: let them work for nothing; they will
die, in truth, but as their number is great, I shall amass riches
before it greatly diminishes, and there will always be enough of
them left over. ”
And now all this multitude lived upon what it received in
exchange for its labor.
Having spoken thus to himself, the man addressed himself
more particularly to a few, and he said to them: “You work
six hours, and you are given a piece of money for your work:
work for twelve hours and you will gain two pieces of money,
and you will live much better, - you, your wife, and your child-
ren. ”
And they believed him.
And he told them again: “You work only half the days of
the year: work all the days of the year, and your gain will be
double. ”
And they believed him again.
((
(


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LAMENNAIS
8857
-
And it came to pass from this, that the quantity of work
having become greater by half, without the need of the work
becoming greater, half of those who formerly lived from their
labor found no longer any one to employ them.
Then the wicked man whom they believed said to them: "I
will give work to you all, on the condition that you work the
same length of time, and that I pay you but half of what I
formerly paid you; for I am very willing to do you a service, but
I do not wish to ruin myself. ”
And as they were hungry,—they, their wives, and their child-
ren,- they accepted the proposition of the wicked man, and they
blessed him; «for,” said they, “he is giving us life. ”
And always continuing to deceive them in the same way,
the wicked man ever increased their work and ever diminished
their salary.
And they died for the want of the necessities of life, and
others hastened forward to replace them; for indigence had be-
come so great in the country that whole families sold themselves
for a piece of bread.
And the wicked man who had lied to his brothers amassed
more riches than the wicked man who had enchained them.
The name of the one is Tyrant; the other has no name ex-
cept in hell.
(
XII
When one of you suffers an injustice, when on his road across
the world the oppressor throws some one down and puts a foot
upon him, no one hears him if he complains.
The cry of the poor ascends to God, but it does not reach
the ear of man.
And I asked myself: “Whence comes this evil? Is it that
He who has created the poor as well as the rich, the weak as
well as the strong, has wished to take from the one all fear in
their iniquities from the others all hope in their misery ? »
And I saw that this was a horrible thought, a blasphemy
against God.
It is because each one of you loves himself alone, because
each is separated from his brother, because each is alone and
wishes to be alone, his complaint is not heard.
In the spring, when everything revives, there comes out of
the grass a sound which arises like a long murmur.


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8858
LAMENNAIS
This sound, formed of so many sounds that they cannot be
counted, is the voice of an innumerable number of poor little
imperceptible creatures. Alone, not one of them could be heard;
all together, they make themselves heard. You also are hidden
in the grass: why does no voice arise from it ?
But if any one has committed an injustice against you, com-
mence by banishing all sentiment of hatred from your heart, and
then, lifting your hands and your eyes above, say to your Father
who is in Heaven: “O Father, thou art the protector of the in-
nocent and the oppressed; for it is thy love that has created the
world, and it is thy justice that governs it.
« Thou wishedst that it should reign upon the earth, and the
wicked man opposes his evil will. That is why we had deter-
mined to fight the wicked.
“O Father! give counsel and help to our minds, and strength
to our arms! »
When you have thus prayed from the depths of your soul,
fight and fear nothing.
XV
You have but one day to pass upon the earth: order it so that
you may pass it in peace.
Peace is the fruit of love; for love lies at the bottom of pure
hearts as the drop of dew in the calyx of a flower.
Oh, if you knew what it was to love!
You say that you love, and many of your brothers lack bread
to sustain life; clothing to cover their naked limbs; a roof to
shelter them; a handful of straw to sleep upon; while you have
abundance of everything.
You say that you love, while there are sick ones in great
numbers, languishing on their wretched couches without help;
unhappy ones weeping, and no one to weep with them; little
children going about all stiff with cold, from door to door, asking
the rich for a crumb of bread from their tables, and not getting it.
You say that you love your brothers; and what would you do
if you hated them ?


