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profio'w, 'turn to ' ; Lys. 31 ? 6 1rape? v7'es 1'6 13: thews d'yafiou
e? rri To e? awinl [5:01; Ke? pdos e? 'hfioiev.
264. gKarr'ror. oi anaT'rn/ol, 8 ? 24.
? 29 l. 265. duofihe? drq're: 3 ? 1, Aeschin. 3 ? 168 8. 11 . .
1rpos 13711 edgtamiav 0. 151017 16W M'ywv drolBhe? r-rl-re.
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? II ? 29 SECOND OLYNTHIAO 181
267. 86v"; Myov, 'having granted a hearing,' ? 31 ;
20 ? 167, 24 ? 65. Elsewhere, of 'rendering an account. '
was c'wdyxas, 'difiiculties,' pl. in 4 ? ? 24, 25. rain-as;
ref. to l. 260 #117915; 5' oi'nc Ea'nv.
268. wepteo-n, 'the result is. ' e? pfgew Kat Sieo're? vm:
cp. 4 ? 3 1. 27.
270. 1r 61'spov . . Kurd. cruppopfias elvedae? pere, 'formerly
you had oards for taxes' (K. ), 'you used to pay the extra-
ordinary war-tax by companies. ' Demosthenes is comparing
the organisation of the two parties in the Assembly with the
organisation for the payment of the war-tax. At the head of
each party was an orator, and, subordinate to him, a general,
whose acts were defended by the orator in the Assembly. The
orator and the general are compared to the fiyspo'w and
e? 'rrtpekq'rfis, or 'chairman' and 'superintendent' respectively,
of each of the numerous groups of citizens which formed what
was known as a eupnopla for the purposes of the war-tax. The
Assembly as a whole is regarded as divided into two vast
auaaoplaz. Attached to the orator and general, and roughly
corresponding to the 300 wealthiest citizens in the arrange-
ments for the war-tax, was a bod of partisans who applauded
the speeches of the leaders of t eir party. The rest of the
citizens were attached to the one set or the other, like the
ordinary members of the Symmories, without voice or influence
in the direction of affairs (cp. Heslop). wpdrepov does not
imply that this organisation of the war-tax had been abolished,
but only that the state had for some time past given up levying
a tax which weighed heavily on a majority of the citizens.
By an arrangement dating from the archonship of Nausiniclls (378-7 3. 0. )
the citizens, who were all bound to pay the war-tax, were divided into a
number of napopl'at, or boards, each representing an approximately equal
part of the entire wealth of the state. The distribution of the citizens
into a-vppoplat was managed by the or 0. 117an (89 ? 8). The war-tax was
levied on a graduated scale, which was iighest for the wealthiest citizens,
who were placed in the first class, and was lower in proportion for the
three other classes. The 300 wealthiest citizens formed the first of the
four classes (Isaeus 6 ? 60). These assessment-classes correspond to the
four rim of the Solonian constitution, and must not be confounded with
the avppopial or boards formed for organising the payment of the war-tax.
In the case of the war-tax the number of the wppopiai, and the number
of citizens in each, is unknown.
When a war-tax was decreed by the Ecclesia, the amount required was
first apportioned among the various Symmories. Each Symmory then
drew up a list, in which the payments demanded ofleach member of the
Symmory were calculated according to the assessment of that person's
property (Harpocr. s. v. Sie? ypaapa). The war-tax was collected in ac-
cordance with these lists, and, for some time after the archonship of
Nausinieus (378-7 3. 0. ), this was done directly by the state (22 ? 54,
24 ? 166, Lys. 29 ? 9). In 362-1 13. 0. we find the earliest mention of a plan
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? 182 SECOND 0L YNTHIAC' II ? 29
for facilitating the collection of the tax. In that year the Council are
described as drawing up a list of citizens who are required to pay the tax
in advance for the members of the same deme ([50] ? 8). This plan was,
however, soon abandoned in favour of one by which the tax was paid in
advance by the 300 wealthiest citizens ([42] ? 25), who afterwards recovered
the sums due from the poorer members ([50] ? 9).
