147); while the
opposite
side
is maintained by Meiners (Gesch.
is maintained by Meiners (Gesch.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
,
209. --Compare Spohn, Misc. Enid. Antiq. , 332. --
Chiskull, Antiq. Asiut. , p. 69, seqq. --Jacobs, Anthol.
Gr. , 3, 1, p. 192. --SUlig, Diet. Art. , s. >>. )--II. A
native of Byzantium, who flourished about 150 B. C.
He must not be confounded with the architect Philo,
who, in the time of the orator Lycurgus, built the ar
scnal in the Pirxus. --Philo of Byzantium was the au-
thor of a treatise having relation to mechanics, in live
books, </ which only the last two remain to us. These
treat of the making of missile weapons (BeXoiroitKu,
or 'OpyavonouKti), of the construction of towers, walls,
ditches, as well as other works required for the siege
of cities. There is ascribed to him also a work on
the " Seven Wonders of the World" (flfp* rwv 'Kxrti
Oeautiruv). These wonders are, the gardens of Se-
mirainis, the pyramids of Egypt, the statue of Jupiter
at Olympia, the colossus of Rhodes, the walls of lia'. i-
ylon, the temple of Diana at Ephesus, and the Mauso-
leum. The last chapter of the work, however, is want-
ing, ar 1 the last but one is in a very mutilated stale.
It is a production of very little value, excepting the
thapter which treats of tin,- Colossus of Rhodes, and
the fragment that remains of the description of the
Ephcsiun temple, two monuments which Philo himself
saw. As he no doubt had also beheld the tomb of
Mausolus, we have to regret the loss of the last chap-
ter, in which tiis was described. The style, however,
of this work i idicates a more recent writer than the
author of the hi/. niroiiKu. . The twe books of ihe trea-
tise relating to Missiles, &c, arc to be found in the
collection of the " Ancient Mathematicians" {Mathe-
matici Veleres, Paris, 1693, p. 49-104). The first
five chapters of the " Seven Wonders" were published,
for the first time, by Leo Allatius, Rom. , 1640, 8vo,
with a very careless Latin version. A corrected edi-
tion was given by De Boissieu, who accompanied M.
de Crcqui in bis embassy to Rome, and delivered a
harangue before Urban VIII. This edition was cor-
rected by the Vatican MS. , and appeared at the end
of the Ibis of Ovid published in 1661, at the Lyons
press, 8vo. It is rarely met w;th, and was unknown
to Bast, who, when the Vatican MS. was brought to
Paris, published the variations contained in it, though
they were already given in the edition of Boissieu.
This cditior. cf Boissieu swarms with typographical
KroM; but it is accompanied by a good Latin ver-
jion. Ths edition of Allatius, corrected by Gronovi-
3s, was reprinted in the Thesaurus Antiq. Crit. , vol.
? ? T, with the fragment of the sixth chapter, which Hol-
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? PHILOCTETES
i-Hl
t reward for baling kindled his funeral pile on Mount
CKta, when all his immediate followers declined so lo
do. A different form, however, is given to the- story
by Hyginus and other authorities, who make Hercules
to have bestowed the gift on Philoctetes, the son, for
having performed the same service which other mycol-
ogists assign to the father. (Hygin. ,fab. , 36. --Schol.
ad Hon. , II. , G--Omd, Met. , 9, 234. --Serv. ad JEn. ,
3, 40S. --Munckcr, ad Hygin. , I. c. ) Sophocles, again,
differs from both accounts, in assigning the task of
kindling the pile to Hyllus, it ? - son of the hero him-
self. (Soph. , Track. , 1211, 1270, 1273. ) --Philocte-
tes, as one of the suiters of Helen, was compelled lo
take part in the war cgainst Priam. He led the forces
of Methone, Thaumaiia, Melibrsa, and Olizon, and
sailed from Aulis, along with iHe rest of the fleet, to
the land of Troy. He was n:t, however, suffered to
remain for any long time an inmate of the Grecian
camp. A very offensive wound in his foot, and the
loud and ill-omened cries of suffering which he was
constantly uttering, induced the Greeks to move him
from their vicinity, and, having transported him to the
island of Lemnos, they treacherously left him there.
Ulysses is said to have planned and executed the deed.
(Soph , PhUoct. , 5. ) The causes of the wound of
Phiioctcles are differently slated by mycologists.
Some ascribe it to the bite of a serpent, which Juno
sent to attack him, because he had kindled the funeral
pile for Hercules, and had collected his ashes; and
they make him to have received the wound in the isl-
and of Lemnos, and to have been there abandoned by
tl. c Greeks. (Hygin. , fab. , 102. ) Thi scholiast on
Homer (//. , 2, 722) says that he was bitten in Lem-
nos, at the altar of Minerva sumamed Chrysa (com-
pare Philostratut, Icon . p. 863, td. Morell), while
Dims of Crete (2, 14) and Tzetzes (ad Lycophr. ,
911) make him to have received his wound in ihecity
of Chrysa, near Troy. Others, again, laid the scene
of the fable in the small island of Nee, near Lemnos.
(Steph. Byz. ,>>. <<. Niat. ) Theocritus says thai he was
wounded by the serpent while contemplating the tomb
of Troilus, in the temple of the Thymbrcan Apollo.
