In two him, would have
rivalled
the fame of Viriarathus
efforts to force his way out, Spartacus lost 12,000 and Wallace.
efforts to force his way out, Spartacus lost 12,000 and Wallace.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
ad ann.
439, vol.
i.
p.
427, crater of Vesuvius, where a number of runaway
ed. Oxford, 1740—1743 ; Dupin, Nouv. Biblioth. slaves joined them. Spartacus was chosen leader;
des Auteurs Eccles. vol. iv. or vol. iii. partie ii. p. Crixus and Oenomaus were his lieutenants ; and
80, ed. Mons, 1691 ; Ceillier, Auteurs Sacrés, vol. their ravages soon excited the alarm of the Capuan
xiii. p. 689; Ittigius, De Bibliothecis Patrum, people. They were blockaded by C. Claudius
passim ; Watt, Bibliotheca Britannica ; Lardner, Pulcher [No. 36), at the head of 3000 men.
Credibility, part ii. vol. xi. p. 453 ; Waddington, wild vine covered the sides of the old and extin-
History of the Church, part ii. ch. vii. ad fin. ) guished crater, and on ladders twisted from its
Lambecius has confounded Hermeias Sozomen stems, the fugitives descended the least accessible
with Hermeias, the author of the Irrisio Gentilium and therefore unguarded side of their place of
Philosophorum (HERMEIAS, No. 3), but there is refuge, attacked their besiegers in the rear, and
no doubt that they are different persons. (Fabric. supplied themselves with better weapons from the
2. с. )
[J. C. M. ] slain. Spartacus now proclaimed freedom to slaves,
SPARGAPISES (Etapyanions), son of To- and the numbers that flocked to him proved the
myris, queen of the Massagetae, was surprised and impolicy of the Roman land-owners in preferring
taken prisoner by Cyrus, when, according to the slave-labour to free, the desolation of Sulla's wars,
account of Herodotus, he invaded that territory and the weakness and depopulation of Italy. The
in B. C. 529. The young prince, overwhelmed by eruption of a handful of half-armed men devastated
his calamity, put an end to his own life (Herod. i. Italy, from the foot of the Alps to the southern-
211–213 ; compare Strab. xi. p. 512 ; Justin, most corner of the peninsula, and was little less
i. 8. )
(E. E. ] dangerous to the empire than the Hannibalic war
SPARSUS, a friend of the younger Pliny, to itself. Spartacus was triumphant for upwards of
whom he addressed two of his letters (Ep. iv. 5, two years, B. c. 73–71. In 73 he defeated Cos-
viii. 3), but of whom nothing is known.
sinius, a legatus of the praetor Varinius Glaber
SPARSUS, FU'LVIUS, a rhetorician, men- next Glaber himself repeatedly, capturing in one
tioned both by the elder Seneca (Controv. v. action his war-horse, lictors, and fasces. From this
prooëm. p. 322, Exc. i. p. 382), and by Quintilian time forward Spartacus was attended with the
(vi. 3. $ 100).
accompaniments of a Roman proconsul. He ra-
SPARTA' (Enápra), a daughter of Eurotas by vaged Campania and sacked Cora, Nuceria, and
Clete, and wife of Lacedaemon, by whom she Nola, and perhaps Compsa, in the territory of the
became the mother of Amyclas and Eurydice. Hirpinians. He was absolute master of Lucania
(Apollod. iii. 10. § 3). From her the city of and Bruttium, and placed garrisons and magazines
Sparta was believed to have derived its name (Paus. in Thurii and Metapontum. Spartacus was as
iii. 1. & 3; Schol. Eurip. Orest. 615). She was discreet as he was valiant. In the midst of his suc-
represented on a tripod at Amyclae. (Paus. iii. cesses, and with 40,000 men under his command,
18. $ 5).