In 357--6, b the decree of Periander, the system of Symmories was
further applie to the trierarchy ([47] ? ? '21, 44). The 1200 wealthiest
citizens in the Synnnories for the war-tax were then divided into 20
Symmories of 60 members each for the purposes of the trierarch y (14 ? 17,
21 ? 155). Each Symmory represented an approximately equal part of the
total assessed wealth of the 1200; and the 300 wealthiest citizens were
distributed equally among the 20 Symmories, 15 in each (Dinarchus 1 ? 42,
Hyper. ap. Harpocr. s. v. a'unnopia). In the Symmories for the trierarchy,
as in those for the war-tax, the wealthiest member of each Symmory was
called the fiqu'w (18 ? ? 102, 812). Corresponding to the 20 1', spam,
but subordinate to them, were the 20 e'mpehrrai ([47] ? ? 21, 22, 24), who
aided the arpa-myoi in apportioning the duties of the trierarchy among the
members of the Symmories. As it was the wealthiest members in each
Symmory who made all the arrangements and apportioned the services
required of each individual, these wealthy individuals soon began to
arrange the burdens in such a way that they themselves escaped payment
as far as possible (18 ? ? 102 f, 21 ? 155). To remove this abuse Demosthenes,
who had proposed a scheme of reform as early as 354 B. C. (14 ? ? 16 f), carried
a law in 340-39 which, while leaving the Symmories intact, ensured that
the trierarchic burdens imposed on every individual should be in strict
accordance with his assessment. The equipment of two ships was now
fixed as the maximum duty that could be demanded of any one. Any one
whose resources were not equal to equipping even a single ship had to
share the duty with others in proportion to his own wealth (Gilbert pp.
368~74 Engl. ed. ) Cp. Bocckh P'ubl. Econ. bk. iv 0. 9 p. 678 Lamb, Sauppe
Ep. ad Hermannum pp. 129-31 (=Ausgcw. Schm'ften pp. 165 f), ASchaefer ii
1862 n. ; also Whibley in Companion to Greek Studies ? 434.
273. pfi'rwp . . o'rpa'r'qye? s: Acschin. 3 ? 7 (the generals)
o'vu'q'yopoiivre? s TLO'L 'rc'iw finrropwv hvoalvovraz 'r'hv 1rohvreiav, Plut.
dc amorcfratcrno 486 D o'vvep'yoz'iaw dhhfihocs odhhov, Lbs Armo-
dde? vns Kal Xoipns, Kai wdhw Alexiv'ns' <Kai @wxlwv>, Kai Eileovhos
<KalAL01r61617s>, Kai 'T1repel517s Kai Aewofie? uns, at #61, he? 'yov-res
6'11 1'4; 511mg Kai 7pd? ovres, 01'. 5% o'rpa'rn'yoiivres Kat 1rpd'r'rovres,
Phocian 7, and Comp. Dem. ct C'ic. 3. (The generals Diopeithes
and Chares and the politician Aristophon are named in 8 ? 30 ;
the politicians Callistratus, Aristophon and Diophantus in
18 ? 297 ; Diophantus and Eubulus in 20 ? 137 ; while Eubulus
and Aristophon are opposed to one another in 20 ? 137. )
Isocr. do Pace ? 54, Thirlwall v 243.
274. 8011 ae? pevor. ' utadiectivum inter articuhun et suiun substantivum
positum est, ut una notio comprehendatur' (Voemel ed. 1857). (oi)
TpLaK60LOL=oi whova'w'rra-rot in 18 ? 171, =oi 1rpoew? e? owe; in [42] ? 25;
also mentioned in Aeschin. 3 ? 222, Dinarchus 1 ? 4 , and Hyper. ap.
Harpocr. s. v. avnnopia.
In the text the article, which is inserted in only
two or three inferior mss, is preferred by Halm (Bemc'rkungcn 696); if
inserted, it must be preceded by a pause (to prevent hiatus). Voemel
appears to regard the 300 as acting as a united body on one side only. In
[13] ? 20 'rpuucdo'wt is omitted, but the sense is rightly given by the
substitution of ":0' e? xwre? pwv. The comparison is very imperfect, but it
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? II ? ? 29-31 SECOND OLYNTHIAU 183
seems clear that noisy partisans on both sides are roughly compared to the
300 simply because the former are the first to shout, and the latter the
first to pay.
275. wpoweve? pqo'Oe, 'attach yourselves. ' lbs 'roi'i-rous :
15 ? 26 1r6hw flue-re? pau roTe? 01%;]. an 01700. 1! dz: ai'rrm'ls o'vvrchfi
roieiv (Rehdantz Index 2 dis).
? 30 l. 276. e? 'lravfi'ffl-s: 18 ? 177 (? 17p. l defy) 16v 1rap6v1"
e? raveiuai ? 6j30v, the only other passage in Demosthenes.
{upe? iv mi-re? 'w . . yevop-ivous, 'having become your own
masters,' 4 ? 7; PTOOZNL. 49 ? 2 'ra00' 61ml 1ro-re? flouh'qo'O' i'zmiw
uni-rd>>! dv'res dKozfiew.