(Hears ad Lycophr. , 912. ) Finally, the scholiast on
Sophocles tells us that Philoctetes was bitten on the
shore of Lemnos, while in the act of raising an altar to
Hercules. (Schol. ad Soph. , Philoct. , 269. )--The
Greeks, having been informed by an oracle that Troy
could not be taken without the arrows of Hercules,
despatched Ulysses and Pyrrhus to Lemnos, to urge
Philoctetes to put an end, by his presence, to the
tedious siege. The chief, whose resentment towards
the Greeks, and especially towards Ulysses, the imme-
diate promoter of his removal from the camp, was still
unabated, refused to comply with their summons, and
would have persisted in his refusal had not Hercules
appeared, and enjoined upon him, on a promise that his
wounds should be cured, to accede to the request that
was made of him. Philoctetes sccordingly returned to
the camp before Troy, where he was cured by Macha-
on, and where he particularly distinguished himself by
his valour, and by his dexterity in the use of the bow.
Paris, among others, fell by his hand. (Tzctz. ad Ly-
cophr. , 911. -- Hygin, fab. , 112, 114. ) Philoctetes
survived the siege; but, instead of returning to Greece,
settled with his followers in Italy, where he founded
ioe city of Petilia in the territory of the Bruttii. (Vir-
gil, JEn. , 3, 401. )--Servius, in his commentary on
? ? Virgil, gives another and very different legend con-
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? "HI
PHI
. >>>><< also changed, and became a hoopoo (hroifi).
(Ap(T>d. , 3, 13-- Ovid, Met. , 6, 424, scq. -- Hyain. ,
/oi. , 15. --Schol. ad Aristoph. , Av. , 212. --Eudocia,
327. ) Like so many others, this story is told with con-
siderable variations. According to some, Tereus had
early conceived a passion for Philomela, and he ob-
tained her in marriage by pretending that Procne was
dead. (Apollod. , I. c. -- Hygin. , I. c. ) Again, there
is great discrepance respecting the transformation,
seme saying that Procne, others that Philomela, was
the nightingale. This last, which has the signification
of the name in its favour (Philomela being song-lov-
ing), was not, however, the prevalent opinion. It was
also said that Tereus was changed into a hawk, and
that Itys became a wood-pigeon. --The legend we have
here been giving is one of those invented to account
mythically for the habits and properties of animals.
The twitter of the swallow sounds like Itys, Itys; the
note of the nightingale was regarded as lugubrious, and
the hoopoo chases these birds. (Kcightlcy's Mythol-
ogy, p. 379, seq. )
Philopator, the surname of the fourth Ptolemy of
Egyp'' (Vid. Ptolemsms. )
Piulopckmex, a distinguished general of the Achse-
an league, born at Megalopolis, in Arcadia, and edu-
cated under the best masters. He was no sooner able
to bear arms, than he entered among the troops which
the city of Megalopolis sent to make incursions into
Laconia, and in these inroads never failed to give some
remarkable proof of his prudence and valour. When
Cleomencs, king of Sparta, attacked Megalopolis,
Philoposm'U greatly signalized himself among the de-
fenders t. the place. He distinguished himself no
leas, somo time after this, in the battle of Sellasia,
where Antigonus Doson gained a complete victory over
Cleomenes, B. C. 222. Antigonus, who had been an
eyewitnesa of his gallant behaviour, and who admired
his talents and virtues, offered him a considerable
command in his army, but Philopocmen declined it,
because he knew, as Plutarch observes, that he could
Lot bear to be under the direction of another. Not
shoosing, however, to remain idle, and hearing that
-here was war in Crete, he sailed to that island to ex-
ercise and improve his military talents. When he
had scried there for some lime, he returned home with
high reputation, and was immediately appointed by the
Achxsns general of the horse. In the exercise of this
command, he acquitted himself with signal ability; so
much so, in fact, that the Achaean horse, heretofore of
no reputation, soon became famous over all Greece.
He was not long after appointed to the command of
all the Achaean forces, and zealously employed himself
in reforming the discipline of the army, and infusing
a proper spirit into the soldiers of the republic. An
opportunity occurred soon after this, of ascertaining
how the troops had profited by his instruction. Ma-
chanidas, tyrant of Lacedsemon, with a numerous and
powerful army, was watching a favourable moment to
subdue the whole of the Peloponnesus. As soon, then,
as intelligence was brought that he had attacked the
Mantineaus. Philopoemcn took the field against him,
and defeated and slew him. The Lacedaemonians lost
on this occasion above 8000 men, of whom 4000 were
left dead upon the field. The Achacans, in commem-
oration of the valour of Philopoemcn, set up at Delphi
a brazen statue, representing him in the very act of
4 lying the tyrant. At a subsequent period, however,
? ? be experienced a reverse of fortune; for, having ven-
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? PHILOSTRATUS.
PHI
of Tyana ('kmXkuvlov rofl Tvavluc fiioc), a well-
known charlatan and wonder-worker, whom hia biog-
rapher wishes to represent as a supernatural being.