(L. S. ] he saw that in the end Rome would prevail, and he
SPA'RTACUS, the name of several kings of the knew that victory, while it swelled, disorganised
Cimmerian Bosporus.
his bands. His Gaulish followers were jealous of
1. Succeeded the dynasty of the Archeanactidae their Thracian comrades, and Crixus and Oenomaus
(Wesseling, ad Diod. xii. 31) (ARCHEANACTIDAE) aspired to separate commands. Spartacus, there-
in B. C. 438, and reigned until B. C. 431. He was fore, proposed to his army to make their way to
succeeded by his son Seleucus. (Diod. xii. 31, the north of Italy, and, forcing the passes of the
36. )
Alps, to disperse severally to their respective homes.
3
i
;
1
## p. 892 (#908) ############################################
892
SPARTACUS.
SPARTACUS.
num.
In B. c. 72 his ranks contained 70,000 men. The trenches, and getting beyond the lines of Crassus
senate, now awakened to its danger, sent two con- Rome was once more panic-struck, and eren Crassus,
bular armies against him, and the praetor Q. Arrius although eager to finish the war unaided, sum-
co-operated with a third. Crixus had already se- moned Cn. Pompey from Spain and L. Licinius
parated himself from Spartacus, and was routed Lucullus from Thrace. The jealousy of the slaves
and slain by Arrius, near Mount Garganus, in themselves terminated the contest. The Gauls se-
A pulia. Oenomaus had fallen previously. Spar- vered themselves from Spartacus and chose two of
tacus, bent on escape rather than victory, pressed their countrymen for leaders, Granicus and Castus.
northward through Picenum. One consular army, Apart from their great chief they were powerless,
however, under Cn. Cornelius Lentulus [LENTU. Granicus and Castus, with 30,000 of their followers,
LUS CLODIANUS, No. 24), awaited him north of were slain in the neighbourhood of Croto, and
the Po ; another, under Gellius Poplicola, pressed the disgrace of Rome was in part wiped out by
upon his rear. He attacked and defeated both the recovery of its eagles and fasces. Crassus
separately, and, with a bitter irony, forced his now repented of his application to Pompey and
Roman captives to fight as gladiators at the funeral Lucullus, and hastened to bring the war to an end.
games which he celebrated to the manes of Crixus. Near Petelia Spartacus was once more victorious,
He had now 100,000 men in arms, and meditated and defeated L. Quintius and Tremellius Scrofa,
an attack on Rome itself. The consuls of 72 the quaestor of Crassus. His followers, instead of
sustained a second defeat in the territory of Pice hastening to the Alps and escaping to Gaul and
But success was in the end fatal to Spar- Thrace, compelled Spartacus to march southward
tacus. His victorious bands refused to evacuate and engage Crassus. Spartacus offered to negotiate.
Italy, and forced him to return to the south. His His terms were contemptuously rejected. He then
winter-quarters at Thurii exhibited the spectacle attempted to seize the shipping in the harbour of
of a great fair, whither merchants resorted to buy Brundisium, but Lucullus had just landed there
the plunder of the peninsula. Spartacus, it is said, from Epirus. Near the head of the river Silarus
interdicted gold and silver from his camp, but pur- Spartacus encountered the Romans for the last
chased brass and iron, and established armouries on time. A skirmish between the pioneers of Crassus
a large scale. At the comitia of B. c. 71, there and the slaves, brought on a general engagement.
were at first no candidates for the praetorship. To Like Warwick at Barnet, Spartacus slew his war-
the praetors was assigned the Servile War, and the horse in front of his army, and prepared for death.
