All phenomena, that is, all external objects on which one fixates, as well as the awareness that apprehends them, are dissolved into equal taste-there is no longer any
separation
between them.
Jamgon-Kongtrul-Cloudless-Sky
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like waves. Ocean and waves are not separate from each other; waves are part of the ocean, they come out of it and return to it.
The purpose of this analogy is to explain how shamatha meditation is practiced in the mahamudra. One lets the mind rest in itself; if thoughts arise out of the ocean of the alaya-vijfiana, one looks at their nature without either fol- lowing or interrupting them. In this way thoughts dissolve back into mind like waves dissolving back into the ocean. If one practices in this manner, distractions or inner upheavals cannot arise. Resting in the nature of mind, that is, the na- ture of thoughts, is called shamatha meditation on nature as such, and is the highest form of meditation of mental calmness.
There are many ways to describe the states that one ex- periences in shamatha meditation. One way is to divide them into the so-called nine techniques of resting the mind, which one can read about in treatises on shamatha. Or they can also be described in accordance with the pith instruc- tions, which present the experiences graphically. For in- stance, the first stage is compared with a roaring waterfall plunging down a cliff face; this stage corresponds to expe- riencing the upheavals of mind. At a later stage, mind is compared to a broad river, quieter and less turbulent. How- ever, whether one follows the first or second explanation, the point is to achieve the actual fruition of shamatha med- itation, which is physical and mental flexibility.
Because of negative karma and afflictive emotions, one often finds it difficult to do positive actions. One must there- fore endeavor to cultivate positive thoughts and actions and avoid disturbing feelings. Flexibility in this context means overcoming not only the inability to act positively but also
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the struggle involved in doing so, until one achieves proper physical and mental conduct quite naturally and effortlessly. When one is free from afflictive emotions, proper behavior occurs spontaneously. Flexibility of mind and body is the ultimate fruition of mental calmness, at which point the ex- periences of joy, clarity, and nonconceptualization appear.
The experience of complete joy refers both to bodily sen- sations and to mental attitude. Any sense of heaviness dis- appears and one's body feels light and pleasant. This is sim- ilar to holding wool in one's hands-it feels nice and light. Mentally, one is full of joy and free from any form of dullness or distraction. Similarly, the experience of clarity also has a mental and physical component. It consists of a totally clear apprehension of sense perceptions, including the ability to distinguish the minutest details quite clearly.
The third experience, nonconceptualization is like expe- riencing space. Normally one thinks that things are the way one apprehends them. One hears sounds, sees forms, smells scents, and so on, and clings to these sense perceptions. One is caught up in the concept of the three times, the difference between male and female, and other dualities, and fixates on the characteristics that one attributes to phenomena. It is this particular form of fixation that nonconceptualization dissolves, giving one's experience the quality of space. One no longer fixates on the forms one sees, the sounds one hears, the concept of the three times, but instead one expe- riences space.
These three experiences of joy, clarity, and nonconcep- tualization occur mainly during meditation. During post- meditation one experiences everything as usual and fixates on the characteristics of phenomena. Only seldom do these three experiences occur outside of meditation.
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Vipashyana
What does vipashyana, or seeing the unseeable, refer to? According to the teachings, vipashyana is "the wisdom which discriminates all phenomena," the insight that arises as the fruition of shamatha meditation. This does not mean, however, that vipashyana insight arises by itself out of the shamatha meditation of remaining in calmness.
In shamatha, one focuses the mind one-pointedly on something, whereas in vipashyana one experiences the ac- tual nature of things. So vipashyana involves meditating on and investigating the nature of phenomena, or the fact that they have no real existence. Thus it can be said that shama- tha is meditation by focusing, whereas vipashyana is medi- tation by analyzing. There are various ways of applying sha- matha and vipashyana. For instance, one can first practice shamatha and then, once one has achieved mental calmness, proceed with vipashyana. Or else one can practice shamatha and vipashyaria in alteration: first one practices shamatha meditation for a while, then one concentrates on developing vipashyana insight, after which one goes back to shamatha and then again back to vipashyana, and so on. Combining shamatha and vipashyana, calm-abiding and investigation, is an extremely effective method of practice.
If, for instance, one is concentrating on the coming and going of the breath during shamatha meditation, mental calmness means focusing totally on the breathing without letting the mind wander. Practicing vipashyana would mean that after a while one not only focuses on the breath alone but also examines and achieves insight into the nature of the breath. After one has turned one's mind for a while to the nature ofthe breath, then one concentrates again one-point- edly on the breathing. This is one way of alternating be- tween shamatha and vipashyana practice. Although we
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speak about shamatha and vipashyana as two distinct types of meditation that can be practiced either sequentially or in alternation, the actual point is to join the two. If one prac- tices only shamatha or vipashyana, then the unity of shamatha-vipashyana meditation will never arise.