Hence Eunnpius of Sardis, in speaking of this book,
remarks, that, instead of being called the Life of Apol-
;? nius, it ought to be entitled, a History of the visit of
God unto men (iiov i-xiinuiav le uvBpCmove \teov
takciv). Three writers befjre the time of Philostra-
tus had given Lives of Apolloniua, namely, Demi* of
Minus, his friend, and two unknown writers, Maximua
and Mceragenes. Their works were of service to
Ptalostratus in framing his compilation; a compilation
entirely destitute of critical arrangement, filled with
the jnost absurd fables, and swarming with geograph-
ical errors and with anachronisms. And yet, notwith-
standing theso so serious defects, the work is useful
for an acquaintance with the Pythagorean philosophy,
and the history of the emperors who reigned after
Nero. --A question naturally presents itself in relation
to this singular piece of biography. Did Philostratus,
in writing it, wish to parody the life and miracles of
the divine founder of our religion 1 It is difficult to
exculpate him from auch an intention. Various par-
ticulars in the biography of Apollonius, such as the
annunciation of his nativity, made to hia mother by Pro-
teus; the incarnation of this Egyptian divinity in the
person of Apollonius; the miracles by which his birth
was accompanied; those that are attributed to the in-
dividual himself; and his ascension into heaven, ap-
pear borrowed from the life of our Saviour; and within
. ess than a century after Philostratus wrote, in the
time of Dioclesian, Hierocles of Nicomedia opposed
this work to the gospels. Huet was the first that as-
cribed an evil intention to Philostratus (Demonslr.
Evang. Propos. , 9, c.
147); while the opposite side
is maintained by Meiners (Gesch. dcr Wissensch. ,
etc. . vol. 1, p. 258) and by Tiedemann (Geist. dcr
Sftculat. 1'hilos . vol. 3, p. 116). --Philostratus has
also left us, undei the title of rlpulKa (Hcroica), the
fabulous history of twenty-one heroes of the Trojan
war. This work is in the form of a dialogue between
t Phoenician mariner and a vinedresser of Thrace, who
had heard all these particulars from the lips of Protes-
ibus. Another work is the E<\om\ in two books. It
is a discourse on a gallery of paintings which was at
Naples, and contains some valuable remarks on the
state of the arts at this period. Wo have also the
Lives of the Sophists (Bi'ot Zo^toruv), in two books,
the first containing the lives of the philosophical soph-
ists, the second those of the rhetorical. The former
are twenty-six in number; the latter thirty-three. It
is an interesting work, and gives an amusing account
of the sophists of the day, their vanity and impudence,
their jealousies and quarrels, their corrupt morals; a
living picture, in fine, of the fall of the art and the cor-
ruption of literary men. There exist also from the
pen of Philostratus sixty-three letters, and an epigram
in the Anthology. There are only two editions of the
entire works of Philostratus; that of Morell, Paris,
1608, fol. , and that of Olearius, Lips. , 1709, fol.
The latter is the better one of the two, although in
numerous instances it only copies the errors of the
former. Olearius is said to have appropriated to hia
own use the notes of Reinesius, written on the mar-
? ;in of a copy of Moretl's edition, which he obtained
rom the library of Zeitz: and then to have destroyed
this copy. (Hoffmann, Itcx. Bibliogr,,\o\. 3, p. 235. )
? ? In 1806, Boissonade published a good edition of the
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? P HI
f HI
Hist. , 12, 44. ) Philoxenus waa afterward restored to
favour, and the tyrant, imagining that he would now
find in him a more complimentary critic, invited him
to attend the reading of one of his poems. Philoxc-
im>> after enduring the infliction for a while, rose from
n. < seat, and, o~ being asked by Dionysius whither be
was going, cojllj replied, " To the quarries. "' (Nicol.
Damasc. , tip. Stob. , 13, 16, p. 145 -- Suid. , s. f>.
airaye ue etc rue farouiac. -- Id. , s. v. Aarouiac. --
Hellud. ', ap. Phot. , Cod. , 279. ) Eustathius gives a
urious account of his having escaped on this occasion,
by dexterously using a word susceptible of a double
meaning Dionysius, according to this version of the
story, read one of hia tragedies to Philoxenus, and then
asked him what kind of a play it appeared to bim to
be. The poet answered, "A sad one" (ourrpu),
meaning sad stuff; but Dionysius thought he meant a
drama full of pathos, and '. ouk his remark as a com-
pliment. (Eustalh. ad. Od. , p. 1691. ) According to
the scholiast on Aristophanes (Plut. , 290), Philoxenus
was sent to the quarries for having rivalled the tyrant
in the affections of a concubine named Galatsa.
Having escaped, however, from this confinement, he
fled to his native island, and there avenged himself by
writing a drama, in which Dionysius waa represented
under the character of the Cyclops Polyphemus, enam-
oured of the nymph Gaiatxa. The allusion was the
more galling, as Dionysius laboured under a weakness
of sight, or, more probably, saw well with only one of
his eyes. (Schoi ad. Aristoph. , I. e. --Compare Athe-
neeus, 1, p. 7. )--The reputation of Philoxenus rested
more, however, upon his lyric than upon his dramatic
productions. Alhensus has preserved some extracts
from his works, particularly one from his comic, or,
rather, burlesque poem, entitled Arim/ov, or " The En-
tertainment. " Philoxenus was noted for his gluttony,
and Athenasua records a wish of his (8, p. 341, d. ), that
be might have a throat three cubits long, in order that
the pleasure arising from the tasting of hia food might
be the more prolonged. (Compare JElian, 10, 9. )
Ht i: said to have died of a surfeit, in eating a poly-
pus two cubits in sfzoV (Athenaws, 8. p. 341. --
Slekoll, Getch. Lit. Gr. , vol. 1, p. 206. )--II. A native
? f Leucadia. liockh considers this one to have been
the glutton, and the Cytherean the poet. (Scholl,
Oeteh. Lit Gr. , vol. 1, p. 207, Anm. 1. )--III. or
Flavius Philoxenus, waa consul A. D. 525, and is com-
rnonly known as the author of a Latin-Greek Lexicon,
in which the Latin words were explained in Greek.
