Philip was will- oblige Philip to
acknowledge
an unjuft
):ig to yield the IQand of Halonefus to Poflcffion.
):ig to yield the IQand of Halonefus to Poflcffion.
Demosthenes - Orations - v2
This Decree
was oppofed as contrary to Law. The Day of Trial came ;. .
Lycinus, who laid the Indidment, entered upon the Profe-
cution. Philocrates made his Defence ;. Demofthenes fupported
him, and Pliilocrates was acquitted. The following Year The-
miftocks is made Archon. I^hen enters the Senator Demoft-
henes into the Senate-Houfe, neither chofen by Lot in his owa
Riorht, nor appointed to fucceed upon a Vacancy either by
Death or Mifcondud: of any of the Senators, but getting a Seat
by Bribery and Intrigue, with an Intention upon all Occafions
both of fpeaking and adling in fupport of Philocrates ; as the
Event itfelf hath demonftrated. I For Philocrates violently
carried another Decree, in which he commanded, that ten'
AmbafTadors fliould be chofen, who fhall folicite Philip to fend'
his Plenepotentiaries hither to negotiate a Peace. One of thefe
was Demofthenes, who returning from Macedonia, pronounced
a Panegyric on the Peace, and made the very fame Reports,
as his Colleagues, of their Negotiations. Yet he alone of all
our Senators propofed a Decree, for concluding a Peace with
the Herald and AmbafTadors of Philip, in perfedl Conformity
with the Decrees of Philocrates. He gave Philip Leave to fend
Heralds and Ambafladors hither, and Demofthenes concludes
the Treaty. Give me now your earneft Attention to the Circum-
ftances, that followed. Very little Bufinefs was tranfaded by
Philip
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? AGAINST CTESIPHON. 267
Philip with the other Ambaffadors (whom Demofthenes upon
this Alteration of Affairs, in numberlefs Inftances calumniated]
but with Philocrates and Demofthencs. Nor without Reafon ;
fince they a6led together in their Embafly, and together formed
the following Decrees. The firft forbids you to wait for the
Return of the Ambafladors, whom you fent to engage the States
of Greece againfl Philip, and orders you without their Con-
currence to conclude a feparate Peace. The fecond net only
diredls you to confirm this Peace, but to enter into a League
offenfive and defenfive, with Philip, that if any of the Grecians
were well-intentioned to this Republic, they might fall into the
lafl; Defpair, when they perceived you encouraging them to
War, and at home confirming by your Decrees not Peace alone,
but even the ftri6teft Confederacy. The third commands, that
Cherfobleptes fhould be neither included within the Oath of
Treaty, nor interefted either in the Peace, or Alliance; yet
even at that Moment Philip had denounced Vengeance, and was
preparing an Expedition againfl him.
When Philip purchafed . their Decrees, he committed with
regard to you nothing unjuft, for before his Oaths and Ratifi-
cation of the Treaties, you had no right to refent his making
Ufe of his own Advantages. But they, who either have be-
trayed, or communicated the Strength of the Republic to
Philip, certainly deferve your heavieft Indignation. But he,
who now profefles himfelf an Enemy to Alexander, as formerly
M m 2 to
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? 268 ORATION OF . ^SCHINES
to Philip ; this Demofthenes, who reproaches me with being the
Gueft of Alexander, prefers a Decree, by which he deprives the
Commonwealth of the regular Seafons for her Deliberations,
and commands the Magiftrates to convene an AfTembly of the
People on the eighth of March, when the Feftival of ^fcula-
pius was to be folemnized, and the Games before it celebrated ;
a facred Day, upon which no Man ever remembered an In-
flance of convening an Aflembly. But what Excufe did he
make for this Matiner of adling ? " That the People" (fo lie
fpeaks in his Decree) " when Philip's Ambafladors arrived,
" might deliberate with the foonefl: upon their Embally to
*' him. " Thus anticipating the Refolutions of the AfTembly
before the Arrival of liis Ambafladors; preventing every favour-
able Conjundlure, that might poflibly happen, and violently
precipitating the whole Affair, that without the Confent of
other Grecian States, whenever your AmbafTadors returned, you
might conclude a feparate Peace. Immediately after thefe
Tranfadlions Philip's Ambafladors arrived, while yours were
ftill abroad forming a general Confederacy againft him. Here
Demoft-
(7) This PaJTage miift certainly be turn eft die fefto. Lambinus. De fa-
difficult, fince two of our old Tranfla- con que Ic Senat forma fon decret irelimi-
tors do not attempt the Word 'jTpoocyuv, vaire un jour de fefie. Tourreil.
and all the reft differ in the Manner of Antequampopulus id fcifceret, Foulkes
rendering it. To thofe mentioned by and Freind. The prefent Tranflation,
Wolfius let us add the Italian, e Ji pro- as in numberlefs other Inftances, follows
vavano i giuochi di Bacco ; and an old Doflor Taylor. He points the Text,
French TranQator, Du Vair, Et prcpo- k<<; -ir^oxyuv, Iv ttJ U^S. vji^s^^, Et
fcnt un affaire de confeqtience a un jour pr^ludia celehrarentur, in die, inquani,
de feflc. Atque de hac re, antequam fantlo, quo nemo unquam meminit cencio-
cum populo ageretur, ad fenatum rela- nem haheri.
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? AGAINST C T E S I P H O N. 269
Demofthenes violently carried another Decree, in which he di-
rects, that without waiting for the return of your Ambaffadors,
you (hould enter into a Confultation, not only upon concluding
a Peace, but even an Alliance offenfive and defenfive, immedi-
ately after the Feftival of Bacchus, celebrated in the City the
eigthteenth and nineteenth of March. That thefe Aflertion&
are true be convinced by hearing the Decrees themfelves.
The Decrees.
As foon therefore, Athenians, as the Feftival of Bacchus was
celebrated, two Aflemblies were convened. In the firfl: was
recited the general Refolution of our Confederates, the prin-
cipal Articles of which I fliall briefly repeat. Firft, they direc-
ted you to confine your Deliberations to the Peace alone, and
pafTed over the very Name of Alliance ; not becaufe they had
forgotten it, but becaufe they efteemed the Peace rather necef-
fary, than honourable. Then they wifely oppofed Demoilhenes,
with an Intention of finding a Remedy for his Corruption, and
inferted in their Refolution, *' Let it be permitted to whatever
" States of Greece fliall think proper within three Months to
^' have their Names infcribed upon the fame Column with that
" of the Athenians, and to enjoy all Advantages of Oaths and
"^ Treaties. " Thus they provided for two Points of utmoft
Importance: firfl, they gained three Months ; a Time, fufhcient
for affembling the Grecian Ambaffadors; and then conciliated
to the Republic the Affedions of Greece in this her general:
GouQ-
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? 27(C) . ORATION OF ^E S C H I N E S
Council, that if our Treaties with Philip fliould be violated by
him, Ave might neither enter into the War alone, or unprepared ;
both which Misfortunes are now fallen upon us by the Condud;
of Demoflhenes. That I affert only Trutli, you fliall hear and
be convinced by the very Decree.
Decree of the Confederates.
To this Decree I confefs, I gave my Afient, as did all your
Orators, who fpoke in the former Aflembly, and the People
departed, poffeiTed with an Opinion, that a Peace ought necef-
farily to be concluded ; that it were better not to debate upon
an Alliance, as our Ambaffadors were yet abroad forming a
Confederacy againft Philip, but that it fliould be ratified by
common Confent of all the Grecians. Night intervened, and
we were next Day fummoned to the Aflembly. There Demoft-
henes forceably taking Pofleflion of the Tribunal, and not per-
mitting any other to fpeak, declared, that all Refolutions of
the preceding Day were inflgniflcant and invalid, unlefs Philip's
Ambafladors confented ; nor could he conceive, that a Peace
could poflibly fubflfl; without an Alliance. For we ought not
(I remember the very Words he ufed, both from the DiflxDuance
of the Speaker and the Exprefllon itfelf] to tear afunder the
Peace from the Alliance, nor wait for the Tardinefs of the
Grecians, but either continue the War ourfelves, or conclude a
fcparate Peace. Then calling Antipater up to the Tribunal,
he afked him fome Queftions, having before informed him,
what
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? AGAINST CTESIPHON. 271
what he himfelf fliould afk, and inftruded him to return an
Anfwer moft prejudicial to the RcpubHc. Thus did this per-
nlciousMeafurc prevail. Demofthenes extorted your Confent by
very Violence of Words, and Philocrates confirmed it by De-
cree.