name of Spartacus intimidated all ranks. M. Li. Long after victory was hopeless he was traced by
cinius Crassus (No. 17] at length offered himself. heaps of slain ; but in the carnage that closed the
He was unanimously elected, and numerous volun- day, his body was irreparably lost About 5000
teers enrolled themselves. Eight legions were sent of his men, under one Publipor, made their way
into the field. But for a while victory remained into the north of Lucania, where they were met
with Spartacus. In the north, whither he seems and slain by Cn. Pompey, who boasted that Crassus
to have moved early in the spring of 71, he de- had routed the slaves, but that he himself had cut
feated, near Mutina, the proconsul C. Cassius Lon-up the war by the roots. Six thousand fugitives
ginus (No. 10), and the propraetor Cn. Manlius. impaled on each side of the Appian road between
In the territory of Picenum he routed Mummius Capua and Rome, attested the fears and the cruelty
(No. 7), a legatus of Crassus. But this was the of the conquerors, and contrasted with the humanity
term of his unbroken success. The Roman legions of Spartacus, in whose camp at Rhegium were
had been disheartened and disorganised by defeat. found surviving three thousand Roman prisoners.
Crassus decimated the soldiers of Mummius, The character of Spartacus, like that of Han-
and restored discipline. The slaves again divided nibal, has been maligned by the Roman writers.
themselves, were twice defeated by Crassus, and Cicero compares the vilest of his contemporaries to
Spartacus was driven to the extreme point of him: Horace (Carm, iii. 14. 19) speaks of him as
Bruttium. Crassus drew strong lines of circum- a common robber: none recognise his greatness,
vallation around Rhegium, and by his superior but the terror of his name survived to a late
numbers prevented the escape of the slaves. The period of the empire (Sidon. A pollin. Carm. ix.
next design of Spartacus was stamped with his 253 ; Themist. Or. ix. ). Accident made Spartacus
usual genius. Sicily had recently been the theatre a shepherd, a freebooter, and a gladiator ; nature
of a fierce and desolating Servile War. It was formed him a hero. The excesses of his followers
suppressed but not extinguished. Had Spartacus he could not always repress, and his efforts to
once crossed the straits he would bave been wel. restrain them often cost him his popularity. But
comed by thousands of followers and been master he was in himself not less mild and just than he
of the granary of Rome. The seas were at that was able and valiant. He preferred his Thracian
time swept by Cilician pirates, little less formidable cottage and freedom to the throne of Italy. Of
than the slaves by land. With them Spartacus all contemporary characters the mind dwells with
negotiated a passage to Sicily, but they impoliticly, most complacency on those of Sertorius and Spar-
as well as treacherously, received their hire and tacus. But the one, nobly born and befittingly
abandoned him. He failed in an attempt to pass trained, sullied his name by the murder of the
over to Sicily on rafts and wicker boats, and the Spanish hostages at Huesca; the other, a peasant
works of Crassus were daily rendering escape less by birth, a slave by compulsion, saved the lives of
practicable. To stop the desertion which was be his captives. The most terrible guerilla chieftain
ginning to thin his ranks, Spartacus crucified a recorded in history was unstained by the vices of
Roman prisoner as a token of the mercy his fol- his conquerors, and, had circumstances favoured
lowers might expect from the besiegers.
In two him, would have rivalled the fame of Viriarathus
efforts to force his way out, Spartacus lost 12,000 and Wallace. (Plut. Crass. 8—12, Pomp. 21, Cat.
men ; but he finally succeeded on a tempestuous Min. 8 ; Liv. Epit. xcv. xcvi. xcvii. ; Voll. ii. 30 ;
winter niglt, in throwing fascines over the Roinan | Flor. iii. 20; Eutrop. vi. 7. ; Oros. v. 24, 35;
## p. 893 (#909) ############################################
SPENDIUS.
893
SPEUSIPPUS.
:
a
Appian, B. C. i. 116–121, B. Aſilhr. 109 ; Front. in fomenting the discontents of his brother mer-
Strat. i. 5. SS 20-23, 7. $ 6, ïi. 4. § 7, 5. § 34 ; cenaries, and preventing them from coming to any
Sall. Fragm. Hist. iii. No. 167, p. 254, ed. Gerlach ; agreement with their Carthaginian masters. For
Cic. pro Leg. Man. 11. $ 50, Verr. v. 2. § 5, ad this reason, when the troops at length broke out
Att. vi. 2, Philipp. iv. 6, Parad. iv. 2, Har. Resp. into open mutiny, he was chosen, together with an
12; Varr. Fragm. p. 250, Bip. ed. ; Lucan. Phars. African of the name of Matho, to be their leader.