H. Stephens gave this Lexicon, without knowing the
name of the compiler, in his " Glossaria duo e situ
rUuslatis cruta," Paris, 1573, fol. It appears under
the name of Philoxenus in the collection of Bonav.
Vulcanius. It forms part also of the London edition
of Stephens's Thesaurus, 1826. (Scholl, Gesch. Lit.
Gr, vol. 3, p. 193 )
_ Philvra, one of the Occanides, and the mother of
Chiron by Saturn. The god, dreading the jealousy of
his wife Rhea, changed Philyra into a mare, and him-
self into a horse. The offspring of their love was the
Centaur Chiron, half man, half horso. Philyra was so
ashamed of the monstrous shape of the child, that she
prayed the gods to change her form and nature. She
was accordingly metamorphosed into the linden-tree,
called by her name among the Greeks (*tXvpa, Phi-
lya). (Hygm, fab. , 138. ) Modern expounders of
mythology, however, make $Mpa equivalent to *4/U'-
? ? iypa," lyre-loting," and consider it a very fit designa-
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? rtt l
HS
death of Agathocles. He was the founder of Phintias,
i. rity of Sicily to the east of Gela. ( Vid. Phintias I. )
Phligkthon, a river of the lower world, which
rolled in waves of fire. Hence its name */if yttiui;
from o/. t; u, "to burn. " The god of the stream was
fabled by the poets to be the son of Cocytus. (Slat. ,
Theb. , 4, 522. --Sense. , Thycst. , 1018. -- Virg. , Jin. ,
6, 264. )
Phlegon, I. a native of Trallej. in Lydia, one of the
Emperor Hadrian's ficedmen. He wroto a species of
universal chronicle, commencing with the first Olym-
piad, since he regarded all that preceded this period
as fabulous. In this work he recounted all the events
that had taken place in every quarter of the globe,
during the four years of each Olympiad. Hence it
bore the title of '0? . v/i-iovikC>i> nui Xpovixuv awa-
yuyV ("A Collection of Olympic Conquerors, and of
Events''). If iependently of a fragment, which appears
to have formed the introduction to the work, we have
only remaining of it what relates to the 176th Olym-
piad. Photius has preserved this for us; and from this
it would appear that Phlegon confined himself to a
simple enumeration of facts, without taking any trou-
ble about ornament of style, or without accompanying
bis work with any reflections. Photius, therefore, had
good reason, no doubt, to consider its perusal as some-
what fatiguing. The loss of the work, however, is the
more to be lamented, since ancient historians in gen-
eral neglect chronology too much. It was in this
work that Phlegon made mention of the famous eclipse
of the sun in the eighteenth year of the reign of Tibe-
rius, which, according to him, produced so great an
obscurity that the stars were Been at the sixth hour of
the dav (12 o'clock at noon), and which was accom-
panied with an earthquake. It was the eclipse that oc-
curred at our Saviour's crucifixion. (Euseb. , ap. Syn-
ctll. , p. 325. ) Numerous works have appeared in
England on this passage of Phlegon, where the eclipse
is mentioned. Among these, the following may be
enumerated: "Sykes, Dissertation upon the Eclipse
menticned by Phlegon," London, 1732, 8vo--" The
Testimony of Phlegon vindicated, dec. , by W. Whis-
lon," London, 1732, 8vo. To this work there was a
reply by Sykcs, to whom Whiston rejoined. --"Phle-
gon examined critically and impartially, by John
Chapman," London, 1743, 8vo, dec. --We have re-
maining two small works of Phlegon: one, entitled
Hepl dav/iaoiuv, "Of wonderful Things," containing
a collection of most absurd stories, which could only
have been made by a man equally destitute of critical
acumen and sound judgment; the other treats "of Per-
sons who have attained to a very advanced old age
(flfpi ManpoCiuv), and is a dry catalogue of individu-
als who had reached the age of 10U to 140 years.
Phlegon was the author of several other works, which
are now lost, such as, "An Abridgment of the Work
on the Olympiads," a "Description of Sicily," a trea-
tise " 07i Roman Festivals," another " on the most Re-
markable Points of the City of Rome," and "a Life
of Hadrian. " Spartianus informs us, that this biog-
raphy was believed to have been written by the em-
peror himself, who borrowed for the purpose the name
of his freedman. (Spart. , Vit. Hadr. , 15. ) Phlegon
is thought to have been the author also of a small
work, on " Females distinguished for Skill and Cour-
age in War" (Twalnec iv iro^e/iiKolc avvcrai kcu
ivipeiai), containing short notices of Semiramis, Ni-
? ? tocris, fee. The best editions of Phlegon are, that of
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? PHO
P no
\> the Lake c f Ivjmphalus ill Arcadia. (Gcll, Itin. of
ike Morea, p. 109. )
J'hocsa, a maritime town of Ionia, in Asia Minor,
? oulhwest of Cvma, and the most northern of the
Ionian cities. It was founded, as Pausanias reports,
by some emigrants of Phocis, under the guidance of
two Athenian chiefs, named Philogencs and Damon.
The city was built, with the consent of the Cymajans,
on part of their territory; nor was it included in the
Ionian confederacy till its citizens had consented to
place at the head of the government princes of the line
of Codrus. Its favourable situation for commerce
made it known from a very early period; and, as Mile-
tus enjoyed almost exclusively the trade of the Euz-
ine, so Phocxa had become possesaed of great mari-
time ascendancy in the western part of the Mediterra-
nean. The colony of Alalia in Corsica was of I'lio-
cxan origin, and Phocsan vessels traded to Tartessus
and the southwestern coast of Spain.