It yet remained to render Cherfobleptes, and all his Thracian
Dominions, tributary to Philip. This they executed the twenty
fifth of March before Demofthenes departed for his fecond Em-
bafiy appointed for the Requifition of Philip's Oath in Ratifi-
cation of the Peace. For tliis Enemy to Alexander ; this Enemy
to Philip ; this your favourite Orator twice went AmbafTador to
Macedonia ; though he never fhould have gone even once ; he,
who now advifes you to treat the Macedonians with the vileft
Contempt. Having taken his Seat in the Afiembly, held the
twenty-fifth, a Senator by meer Intrigue, in Collufion with
Philocrates he delivered up Cherfobleptes a Tributary to Philip.
For Philocrates had fecretly inferted this Claufe, befides many
others, in his Decree, for which Demofthenes had moved, that
all the Minifters of our Allies at that Time in Athens fliould
upon the fame Day give their Oaths of Ratification of die Peace
to Philip's AmbafTadors, when Cherfobleptes had not any Mi-
nifler Refident amono- us. When he therefore ordered all the
Minifters then prefent in the Council to take the Oaths, he ne-
ceflarily excluded Cherfobleptes, who had not any Refident at
Athens. That I fpeak Truth, read to me the Names of the
Perfons,,
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? 272 ORATION OF ^SCHINES
Pcrfons, who preferred the Decree, and the Prefident, who put
die Queflion.
The Decrfe. The President.
Excellent, O Athenians, excellent indeed, the Preferva-
tion of our public Ads ; for they remain unmoveable, nor ever
vary with thofe, who defert from Party to Party in their Poli-
tics, but give the People a Power, whenever they pleafe, of in-
fpeding into the Lives of thofe, who were formerly guilty of
the moft execrable Crimes, and yet upon any Alteration of Af-
fairs afTume the Charader of being valuable and upright Citi-
zens.
It now remains, that I mention fome Inftances of the fervile
Compliances of DemoPchenes with regard to Philip. Although
he had been a Senator a whole Year, he never invited any fo-
reign Ambafladors to the front Seats in the Theatre. This
was the firfl and only Inftance. He placed the Macedonian
Ambaffadors there^ laid their CufLions himfelf, fpread the
purple Carpets on their Seats, and at the iirft Appearance of
Day-Light, conduced them into the Theatre, in fuch a Man-
ner, as to be hified for his Turpitude and Adulation. (8) When
they departed for Thebes, he liberally hired fix Mules for them,
and marched before them in much Solemnity, making the Re-
public
(8) This Inftance of Adulation is well Cufhions to fit upon in the Theatie.
explained by a Pafiage in Theophraflus, But the Flatterer can defcend to the Vile-
quoted by Tourreil. A Slave was ap- nefs of fnatching one for his Patron, and
ointed to give People of Diftindion placing it himfelf on his Scat.
. 8
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? AGAINST CTESIPHON. 273
public itfelf perfedly ridiculous. But that I may confine
myfelf to my Subjed:, give me the Decree of Precedence granted
to the Macedonians.
The Decree.
However, this Flatterer of Philip; this Flatterer of iuch
enormous Magnitude, having firfl: heard the Death of that Mo-
narch from the Spies of Charidemus, pretended that a Dreaip,
was fent him from the Gods, and villainoufly declared, he heard
the FaS:, not from Charidemus, but from Jupiter and Minerva.
Thofe Deities, whom he affronts with his Perjuries by Day, he
protefts, converfe with him by Night, and foretell him the
great Events of Futurity. Then, feven Days after the Death
of his Daughter, before he had mourned for her; before he
had performed the cuftomary Ceremonies of Sepulture, crowned
with Flowers, and clothed in white, he facrijiced an Ox, and
impioufly violates the Rites, by Nature due to that Cliild,
whom the miferable Wretch had loft ; his only Child, the firft,
that ever called him Father. Nor do I mean to infult hira
with this great Calamity, but inquire into the Manners and
Genius of the Man. For the Father, who does not love his
Children, can never prove a good Minifter to the Republic.
Whoever does not cherifh with paternal Tendcrncfs thefe deareft,
thefe domeftic Charities, will never be more anxious for your
Wellfare, than that of Strangers ; whoever is in private Life
difhoneft, will never become virtuous in public ; whoever is a
Vol. II. N n worthlefs
\.
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? 274 ORATION OF . ESCHINES
wortlilefs Citizen in Athens, will never become an honourable
and faithful Ambaflador in Macedonia. ' He hath not changed
his GeniuSj but only altered his Situation.
From whence he hath maintained fo various a Charader in
various Conjun(5lures (for this the fecond Period of his Admi-
niftration) or what Caufe can be afllgned, why Philocrates, en-
gaged in the fame political Meafures with Demofthenes, was
driven into Banifliment for Crimes againft the State, while De-
mofthenes continues a public Accufer ;| and by what Means this
execrable Wretch hath plunged us into thefe our prefent Cala-
mities, are Circumftances more efpecially worthy of your
Attention.
As foon therefore as Philip had marched into the Streights
of Thermopylae ; unexpe6ledly deftroyed the Cities of the Pho-
CDcans, and rendered the Thebans, as you then judged, more
powerful, than the Conjundlure itfelf, and your Interefts would
allow ; when, terribly alarmed, you carried your Effedls out
of the open Country into the City ; the fevereft Accufations
were formed againft the Ambaffadors, who negotiated the
Peace, but beyond all others againft Philocrates and Demoft-
henes, who had not only ratified the Peace during their Em-
bafly, but preferred the Decree, by which it was concluded^
It happened at the fame Time, that Demofthenes and Philocra-
tes quarrelled for almoft the very Reafons you yourfelves fuf-
pc. 'ded.
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? AGAINST CTESIPHON. 275
pedted. (9) But amidft the general Conftcrnation, occafioncd
by Philip's marching into Phocis, Demofthenes began to form
his future Defigns according to the innate Diftemperature of
his Difpofition, his Timidity, and the Jealoufy he entertained ot
Philocrates with regard to their Divifion of the Treafures arifmg
from their mutual Corruption. He then imagined, if he fhould
appear an open Accufer both of his Colleagues in his EmbalTv,
and of Philip, that Philocrates would undoubtedly be ruined,
the other AmbafTadors brought intoextreme Danger, and hehim-
felf greatly honoured ; and while he was indeed a perfidious
Betrayer of his Friends, be efteemed faithful to the Interefts of
the People. The Enemies of our Tranquility obferving his
Condu6l, with Pleafure invited him to the Tribunal, calling
him the only uncorrupt Minifter in the Commonwealth. He
advanced, and then laid the Foundation of War and Confu-
fion. This was the Man, Athenians, who firfl: difcovered the
Serrian Fortifications, Dorifcus, Ergifca, Murgifca, Gano? ,
and Ganides ; Places, whofe very Names we never knew before ;
and fo totally did he pervert every thing, that if Philip had
rcfufed to fend Ambafladors, he then would have afierted, that
he treated the Republic with Contempt ; if he did fend them,
he then fent Spies, not Ambafilidors. Philip was willing to
fubmit the Decifion of our mutual Complaints to the Mediation
of fome equal, impartial State. Demofthenes affirmed, there
N n 2 never
(9) Becaufe Philocrates had cheated he had received from Philip for their
Demofthenes cf his Share of the Money common Perfidy. Brod/Eus.
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? 276 ORATION OF uESCHINE-S
never could be found an impartial Arbiter between us, and
him. Philip yielded Halonefus : Demofthenes forbad you to
receive it, unlcfs when he ceded the PoflefTion, he likewife
RECEDED from all pall or future Rights to it. Thus was he
merely cavilling for Syllables. (10) Laftly, by crowning thofe,
who joined with Ariftodemus in his Invafion of Theflaly and
Magnefia contrary to the Faith of Treaties, he openly violated
the Peace, and brought on us Calamity and War.
However, with brazen and adamantine Walls, as he hkn-
felf expreffed it, he fortified our Dominions by his AlHance with
the Euboeans and Thebans. Yet, even in this Alliance you
were injured in three important Inftances, of which you are
ftill perfectly ignorant. Impatient as I am to explain this moft.
important Confederacy with the Thebans, yet that I may pro-
ceed more regularly, I fball firft mention that with the Euboe-
ans. For, Athenians, many are the Wrongs and great, that
you have received both from Mnefarchus,. the Father of Callias
and Tauroilhenes (whom this Demofthenes, for a fordid Bribe,. .
bad the Boldnefs to enroll among the Citizens of Athens) and.
in
f ; c"; A Sentiment of great Dignity is Words in the Treaty, as mufl: neceflarily
lieie criven up t(j l^aughter for the Words, aflert their own Rights to the Idand, and
ill w. hi. h ir I; exprcfied.