What does it mean to practice shamatha and vipashyana together? Shamatha involves letting the mind rest on an ob- ject in a state of concentration. Both mind and object lack ultimate reality. This true nature is present at all times, not only when one achieves insight into it through vipashyana meditation. Maintaining this awareness or insight in sha- matha meditation-that is, not separating one-pointedness from awareness-is the unity of shamatha and vipashyana.
When a feeling or thought arises, what does it mean to unite "calmness, movement, and awareness" through sha- matha and vipashyana? Let us take the arising of anger as an example. First one notices that anger has arisen and ac- knowledges it. This corresponds to shamatha or mental calmness, that is, mindfulness which allows one to notice that a feeling has arisen. Based on this, one examines the feeling or thought by means ofvipashyana. Calmness, move- ment, and awareness are the three phases that one exam- ines. Calmness corresponds to the question: "where does the feeling or thought dwell? ," movement to the question: "where does the feeling or thought go to? ," and awareness to the question: "what is present between the arising and the subsiding of the thought or feeling? " This form of in- vestigation brings one to the realization that the feeling has no real existence.
There is a widespread belief that shamatha and vipa- shyana are only practiced at the beginning of the path, as a sort of preliminary training prior to actual meditation. This is totally false, since both shamatha and vipashyana are prac-
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ticed throughout the entire Buddhist path with all its differ- ent aspects. Thus shamatha can be found in the develop- ment of bodhichitta, the mind of enlightenment, as well as in the visualizations of the utpattikrama or development phase of vajrayana. These are nothing but a form of shama- tha, even though different methods and concepts are being used. The same can be said for the six yogas of Naropa which involve, among other things, holding one's prana and meditating on the nadis and hindus. All these different forms of meditation are ways of practicing shamatha; they are based solely on mental calmness and cannot be prac- ticed without it.
It is the same with vipashyana. On the shravaka path, vipashyana involves meditating on egolessness. On the bo- dhisattva path, it relates to meditating on emptiness and de- pendent origination as well as keeping in mind the fact that phenomena have no true existence. In the vajrayana, vipa- shyana is practiced in the sampannakrama or completion phase of meditation. There is no such thing as a Buddhist path that does not apply shamatha and vipashyana. This is why they are so important.
Beyond abandoning discursive confusion,
Beyond applying antidotes,
There wz'll be a tz'me when you spontaneously reach this.
Ifone practices shamatha and vipashyana properly, then there is no confusion and no discursive thoughts to be given up. When one looks at the nature of concepts, they disap- pear and dissolve into themselves, being by their very nature devoid of actual existence. Thus the application of specific antidotes against confusion becomes irrelevant. By simply
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letting the mind rest in its own nature, confusion dissolves
spontaneously into itself with no need to apply antidotes.
When you have achieved realization,
There is nothing other than the meditative state. A t the threshold o ffreedom from loss and gain, Even meditation does not exist.
When one realizes the ultimate nature of mind, there are no longer any moments that fall outside the sphere of med- itation. However, the only way to achieve this realization is through meditation. One is free from the struggle to give up afflictive emotions or to "attain" wisdom. At this point, meditation as such no longer exists, because there is no longer any separation between meditator, meditation, and an object of meditation.
But for those beginners who are unable to dissolve the hairline ofconceptualization,
Meditation is important.
When one practices meditation, there is experience. This expen'ence arises as the adornment ofinsight.
For beginners who have not yet overcome mental fixation meditation is necessary. As long as concepts are still present it is essential to practice meditation, otherwise the experi- ences of joy, clarity, and nonconcepualization will never arise. These experiences are called the "adornment of in- sight" because it is meditation that allows the insight into the nature of all phenomena to gradually arise.
This path is divided into the four yogas:
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Shamatha meditation involves letting the mind dwell in its own nature; vipashyana is nondual insight into ultimate reality. By practicing the unity of shamatha and vipashyana one progressively achieves the four yogas.