209. --Compare Spohn, Misc. Enid. Antiq. , 332. --
Chiskull, Antiq. Asiut. , p. 69, seqq. --Jacobs, Anthol.
Gr. , 3, 1, p. 192. --SUlig, Diet. Art. , s. >>. )--II. A
native of Byzantium, who flourished about 150 B. C.
He must not be confounded with the architect Philo,
who, in the time of the orator Lycurgus, built the ar
scnal in the Pirxus. --Philo of Byzantium was the au-
thor of a treatise having relation to mechanics, in live
books, </ which only the last two remain to us. These
treat of the making of missile weapons (BeXoiroitKu,
or 'OpyavonouKti), of the construction of towers, walls,
ditches, as well as other works required for the siege
of cities. There is ascribed to him also a work on
the " Seven Wonders of the World" (flfp* rwv 'Kxrti
Oeautiruv). These wonders are, the gardens of Se-
mirainis, the pyramids of Egypt, the statue of Jupiter
at Olympia, the colossus of Rhodes, the walls of lia'. i-
ylon, the temple of Diana at Ephesus, and the Mauso-
leum. The last chapter of the work, however, is want-
ing, ar 1 the last but one is in a very mutilated stale.
It is a production of very little value, excepting the
thapter which treats of tin,- Colossus of Rhodes, and
the fragment that remains of the description of the
Ephcsiun temple, two monuments which Philo himself
saw. As he no doubt had also beheld the tomb of
Mausolus, we have to regret the loss of the last chap-
ter, in which tiis was described. The style, however,
of this work i idicates a more recent writer than the
author of the hi/. niroiiKu. . The twe books of ihe trea-
tise relating to Missiles, &c, arc to be found in the
collection of the " Ancient Mathematicians" {Mathe-
matici Veleres, Paris, 1693, p. 49-104). The first
five chapters of the " Seven Wonders" were published,
for the first time, by Leo Allatius, Rom. , 1640, 8vo,
with a very careless Latin version. A corrected edi-
tion was given by De Boissieu, who accompanied M.
de Crcqui in bis embassy to Rome, and delivered a
harangue before Urban VIII. This edition was cor-
rected by the Vatican MS. , and appeared at the end
of the Ibis of Ovid published in 1661, at the Lyons
press, 8vo. It is rarely met w;th, and was unknown
to Bast, who, when the Vatican MS. was brought to
Paris, published the variations contained in it, though
they were already given in the edition of Boissieu.
This cditior. cf Boissieu swarms with typographical
KroM; but it is accompanied by a good Latin ver-
jion. Ths edition of Allatius, corrected by Gronovi-
3s, was reprinted in the Thesaurus Antiq. Crit. , vol.
? ? T, with the fragment of the sixth chapter, which Hol-
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? PHILOCTETES
i-Hl
t reward for baling kindled his funeral pile on Mount
CKta, when all his immediate followers declined so lo
do. A different form, however, is given to the- story
by Hyginus and other authorities, who make Hercules
to have bestowed the gift on Philoctetes, the son, for
having performed the same service which other mycol-
ogists assign to the father. (Hygin. ,fab. , 36. --Schol.
ad Hon. , II. , G--Omd, Met. , 9, 234. --Serv. ad JEn. ,
3, 40S. --Munckcr, ad Hygin. , I. c. ) Sophocles, again,
differs from both accounts, in assigning the task of
kindling the pile to Hyllus, it ? - son of the hero him-
self. (Soph. , Track. , 1211, 1270, 1273. ) --Philocte-
tes, as one of the suiters of Helen, was compelled lo
take part in the war cgainst Priam. He led the forces
of Methone, Thaumaiia, Melibrsa, and Olizon, and
sailed from Aulis, along with iHe rest of the fleet, to
the land of Troy. He was n:t, however, suffered to
remain for any long time an inmate of the Grecian
camp. A very offensive wound in his foot, and the
loud and ill-omened cries of suffering which he was
constantly uttering, induced the Greeks to move him
from their vicinity, and, having transported him to the
island of Lemnos, they treacherously left him there.
Ulysses is said to have planned and executed the deed.
(Soph , PhUoct. , 5. ) The causes of the wound of
Phiioctcles are differently slated by mycologists.
Some ascribe it to the bite of a serpent, which Juno
sent to attack him, because he had kindled the funeral
pile for Hercules, and had collected his ashes; and
they make him to have received the wound in the isl-
and of Lemnos, and to have been there abandoned by
tl. c Greeks. (Hygin. , fab. , 102. ) Thi scholiast on
Homer (//. , 2, 722) says that he was bitten in Lem-
nos, at the altar of Minerva sumamed Chrysa (com-
pare Philostratut, Icon . p. 863, td. Morell), while
Dims of Crete (2, 14) and Tzetzes (ad Lycophr. ,
911) make him to have received his wound in ihecity
of Chrysa, near Troy. Others, again, laid the scene
of the fable in the small island of Nee, near Lemnos.
(Steph. Byz. ,>>. <<. Niat. ) Theocritus says thai he was
wounded by the serpent while contemplating the tomb
of Troilus, in the temple of the Thymbrcan Apollo.