ii. 554 ; Themist. Or. ix. ; Hor. Carm. iii. 14. 19, The proceedings of the two joint commanders
Epod. 16. 5; Augustin. C. Dei, iii. 26 ; Paneg. during the war which followed, have been already
Vet. ; Sidon. Apollin. Carm. ix. 253 ; Plin. H. N. related under Matho. Spendius was at length
xxxiii. 14 ; Diod. xxxviii. 21. ) [W. B. D. ) taken prisoner by Hamilcar Barca (HAMILCAR,
SPARTI (Eraptol), from the verb oneipw, and No. 8, p. 329), and crucified by his orders before
accordingly signifies “ the bown men;" it is the the walls of Tunis : his body afterwards fell into
name given to the armed men who sprang from the the power of Matho, who caused the Carthaginian
dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus, and were believed to general Hannibal to be suspended in its place upon
be the ancestors of the five oldest families at Thebes. the same cross. (Polyb. i. 69, &c. , 85, 86 ;
(Apollod. iii. 4. § 1; Paus. ix. 5. § 1, 10. Ş. ); Diod. xxv. Exc. Vales. p. 567, Exc. Vat. p.
Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. iii. 1179, ad Pind. Isthm. 55. )
[E. H. B. )
i. 41, ad Eurip. Phoen. 670, ad Soph. Antig. 128 ; SPENDON (Enévdwr), of Sparta, one of those
Ov. Me. ii. 101, &c. ; comp. Cadmus). [L. S. ] early musicians whose paeans were sung by the
SPARTIANUS, DE’LIUS, one of the six Spartan youths at the Gymnopaedein, with those
“Scriptorcs Historiae Augustae” (see CAPITOLI- of Thaletas and Alcman. (Plut. Lyc. 28. ) [P. S. ]
Nus). His name is prefixed to biographies of, 1. Ha- SPERA'TUS, JU'LIUS. We possess an
drianus and Aelius Verus ; 2. Didius Julianus ; 3. elegy, extending to thirteen couplets, in praise of
Severus ; 4. Pescennius Niger ; 5. Caracalla ; 6. the nightingale, which was first published by
Geta ; of which the first four are inscribed to Dio- Pithou, and afterwards with greater care by Gol-
cletian, the fifth to no one, the sixth to Con- dastus (Opuscula Erot. et Amat. p. 74), who made
stantine, and hence the last two are believed by use of four MSS. Of these, three gave no indi-
many to be from a different hand. He repeatedly cation regarding the author, but the fourth, which
informs us that he bad composed the lives of all belonged to the monastery of St. Gall, bore the
the emperors down to Hadrian, beginning, as we title l'ersus Julii Sperati de Philomela. We know
must infer from his words, with Julius Caesar, and nothing whatsoever of this personage, nor of the
that he intended to continue the work to his age to which he belongs, except that the piece in
own time. The whole of the first portion of his question was imitated by Paulus Alvarus of Cor-
labours has however perished, the collection which duba, a monk of the ninth century. The lines
bears the title of the Augustan History com- will be found in Wernsdorf, Poët. Lat. Minor, vol.
mencing, as we have pointed out in a former ar- vi. part ii. p. 403; comp. vol. vi. part i. p. 255, and
ticle (CAPITOLINUS), with Hadrianus, and it in Burmann, Anthol. Lat. v. 149, or No. 392, ed.
Beems very doubtful if he ever completed his Meyer.