Philip was will- oblige Philip to acknowledge an unjuft
):ig to yield the IQand of Halonefus to Poflcffion. The Words, perhaps, may
tiie Athenians, but i. n Terms, that ex- be liable to Ridicule, but the Sentiment
jireffed his giving, and confcquently their is truly noble, and worthy of a great
receiving ir as an Obligation. They Minifter, more jealous of the Honour
would giaily have recovered it, but De- of his Country, than anxious to extend
mollhenes advifus them to infift iipoi> fuch her Dominions.
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? AGAINST CTESIPHON. 277
in another Inftance, from Themifon, the Euboean, who violently
ravifhed Oropus from you, even in Time of profound Peace.
Yet voluntarily forgetting thcfe Injuries, when the Thebans
made a Defcent upon Eubcea, determined to enflave its States,
you generoufly fent them, in five Days Time, fuch powerful
Succours both of Ships and Men, as compelled the Thebans,
before thirty Days were paffed, to return home under Articles
of Truce and Compofi. tion. When you became Mafters of the
Ifland, you honourably and juftly reflored to the Eubceans their
Cities and their Liberties, which they had committed in Truft
-to your Integrity, not efteeming it equitable to remember your
Anger at the Moment when they gave you fuch Proofs of their
Confidence. Yet the Chalcideans, who received thefe important
Obligations, did not repay them with equal Gratitude. When you
made a Defcent upon Euboea to fuccour Plutarch, at firft in-
deed they pretended to be your Friends, but inflantly, when we
had marched as far as Tamyna? , and traverfed the Mountain Coty-
Iseus, then Callias, this Chalcidean, upon whom Demofthenes,
for his Bribe, pronounced an abfolute Panegyric, feeing the
Forces of the Republic inclofed in certain difadvantageous De-
files, from whence, except by Vidory, there was no poffible
Retreat, nor even any Hope of Succours citlier by Land or Sea,
levied Troops through all Euboea j fent to Philip for Re-
inforcements, joined his Brother Tauroflhenes, who nowcourte-
oufly gives his Hand to every Citizen of Athens, and fmiles
upon them moft gracioufly ; tranfported from Phocis the Mer-
-- cenaries
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? 278 ORATION OF ^SCHINES
cenaiies he had le\-ied there, and then marched furiouily againft
lis, as if determined totally to deftroy. ' Had not fome Deity
preferved your Army ; had not yonr Soldiers, both Infantry and
Cavalry, been Men of approved Valour ; had they not formed
in the Hippodrome of Tamyns, where they gained a complete
Vidory, after which they permitted your Enemies to march
away, though under fucli Terms of SubmifTion, as they were
pleafed to impofe, your Republic had been much in Danger
of fuffering whatever is moft ignominious. For a Misfortune
in War is not the greateft Evil ; but when we have engaged
with Enemies, unworthy of us, if we then are conquered, the
Calamity, with Reafbn, is doubled upon us. Yet however
injured ; however ungratefully treated, you again entered into-
Terms of Amity with them.
Callias having obtained your Pardon, in a very little Time
impetuouily returned to his natural Genius. For while he pre-
tended to convene to a general Council of the Euboeans at Chal-
cis, in Fa6t he fortified Euboea againft you, and attempted to
fcize the fovereign Power of the whole Illand. Then hoping,
that Philip would affift him in his Defigns, he went into Ma-
cedonia ; waited upon the very Footfteps of that Monarch, and
was numbered among his Favourites. Having offended Philip,
he fled from Macedon, and entered into the Service of the The-
bans. Abandoning them alfo, and more irregular in his Mo-
tions, than the Euripus, upon the Banks of vi^hich he dwells,
he
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? ,/
AGAINST CTESIPHON. 279
he precipitates himfelf into a Quarrel at once with the The-
bans, and with PhiHp. Uncertain how to difpofe of himfelf,
an Army being now adually levied againft him, he perceived
his only remaining Hope of Safety confifted in engaging the
Athenian People in a folemn Treaty, that they might afTift him,
under the Name of a Confederate, if any other Power fhould
invade him, as would apparently happen, unlefs you prevented
it. Revolving this Project in his Mind, he fends hither his
Ambaffadors, Glaucetes, Empedones, Diodorus, fo honourably
diftinguifhed for his Svviftncfs in our public Races, with many
fallacious Hopes to the People, but with Money to Demoft-
henes and his Fadlion. Thus Callias purchafed at once three
great Advantages ; firft, that he fhould be for ever protected by
your Alliance. '? There was indeed no Medium in his Fortune.
If the People of Athens, recolledling his former Perfidy, had
refufed to receive him into their Alliance, it only remained for
him to fly from Chalcis, or to be taken and die a Prifoner ;.
fuch powerful Forces were forming againft him, both by Philip
and the Thebans. Secondly, very confiderable Rewards were
brought for him, who decreed the Confederacy with this ad-
ditional Article, that the Chalcideans fhould not be obliged to^
attend the Congrefs at Athens. Thirdly, that they fhould not
pay Subfidies. Nor was CalHas difappointed in any of the
Schemes he propofed. For this Tyrant-Hater Demofthenes, as^
he boafts himfelf, whom Ctefiphon affirms to have always been
your beft and wifeft Advifer, abfolutely fold tlie raofl favourable
Con-
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? 28o ORATION OF ^SCHINES
Conjundures of the Republic, and inferted in the Treaty, that
we ftiould afllft the Chalcideans ; although he a little altered
the Expreflion, and for the fake of Appearances, added to his
Decree, that the Chalcideans iliould fuccour the Athenians, if
ever they were invaded, (ii) Their Attendance at the Con-
arefs, and their Payment of Subfidies, by which a future War
could alone be maintained, he pofitively fold, clothing with
fairefl Words the moft difhonourable Deeds, and impelling you
by very Violence of Words (12) to believe it was the Duty of
this Republic, firft effedually to fuccour whatever Grecians im-
plored her Aid, and afterwards to found your Alliances upon the
Benefits, you had conferred. (13) That you may be perfedly
convinced I fpeak Truth, take the Decree pafled in Favour of
Callias, (14) and the Treaty of Alliance. Read the Decree.
The
(11) Demofthenes in Effeft engaged force de fon eloquence cette maxime fpec'eufe.
the Athenians to fuccour the People of (13) y. eTx rdg Ivi^yea-ix? will bear
Chalcis, if they were invaded, when he a very different Conftrudlion, afler Be-
ftipulated, that Chalcis fliould affift the Jtefits, either granted or received, and
Athenians, if they were attacked, fince the TranQators are accordingly divided,
all Engagements of Succours were mu- Tfiere feems however more Generofity
tual. The Terms of the Treaty ex- of Sentiment, confequently fomewhat
prefTed only the Chalcidean Succours ; more pleafing to the Spirit of the Athe-
the Meanino- and Implication neceflarily nians, to form their Alliances with thofe,
fuppofed thofe of the Athenians. whom they had obliged, than from whom
(12) Impelling you. -rr^txTZi^ii^uv i>>a? . they had received Obligations.
Stephans quotes the PalTage 7rfoe;e<<^wi', (H) Take the Decree. t^\ K<<X-
yet adds, ubi -jr^oc^^^u^c^v hgitur. Lam- x/k y^oc(piiv. Eambinus, Foulkes, and
binus probably read '7rao(r^ix(o:v, for he Frcind, furely witliout any hiftorical Au-
tranflates, pene dicam vim afferens ad ere. ^^ority, tranflate Gallic accujationm ;
dendum. The Italian Tranflator, t? con To"Teil h djeche de^Callms. ^\Volfi-
parole imbarcandovi a farvi credere; the "^' ''^'r ' r^'u- ' ' '
French, incu^uer danir, ? '. par la ^'^^'^"^ ^^P""^ ^'^'''-
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? AGAINST CTESIPHON. 281
The Decree.
Yet flill it docs not appear a very enormous Crime to fell the
favourable Conjundlures of the Republic, the Difpenfations of
attending the Congrefs here, and the Subfidies for fupporting
a War, but certainly moft enormous is the Crime, that I am
going to mention. To fuch Excefs of Infolence and Avarice
did Callias proceed ; to fuch Excefs of Corruption thisDemoft-
henes, He, whom Ctefiphon thus extravagantly applauds, that
they pilfered the Subfidies from Oreum, and thofe from Eretria,
amounting to ten Talents, while you looked on ; while you
were confcious of their Villainy, and beheld it with your Eyes.