## p. 8859 (#483) ###########################################

LAMENNAIS
8859
XXIII
LORD, we cry unto thee, from the depths of our misery, like
animals who lack pasture for their little ones.
We cry unto thee, Lord !
Like the sheep robbed of its lamb,
We cry unto thee, Lord.
Like the dove seized by the vulture,
We cry unto thee, Lord.
As the gazelle in the claw of the tiger,
We cry unto thee, Lord.
As the bull exhausted and bleeding under the shaft,
We cry unto thee, Lord.
As the wounded bird that the dog pursues,
We cry unto thee, Lord.
As the swallow faltering from weariness, as it crosses the
seas and struggles in the waves,
We cry unto thee, Lord.
As travelers lost in a burning desert, without water,
We cry unto thee, Lord.
As the shipwrecked on a sterile coast,
We cry unto thee, Lord.
As he who in the night, near a cemetery, meets some hid.
eous spectre,
We cry unto thee, Lord.
As the father ravished of the bread he is taking his starving
children,
We cry unto thee, Lord.
As the prisoner whom unjust power has thrown into a dun-
geon dark and dank,
We cry unto thee, Lord.
As the slave torn by the whip of his master,
We cry unto thee, Lord.
As the innocent led to execution,
We cry unto thee, Lord.
As the people of Israel in the land of bondage,
We cry unto thee, Lord.
As the descendants of Jacob, whose eldest sons the King of
Egypt caused to be drowned in the Nile,
We cry unto thee, Lord.


## p. 8860 (#484) ###########################################

8860
LAMENNAIS
As the Twelve Tribes, of whom the oppressor increased the
tasks every day, cutting off every day from their food,
We cry unto thee, Lord.
As the Christ upon the Cross, when he said, "My Father!
My Father! Why hast thou forsaken me? ”
We cry unto thee, Lord.
O Father! Thou didst not forsake thy Son, thy Christ, save
only in appearance, and for a moment;
Neither wilt thou ever forsake the brothers of Christ.
His divine blood, which redeemed them from the slavery of
the prince of this world, will redeem them also from the slavery
of the ministers of the prince of this world. See their pierced
feet and hands, their opened side, their head covered with bleed-
ing wounds. In the earth which thou gavest them for a herit-
age a vast sepulchre has been hollowed out for them; and they
have been thrown into it, one upon the other, and the stone of
it is sealed with a seal, upon which in mockery thy name is
engraved. And thus, Lord, they are buried there; but it will not
be for eternity. Three days more, and the sacrilegious seal will
be broken, and the rock split asunder; and those who sleep will
awaken; and the reign of Christ, which is justice and charity, and
peace and joy in the Holy Spirit, will begin. Amen.
Translated for (A Library of the World's Best Literature,) by Grace King.


## p. 8860 (#485) ###########################################



## p. 8860 (#486) ###########################################


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## p. 8860 (#488) ###########################################


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WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR


## p. 8861 (#489) ###########################################

8861
WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR
(1775-1864)
BY WILLIAM CRANSTON LAWTON
AR
ERHAPS there is no English author save Gray to whom the
epithet “classical” is oftener applied than to Landor. This
Suur is not merely a tribute to his mastery of Latin equally with
English verse. Even his unrivaled masterpiece, the imaginary corre-
spondence of Pericles and Aspasia, is no mere marvel of learning,
no mosaic of remembered details; but rather a great free-hand ideal
picture, conforming only to the larger frame of historic fact. Nearly
all his work is equally creative, and has a peculiarly detached effect,
independent of all else whether in reality or fiction, like the best of
Hawthorne's imaginings. This unlimited fountain of original though
not sustained creativeness is the greatest proof of Landor's genius.
Next to it is a style, in all his prose and the best of his verse, so
polished, graceful, indeed faultless, that we may at first fail to per-
ceive beneath it the pulse of life, the heat of conscious effort, which
is after all essential to the highest enjoyment. This very fact, how-
ever, marks the most striking contrast between Landor's art and his
outward life. That contrast will to some extent vanish on closer
scrutiny of both.
Count no life happy until its close, said Solon. Rarely indeed has
a man been born and bred with fairer prospects, lived in more con-
stant turmoil, known greater depths of self-inflicted unhappiness, or
spent his last earthly days more utterly forlorn, than Landor. "I
never did a single wise thing in the whole course of my existence,”
said he near the end of his long life. Too sweeping though this is,
are tempted to cry Amen! It is really incredible that a man
endowed with so many virtues, and of such wondrous intellect, should
have failed so utterly, and one may say so invariably, to adjust him-
self to the necessary relations with his fellow-mortals. Yet it is
equally certain that he “never did a single ” cowardly, cruel, or coldly
selfish thing. His life, however, long as it was, seems like the un-
broken activity of a volcano. Were his genius less rare and lofty, his
later years especially would tempt us to an ignobler comparison; for
we are reminded of a piece of firework, occasionally sending a bright
star heavenward, but never ceasing to sputter and flare until it burns
its own heart out at last!
we