The first yoga, one-pointedness, is the first glimpse of the nature of mind, the first experience ofordinary mind. Ifone keeps practicing, one achieves insight into the fact that the nature of mind is devoid of inherent reality. This is the sec- ond yoga, simplicity. By stabilizing this insight through med- itation, one realizes that the entire phenomenal world is nothing else but the manifestation of one's own mind, or rather that mind is not different from external phenomena. This is the third yoga, one taste. By deepening this insight further through meditation, one realizes that there is no dis- tinction or separation between meditation, meditator, and object of meditation. This is the fourth yoga, nonmedita- tion. Each of the four yogas is divided into three stages.
One-pointedness means recognizing the nature ofmind; Divided into the lesser, medium, and greater stages: One sees the alternation ofbliss and luminosity,
One masters resting in samadhi,
And experience continuously appears as luminosity.
The yoga of one-pointedness consists in recognizing the nature of mind after the teacher has pointed it out to one. According to the degree of stability achieved, three stages are distinguished within this first yoga: lesser, medium, and greater. As further insight into the nature of mind develops, the different experiences of meditation arise in alternation: bliss, clarity or luminosity, and nonthought. These in turn reinforce one's ability to rest in one's own mind, thus lead- ing to greater mental depth. Because of one's ever-increas-
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ig a w a r e n e s s t h a t p h e n o m e n a a r e d e v o i d o f t r u e e x i s t e n c e ,
me's experience arises continuously as luminosity.
mplidty means realizing the mind is without root; Divided into the lesser, medium, and greater stages: One realizes that the arising, ceasing, and dwelling are
empty,
One is free from the ground and root o ffixating on
appearance or emptiness,
Andone resolves the complexity ofalldharmas.
On the level ofthe second yoga, simplicity, one recognizes oot only that mind and dharmas are free from complexities, oot also that they are devoid of actual inherent existence. Jhis is insight into the meaning of reality. This stage of re- ilization corresponds to the first bhumi on the bodhisattva ~th, the path of insight in mahayana. According to the sta- Oility of the realization, it is likewise divided into lesser, me- mum, and greater stages.
One realizes that mind is empty, free from arising, dwell- ing, and cessation. Through this insight, fixation on appear- mces and emptiness is dissolved. The habitual tendencies mat l e a d o n e t o s e p a r a t e t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h i n g s f r o m t h e i r anptiness disappear. By recognizing that there is no such iliing as inherent existence, false views and doubts with re- prd to the mode of existence of inner and outer phenom- ena are resolved.
One taste means dissolving appearance and mind into each other:
Divided into the lesser, medium, and greater stages:
All dharmas o f samsara and nirvana are dissolved into equal
taste.
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Appearance and mind become like water poured into water,
Andfrom one taste, the various wisdoms arise.
The third yoga, one taste, is the union of external objects with the internal awareness that experiences them. Distinc- tions between subject and object no longer occur. This yoga is also divided into three stages, according to its level of stability.
All phenomena, that is, all external objects on which one fixates, as well as the awareness that apprehends them, are dissolved into equal taste-there is no longer any separation between them. In the same way, appearance and mind also become inseparable like water poured into water. One re- alizes that all appearances are the innate manifestation of mind and thus not separate from mind. The experience of one taste arising from insight into the oneness of samsara and nirvana leads to the various types of wisdom.
Nonmeditation means the utter exhaustion ofconceptual mind;
Divided into the lesser, medium, and greater stages:
One is free from meditation and meditator,
The habitual patterns ofprimitive beliefs about reality are
gradually cleared away,
And the mother and son luminosity dissolve together. The wisdom ofdharmadhatu extends throughout space.
On the level of the fourth yoga, nonmeditation, all con- cepts and ideas disappear and all notions about meditation and meditator are completely resolved. Once again, this yoga is divided into three stages in accordance with the de- gree of stability of the realization.
First, one realizes that there is no distinction between . 64.
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meditation and meditator. Conceptual obscurations are pu- rified and one attains "threefold purity" free from concepts. Using generosity as an example, this means that one is free from the idea of a giver, a receiver, and a gift. One is free from the notion that these three are separate from each other.
What does the expression "mother and son luminosity" refer to? Because of one's confusion one is not ready to rec- ognize ultimate nature at the outset. However, by practicing path mahamudra on the basis of the proper view achieved through ground mahamudra, then the "son"-each indi- vidual experience on the path-comes ever closer to the "mother"-true reality, until the insight acquired and real- ity become one, which is the meeting of mother and son, and one achieves the all-pervasive wisdom of dharmadhatu.
In short, in meditation:
One-pointedness means that mind is still as long as one
wishes,
Seeing the very nature ofordinary mind.