Befides, they removed from Athens the general Congrefs of the
Grecian Deputies, whom they fent to Chalcis, and what they
called the Euboean Council. But in what Manner, and by
what iniquitous Artifices they executed this Projed:, is well
worthy of your Attention. Callias no longer negotiates with
you by his Ambaffadors, but comes in Perfon, and advancing
into your Afiembly repeated a long Oration, which Demoft-
henes had laborioufly compofed. He told us he came from
Peloponnefjs, where he had lately formed a Plan for a general
Contribution amounting to an hundred Talents, to carry oij
tlie War againrt Philip. He calculated the Sum? , that each
Nation was to contribute ; the Achaans and Megara^aiis, fixty
Talents ; the Cities of Euba? a, iorty ; a Fund iuffiqieut to
maintain a Fleet and /\rmy. He then aiVurc-d us. , tjiat fevcral
Vol. II. O o otJier
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? 282 ORATION OF iESCHINES
other States would chear fully contribute their Proportion ; that
there could not polTibly be any Want either of Money, or Men;
that all thcfe Particulars were perfeOly clear, and that he had
negotiated, by Methods not to be mentioned, fome other fecret
Articles, which certain of your own Citizens would atteft. At the
Conclufion of his Speech he called upon Demoflhenes by Name,
and defired him, as a Matter of Juftice, to declare his Affcnt.
He came forward with very complete Solemnity ; praifed Callias
beyond all Bounds, and even pretended to know the fecret, un-
mentioned Article. He then profefled, he was ready to make
Report of his Embafiy both to Peloponnefus, and Acarnania.
This however was the Sum of his Difcourfe, that he himfelf
had regulated the Contributions of all the Peloponnefians, and
Acarnanians for maintaining a War againfl: Philip ; that the
Amount of thefe Funds would be fufficient for the complete
Equipment of an hundred light Gallies, ten thoufand Foot, and
a thoufand Horfe; that to thefe would be added Forces from dif-
ferent States ; from Peloponnefus above two thoufand heavy-
armed Foot ; as many from Acarnania ; that the Command of
the Army would be conferred upon you by all the Confederates ;
and that the whole Scheme would be very foon carried into Ex-
ecution, even precifely on the fixteenth of February ; for it had
been notified by him, and publiflied in every City, that Depu-
ties from all the Confederates fhould aflemble at the full Moont
in Athens. For Demofthenes hath one peculiar and uncom-
mon Faculty. Other vain-glorious Impoftors, when they utter a
I Falfe-
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? AGAINST CTESIPHON. 283
a Falfehood, endeavour to fpeak in undeternnned and dark
Expreffionsj fearful of being detedted ; but when he difplays his
Impoflurcs, he impioufly fwears to his Lies, and imprecates
utter Perdition to himfelf, if he fwears falfely ; then boldly pro-
nounces, what he well knows, will never come to pals ; calcu-
lates even the Moment when it fhall happen, and mentions
the Names of People, whofe Perfons he never faw, to impofc
upon his Audience, and imitate the Man of Veracity. Thus is
he doubly deteftable, that belides being himfelf a Villain, he
corrupts and deftroys thofe Criterions, which alone diftinguifli
an honefl Man.
Ending his Oration, he gives the Secretary a Decree to read,
longer, in very Truth, than Homer's Iliad ; more trivial than
the Speeches he generally makes ; more futile, than the Life he
lives ; fraught with Hopes, never to be fulfilled, and Armies
never to be raifed. Leading you therefore far away from all
Sufpicion of his intended Villainy, and holding you high in
Sufpence by pure Hopes, he collects his whole Force, and pre-
fers a Decree, empowering Ambafli\dors to be chofen, to im-
jilore the Eretrians (for it was abfolutely necefiary, fo it feemS',
to implore them) no longer to pay their five Talents of Con-
tribution to you, but to Callias, and another Embally to the
Oritans, to folicite an Alliance with the Athenians, acknow-
ledging the fame Friends, the flimc Enemies. From hence he
manifeftly appears to have inferred all thefe Particulars in his
O o 2 Decree,
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? 284 ORATION OF ^SCHINES
'Decree, (15) with a View to his intended Fraud; fince he di-
reds our Ambailadors to intreat the Oritans to pay their five
Talents, not to you, but to Callias. To evince the Truth of
thefe Affertions, leaving the Pomp of his Expreflion, and his
Gallies, and his Arrogance out of the Decree, read it, and in-
fift only upon the Fraud, which this impure and unholy Wretch
hath committed ; whom Ctefiphon however affirms, and even
in this very Decree, to have conftantly perfevered in all his
Words, in all his Adions, to promote the Welfare and Honour
of the Athenian People.
The Decree.
Gallies therefore, and Armies, and the full Moon, and Depu-
ties for a general Council, you have indeed heard in Words,
but the Contributions of your Allies, their ten Talents, in very
Fa6l you have loft.
It now remains to prove, that Demofthenes received a Bribe
of three Talents, for enrolling this Decree ; one from Chalcis ;
another from Eretria, and a third from Oreum, by which he was
difcovered ; for the Government of the Oritans was at that Time
demo-
(15) Wolfiiis gives us the different ^AvxipccivsTat ygci^uq is an Expreflion
Conftruftions of this Paflage by the not\in\\k. tly. uvo^ oivu(pi*ivtTUL'i^iv^oiJi. ivog,
Trandators before his Time, and feems manifeftus eft niendacii. Tlautus ufes,
himfelf to think the Text corrupted, manifeftum tenere mendacii. Ev tu
Nor among our modern Trandators have ^^^^^ is a Manufcript Reading,
any two agreed in the iame Meaning or j^^. ^ ^-^^. ^^ ^^^ ^. ^ ^^^^^^? ^,^. ^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^
any one of them acknowledged the Dif- ^^,^^^. ^ ^ ^^^^^^ j-^? /^^,. ^,,y? ,
ficulty. The preient Trandation there- y)v Vair.
fore has no Authority to fupport it.
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? AGAINST CTESIPHON. 285
democratical, and all their public Adls regulated by popular
Decrees. Exhaufted by their War with Philip, and abfolutely
reduced to Indigence, they fend Gnofidemus, Son of Charige-
nes, who had been Sovereign of Oreum, befeeching Demofthenes
to remit the Talent to their Republic, and promifing to eredl a
Statue of Brafs to him in their Capital. He anfwered, that he
wanted not a worthlefs Parcel of Brafs, and would make Callias
oblige them to pay the Talent. Compelled therefore, and yet
unable to pay, they mortgaged to him, as a Security, their
public Revenues, and paid him, as Intereft for his Bribe, a
Drachma every Month for each Mina, untill they difcharged
the Principal. The whole Procefs was tranfaded by Decree of
the Oritans, to which I appeal.
The Decree.
This Decree, Athenians, is indeed a Reproach to your Republic,
yet no mean Proof of Dcmofthenes his Adminiftration, and a
manifeft Conviction of Ctefiphon. For whoever can be thus
fordidly corrupt, it is impofllble he can ever become an honeft
Man, which Ctefiphon however hath impudently dared to
infert in his Decree.
Here the third Period comes regularly before us, of all others
the moft unfortunate, in which Dcmofthenes abfolutely ruined
the Affairs of Greece and of this Commonwealth, when he fa-
crilegioufly violated the Temple of Delphos, and decreed a per-
nicious and unequal Alliance with the Thebans. I fhall begin
with
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? 286 ORATION OF -ffi S C H I N E S
with his Impiety towards the Gods. There is a Plain, Athe-
nians, named Cirrhaeum, and a Port at prefent called the un-
hallowed and accurfed. The Cyrrh^ans and Graugallids for-
merly inhabited this Country ; a barbarous, lawlefs Generation,
who profaned the Temple of Apollo, plundered the confecrated
Ornaments devoted to the God, and violated the Amphictyons,
the Guardians of his Temple. Your Anceftors, as is reported,
with exceeding Indignation, and afterwards the other Amphicly-
ons, refenting thefe Outrages, folemnly confulted the God, what
Vengeance they fhould inflid upon this impious People. The
Pythian Prieftefs anfwered, that they fhould wage War againft
the Cyrrhseans and Graugallidae both Day and Night ; that
when they had ravaged the Country, and enilaved its Inhabi-
tants, they fliould confecrate the Land to Pythian Apollo, Di-
ana, Latona, and Minerva, the Provident, to lie wafte for ever,
and neither cultivate themfelves that Tra6l of Country, nor fuffer
others. Receiving this Oracle the Amphidyons decreed (Solon,
the Athenian, an able Legiflator, nor meanly converfant in
Poetry and Philofophy, having declared his Opinion) that an
Army fliould be raifed againft thefe unhallowed Wretches, in
Obedience to the Oracle. Levying therefore a fufficient Force,
they fold the People to Slavery, blocked up their Ports, rafcd
their City, and confecrated their Lands, as the God had com-
manded. Bcfides they fwore a folemn Oath, neither themfelves
to cultivate this devoted Ground, nor permit any other, but
to aflifh the God, and maintain his Rights in the facred Land,
by
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was oppofed as contrary to Law. The Day of Trial came ;. .