(W. R. ]
design, since Vopiscus (Aurelian. init. ) expressly SPERCHEIUS (Efepxelós), a Thessalian river-
declares that he was acquainted with no work in god, became the father of Menesthius by Polydora,
the Latin language which contained an account of the daughter of Peleus. (Hom. ll. xvi. 174,
the career of Aurelian. We have already observed xxiii. 142; Apollod. iii. 14. § 4 ; Paus. i. 37. S
(CAPITOLINUS] that there is much difficulty in 2; Herod. vii.
ed. Oxford, 1740—1743 ; Dupin, Nouv. Biblioth. slaves joined them. Spartacus was chosen leader;
des Auteurs Eccles. vol. iv. or vol. iii. partie ii. p. Crixus and Oenomaus were his lieutenants ; and
80, ed. Mons, 1691 ; Ceillier, Auteurs Sacrés, vol. their ravages soon excited the alarm of the Capuan
xiii. p. 689; Ittigius, De Bibliothecis Patrum, people. They were blockaded by C. Claudius
passim ; Watt, Bibliotheca Britannica ; Lardner, Pulcher [No. 36), at the head of 3000 men.
Credibility, part ii. vol. xi. p. 453 ; Waddington, wild vine covered the sides of the old and extin-
History of the Church, part ii. ch. vii. ad fin. ) guished crater, and on ladders twisted from its
Lambecius has confounded Hermeias Sozomen stems, the fugitives descended the least accessible
with Hermeias, the author of the Irrisio Gentilium and therefore unguarded side of their place of
Philosophorum (HERMEIAS, No. 3), but there is refuge, attacked their besiegers in the rear, and
no doubt that they are different persons. (Fabric. supplied themselves with better weapons from the
2. с. )
[J. C. M. ] slain. Spartacus now proclaimed freedom to slaves,
SPARGAPISES (Etapyanions), son of To- and the numbers that flocked to him proved the
myris, queen of the Massagetae, was surprised and impolicy of the Roman land-owners in preferring
taken prisoner by Cyrus, when, according to the slave-labour to free, the desolation of Sulla's wars,
account of Herodotus, he invaded that territory and the weakness and depopulation of Italy. The
in B. C. 529. The young prince, overwhelmed by eruption of a handful of half-armed men devastated
his calamity, put an end to his own life (Herod. i. Italy, from the foot of the Alps to the southern-
211–213 ; compare Strab. xi. p. 512 ; Justin, most corner of the peninsula, and was little less
i. 8. )
(E. E. ] dangerous to the empire than the Hannibalic war
SPARSUS, a friend of the younger Pliny, to itself. Spartacus was triumphant for upwards of
whom he addressed two of his letters (Ep. iv. 5, two years, B. c. 73–71. In 73 he defeated Cos-
viii. 3), but of whom nothing is known.
sinius, a legatus of the praetor Varinius Glaber
SPARSUS, FU'LVIUS, a rhetorician, men- next Glaber himself repeatedly, capturing in one
tioned both by the elder Seneca (Controv. v. action his war-horse, lictors, and fasces. From this
prooëm. p. 322, Exc. i. p. 382), and by Quintilian time forward Spartacus was attended with the
(vi. 3. $ 100).
accompaniments of a Roman proconsul. He ra-
SPARTA' (Enápra), a daughter of Eurotas by vaged Campania and sacked Cora, Nuceria, and
Clete, and wife of Lacedaemon, by whom she Nola, and perhaps Compsa, in the territory of the
became the mother of Amyclas and Eurydice. Hirpinians. He was absolute master of Lucania
(Apollod. iii. 10. § 3). From her the city of and Bruttium, and placed garrisons and magazines
Sparta was believed to have derived its name (Paus. in Thurii and Metapontum. Spartacus was as
iii. 1. & 3; Schol. Eurip. Orest. 615). She was discreet as he was valiant. In the midst of his suc-
represented on a tripod at Amyclae. (Paus. iii. cesses, and with 40,000 men under his command,
18. $ 5).