(Hears ad Lycophr. , 912. ) Finally, the scholiast on
Sophocles tells us that Philoctetes was bitten on the
shore of Lemnos, while in the act of raising an altar to
Hercules. (Schol. ad Soph. , Philoct. , 269. )--The
Greeks, having been informed by an oracle that Troy
could not be taken without the arrows of Hercules,
despatched Ulysses and Pyrrhus to Lemnos, to urge
Philoctetes to put an end, by his presence, to the
tedious siege. The chief, whose resentment towards
the Greeks, and especially towards Ulysses, the imme-
diate promoter of his removal from the camp, was still
unabated, refused to comply with their summons, and
would have persisted in his refusal had not Hercules
appeared, and enjoined upon him, on a promise that his
wounds should be cured, to accede to the request that
was made of him. Philoctetes sccordingly returned to
the camp before Troy, where he was cured by Macha-
on, and where he particularly distinguished himself by
his valour, and by his dexterity in the use of the bow.
Paris, among others, fell by his hand. (Tzctz. ad Ly-
cophr. , 911. -- Hygin, fab. , 112, 114. ) Philoctetes
survived the siege; but, instead of returning to Greece,
settled with his followers in Italy, where he founded
ioe city of Petilia in the territory of the Bruttii. (Vir-
gil, JEn. , 3, 401. )--Servius, in his commentary on
? ? Virgil, gives another and very different legend con-
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? "HI
PHI
. >>>><< also changed, and became a hoopoo (hroifi).
(Ap(T>d. , 3, 13-- Ovid, Met. , 6, 424, scq. -- Hyain. ,
/oi. , 15. --Schol. ad Aristoph. , Av. , 212. --Eudocia,
327. ) Like so many others, this story is told with con-
siderable variations. According to some, Tereus had
early conceived a passion for Philomela, and he ob-
tained her in marriage by pretending that Procne was
dead. (Apollod. , I. c. -- Hygin. , I. c. ) Again, there
is great discrepance respecting the transformation,
seme saying that Procne, others that Philomela, was
the nightingale. This last, which has the signification
of the name in its favour (Philomela being song-lov-
ing), was not, however, the prevalent opinion. It was
also said that Tereus was changed into a hawk, and
that Itys became a wood-pigeon. --The legend we have
here been giving is one of those invented to account
mythically for the habits and properties of animals.
The twitter of the swallow sounds like Itys, Itys; the
note of the nightingale was regarded as lugubrious, and
the hoopoo chases these birds. (Kcightlcy's Mythol-
ogy, p. 379, seq. )
Philopator, the surname of the fourth Ptolemy of
Egyp'' (Vid. Ptolemsms. )
Piulopckmex, a distinguished general of the Achse-
an league, born at Megalopolis, in Arcadia, and edu-
cated under the best masters. He was no sooner able
to bear arms, than he entered among the troops which
the city of Megalopolis sent to make incursions into
Laconia, and in these inroads never failed to give some
remarkable proof of his prudence and valour. When
Cleomencs, king of Sparta, attacked Megalopolis,
Philoposm'U greatly signalized himself among the de-
fenders t. the place. He distinguished himself no
leas, somo time after this, in the battle of Sellasia,
where Antigonus Doson gained a complete victory over
Cleomenes, B. C. 222. Antigonus, who had been an
eyewitnesa of his gallant behaviour, and who admired
his talents and virtues, offered him a considerable
command in his army, but Philopocmen declined it,
because he knew, as Plutarch observes, that he could
Lot bear to be under the direction of another. Not
shoosing, however, to remain idle, and hearing that
-here was war in Crete, he sailed to that island to ex-
ercise and improve his military talents. When he
had scried there for some lime, he returned home with
high reputation, and was immediately appointed by the
Achxsns general of the horse. In the exercise of this
command, he acquitted himself with signal ability; so
much so, in fact, that the Achaean horse, heretofore of
no reputation, soon became famous over all Greece.
He was not long after appointed to the command of
all the Achaean forces, and zealously employed himself
in reforming the discipline of the army, and infusing
a proper spirit into the soldiers of the republic. An
opportunity occurred soon after this, of ascertaining
how the troops had profited by his instruction. Ma-
chanidas, tyrant of Lacedsemon, with a numerous and
powerful army, was watching a favourable moment to
subdue the whole of the Peloponnesus. As soon, then,
as intelligence was brought that he had attacked the
Mantineaus. Philopoemcn took the field against him,
and defeated and slew him. The Lacedaemonians lost
on this occasion above 8000 men, of whom 4000 were
left dead upon the field. The Achacans, in commem-
oration of the valour of Philopoemcn, set up at Delphi
a brazen statue, representing him in the very act of
4 lying the tyrant. At a subsequent period, however,
? ? be experienced a reverse of fortune; for, having ven-
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? PHILOSTRATUS.
PHI
of Tyana ('kmXkuvlov rofl Tvavluc fiioc), a well-
known charlatan and wonder-worker, whom hia biog-
rapher wishes to represent as a supernatural being.
Hence Eunnpius of Sardis, in speaking of this book,
remarks, that, instead of being called the Life of Apol-
;? nius, it ought to be entitled, a History of the visit of
God unto men (iiov i-xiinuiav le uvBpCmove \teov
takciv). Three writers befjre the time of Philostra-
tus had given Lives of Apolloniua, namely, Demi* of
Minus, his friend, and two unknown writers, Maximua
and Mceragenes. Their works were of service to
Ptalostratus in framing his compilation; a compilation
entirely destitute of critical arrangement, filled with
the jnost absurd fables, and swarming with geograph-
ical errors and with anachronisms. And yet, notwith-
standing theso so serious defects, the work is useful
for an acquaintance with the Pythagorean philosophy,
and the history of the emperors who reigned after
Nero. --A question naturally presents itself in relation
to this singular piece of biography. Did Philostratus,
in writing it, wish to parody the life and miracles of
the divine founder of our religion 1 It is difficult to
exculpate him from auch an intention. Various par-
ticulars in the biography of Apollonius, such as the
annunciation of his nativity, made to hia mother by Pro-
teus; the incarnation of this Egyptian divinity in the
person of Apollonius; the miracles by which his birth
was accompanied; those that are attributed to the in-
dividual himself; and his ascension into heaven, ap-
pear borrowed from the life of our Saviour; and within
. ess than a century after Philostratus wrote, in the
time of Dioclesian, Hierocles of Nicomedia opposed
this work to the gospels. Huet was the first that as-
cribed an evil intention to Philostratus (Demonslr.