Lycinus, who laid the Indidment, entered upon the Profe-
cution. Philocrates made his Defence ;. Demofthenes fupported
him, and Pliilocrates was acquitted. The following Year The-
miftocks is made Archon. I^hen enters the Senator Demoft-
henes into the Senate-Houfe, neither chofen by Lot in his owa
Riorht, nor appointed to fucceed upon a Vacancy either by
Death or Mifcondud: of any of the Senators, but getting a Seat
by Bribery and Intrigue, with an Intention upon all Occafions
both of fpeaking and adling in fupport of Philocrates ; as the
Event itfelf hath demonftrated. I For Philocrates violently
carried another Decree, in which he commanded, that ten'
AmbafTadors fliould be chofen, who fhall folicite Philip to fend'
his Plenepotentiaries hither to negotiate a Peace. One of thefe
was Demofthenes, who returning from Macedonia, pronounced
a Panegyric on the Peace, and made the very fame Reports,
as his Colleagues, of their Negotiations. Yet he alone of all
our Senators propofed a Decree, for concluding a Peace with
the Herald and AmbafTadors of Philip, in perfedl Conformity
with the Decrees of Philocrates. He gave Philip Leave to fend
Heralds and Ambafladors hither, and Demofthenes concludes
the Treaty. Give me now your earneft Attention to the Circum-
ftances, that followed. Very little Bufinefs was tranfaded by
Philip
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? AGAINST CTESIPHON. 267
Philip with the other Ambaffadors (whom Demofthenes upon
this Alteration of Affairs, in numberlefs Inftances calumniated]
but with Philocrates and Demofthencs. Nor without Reafon ;
fince they a6led together in their Embafly, and together formed
the following Decrees. The firft forbids you to wait for the
Return of the Ambafladors, whom you fent to engage the States
of Greece againfl Philip, and orders you without their Con-
currence to conclude a feparate Peace. The fecond net only
diredls you to confirm this Peace, but to enter into a League
offenfive and defenfive, with Philip, that if any of the Grecians
were well-intentioned to this Republic, they might fall into the
lafl; Defpair, when they perceived you encouraging them to
War, and at home confirming by your Decrees not Peace alone,
but even the ftri6teft Confederacy. The third commands, that
Cherfobleptes fhould be neither included within the Oath of
Treaty, nor interefted either in the Peace, or Alliance; yet
even at that Moment Philip had denounced Vengeance, and was
preparing an Expedition againfl him.
When Philip purchafed . their Decrees, he committed with
regard to you nothing unjuft, for before his Oaths and Ratifi-
cation of the Treaties, you had no right to refent his making
Ufe of his own Advantages. But they, who either have be-
trayed, or communicated the Strength of the Republic to
Philip, certainly deferve your heavieft Indignation. But he,
who now profefles himfelf an Enemy to Alexander, as formerly
M m 2 to
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? 268 ORATION OF . ^SCHINES
to Philip ; this Demofthenes, who reproaches me with being the
Gueft of Alexander, prefers a Decree, by which he deprives the
Commonwealth of the regular Seafons for her Deliberations,
and commands the Magiftrates to convene an AfTembly of the
People on the eighth of March, when the Feftival of ^fcula-
pius was to be folemnized, and the Games before it celebrated ;
a facred Day, upon which no Man ever remembered an In-
flance of convening an Aflembly. But what Excufe did he
make for this Matiner of adling ? " That the People" (fo lie
fpeaks in his Decree) " when Philip's Ambafladors arrived,
" might deliberate with the foonefl: upon their Embally to
*' him. " Thus anticipating the Refolutions of the AfTembly
before the Arrival of liis Ambafladors; preventing every favour-
able Conjundlure, that might poflibly happen, and violently
precipitating the whole Affair, that without the Confent of
other Grecian States, whenever your AmbafTadors returned, you
might conclude a feparate Peace. Immediately after thefe
Tranfadlions Philip's Ambafladors arrived, while yours were
ftill abroad forming a general Confederacy againft him. Here
Demoft-
(7) This PaJTage miift certainly be turn eft die fefto. Lambinus. De fa-
difficult, fince two of our old Tranfla- con que Ic Senat forma fon decret irelimi-
tors do not attempt the Word 'jTpoocyuv, vaire un jour de fefie. Tourreil.
and all the reft differ in the Manner of Antequampopulus id fcifceret, Foulkes
rendering it. To thofe mentioned by and Freind. The prefent Tranflation,
Wolfius let us add the Italian, e Ji pro- as in numberlefs other Inftances, follows
vavano i giuochi di Bacco ; and an old Doflor Taylor. He points the Text,
French TranQator, Du Vair, Et prcpo- k<<; -ir^oxyuv, Iv ttJ U^S. vji^s^^, Et
fcnt un affaire de confeqtience a un jour pr^ludia celehrarentur, in die, inquani,
de feflc. Atque de hac re, antequam fantlo, quo nemo unquam meminit cencio-
cum populo ageretur, ad fenatum rela- nem haheri.
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? AGAINST C T E S I P H O N. 269
Demofthenes violently carried another Decree, in which he di-
rects, that without waiting for the return of your Ambaffadors,
you (hould enter into a Confultation, not only upon concluding
a Peace, but even an Alliance offenfive and defenfive, immedi-
ately after the Feftival of Bacchus, celebrated in the City the
eigthteenth and nineteenth of March. That thefe Aflertion&
are true be convinced by hearing the Decrees themfelves.
The Decrees.
As foon therefore, Athenians, as the Feftival of Bacchus was
celebrated, two Aflemblies were convened. In the firfl: was
recited the general Refolution of our Confederates, the prin-
cipal Articles of which I fliall briefly repeat. Firft, they direc-
ted you to confine your Deliberations to the Peace alone, and
pafTed over the very Name of Alliance ; not becaufe they had
forgotten it, but becaufe they efteemed the Peace rather necef-
fary, than honourable. Then they wifely oppofed Demoilhenes,
with an Intention of finding a Remedy for his Corruption, and
inferted in their Refolution, *' Let it be permitted to whatever
" States of Greece fliall think proper within three Months to
^' have their Names infcribed upon the fame Column with that
" of the Athenians, and to enjoy all Advantages of Oaths and
"^ Treaties. " Thus they provided for two Points of utmoft
Importance: firfl, they gained three Months ; a Time, fufhcient
for affembling the Grecian Ambaffadors; and then conciliated
to the Republic the Affedions of Greece in this her general:
GouQ-
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? 27(C) . ORATION OF ^E S C H I N E S
Council, that if our Treaties with Philip fliould be violated by
him, Ave might neither enter into the War alone, or unprepared ;
both which Misfortunes are now fallen upon us by the Condud;
of Demoflhenes. That I affert only Trutli, you fliall hear and
be convinced by the very Decree.
Decree of the Confederates.
To this Decree I confefs, I gave my Afient, as did all your
Orators, who fpoke in the former Aflembly, and the People
departed, poffeiTed with an Opinion, that a Peace ought necef-
farily to be concluded ; that it were better not to debate upon
an Alliance, as our Ambaffadors were yet abroad forming a
Confederacy againft Philip, but that it fliould be ratified by
common Confent of all the Grecians. Night intervened, and
we were next Day fummoned to the Aflembly. There Demoft-
henes forceably taking Pofleflion of the Tribunal, and not per-
mitting any other to fpeak, declared, that all Refolutions of
the preceding Day were inflgniflcant and invalid, unlefs Philip's
Ambafladors confented ; nor could he conceive, that a Peace
could poflibly fubflfl; without an Alliance. For we ought not
(I remember the very Words he ufed, both from the DiflxDuance
of the Speaker and the Exprefllon itfelf] to tear afunder the
Peace from the Alliance, nor wait for the Tardinefs of the
Grecians, but either continue the War ourfelves, or conclude a
fcparate Peace. Then calling Antipater up to the Tribunal,
he afked him fome Queftions, having before informed him,
what
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? AGAINST CTESIPHON. 271
what he himfelf fliould afk, and inftruded him to return an
Anfwer moft prejudicial to the RcpubHc. Thus did this per-
nlciousMeafurc prevail. Demofthenes extorted your Confent by
very Violence of Words, and Philocrates confirmed it by De-
cree.