(L. S. ] he saw that in the end Rome would prevail, and he
SPA'RTACUS, the name of several kings of the knew that victory, while it swelled, disorganised
Cimmerian Bosporus.
his bands. His Gaulish followers were jealous of
1. Succeeded the dynasty of the Archeanactidae their Thracian comrades, and Crixus and Oenomaus
(Wesseling, ad Diod. xii. 31) (ARCHEANACTIDAE) aspired to separate commands. Spartacus, there-
in B. C. 438, and reigned until B. C. 431. He was fore, proposed to his army to make their way to
succeeded by his son Seleucus. (Diod. xii. 31, the north of Italy, and, forcing the passes of the
36. )
Alps, to disperse severally to their respective homes.
3
i
;
1
## p. 892 (#908) ############################################
892
SPARTACUS.
SPARTACUS.
num.
In B. c. 72 his ranks contained 70,000 men. The trenches, and getting beyond the lines of Crassus
senate, now awakened to its danger, sent two con- Rome was once more panic-struck, and eren Crassus,
bular armies against him, and the praetor Q. Arrius although eager to finish the war unaided, sum-
co-operated with a third. Crixus had already se- moned Cn. Pompey from Spain and L. Licinius
parated himself from Spartacus, and was routed Lucullus from Thrace. The jealousy of the slaves
and slain by Arrius, near Mount Garganus, in themselves terminated the contest. The Gauls se-
A pulia. Oenomaus had fallen previously. Spar- vered themselves from Spartacus and chose two of
tacus, bent on escape rather than victory, pressed their countrymen for leaders, Granicus and Castus.
northward through Picenum. One consular army, Apart from their great chief they were powerless,
however, under Cn. Cornelius Lentulus [LENTU. Granicus and Castus, with 30,000 of their followers,
LUS CLODIANUS, No. 24), awaited him north of were slain in the neighbourhood of Croto, and
the Po ; another, under Gellius Poplicola, pressed the disgrace of Rome was in part wiped out by
upon his rear. He attacked and defeated both the recovery of its eagles and fasces. Crassus
separately, and, with a bitter irony, forced his now repented of his application to Pompey and
Roman captives to fight as gladiators at the funeral Lucullus, and hastened to bring the war to an end.
games which he celebrated to the manes of Crixus. Near Petelia Spartacus was once more victorious,
He had now 100,000 men in arms, and meditated and defeated L. Quintius and Tremellius Scrofa,
an attack on Rome itself. The consuls of 72 the quaestor of Crassus. His followers, instead of
sustained a second defeat in the territory of Pice hastening to the Alps and escaping to Gaul and
But success was in the end fatal to Spar- Thrace, compelled Spartacus to march southward
tacus. His victorious bands refused to evacuate and engage Crassus. Spartacus offered to negotiate.
Italy, and forced him to return to the south. His His terms were contemptuously rejected. He then
winter-quarters at Thurii exhibited the spectacle attempted to seize the shipping in the harbour of
of a great fair, whither merchants resorted to buy Brundisium, but Lucullus had just landed there
the plunder of the peninsula. Spartacus, it is said, from Epirus. Near the head of the river Silarus
interdicted gold and silver from his camp, but pur- Spartacus encountered the Romans for the last
chased brass and iron, and established armouries on time. A skirmish between the pioneers of Crassus
a large scale. At the comitia of B. c. 71, there and the slaves, brought on a general engagement.
were at first no candidates for the praetorship. To Like Warwick at Barnet, Spartacus slew his war-
the praetors was assigned the Servile War, and the horse in front of his army, and prepared for death.
name of Spartacus intimidated all ranks. M. Li. Long after victory was hopeless he was traced by
cinius Crassus (No. 17] at length offered himself. heaps of slain ; but in the carnage that closed the
He was unanimously elected, and numerous volun- day, his body was irreparably lost About 5000
teers enrolled themselves. Eight legions were sent of his men, under one Publipor, made their way
into the field. But for a while victory remained into the north of Lucania, where they were met
with Spartacus. In the north, whither he seems and slain by Cn. Pompey, who boasted that Crassus
to have moved early in the spring of 71, he de- had routed the slaves, but that he himself had cut
feated, near Mutina, the proconsul C. Cassius Lon-up the war by the roots. Six thousand fugitives
ginus (No. 10), and the propraetor Cn. Manlius. impaled on each side of the Appian road between
In the territory of Picenum he routed Mummius Capua and Rome, attested the fears and the cruelty
(No. 7), a legatus of Crassus. But this was the of the conquerors, and contrasted with the humanity
term of his unbroken success. The Roman legions of Spartacus, in whose camp at Rhegium were
had been disheartened and disorganised by defeat. found surviving three thousand Roman prisoners.