Evang. Propos. , 9, c.
147); while the opposite side
is maintained by Meiners (Gesch. dcr Wissensch. ,
etc. . vol. 1, p. 258) and by Tiedemann (Geist. dcr
Sftculat. 1'hilos . vol. 3, p. 116). --Philostratus has
also left us, undei the title of rlpulKa (Hcroica), the
fabulous history of twenty-one heroes of the Trojan
war. This work is in the form of a dialogue between
t Phoenician mariner and a vinedresser of Thrace, who
had heard all these particulars from the lips of Protes-
ibus. Another work is the E<\om\ in two books. It
is a discourse on a gallery of paintings which was at
Naples, and contains some valuable remarks on the
state of the arts at this period. Wo have also the
Lives of the Sophists (Bi'ot Zo^toruv), in two books,
the first containing the lives of the philosophical soph-
ists, the second those of the rhetorical. The former
are twenty-six in number; the latter thirty-three. It
is an interesting work, and gives an amusing account
of the sophists of the day, their vanity and impudence,
their jealousies and quarrels, their corrupt morals; a
living picture, in fine, of the fall of the art and the cor-
ruption of literary men. There exist also from the
pen of Philostratus sixty-three letters, and an epigram
in the Anthology. There are only two editions of the
entire works of Philostratus; that of Morell, Paris,
1608, fol. , and that of Olearius, Lips. , 1709, fol.
The latter is the better one of the two, although in
numerous instances it only copies the errors of the
former. Olearius is said to have appropriated to hia
own use the notes of Reinesius, written on the mar-
? ;in of a copy of Moretl's edition, which he obtained
rom the library of Zeitz: and then to have destroyed
this copy. (Hoffmann, Itcx. Bibliogr,,\o\. 3, p. 235. )
? ? In 1806, Boissonade published a good edition of the
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? P HI
f HI
Hist. , 12, 44. ) Philoxenus waa afterward restored to
favour, and the tyrant, imagining that he would now
find in him a more complimentary critic, invited him
to attend the reading of one of his poems. Philoxc-
im>> after enduring the infliction for a while, rose from
n. < seat, and, o~ being asked by Dionysius whither be
was going, cojllj replied, " To the quarries. "' (Nicol.
Damasc. , tip. Stob. , 13, 16, p. 145 -- Suid. , s. f>.
airaye ue etc rue farouiac. -- Id. , s. v. Aarouiac. --
Hellud. ', ap. Phot. , Cod. , 279. ) Eustathius gives a
urious account of his having escaped on this occasion,
by dexterously using a word susceptible of a double
meaning Dionysius, according to this version of the
story, read one of hia tragedies to Philoxenus, and then
asked him what kind of a play it appeared to bim to
be. The poet answered, "A sad one" (ourrpu),
meaning sad stuff; but Dionysius thought he meant a
drama full of pathos, and '. ouk his remark as a com-
pliment. (Eustalh. ad. Od. , p. 1691. ) According to
the scholiast on Aristophanes (Plut. , 290), Philoxenus
was sent to the quarries for having rivalled the tyrant
in the affections of a concubine named Galatsa.
Having escaped, however, from this confinement, he
fled to his native island, and there avenged himself by
writing a drama, in which Dionysius waa represented
under the character of the Cyclops Polyphemus, enam-
oured of the nymph Gaiatxa. The allusion was the
more galling, as Dionysius laboured under a weakness
of sight, or, more probably, saw well with only one of
his eyes. (Schoi ad. Aristoph. , I. e. --Compare Athe-
neeus, 1, p. 7. )--The reputation of Philoxenus rested
more, however, upon his lyric than upon his dramatic
productions. Alhensus has preserved some extracts
from his works, particularly one from his comic, or,
rather, burlesque poem, entitled Arim/ov, or " The En-
tertainment. " Philoxenus was noted for his gluttony,
and Athenasua records a wish of his (8, p. 341, d. ), that
be might have a throat three cubits long, in order that
the pleasure arising from the tasting of hia food might
be the more prolonged. (Compare JElian, 10, 9. )
Ht i: said to have died of a surfeit, in eating a poly-
pus two cubits in sfzoV (Athenaws, 8. p. 341. --
Slekoll, Getch. Lit. Gr. , vol. 1, p. 206. )--II. A native
? f Leucadia. liockh considers this one to have been
the glutton, and the Cytherean the poet. (Scholl,
Oeteh. Lit Gr. , vol. 1, p. 207, Anm. 1. )--III. or
Flavius Philoxenus, waa consul A. D. 525, and is com-
rnonly known as the author of a Latin-Greek Lexicon,
in which the Latin words were explained in Greek.