Simplicity means the realization ofgroundlessness. One taste means liberating
Allpossible dualisticfixations through insight. Nonmeditation means transcending all sophistries o f
meditation and nonmeditation, The exhaustion ofhabitualpatterns.
Normally, mind is constantly distracted and churned up, even in meditation. Thoughts arise and disappear, new thoughts arise and disappear in turn, and mind cannot rest on one point. As long as one does not recognize the nature of mind, one experiences a separation between mind and thoughts. This is why one has the idea that, in shamatha
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meditation, there is "someone" who is holding the mind in focus. As long as one has not recognized the nature of thoughts, these disturb the mind. However, if one has un- derstood the nature of mind-and thus the nature of thoughts-then mind can always rest in itself, without ever being affected or distracted by that which arises within the mind. One experiences ordinary mind, that is, one sees the nature of mind and understands that mind is no different from the present moment of awareness. This is why this yoga is called one-pointedness.
Explanations of mind similar to this vajra doha can also be found in another text byJamgon Kongtriil Lodro Thaye. That text states that one should contemplate the basis of mind and realize that it is nothing other than the present moment of awareness, the thought of nowness. One should not look for mind elsewhere. When one contemplates mind or the nature of thoughts, then the object contemplated and the subject contemplating become one, since mind itseH is looking at mind. Because the nature of mind is empti- ness, there is nothing that is seen, no object. However, in- stead of experiencing mere nothingness, one experiences luminosity.
Hone looks into the nature of thoughts, then these dis- solve into themselves and luminosity arises, the inherent lu- minosity and awareness of mind itself. These two aspects of mind-emptiness and luminosity-are inseparable from each other and are actually one. This is the nature of mind. Looking into the nature of mind is nothing other than ex- periencing the present moment ofawareness and seeing that there is no mind outside this present moment of awareness. This experience is given different names according to the tradition describing it. In the mahamudra tradition, it is known as the experience ofordinary mind, whereas in maha
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ati it is called awareness. However, both of these terms des- ignate the experience of the nowness of mind.
F r o m t h e p o i n t o f view o f o r d i n a r y m i n d , t h o u g h t s a r e n o longer things to be suppressed or cultivated. By experienc- ing momentary thoughts directly one also experiences their nature, that is, their emptiness, self-awareness, and self- luminosity. There is no separation between the experiencer looking into the nature of thoughts and the experience, the thoughts themselves. The experience of dharmakaya is nothing other than letting the mind rest in this state. One realizes that wisdom or dharmakaya is not something exter- nal to be gained. Rather, it is a matter of resting in a state of oneness, of experiencing and recognizing the present mo- ment o f awareness.
However, this is easier said than done. As long as one is bound to the concept of duality and makes a distinction between the subject who is contemplating the mind and the mind itself, one cannot recognize this moment. In order to do so, it is essential to accumulate merit and purify oneself of obscurations. Notwithstanding the saying that "Buddha is in the palm ofone's hand"-that is, that what one is look- ing for is to be found nowhere but in oneself-unless one strives to accumulate merit and purify oneself of one's ob- scurations, one will never realize this. This is why prelimi- nary practices, accumulation of merit, purification of ob- scurations, yidam practices, and so on, are so important. They are practiced in order to bring one to the point where this realization is possible.
Everyone has the ability to achieve this realization. It is not only very near, it is actually within oneself. However, it is up to each person to work toward it. Buddha is not out- side oneself. This realization, apart from which there is no
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enlightenment, is the actual meaning of practice, the ulti- mate path of mahamudra and maha ati.
By deepening one's meditation through further practice, one achieves the second yoga, simplicity. This involves real- izing that there is no difference between mind itself and that which is investigated in mind.
When one understands this correctly, the fixation on the separation between apprehended object and apprehending awareness disappears. One realizes that all phenomena are none other than a manifestation or expression of mind, and recognizes the oneness of mind and appearances. This is one taste, the third yoga.
Once mind and appearances have dissolved into one taste, there is no longer any difference between meditation and nonmeditation. These are concepts that are useful only on a superficial level. The conceptual and subtle obscura- tions of habitual patterns are removed and the separation between meditator and meditation disappears. This is known as reaching the dharmakaya kingdom of nonmedi- tation.
In this way, from the great lords ofyogins,
Naropa and Maitripa,
Down to the lord guru Padma Wangchen,
The golden garland ofthe Kagyus
Reached the dharmakaya kingdom ofnonmeditation, Spontaneously clearedaway the darkness ofthe two
obscurations,
Expanded the great power ofthe two know/edges, Opened the treasury ofbenefitfor the sake ofothers
pervading space, . . .