Crassus decimated the soldiers of Mummius, The character of Spartacus, like that of Han-
and restored discipline. The slaves again divided nibal, has been maligned by the Roman writers.
themselves, were twice defeated by Crassus, and Cicero compares the vilest of his contemporaries to
Spartacus was driven to the extreme point of him: Horace (Carm, iii. 14. 19) speaks of him as
Bruttium. Crassus drew strong lines of circum- a common robber: none recognise his greatness,
vallation around Rhegium, and by his superior but the terror of his name survived to a late
numbers prevented the escape of the slaves. The period of the empire (Sidon. A pollin. Carm. ix.
next design of Spartacus was stamped with his 253 ; Themist. Or. ix. ). Accident made Spartacus
usual genius. Sicily had recently been the theatre a shepherd, a freebooter, and a gladiator ; nature
of a fierce and desolating Servile War. It was formed him a hero. The excesses of his followers
suppressed but not extinguished. Had Spartacus he could not always repress, and his efforts to
once crossed the straits he would bave been wel. restrain them often cost him his popularity. But
comed by thousands of followers and been master he was in himself not less mild and just than he
of the granary of Rome. The seas were at that was able and valiant. He preferred his Thracian
time swept by Cilician pirates, little less formidable cottage and freedom to the throne of Italy. Of
than the slaves by land. With them Spartacus all contemporary characters the mind dwells with
negotiated a passage to Sicily, but they impoliticly, most complacency on those of Sertorius and Spar-
as well as treacherously, received their hire and tacus. But the one, nobly born and befittingly
abandoned him. He failed in an attempt to pass trained, sullied his name by the murder of the
over to Sicily on rafts and wicker boats, and the Spanish hostages at Huesca; the other, a peasant
works of Crassus were daily rendering escape less by birth, a slave by compulsion, saved the lives of
practicable. To stop the desertion which was be his captives. The most terrible guerilla chieftain
ginning to thin his ranks, Spartacus crucified a recorded in history was unstained by the vices of
Roman prisoner as a token of the mercy his fol- his conquerors, and, had circumstances favoured
lowers might expect from the besiegers.
In two him, would have rivalled the fame of Viriarathus
efforts to force his way out, Spartacus lost 12,000 and Wallace. (Plut. Crass. 8—12, Pomp. 21, Cat.
men ; but he finally succeeded on a tempestuous Min. 8 ; Liv. Epit. xcv. xcvi. xcvii. ; Voll. ii. 30 ;
winter niglt, in throwing fascines over the Roinan | Flor. iii. 20; Eutrop. vi. 7. ; Oros. v. 24, 35;
## p. 893 (#909) ############################################
SPENDIUS.
893
SPEUSIPPUS.
:
a
Appian, B. C. i. 116–121, B. Aſilhr. 109 ; Front. in fomenting the discontents of his brother mer-
Strat. i. 5. SS 20-23, 7. $ 6, ïi. 4. § 7, 5. § 34 ; cenaries, and preventing them from coming to any
Sall. Fragm. Hist. iii. No. 167, p. 254, ed. Gerlach ; agreement with their Carthaginian masters. For
Cic. pro Leg. Man. 11. $ 50, Verr. v. 2. § 5, ad this reason, when the troops at length broke out
Att. vi. 2, Philipp. iv. 6, Parad. iv. 2, Har. Resp. into open mutiny, he was chosen, together with an
12; Varr. Fragm. p. 250, Bip. ed. ; Lucan. Phars. African of the name of Matho, to be their leader.