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8862
WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR
C
»
Landor was the eldest son of a prosperous physician at Warwick.
By entail he was assured heir, through his mother, of estates in War-
wickshire worth nearly £80,000. Sent to Rugby at the age of ten,
he immediately distinguished himself by the quality of his Latin
verses. Indeed, his delightful biographer, Sidney Colvin, calls him
“the one known instance in which the traditional classical education
took full effect. ” This does not appear to be a slur on the quality
of Professor Jebb's Pindaric odes, or of the Latin hexameters with
which Munro supplies the gaps large or small in Lucretius's text.
But Landor by lifelong impulse poured forth creative verse quite
as rapidly and forcibly, though not quite so faultlessly, in Latin as
in English. For satire especially he seems to have preferred the
strength of the deathless Roman speech. Much of his English poetry
is a reluctant translation from his own classic originals.
When his master gave the school a half-holiday for Landor's
Latin verses,” the boy complained fiercely that his poorest perform-
ance was selected for the honor. This belief was expressed in an
abusive addition to the copy of verse itself! Similar outbreaks of his
Muse finally led to his enforced withdrawal from the school. There,
as afterward at college, he always refused to compete for prizes:
valuing his own performances too highly to let them be measured at
all against rivals' work.
He entered Oxford at eighteen, and was known during his one
year there as
“the mad Jacobin,” in a time when the French Revo-
lution had frightened even the students of England away from radi-
calism. His departure in disgrace from Oxford was brought about by
a lawless prank. Aggrieved that a Tory neighbor dared entertain
socially the same night as himself, he riddled his shutters with a
shotgun. His arrival home was signalized by a violent quarrel, at the
end of which he left his father's house forever. ”
Until his thirtieth year he had a small allowance, lived partly in
a remote corner of Wales and partly at Bath, read hard chiefly in
the classics and English poets, and tried his own wings. Love was
not one of his chief teachers, though the lady whose name, Jane, is
glorified as Ianthe,” had a lasting influence over him. Resenting
Byron's adoption of this beloved title, he declares he
« — planted in a fresh parterre
Ianthe; it was blooming when a youth
Leapt o'er the hedge, and snatching at the stem,
Broke off the label from my favorite flower,
And stuck it on a sorrier of his own. ”
Rose Aylmer, — the short-lived daughter of Lord Aylmer, — whose
beautiful name has been immortalized in a lyric brief as Catullus and


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WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR
8863
“sad as tear-drops of Simonides,” was Landor's neighbor and friend
in Wales. She lent him a book containing the sorry “Arabian” tale
which suggested his first important poem. (Gebir) is a romantic and
tragical epic. Into less than two thousand lines of blank verse is
packed action enough for an Iliad. It is very hard to follow the plot.
The close-knit blank verse is rather too regular also. Still it is a
great creative work; chaotic and aiinless ethically, but in detail often
masterly. It had no readers then save Southey, and few at any time
since. Landor said loftily that he would have been encouraged to
write more if even foolish men had read it, since “there is something
of summer even in the hum of insects. »
(Gebir) has influenced English poetry profoundly, nevertheless.
Southey loved it from the first. Shelley, like Charles Lamb, was
never weary of repeating certain passages. Of our own contempora-
ries, Swinburne pours out loyal praise, with his usual lavishness, in
the article on Landor in the Britannica. In the same year (1798)
appeared the famous Lyrical Ballads, beginning with Coleridge's
(Ancient Mariner) and ending with Wordsworth's “Tintern Abbey. )
Either of these has still a thousand readers to (Gebir's) one. Which
was really the weightiest portent of the new day may well be ques-
tioned.
Landor never sought, and probably never seriously hoped for,
wide popularity, even in the future. «I shall dine late,” he says; but
the dining-room will be well lighted, the guests few and select. ”
This fantastic epic by a youth of twenty-three already justified those
haughty words; and all the brother poets just mentioned, with a
goodly number besides, have testified to its influence upon them.
Byron indeed - and others attempted to appropriate such gems as
the verses on the sea-shell:-
“Shake one and it awakens; then apply
Its polisht lips to your attentive ear,
And it remembers its august abodes,
And murmurs as the ocean murmurs there. )
The year 1808 was like an epitome of Landor's whole life. The
wealth recently inherited from his father (the estates being released
from entail by special act of Parliament) was all absorbed by a mag-
nificent estate some eight miles in extent, in Monmouthshire. His
plans — to build up the ruined abbey of Llanthony which gave the
place its name, to erect for himself a goodly mansion, to reclaim
the land and reform the peasantry were all broken in upon by a
sudden expedition to Spain, where Landor went campaigning against
Napoleon with a regiment equipped at his own expense. Presently
the volunteers had all melted away; and their generous patron, hav-
ing quarreled out with his hosts, his allies, and his superior officers,