It yet remained to render Cherfobleptes, and all his Thracian
Dominions, tributary to Philip. This they executed the twenty
fifth of March before Demofthenes departed for his fecond Em-
bafiy appointed for the Requifition of Philip's Oath in Ratifi-
cation of the Peace. For tliis Enemy to Alexander ; this Enemy
to Philip ; this your favourite Orator twice went AmbafTador to
Macedonia ; though he never fhould have gone even once ; he,
who now advifes you to treat the Macedonians with the vileft
Contempt. Having taken his Seat in the Afiembly, held the
twenty-fifth, a Senator by meer Intrigue, in Collufion with
Philocrates he delivered up Cherfobleptes a Tributary to Philip.
For Philocrates had fecretly inferted this Claufe, befides many
others, in his Decree, for which Demofthenes had moved, that
all the Minifters of our Allies at that Time in Athens fliould
upon the fame Day give their Oaths of Ratification of die Peace
to Philip's AmbafTadors, when Cherfobleptes had not any Mi-
nifler Refident amono- us. When he therefore ordered all the
Minifters then prefent in the Council to take the Oaths, he ne-
ceflarily excluded Cherfobleptes, who had not any Refident at
Athens. That I fpeak Truth, read to me the Names of the
Perfons,,
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? 272 ORATION OF ^SCHINES
Pcrfons, who preferred the Decree, and the Prefident, who put
die Queflion.
The Decrfe. The President.
Excellent, O Athenians, excellent indeed, the Preferva-
tion of our public Ads ; for they remain unmoveable, nor ever
vary with thofe, who defert from Party to Party in their Poli-
tics, but give the People a Power, whenever they pleafe, of in-
fpeding into the Lives of thofe, who were formerly guilty of
the moft execrable Crimes, and yet upon any Alteration of Af-
fairs afTume the Charader of being valuable and upright Citi-
zens.
It now remains, that I mention fome Inftances of the fervile
Compliances of DemoPchenes with regard to Philip. Although
he had been a Senator a whole Year, he never invited any fo-
reign Ambafladors to the front Seats in the Theatre. This
was the firfl and only Inftance. He placed the Macedonian
Ambaffadors there^ laid their CufLions himfelf, fpread the
purple Carpets on their Seats, and at the iirft Appearance of
Day-Light, conduced them into the Theatre, in fuch a Man-
ner, as to be hified for his Turpitude and Adulation. (8) When
they departed for Thebes, he liberally hired fix Mules for them,
and marched before them in much Solemnity, making the Re-
public
(8) This Inftance of Adulation is well Cufhions to fit upon in the Theatie.
explained by a Pafiage in Theophraflus, But the Flatterer can defcend to the Vile-
quoted by Tourreil. A Slave was ap- nefs of fnatching one for his Patron, and
ointed to give People of Diftindion placing it himfelf on his Scat.
. 8
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? AGAINST CTESIPHON. 273
public itfelf perfedly ridiculous. But that I may confine
myfelf to my Subjed:, give me the Decree of Precedence granted
to the Macedonians.
The Decree.
However, this Flatterer of Philip; this Flatterer of iuch
enormous Magnitude, having firfl: heard the Death of that Mo-
narch from the Spies of Charidemus, pretended that a Dreaip,
was fent him from the Gods, and villainoufly declared, he heard
the FaS:, not from Charidemus, but from Jupiter and Minerva.
Thofe Deities, whom he affronts with his Perjuries by Day, he
protefts, converfe with him by Night, and foretell him the
great Events of Futurity. Then, feven Days after the Death
of his Daughter, before he had mourned for her; before he
had performed the cuftomary Ceremonies of Sepulture, crowned
with Flowers, and clothed in white, he facrijiced an Ox, and
impioufly violates the Rites, by Nature due to that Cliild,
whom the miferable Wretch had loft ; his only Child, the firft,
that ever called him Father. Nor do I mean to infult hira
with this great Calamity, but inquire into the Manners and
Genius of the Man. For the Father, who does not love his
Children, can never prove a good Minifter to the Republic.
Whoever does not cherifh with paternal Tendcrncfs thefe deareft,
thefe domeftic Charities, will never be more anxious for your
Wellfare, than that of Strangers ; whoever is in private Life
difhoneft, will never become virtuous in public ; whoever is a
Vol. II. N n worthlefs
\.
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? 274 ORATION OF . ESCHINES
wortlilefs Citizen in Athens, will never become an honourable
and faithful Ambaflador in Macedonia. ' He hath not changed
his GeniuSj but only altered his Situation.
From whence he hath maintained fo various a Charader in
various Conjun(5lures (for this the fecond Period of his Admi-
niftration) or what Caufe can be afllgned, why Philocrates, en-
gaged in the fame political Meafures with Demofthenes, was
driven into Banifliment for Crimes againft the State, while De-
mofthenes continues a public Accufer ;| and by what Means this
execrable Wretch hath plunged us into thefe our prefent Cala-
mities, are Circumftances more efpecially worthy of your
Attention.
As foon therefore as Philip had marched into the Streights
of Thermopylae ; unexpe6ledly deftroyed the Cities of the Pho-
CDcans, and rendered the Thebans, as you then judged, more
powerful, than the Conjundlure itfelf, and your Interefts would
allow ; when, terribly alarmed, you carried your Effedls out
of the open Country into the City ; the fevereft Accufations
were formed againft the Ambaffadors, who negotiated the
Peace, but beyond all others againft Philocrates and Demoft-
henes, who had not only ratified the Peace during their Em-
bafly, but preferred the Decree, by which it was concluded^
It happened at the fame Time, that Demofthenes and Philocra-
tes quarrelled for almoft the very Reafons you yourfelves fuf-
pc. 'ded.
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? AGAINST CTESIPHON. 275
pedted. (9) But amidft the general Conftcrnation, occafioncd
by Philip's marching into Phocis, Demofthenes began to form
his future Defigns according to the innate Diftemperature of
his Difpofition, his Timidity, and the Jealoufy he entertained ot
Philocrates with regard to their Divifion of the Treafures arifmg
from their mutual Corruption. He then imagined, if he fhould
appear an open Accufer both of his Colleagues in his EmbalTv,
and of Philip, that Philocrates would undoubtedly be ruined,
the other AmbafTadors brought intoextreme Danger, and hehim-
felf greatly honoured ; and while he was indeed a perfidious
Betrayer of his Friends, be efteemed faithful to the Interefts of
the People. The Enemies of our Tranquility obferving his
Condu6l, with Pleafure invited him to the Tribunal, calling
him the only uncorrupt Minifter in the Commonwealth. He
advanced, and then laid the Foundation of War and Confu-
fion. This was the Man, Athenians, who firfl: difcovered the
Serrian Fortifications, Dorifcus, Ergifca, Murgifca, Gano? ,
and Ganides ; Places, whofe very Names we never knew before ;
and fo totally did he pervert every thing, that if Philip had
rcfufed to fend Ambafladors, he then would have afierted, that
he treated the Republic with Contempt ; if he did fend them,
he then fent Spies, not Ambafilidors. Philip was willing to
fubmit the Decifion of our mutual Complaints to the Mediation
of fome equal, impartial State. Demofthenes affirmed, there
N n 2 never
(9) Becaufe Philocrates had cheated he had received from Philip for their
Demofthenes cf his Share of the Money common Perfidy. Brod/Eus.
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? 276 ORATION OF uESCHINE-S
never could be found an impartial Arbiter between us, and
him. Philip yielded Halonefus : Demofthenes forbad you to
receive it, unlcfs when he ceded the PoflefTion, he likewife
RECEDED from all pall or future Rights to it. Thus was he
merely cavilling for Syllables. (10) Laftly, by crowning thofe,
who joined with Ariftodemus in his Invafion of Theflaly and
Magnefia contrary to the Faith of Treaties, he openly violated
the Peace, and brought on us Calamity and War.
However, with brazen and adamantine Walls, as he hkn-
felf expreffed it, he fortified our Dominions by his AlHance with
the Euboeans and Thebans. Yet, even in this Alliance you
were injured in three important Inftances, of which you are
ftill perfectly ignorant. Impatient as I am to explain this moft.
important Confederacy with the Thebans, yet that I may pro-
ceed more regularly, I fball firft mention that with the Euboe-
ans. For, Athenians, many are the Wrongs and great, that
you have received both from Mnefarchus,. the Father of Callias
and Tauroilhenes (whom this Demofthenes, for a fordid Bribe,. .
bad the Boldnefs to enroll among the Citizens of Athens) and.
in
f ; c"; A Sentiment of great Dignity is Words in the Treaty, as mufl: neceflarily
lieie criven up t(j l^aughter for the Words, aflert their own Rights to the Idand, and
ill w. hi. h ir I; exprcfied.