ii. 554 ; Themist. Or. ix. ; Hor. Carm. iii. 14. 19, The proceedings of the two joint commanders
Epod. 16. 5; Augustin. C. Dei, iii. 26 ; Paneg. during the war which followed, have been already
Vet. ; Sidon. Apollin. Carm. ix. 253 ; Plin. H. N. related under Matho. Spendius was at length
xxxiii. 14 ; Diod. xxxviii. 21. ) [W. B. D. ) taken prisoner by Hamilcar Barca (HAMILCAR,
SPARTI (Eraptol), from the verb oneipw, and No. 8, p. 329), and crucified by his orders before
accordingly signifies “ the bown men;" it is the the walls of Tunis : his body afterwards fell into
name given to the armed men who sprang from the the power of Matho, who caused the Carthaginian
dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus, and were believed to general Hannibal to be suspended in its place upon
be the ancestors of the five oldest families at Thebes. the same cross. (Polyb. i. 69, &c. , 85, 86 ;
(Apollod. iii. 4. § 1; Paus. ix. 5. § 1, 10. Ş. ); Diod. xxv. Exc. Vales. p. 567, Exc. Vat. p.
Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. iii. 1179, ad Pind. Isthm. 55. )
[E. H. B. )
i. 41, ad Eurip. Phoen. 670, ad Soph. Antig. 128 ; SPENDON (Enévdwr), of Sparta, one of those
Ov. Me. ii. 101, &c. ; comp. Cadmus). [L. S. ] early musicians whose paeans were sung by the
SPARTIANUS, DE’LIUS, one of the six Spartan youths at the Gymnopaedein, with those
“Scriptorcs Historiae Augustae” (see CAPITOLI- of Thaletas and Alcman. (Plut. Lyc. 28. ) [P. S. ]
Nus). His name is prefixed to biographies of, 1. Ha- SPERA'TUS, JU'LIUS. We possess an
drianus and Aelius Verus ; 2. Didius Julianus ; 3. elegy, extending to thirteen couplets, in praise of
Severus ; 4. Pescennius Niger ; 5. Caracalla ; 6. the nightingale, which was first published by
Geta ; of which the first four are inscribed to Dio- Pithou, and afterwards with greater care by Gol-
cletian, the fifth to no one, the sixth to Con- dastus (Opuscula Erot. et Amat. p. 74), who made
stantine, and hence the last two are believed by use of four MSS. Of these, three gave no indi-
many to be from a different hand. He repeatedly cation regarding the author, but the fourth, which
informs us that he bad composed the lives of all belonged to the monastery of St. Gall, bore the
the emperors down to Hadrian, beginning, as we title l'ersus Julii Sperati de Philomela. We know
must infer from his words, with Julius Caesar, and nothing whatsoever of this personage, nor of the
that he intended to continue the work to his age to which he belongs, except that the piece in
own time. The whole of the first portion of his question was imitated by Paulus Alvarus of Cor-
labours has however perished, the collection which duba, a monk of the ninth century. The lines
bears the title of the Augustan History com- will be found in Wernsdorf, Poët. Lat. Minor, vol.
mencing, as we have pointed out in a former ar- vi. part ii. p. 403; comp. vol. vi. part i. p. 255, and
ticle (CAPITOLINUS), with Hadrianus, and it in Burmann, Anthol. Lat. v. 149, or No. 392, ed.
Beems very doubtful if he ever completed his Meyer.
(W. R. ]
design, since Vopiscus (Aurelian. init. ) expressly SPERCHEIUS (Efepxelós), a Thessalian river-
declares that he was acquainted with no work in god, became the father of Menesthius by Polydora,
the Latin language which contained an account of the daughter of Peleus. (Hom. ll. xvi. 174,
the career of Aurelian. We have already observed xxiii. 142; Apollod. iii. 14. § 4 ; Paus. i. 37. S
(CAPITOLINUS] that there is much difficulty in 2; Herod. vii.