## p. 8864 (#492) ###########################################

8864
WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR
recrossed the Channel, to resume his denunciation of all in political
office and his strife with every one within five leagues of his estate.
The chief fruit of his Spanish tour was the tragedy Count Julian. '
Like his other plays, it is quite unsuited to the stage. The hero,
who turns against his king to avenge his daughter, is a careful psy-
chological study. The drama, however, like all Landor's longer works,
is read and remembered, if at all, rather for details, for picked pass-
ages, than for its general effect. Mr. Lowell's remark is an acute
one,- that Landor is hardly a great thinker, though he has certainly
uttered adequately great thoughts. He lacks the longer, the lasting
inspiration, that merges all the exquisite detail of an Othello' or of a
Prometheus) in the resistless sweep of the master's design. When he
is for the moment indeed inspired, his perfect command of style,
of utterance, carries him with perfect ease to a height where he has
absolutely no masters.
As we are trying to indicate, Landor's life and his work help
to explain each other — and both need explanation. His marriage
was perhaps his gravest mistake. He fell in love with a stranger's
pretty face, and instantly avowed his choice. He married a few weeks
later, in 1811. The bride was sixteen years younger than he; and
not content with quarrels of his creating, seems to have started
them forever after, at will, by taunting him on his age! Whether
any woman could have guided this stormy nature through life may
be doubted.
By 1814 he had sunk £70,000 in his estate, and fled from England
to escape his creditors. Llanthony passed into his mother's wise con-
trol. She was able to meet all demands, make provision for the
support of Landor's family, and transmit the estate much improved
to his posterity. Even upon his southward flight he parted in anger
with his wife at Jersey, and hurried to France alone in an oyster-
boat! But the irrevocable » breach was closed within a year.
During the next two decades Landor lived almost wholly in Italy,
chiefly in Florence and Fiesole. This is the happiest period of his
career, and probably his warmest admirers wish it had been the last.
The works also on which his fame rests most secure are the fruit of
this epoch. The Imaginary Conversations cover an astonishingly
wide range in ancient and modern life. Though an untiring reader,
Landor had not by any means an encyclopædic memory in matters
historical or biographical. He owned at any one time few books;
for though he bought many, he gave them away no less eagerly.
His dramatic scenes are not in the least mosaics pieced together from
«authorities” or “sources. ” On the contrary, he chose by deliberate
preference events which might have occurred, but were quite un-
recorded; and he austerely refused to lay upon his interlocutors' lips