Philip was will- oblige Philip to acknowledge an unjuft
):ig to yield the IQand of Halonefus to Poflcffion. The Words, perhaps, may
tiie Athenians, but i. n Terms, that ex- be liable to Ridicule, but the Sentiment
jireffed his giving, and confcquently their is truly noble, and worthy of a great
receiving ir as an Obligation. They Minifter, more jealous of the Honour
would giaily have recovered it, but De- of his Country, than anxious to extend
mollhenes advifus them to infift iipoi> fuch her Dominions.
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? AGAINST CTESIPHON. 277
in another Inftance, from Themifon, the Euboean, who violently
ravifhed Oropus from you, even in Time of profound Peace.
Yet voluntarily forgetting thcfe Injuries, when the Thebans
made a Defcent upon Eubcea, determined to enflave its States,
you generoufly fent them, in five Days Time, fuch powerful
Succours both of Ships and Men, as compelled the Thebans,
before thirty Days were paffed, to return home under Articles
of Truce and Compofi. tion. When you became Mafters of the
Ifland, you honourably and juftly reflored to the Eubceans their
Cities and their Liberties, which they had committed in Truft
-to your Integrity, not efteeming it equitable to remember your
Anger at the Moment when they gave you fuch Proofs of their
Confidence. Yet the Chalcideans, who received thefe important
Obligations, did not repay them with equal Gratitude. When you
made a Defcent upon Euboea to fuccour Plutarch, at firft in-
deed they pretended to be your Friends, but inflantly, when we
had marched as far as Tamyna? , and traverfed the Mountain Coty-
Iseus, then Callias, this Chalcidean, upon whom Demofthenes,
for his Bribe, pronounced an abfolute Panegyric, feeing the
Forces of the Republic inclofed in certain difadvantageous De-
files, from whence, except by Vidory, there was no poffible
Retreat, nor even any Hope of Succours citlier by Land or Sea,
levied Troops through all Euboea j fent to Philip for Re-
inforcements, joined his Brother Tauroflhenes, who nowcourte-
oufly gives his Hand to every Citizen of Athens, and fmiles
upon them moft gracioufly ; tranfported from Phocis the Mer-
-- cenaries
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? 278 ORATION OF ^SCHINES
cenaiies he had le\-ied there, and then marched furiouily againft
lis, as if determined totally to deftroy. ' Had not fome Deity
preferved your Army ; had not yonr Soldiers, both Infantry and
Cavalry, been Men of approved Valour ; had they not formed
in the Hippodrome of Tamyns, where they gained a complete
Vidory, after which they permitted your Enemies to march
away, though under fucli Terms of SubmifTion, as they were
pleafed to impofe, your Republic had been much in Danger
of fuffering whatever is moft ignominious. For a Misfortune
in War is not the greateft Evil ; but when we have engaged
with Enemies, unworthy of us, if we then are conquered, the
Calamity, with Reafbn, is doubled upon us. Yet however
injured ; however ungratefully treated, you again entered into-
Terms of Amity with them.
Callias having obtained your Pardon, in a very little Time
impetuouily returned to his natural Genius. For while he pre-
tended to convene to a general Council of the Euboeans at Chal-
cis, in Fa6t he fortified Euboea againft you, and attempted to
fcize the fovereign Power of the whole Illand. Then hoping,
that Philip would affift him in his Defigns, he went into Ma-
cedonia ; waited upon the very Footfteps of that Monarch, and
was numbered among his Favourites. Having offended Philip,
he fled from Macedon, and entered into the Service of the The-
bans. Abandoning them alfo, and more irregular in his Mo-
tions, than the Euripus, upon the Banks of vi^hich he dwells,
he
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? ,/
AGAINST CTESIPHON. 279
he precipitates himfelf into a Quarrel at once with the The-
bans, and with PhiHp. Uncertain how to difpofe of himfelf,
an Army being now adually levied againft him, he perceived
his only remaining Hope of Safety confifted in engaging the
Athenian People in a folemn Treaty, that they might afTift him,
under the Name of a Confederate, if any other Power fhould
invade him, as would apparently happen, unlefs you prevented
it. Revolving this Project in his Mind, he fends hither his
Ambaffadors, Glaucetes, Empedones, Diodorus, fo honourably
diftinguifhed for his Svviftncfs in our public Races, with many
fallacious Hopes to the People, but with Money to Demoft-
henes and his Fadlion. Thus Callias purchafed at once three
great Advantages ; firft, that he fhould be for ever protected by
your Alliance. '? There was indeed no Medium in his Fortune.
If the People of Athens, recolledling his former Perfidy, had
refufed to receive him into their Alliance, it only remained for
him to fly from Chalcis, or to be taken and die a Prifoner ;.
fuch powerful Forces were forming againft him, both by Philip
and the Thebans. Secondly, very confiderable Rewards were
brought for him, who decreed the Confederacy with this ad-
ditional Article, that the Chalcideans fhould not be obliged to^
attend the Congrefs at Athens. Thirdly, that they fhould not
pay Subfidies. Nor was CalHas difappointed in any of the
Schemes he propofed. For this Tyrant-Hater Demofthenes, as^
he boafts himfelf, whom Ctefiphon affirms to have always been
your beft and wifeft Advifer, abfolutely fold tlie raofl favourable
Con-
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? 28o ORATION OF ^SCHINES
Conjundures of the Republic, and inferted in the Treaty, that
we ftiould afllft the Chalcideans ; although he a little altered
the Expreflion, and for the fake of Appearances, added to his
Decree, that the Chalcideans iliould fuccour the Athenians, if
ever they were invaded, (ii) Their Attendance at the Con-
arefs, and their Payment of Subfidies, by which a future War
could alone be maintained, he pofitively fold, clothing with
fairefl Words the moft difhonourable Deeds, and impelling you
by very Violence of Words (12) to believe it was the Duty of
this Republic, firft effedually to fuccour whatever Grecians im-
plored her Aid, and afterwards to found your Alliances upon the
Benefits, you had conferred. (13) That you may be perfedly
convinced I fpeak Truth, take the Decree pafled in Favour of
Callias, (14) and the Treaty of Alliance. Read the Decree.
The
(11) Demofthenes in Effeft engaged force de fon eloquence cette maxime fpec'eufe.
the Athenians to fuccour the People of (13) y. eTx rdg Ivi^yea-ix? will bear
Chalcis, if they were invaded, when he a very different Conftrudlion, afler Be-
ftipulated, that Chalcis fliould affift the Jtefits, either granted or received, and
Athenians, if they were attacked, fince the TranQators are accordingly divided,
all Engagements of Succours were mu- Tfiere feems however more Generofity
tual. The Terms of the Treaty ex- of Sentiment, confequently fomewhat
prefTed only the Chalcidean Succours ; more pleafing to the Spirit of the Athe-
the Meanino- and Implication neceflarily nians, to form their Alliances with thofe,
fuppofed thofe of the Athenians. whom they had obliged, than from whom
(12) Impelling you. -rr^txTZi^ii^uv i>>a? . they had received Obligations.
Stephans quotes the PalTage 7rfoe;e<<^wi', (H) Take the Decree. t^\ K<<X-
yet adds, ubi -jr^oc^^^u^c^v hgitur. Lam- x/k y^oc(piiv. Eambinus, Foulkes, and
binus probably read '7rao(r^ix(o:v, for he Frcind, furely witliout any hiftorical Au-
tranflates, pene dicam vim afferens ad ere. ^^ority, tranflate Gallic accujationm ;
dendum. The Italian Tranflator, t? con To"Teil h djeche de^Callms. ^\Volfi-
parole imbarcandovi a farvi credere; the "^' ''^'r ' r^'u- ' ' '
French, incu^uer danir, ? '. par la ^'^^'^"^ ^^P""^ ^'^'''-
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? AGAINST CTESIPHON. 281
The Decree.
Yet flill it docs not appear a very enormous Crime to fell the
favourable Conjundlures of the Republic, the Difpenfations of
attending the Congrefs here, and the Subfidies for fupporting
a War, but certainly moft enormous is the Crime, that I am
going to mention. To fuch Excefs of Infolence and Avarice
did Callias proceed ; to fuch Excefs of Corruption thisDemoft-
henes, He, whom Ctefiphon thus extravagantly applauds, that
they pilfered the Subfidies from Oreum, and thofe from Eretria,
amounting to ten Talents, while you looked on ; while you
were confcious of their Villainy, and beheld it with your Eyes.