H. Stephens gave this Lexicon, without knowing the
name of the compiler, in his " Glossaria duo e situ
rUuslatis cruta," Paris, 1573, fol. It appears under
the name of Philoxenus in the collection of Bonav.
Vulcanius. It forms part also of the London edition
of Stephens's Thesaurus, 1826. (Scholl, Gesch. Lit.
Gr, vol. 3, p. 193 )
_ Philvra, one of the Occanides, and the mother of
Chiron by Saturn. The god, dreading the jealousy of
his wife Rhea, changed Philyra into a mare, and him-
self into a horse. The offspring of their love was the
Centaur Chiron, half man, half horso. Philyra was so
ashamed of the monstrous shape of the child, that she
prayed the gods to change her form and nature. She
was accordingly metamorphosed into the linden-tree,
called by her name among the Greeks (*tXvpa, Phi-
lya). (Hygm, fab. , 138. ) Modern expounders of
mythology, however, make $Mpa equivalent to *4/U'-
? ? iypa," lyre-loting," and consider it a very fit designa-
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? rtt l
HS
death of Agathocles. He was the founder of Phintias,
i. rity of Sicily to the east of Gela. ( Vid. Phintias I. )
Phligkthon, a river of the lower world, which
rolled in waves of fire. Hence its name */if yttiui;
from o/. t; u, "to burn. " The god of the stream was
fabled by the poets to be the son of Cocytus. (Slat. ,
Theb. , 4, 522. --Sense. , Thycst. , 1018. -- Virg. , Jin. ,
6, 264. )
Phlegon, I. a native of Trallej. in Lydia, one of the
Emperor Hadrian's ficedmen. He wroto a species of
universal chronicle, commencing with the first Olym-
piad, since he regarded all that preceded this period
as fabulous. In this work he recounted all the events
that had taken place in every quarter of the globe,
during the four years of each Olympiad. Hence it
bore the title of '0? . v/i-iovikC>i> nui Xpovixuv awa-
yuyV ("A Collection of Olympic Conquerors, and of
Events''). If iependently of a fragment, which appears
to have formed the introduction to the work, we have
only remaining of it what relates to the 176th Olym-
piad. Photius has preserved this for us; and from this
it would appear that Phlegon confined himself to a
simple enumeration of facts, without taking any trou-
ble about ornament of style, or without accompanying
bis work with any reflections. Photius, therefore, had
good reason, no doubt, to consider its perusal as some-
what fatiguing. The loss of the work, however, is the
more to be lamented, since ancient historians in gen-
eral neglect chronology too much. It was in this
work that Phlegon made mention of the famous eclipse
of the sun in the eighteenth year of the reign of Tibe-
rius, which, according to him, produced so great an
obscurity that the stars were Been at the sixth hour of
the dav (12 o'clock at noon), and which was accom-
panied with an earthquake. It was the eclipse that oc-
curred at our Saviour's crucifixion. (Euseb. , ap. Syn-
ctll. , p. 325. ) Numerous works have appeared in
England on this passage of Phlegon, where the eclipse
is mentioned. Among these, the following may be
enumerated: "Sykes, Dissertation upon the Eclipse
menticned by Phlegon," London, 1732, 8vo--" The
Testimony of Phlegon vindicated, dec. , by W. Whis-
lon," London, 1732, 8vo. To this work there was a
reply by Sykcs, to whom Whiston rejoined. --"Phle-
gon examined critically and impartially, by John
Chapman," London, 1743, 8vo, dec. --We have re-
maining two small works of Phlegon: one, entitled
Hepl dav/iaoiuv, "Of wonderful Things," containing
a collection of most absurd stories, which could only
have been made by a man equally destitute of critical
acumen and sound judgment; the other treats "of Per-
sons who have attained to a very advanced old age
(flfpi ManpoCiuv), and is a dry catalogue of individu-
als who had reached the age of 10U to 140 years.
Phlegon was the author of several other works, which
are now lost, such as, "An Abridgment of the Work
on the Olympiads," a "Description of Sicily," a trea-
tise " 07i Roman Festivals," another " on the most Re-
markable Points of the City of Rome," and "a Life
of Hadrian. " Spartianus informs us, that this biog-
raphy was believed to have been written by the em-
peror himself, who borrowed for the purpose the name
of his freedman. (Spart. , Vit. Hadr. , 15. ) Phlegon
is thought to have been the author also of a small
work, on " Females distinguished for Skill and Cour-
age in War" (Twalnec iv iro^e/iiKolc avvcrai kcu
ivipeiai), containing short notices of Semiramis, Ni-
? ? tocris, fee. The best editions of Phlegon are, that of
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? PHO
P no
\> the Lake c f Ivjmphalus ill Arcadia. (Gcll, Itin. of
ike Morea, p. 109. )
J'hocsa, a maritime town of Ionia, in Asia Minor,
? oulhwest of Cvma, and the most northern of the
Ionian cities. It was founded, as Pausanias reports,
by some emigrants of Phocis, under the guidance of
two Athenian chiefs, named Philogencs and Damon.
The city was built, with the consent of the Cymajans,
on part of their territory; nor was it included in the
Ionian confederacy till its citizens had consented to
place at the head of the government princes of the line
of Codrus. Its favourable situation for commerce
made it known from a very early period; and, as Mile-
tus enjoyed almost exclusively the trade of the Euz-
ine, so Phocxa had become possesaed of great mari-
time ascendancy in the western part of the Mediterra-
nean. The colony of Alalia in Corsica was of I'lio-
cxan origin, and Phocsan vessels traded to Tartessus
and the southwestern coast of Spain.