## p. 8865 (#493) ###########################################

WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR
8865
any single sentiment or thought save what he believed to be original
with himself!
The elemental impulses of Landor's nature were generous, and not
ignoble. He had thirteen pitched battles as a schoolboy, and won
eleven; but they were all against older boys, and probably waged to
put down bullying. He once threw his cook out of the kitchen win-
dow; but put his head out instantly thereafter, exclaiming ruefully,
“My God! I forgot the violets! ) Not only toward flowers but toward
all animals he was humane to the point of eccentricity. He would
not shoot any living creature, nor even hook a fish. Profuse as he
was in unwise giving, unable to resist playing the generous patron
whether himself penniless or prosperous, his own needs were of the
simplest. Even his fiercest quarrels were rarely in behalf of his own
rights; and many of the most threatening outbreaks vanished in
peals of uproarious and most infectious laughter, whenever his sense of
humor could be touched before his stubborn pride was too firmly set.
Of course, Landor's life in Italy was by no means a monotonously
peaceful one. He had to fee from more than one resting-place «for
speaking ill of authorities,” preferably in scurrilous Latin verse. The
current Italian remark quoted about him is perhaps too delicious to
be merely true: “Tutti gli Inglesi sono pazzi, ma questo poi! (All
the English are crazy, but oh — this one! ) Had he died at sixty,
in the bosom of his family, in his lovely Fiesolan villa, he would
have left not only the Conversations, but the Examination of
Shakespeare,' the Pentameron,' and even the greater part of his
perfect masterpiece, Pericles and Aspasia. ' These three may all be
regarded, indeed, as Imaginary Conversations which have burst the
lesser frame.
It is generally said that the heat and turmoil of Landor's outward
life are absent from his literary creations. In some degree this is
certainly true. His workmanship-above all, the finished detail in
word and phrase — gives a certain sculpturesque calm and coolness
to his work. Nevertheless, his fierce hatred of tyranny and of brutal
selfishness, his tender sympathy with helpless innocence, may be felt
throbbing beneath every word of such scenes as Henry VIII. 's last
interview with Anne Boleyn. There is no purer patriot than the
dying Marcellus, who gives his generous foeman Hannibal a new con-
ception of Roman character. Polybius, as he rides in sad triumph
through burning Carthage, receives from the vanquished an awful
lesson in retributive justice. The womanly tenderness of Godiva is
set in a dazzling light which makes the last laureate's graceful
verses seem tame. The sweetness of human destiny is wonderfully
touched in the words of Thetis, herself an immortal, when her husband
grieves that he grows old: There is a loveliness which youth may
XV-555


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8866
WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR
be without, and which the gods want. To the voice of compassion
not a shell in all the ocean is attuned; and no tear ever dropped
upon Olympus.
The happiest subject and the most perfect execution, however,
must be sought in “Pericles and Aspasia. While largely true to the
outlines as we know them from Thucydides and others, this is still
a creative romance, depicting adequately a noble attachment which
ended only with life.
It is with the greater reluctance, therefore, with pity, and even
with bewilderment, that we recall how, in the very days when this
supreme and happy masterpiece was approaching completion, the
sixty-year-old Landor deserted his wife and children in Fiesole, and
after a few months' leisurely sojourn in other parts of Italy, passed
on with little evidence of regret to England. The quarrel was in its
origin almost trivial. Mrs. Landor, we are told, had indulged once
too often in the lifelong habit of criticizing her husband in the child-
ren's presence! He indulged, we believe, in no abusive Latin verses
on this occasion. He promptly stripped himself of nearly his entire
income, leaving the deserted family in comparative affluence; but all
the well-meant intercession of friends proved vain. He established
a modest home in England. Some stanch friends remained to him.
His literary career was by no means ended; indeed, his fame grew
in the next decade.
Twenty-three years later, quite penniless, fleeing from the disastrous
results of an ignoble libel, the incorrigible octogenarian schoolboy
arrived, wild-eyed and combative as ever, at his own gate! After
repeated quarrels had made his longer stay there impossible, Mr.
Browning took the old lion under his protection. Prosperous brothers
in England provided a modest pension. In these days Swinburne
made a pilgrimage to Italy expressly to see his revered master;
and among the most faithful to the end, Kate Field has an honored
place.
Some of our judgments on Landor's character as inan and poet we
have already attempted to deliver. Yet the Titanic, the elemental
type of humanity is peculiarly difficult for ephemeral man to see
fairly or to describe rationally. The mistakes and sins of Landor's
career seem un pardonable. Yet a thousand incidents prove him the
tenderest, the most self-sacrificing — we had nearly said the most
heroic — of men. His life was not, we incline to believe, even
happy upon the whole. Certainly it was most fruitful. A sort of
dæmonic good fortune, indeed, seemed to attend him and his. Even
his great Welsh estate was not actually ruined, after all, by his early
extravagance. His family was not disgraced, nor plunged into pov-
erty, by his desertion twenty years later.
un-