277. KOW6V, 'open to all'; Thuc. ii. 39, 1, Plato Menu
91 B.
279. rats p-e? v : the in)pr and (TTPGJ'ITYe? S as party-leaders.
280. {quiw depends on 'rupnvvi/Bos, 18 ? 66 rvpawlBa niv
'EMT'vav. mni'r-rew : appropriate to a ' tyranny,' under
which miw' e? E e? rird'yua'ros . . 'yl'yvc'rac (19 ? 185).
drroSe? o-e-rs: quasi debit'um iis permittctis (Sauppe) ; cp. 1 ? 19.
rats 8(6) : especially the middle classes, who had to bear
the burden of the trierarchy. dwayxdgwflau disputes as
to the triersrchy and the war-tax were settled by the court of
the a'rpa'r'q'yol (cp. Aristot. Const. of Athens 61 ? 1); their
power might be abused, Aristoph. Eq. 1369, Fax 1179, Lys.
01'. 9 and 25 ? 16 (Heslop).
281. rpmpapxciv, ' to equip a trireme. ' This duty admitted
of very few cases of exemption. In 357--6 no. the system of
O'UMMOPlGL had been extended (with some modifications) to the
trierarchy. For details see note on line 270. clu'ete? pew,
'to pay the war-tax ' (Gilbert Gk. Genet. Ant. pp. 364 f).
'rois Se? : the general body of citizens who have only the power
of voting against those just mentioned.
284. rb-pe? pos: the particular body of citizens which is
unfairly burdened, ' the class aggrieved for the time being. '
285. AMQ/et, 'will fail,' ' will be in default. '
286. 63"": ironical. The difficulties described in the
text led to the speaker's own reform of the trierarchy in 340 13. 0.
See 18 ? 102~, especially 108 e? v re? vna'w 1'1 1pmpapxla- 1ro)\)\d.
51'1 'rd. dour/am a'vve? flaweu. See end of note on 1. 270.
? 31 l. 286. he? ym=KeXeuut Sfi: as in mm 61'; (? 27).
K? ? dhmov (18 ? 213)=? v Ke? ahalip (8 ? 76), e? vi. 6Q
K? ? dhtll<p (20 ? 78). 1rdv'ro. s eta-Mpzw xrh. : Demosthenes
urges that, instead of allowing the war-tax to press heavily on
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? 184 SECOND 0L YNTHIAC' II ? 31
the rich under the graduated system of taxation then in force,
they should levy the tax equitably on all the citizens alike
(Weil). Queritur Athcnz'cnscs eia? opdv sibi omnibus irrogare
nolle, emde? am at Ayroup'ylas ab op-ulcntis flagz'tari, a plerisquc
m'hil cmzfm'ri (Sauppe).
It has also been suggested that possibly, as in the trierarchic mm 0 {at
(18 ? 102), abuses may have crept in, and the rich may have shirkedltiieir
duties at the cost of the middle classes (EMiiller; cp. Boeckh Publ. Econ.
bk. iv e. 9 end). ASchaefer (ii 137") sees in the text a proposal for a
reform of the war-tax, similar to the speaker's later reform of the
trierarchy, and holds that Demosthenes must have drawn up a definite
and complete scheme for that purpose. It is not necessary, owever, to
regard the text as implying anything more than a simple exhortation to
all classes to do their duty honestly under the existing system of taxation
(Hartel Dem. Antriige p. 535).
288. ifioe? vai. Kurd. pe? pos: apparently on the short-service
system proposed in 4 ? 21 ? 1: dzadoxfis dMfiAors.
289. 'ro'is wapwio'u [13] ? 14; e? 1rl 16 13550;, Aeschin.
3 ? ? 145, 159. See note on 1 ? 8 1. 64.
290. 6 Seiv' fi 6 8eiv(a): the orators who were the leaders of
their respective parties. As noted by the schol. , the reference
is mainly to Eubulus (1rpbs Toy Etlflovkov dworelverat 10v rohi'reub-
psi/0v), the leader of the party then in power. In the delibera-
tive speeches Demosthenes never names his opponents; to do
so would have doubtless been considered 'unparliamentary. '
The orator's plea for 'giving every speaker a hearing' clearly
shows that, for the present, he had not attained a position of
commanding influence; in fact, that he was only gradually
securing a hearing.
293. rciv saw wpaypd-ruv, ' the public interests ' or 'the
state as a whole. ' Be? knov . . Ex6v-raw: here, as else-
where (see note at end of 01'. 4), the last words are words of
good omen.
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? NOTES ON THE
THIRD OLYNTHIAC (OR. III)
? 1 l. 1. obxl. Irua'a'rd--Se? ov: the opening words find a parallel in
Prooem.