Befides, they removed from Athens the general Congrefs of the
Grecian Deputies, whom they fent to Chalcis, and what they
called the Euboean Council. But in what Manner, and by
what iniquitous Artifices they executed this Projed:, is well
worthy of your Attention. Callias no longer negotiates with
you by his Ambaffadors, but comes in Perfon, and advancing
into your Afiembly repeated a long Oration, which Demoft-
henes had laborioufly compofed. He told us he came from
Peloponnefjs, where he had lately formed a Plan for a general
Contribution amounting to an hundred Talents, to carry oij
tlie War againrt Philip. He calculated the Sum? , that each
Nation was to contribute ; the Achaans and Megara^aiis, fixty
Talents ; the Cities of Euba? a, iorty ; a Fund iuffiqieut to
maintain a Fleet and /\rmy. He then aiVurc-d us. , tjiat fevcral
Vol. II. O o otJier
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? 282 ORATION OF iESCHINES
other States would chear fully contribute their Proportion ; that
there could not polTibly be any Want either of Money, or Men;
that all thcfe Particulars were perfeOly clear, and that he had
negotiated, by Methods not to be mentioned, fome other fecret
Articles, which certain of your own Citizens would atteft. At the
Conclufion of his Speech he called upon Demoflhenes by Name,
and defired him, as a Matter of Juftice, to declare his Affcnt.
He came forward with very complete Solemnity ; praifed Callias
beyond all Bounds, and even pretended to know the fecret, un-
mentioned Article. He then profefled, he was ready to make
Report of his Embafiy both to Peloponnefus, and Acarnania.
This however was the Sum of his Difcourfe, that he himfelf
had regulated the Contributions of all the Peloponnefians, and
Acarnanians for maintaining a War againfl: Philip ; that the
Amount of thefe Funds would be fufficient for the complete
Equipment of an hundred light Gallies, ten thoufand Foot, and
a thoufand Horfe; that to thefe would be added Forces from dif-
ferent States ; from Peloponnefus above two thoufand heavy-
armed Foot ; as many from Acarnania ; that the Command of
the Army would be conferred upon you by all the Confederates ;
and that the whole Scheme would be very foon carried into Ex-
ecution, even precifely on the fixteenth of February ; for it had
been notified by him, and publiflied in every City, that Depu-
ties from all the Confederates fhould aflemble at the full Moont
in Athens. For Demofthenes hath one peculiar and uncom-
mon Faculty. Other vain-glorious Impoftors, when they utter a
I Falfe-
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? AGAINST CTESIPHON. 283
a Falfehood, endeavour to fpeak in undeternnned and dark
Expreffionsj fearful of being detedted ; but when he difplays his
Impoflurcs, he impioufly fwears to his Lies, and imprecates
utter Perdition to himfelf, if he fwears falfely ; then boldly pro-
nounces, what he well knows, will never come to pals ; calcu-
lates even the Moment when it fhall happen, and mentions
the Names of People, whofe Perfons he never faw, to impofc
upon his Audience, and imitate the Man of Veracity. Thus is
he doubly deteftable, that belides being himfelf a Villain, he
corrupts and deftroys thofe Criterions, which alone diftinguifli
an honefl Man.
Ending his Oration, he gives the Secretary a Decree to read,
longer, in very Truth, than Homer's Iliad ; more trivial than
the Speeches he generally makes ; more futile, than the Life he
lives ; fraught with Hopes, never to be fulfilled, and Armies
never to be raifed. Leading you therefore far away from all
Sufpicion of his intended Villainy, and holding you high in
Sufpence by pure Hopes, he collects his whole Force, and pre-
fers a Decree, empowering Ambafli\dors to be chofen, to im-
jilore the Eretrians (for it was abfolutely necefiary, fo it feemS',
to implore them) no longer to pay their five Talents of Con-
tribution to you, but to Callias, and another Embally to the
Oritans, to folicite an Alliance with the Athenians, acknow-
ledging the fame Friends, the flimc Enemies. From hence he
manifeftly appears to have inferred all thefe Particulars in his
O o 2 Decree,
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? 284 ORATION OF ^SCHINES
'Decree, (15) with a View to his intended Fraud; fince he di-
reds our Ambailadors to intreat the Oritans to pay their five
Talents, not to you, but to Callias. To evince the Truth of
thefe Affertions, leaving the Pomp of his Expreflion, and his
Gallies, and his Arrogance out of the Decree, read it, and in-
fift only upon the Fraud, which this impure and unholy Wretch
hath committed ; whom Ctefiphon however affirms, and even
in this very Decree, to have conftantly perfevered in all his
Words, in all his Adions, to promote the Welfare and Honour
of the Athenian People.
The Decree.
Gallies therefore, and Armies, and the full Moon, and Depu-
ties for a general Council, you have indeed heard in Words,
but the Contributions of your Allies, their ten Talents, in very
Fa6l you have loft.
It now remains to prove, that Demofthenes received a Bribe
of three Talents, for enrolling this Decree ; one from Chalcis ;
another from Eretria, and a third from Oreum, by which he was
difcovered ; for the Government of the Oritans was at that Time
demo-
(15) Wolfiiis gives us the different ^AvxipccivsTat ygci^uq is an Expreflion
Conftruftions of this Paflage by the not\in\\k. tly. uvo^ oivu(pi*ivtTUL'i^iv^oiJi. ivog,
Trandators before his Time, and feems manifeftus eft niendacii. Tlautus ufes,
himfelf to think the Text corrupted, manifeftum tenere mendacii. Ev tu
Nor among our modern Trandators have ^^^^^ is a Manufcript Reading,
any two agreed in the iame Meaning or j^^. ^ ^-^^. ^^ ^^^ ^. ^ ^^^^^^? ^,^. ^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^
any one of them acknowledged the Dif- ^^,^^^. ^ ^ ^^^^^^ j-^? /^^,. ^,,y? ,
ficulty. The preient Trandation there- y)v Vair.
fore has no Authority to fupport it.
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? AGAINST CTESIPHON. 285
democratical, and all their public Adls regulated by popular
Decrees. Exhaufted by their War with Philip, and abfolutely
reduced to Indigence, they fend Gnofidemus, Son of Charige-
nes, who had been Sovereign of Oreum, befeeching Demofthenes
to remit the Talent to their Republic, and promifing to eredl a
Statue of Brafs to him in their Capital. He anfwered, that he
wanted not a worthlefs Parcel of Brafs, and would make Callias
oblige them to pay the Talent. Compelled therefore, and yet
unable to pay, they mortgaged to him, as a Security, their
public Revenues, and paid him, as Intereft for his Bribe, a
Drachma every Month for each Mina, untill they difcharged
the Principal. The whole Procefs was tranfaded by Decree of
the Oritans, to which I appeal.
The Decree.
This Decree, Athenians, is indeed a Reproach to your Republic,
yet no mean Proof of Dcmofthenes his Adminiftration, and a
manifeft Conviction of Ctefiphon. For whoever can be thus
fordidly corrupt, it is impofllble he can ever become an honeft
Man, which Ctefiphon however hath impudently dared to
infert in his Decree.
Here the third Period comes regularly before us, of all others
the moft unfortunate, in which Dcmofthenes abfolutely ruined
the Affairs of Greece and of this Commonwealth, when he fa-
crilegioufly violated the Temple of Delphos, and decreed a per-
nicious and unequal Alliance with the Thebans. I fhall begin
with
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? 286 ORATION OF -ffi S C H I N E S
with his Impiety towards the Gods. There is a Plain, Athe-
nians, named Cirrhaeum, and a Port at prefent called the un-
hallowed and accurfed. The Cyrrh^ans and Graugallids for-
merly inhabited this Country ; a barbarous, lawlefs Generation,
who profaned the Temple of Apollo, plundered the confecrated
Ornaments devoted to the God, and violated the Amphictyons,
the Guardians of his Temple. Your Anceftors, as is reported,
with exceeding Indignation, and afterwards the other Amphicly-
ons, refenting thefe Outrages, folemnly confulted the God, what
Vengeance they fhould inflid upon this impious People. The
Pythian Prieftefs anfwered, that they fhould wage War againft
the Cyrrhseans and Graugallidae both Day and Night ; that
when they had ravaged the Country, and enilaved its Inhabi-
tants, they fliould confecrate the Land to Pythian Apollo, Di-
ana, Latona, and Minerva, the Provident, to lie wafte for ever,
and neither cultivate themfelves that Tra6l of Country, nor fuffer
others. Receiving this Oracle the Amphidyons decreed (Solon,
the Athenian, an able Legiflator, nor meanly converfant in
Poetry and Philofophy, having declared his Opinion) that an
Army fliould be raifed againft thefe unhallowed Wretches, in
Obedience to the Oracle. Levying therefore a fufficient Force,
they fold the People to Slavery, blocked up their Ports, rafcd
their City, and confecrated their Lands, as the God had com-
manded. Bcfides they fwore a folemn Oath, neither themfelves
to cultivate this devoted Ground, nor permit any other, but
to aflifh the God, and maintain his Rights in the facred Land,
by
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 04:58 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t9x06c69h Public Domain / http://www.