## p. 8867 (#495) ###########################################

WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR
8867
As for his literary creations, his proudly modest prediction seems
already more than fulfilled. He himself saw the scattered children of
his genius gathered up in two tall octavos in 1846. The fuller library
edition, since his death, and the exhaustive biography, we owe to
Landor's faithful friend John Forster. We wish however to refer with
especial gratitude to two little books by Sidney Colvin. To the ad-
mirable biography in the 'English Men of Letters' the present essay-
ist confesses a heavy debt. Moreover, the Golden Treasury' series
includes a capital anthology from Landor, culled by the same hand.
As we have indicated, our author lends himself better to this treat-
ment than almost any other. We know of no volume which contains
more helpful example and suggestion for the aspiring literary artist.
Landor is not one of those single-throated purely lyric natures,
like Heine or Burns, whose every utterance comes straight from the
singer's own heart. He could enjoy the full development of both
sides in an argument. He could realize vividly, and even tolerate
patiently, characters with which he was in very imperfect sympathy.
In this he reminds us of Browning, or that ancient author whom he
signally failed to appreciate, Plato. His sense of poetic limitation
would never have permitted so merciless a creation as “The Ring
and the Book. With a tithe of Browning's or Plato's ethical purpose
and staying power, he might have created a really great drama. He
has left us, perhaps, nothing which can be set among the indispensable
masterpieces of humanity. Yet he may always remain, as painters
say of Andrea del Sarto, an all-but faultless master of technique, and
so, indispensable among the models for his fellow craftsmen.
In spite of much graceful verse, and at least one perfect lyric,
Landor seems on the whole to have felt the fixed rhythmical form as
a fetter, not as an inspiration. As with Emerson, nearly all his most
poetic utterances are in polished prose. In the selections given
below, we have endeavored usually to choose passages where Landor
speaks in deepest earnest, and with the loftiest purpose.
Nizziam Cranston Lawton
.


## p. 8868 (#496) ###########################################

8868
WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR
IMAGINARY CORRESPONDENCE OF PERICLES AND ASPASIA
ASPASIA TO PERICLES
I
-
APPREHEND, O Pericles, not only that I may become an object
of jealousy and hatred to the Athenians by the notice you
have taken of me, but that you yourself — which affects me
greatly more - may cease to retain the whole of their respect
and veneration.
Whether, to acquire a great authority over the people, some
things are not necessary to be done on which Virtue and Wisdom
are at variance, it becomes not me to argue or consider; but
let me suggest the inquiry to you, whether he who is desirous of
supremacy should devote the larger portion of his time to one
person.
Three affections of the soul predominate: Love, Religion, and
Power. The first two are often united; the other stands widely
apart from them, and neither is admitted nor seeks admittance
to their society. I wonder then how you can love so truly and
tenderly. Ought I not rather to say I did wonder? Was Pisis-
tratus affectionate ?
Do not be angry. It is certainly the first
time a friend has ever ventured to discover a resemblance, al-
though you are habituated to it from your opponents. In these
you forgive it: do you in me?
PERICLES TO ASPASIA
PisistrATUS was affectionate; the rest of his character you
know as well as I do. You know that he was eloquent, that he
was humane, that he was contemplative, that he was learned; that
he not only was profuse to men of genius, but cordial, and that
it was only with such men he was familiar and intimate. You
know that he was the greatest, the wisest, the most virtuous,
excepting Solon and Lycurgus, that ever ruled any portion of
the human race. Is it not happy and glorious for mortals, when
instead of being led by the ears under the clumsy and violent
hand of vulgar and clamorous adventurers, a Pisistratus leaves
the volumes of Homer and the conversation of Solon for them ?
We may be introduced to Power by Humanity, and at first
may love her less for her own sake than for Humanity's; but by
degrees we become so accustomed to her as to be quite uneasy
without her.


## p. 8869 (#497) ###########################################

WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR
8869
Religion and Power, like the Caryatides in sculpture, never
face one another; they sometimes look the same way, but oftener
stand back to back.
We will argue about them one at a time, and about the other
in the triad too: let me have the choice.
ASPASIA TO PERICLES
WE MUST talk over again the subject of your letter; no, not
talk, but write about it.
I think, Pericles, you who are so sincere with me are never
quite sincere with others. You have contracted this bad habitude
from your custom of addressing the people. But among friends
and philosophers, would it not be better to speak exactly as we
think, whether ingeniously or not? Ingenious things, I am afraid,
are never perfectly true: however, I would not exclude them, the
difference being wide between perfect truth and violated truth;
I would not even leave them in a minority; I would hear and
say as many as may be, letting them pass current for what they
are worth. Anaxagoras rightly remarked that Love always makes
us better, Religion sometimes, Power never.
ASPASIA TO PERICLES
Never tell me, O my Pericles, that you are suddenly changed
in appearance. May every change of your figure and counte-
nance be gradual, so that I shall not perceive it; but if you really
are altered to such a degree as you describe, I must transfer my
affection from the first Pericles to the second. Are you jeal-
ous? If you are, it is I who am to be pitied, whose heart is
destined to fly from the one to the other incessantly. In the end
it will rest, it shall, it must, on the nearest. I would write a
longer letter; but it is a sad and wearisome thing to aim at play-
fulness where the hand is palsied by affliction. Be well; and all
is well: be happy; and Athens rises up again, alert and bloom-
ing and vigorous, from between war and pestilence.
for love cures all but love. How can we fear to die, how can
we die, while we cling or are clung to by the beloved ?
Love me;


## p. 8870 (#498) ###########################################

8870
WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR
PERICLES TO ASPASIA
The pestilence has taken from me both my sons. You, who
were ever so kind and affectionate to them, will receive a tardy
recompense in hearing that the least gentle and the least grate-
ful did acknowledge it.
I mourn for Paralos because he loved me; for Xanthippos
because he loved me not.
Preserve with all your maternal care our little Pericles. I
cannot be fonder of him than I have always been; I can only
fear more for him.
Is he not with my Aspasia ? What fears then are
so irra-
tional as mine? But oh! I am living in a widowed house, a
house of desolation; I am living in a city of tombs and torches,
and the last I saw before me were for my children.
PERICLES TO ASPASIA
It is right and orderly, that he who has partaken so largely
in the prosperity of the Athenians should close the procession of
their calamities. The fever that has depopulated our city returned
upon me last night, and Hippocrates and Acron tell me that my
end is near.
When we agreed, O Aspasia, in the beginning of our loves, to
cominunicate our thoughts by writing, even while we were both
in Athens, and when we had many reasons for it, we little fore-
saw the more powerful one that has rendered it necessary of late.
We never can meet again: the laws forbid it, and love itself
enforces them. Let wisdom be heard by you as imperturbably,
and affection as authoritatively, as ever; and remember that the
sorrow of Pericles can arise but from the bosom of Aspasia.
There is only one word of tenderness we could say, which we
have not said oftentimes before; and there is no consolation in it.
The happy never say, and never hear said, farewell.
Reviewing the course of my life, it appears to me at one
moment as if we met but yesterday; at another as if centuries
had passed within it,- for within it have existed the greater
part of those who, since the origin of the world, have been the
luminaries of the human race. Damon called me from my music
to look at Aristides on his way to exile; and my father pressed
the wrist by which he was leading me along, and whispered in


## p. 8871 (#499) ###########################################

WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR
8871
(
>
my ear: “Walk quickly by; glance cautiously; it is there Miltia-
des is in prison.
In my boyhood Pindar took me up in his arms, when he
brought to our house the dirge he had composed for the funeral
of my grandfather; in my adolescence I offered the rites of hos-
pitality to Empedocles; not long afterward I embraced the neck
of Æschylus, about to abandon his country. With Sophocles I
have argued on eloquence; with Euripides on polity and ethics;
I have discoursed, as became an inquirer, with Protagoras and
Democritus, with Anaxagoras and Meton. From Herodotus I have
listened to the most instructive history, conveyed in a language
the most copious and the most harmonious;-a man worthy
to carry away the collected suffrages of universal Greece; a man
worthy to throw open the temples of Egypt, and to celebrate the
exploits of Cyrus. And from Thucydides, who alone can succeed
to him, how recently did my Aspasia hear with me the energetic
praises of his just supremacy!
As if the festival of life were incomplete, and wanted one
great ornament to crown it, Phidias placed before us, in ivory
and gold, the tutelary Deity of this land, and the Zeus of Homer
and Olympus.
To have lived with such men, to have enjoyed their famil-
iarity and esteem, overpays all labors and anxieties. I were
unworthy of the friendships I have commemorated, were I for-
getful of the latest. Sacred it ought to be, formed as it was
under the portico of Death,— my friendship with the most
sagacious, the most scientific, the most beneficent of philosophers,
Acron and Hippocrates. If mortal could war against Pestilence
and Destiny, they had been victorious. I leave them in the
field: unfortunate he who finds them among the fallen!
And now, at the close of my day, when every light is dim
and every guest departed, let me own that these wane before me:
remembering as I do, in the pride and fullness of my heart, that
Athens confided her glory, and Aspasia her happiness, to me.
Have I been a faithful guardian ? do I resign them to the
custody of the gods undiminished and unimpaired ? Welcome
then, welcome, my last hour! After enjoying for so great a
number of years, in my public and my private life, what I
believe has never been the lot of any other, I now extend my
hand to the urn, and take without reluctance or hesitation what
is the lot of all.


## p. 8872 (#500) ###########################################

8872
WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR
THE SACK OF CARTHAGE
I
N A part of the city where the fire had subsided, we were ex-
cited by loud cries; rather of indignation, we thought, than of
such as fear or lament or threaten or exhort: and we pressed
forward to disperse the multitude. Our horses often plunged in
the soft dust, and in the holes whence the pavement had been
removed for missiles; and often reared up and snorted violently
at smells which we could not perceive, but which we discovered
to rise from bodies, mutilated and half burnt, of soldiers and
horses,-laid bare, some partly, some wholly, by the march of
the troop. Although the distance from the place whence we
parted to that where we heard the cries was very short, yet from
the incumbrances in that street, and from the dust and smoke
issuing out of others, we were some time before we reached it.
On our
near approach, two old men threw themselves on the
ground before us, and the elder spake thus: “Our age, O Romans,
neither will nor ought to be our protection: we are, or rather
we have been, judges of this land; and to the uttermost of our
power we have invited our countrymen to resist you. The laws
are now yours. ”
The expectation of the people was intense and silent: we had
heard some groans; and now the last words of the old man were
taken up by others,— by men in agony.
“Yes, O Romans! ” said the elder who accompanied him that
had addressed us, “the laws are yours; and none punish more
severely than you do treason and parricide. Let your horses
turn this corner, and you will see before you traitors and parri-
cides. "
We entered a small square: it had been a market-place; the
roofs of the stalls were demolished, and the stones of several
columns (thrown down to extract the cramps of iron and the lead
that fastened them) served for the spectators, male and female, to
mount on. Five men were nailed on crosses; two others were
nailed against a wall, from scarcity (as we were told) of wood.
«Can seven men have murdered their parents in the same
year? ” cried 1.
“No, nor has any of the seven,” replied the first who had
spoken. “But when heavy impositions were laid upon those who
were backward in voluntary contributions, these men, among the
»
»


## p. 8873 (#501) ###########################################

WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR
8873
>
richest in our city, protested by the gods that they had no gold
or silver left. They protested truly. ”
“ "And they die for this! inhuman, insatiable, inexorable
wretch ! »
« Their books,” added he, unmoved at my reproaches, were
seized by public authority and examined. It was discovered that
instead of employing their riches in external or internal com-
merce, or in manufactories, or in agriculture; instead of reserv-
ing it for the embellishment of the city or the utility of the
citizens; instead of lending it on interest to the industrious and
the needy,- they had lent it to foreign kings and tyrants, some
of whom were waging unjust wars by these very means, and oth-
ers were enslaving their own country. For so heinous a crime
the laws had appointed no specific punishment. On such occasions
the people and elders vote in what manner the delinquent shall
be prosecuted, lest any offender should escape with impunity,
from their humanity or improvidence.