All the teachers in the golden garland ofthe Kagyii trans-
mission-from Tilopa and Naropa down to Situ Perna 0 680
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Nyinje Wangpo, Jamgon Kongtriil Lodro Thaye's teacher, and from the latter down to the sixteenth Gyalwa Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje-have used mahamudra to achieve the dharmakaya kingdom of nonmeditation and transmit- ted the mahamudra lineage, the lineage of realization, in an unbroken line from teacher to disciple. They have overcome both emotional and conceptual obscurations and accom- plished the twofold wisdom of depth and vastness. The wis- dom ofdepth is recognizing the actual nature ofall phenom- ena, their emptiness, and the wisdom of vastness is simultaneously seeing the luminosity of all phenomena, their unobstructed manifestation on a relative plane. The Kagyii lineage holders not only understand the meaning of mahamudra, they also act on their knowledge. With a mo- tivation of loving-kindness and concern for the welfare of all beings, they strive to help beings attain enlightenment, like a person who puts a treasure at the disposal of others.
And remained in the refuge ofmindfree from doubt.
Because of the pefect qualities of the holders of the ma- hamudra lineage, it is possible for all beings to place their trust in them as a refuge, with the certainty that one will be protected in this and future lives, beyond any doubt and insecurity.
The Kagyu lineage is known to be passed from one to another.
It is known not by words alone, but by their meaning.
The mahamudra lineage of realization is passed down from teacher to disciple and so on down the line. Thus each one rests on the previous one. It is not just an empty for-
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mula. In actual fact, not only the words, but also the recog- nition and inspiration of realization are transmitted from one to another, from teacher to disciple, thus giving rise to the ocean of siddhas.
Please guide even such a lowborn savage as myself, Who possesses the merest mark ofyour noble lineage, Quickly to the kingdom ofnonmeditation.
Kind one, please utterly exhaust my conceptual mind.
Jamgon Kongtriil Lodro Thaye is directing his request to the Kagyii lineage in general, and in particular to his own teacher Situ Perna Nyinje Wangpo. Claiming to possess only "the merest mark" of their noble lineage, as opposed to its true meaning, he requests the Kagyii lineage to grant him the inspiration that will enable him to exhaust promptly the confusion of conceptual mind in order to experience the dharmakaya kingdom of nonmeditation.
Summary ofPath Mahamudra
Path mahamudra means applying practice to the path of mahamudra, based on the proper view acquired through ground mahamudra. It is necessary first of all to understand the nature of mind properly: by its very nature, one's own mind is dharmakaya itself, and relative appearances are the inherent manifestation of dharmakaya, its luminosity. In or- der to consolidate this insight, one accomplishes the various practices of the path of mahamudra: mahamudra-style sha- matha and vipashyana, as well as utpattikrama and sampan- nakrama in the vajrayana, including meditation on prana, nadi, and hindu.
The core of mahamudra meditation involves resting in the present moment of awareness without either altering,
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creating, or suppressing anything. Path mahamudra means remaining undistracted in the freshness of thoughts, relax- ing without meditating on anything and resting calmly in the primordial unfabricated state. Composure and awareness are essential to achieve this. Composure is needed to focus the mind and bring it to rest, whereas awareness is needed to perceive coarse and subtle thoughts or distractions of the mind. In maintaining composure and awareness, one should be neither too tight nor too loose, since this would give rise respectively to wildness and dullness of mind.
FRUITION MAHAMUDRA
The fruition mahamudra is spoken oflike this:
The ground is receiving the transmission ofthe innate
trikaya;
The path is applying the key points ofthe view and
meditation;
The fruition is the actualization ofthe stainless trikaya.
Fruition mahamudra is the realization that relative ap- pearances and mind are, by their very nature, the three kayas. To achieve this realization it is absolutely essential first of all to have a clear understanding of the ground, the proper view. Dharmakaya is the fact that whether one is talking about relative external appearances or the internal mechanisms of mind, by their very nature these are devoid of true existence. Sambhogakaya means that manifestation is unobstructed, and nirmanakaya that appearances are nu- merous and manifold. In the same way that dharmakaya is
inherent in mind, the light of dharmakaya is inherent in ap- pearances. Mind and appearances are as inseparable as the light of dharmakaya and its rays. These are the key points of the view.
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As the Mahamudra Prayer of the third Karmapa, Omnis-
cient Rangjung Dorje, says:
Ifone looks at things, nothing is present, and one sees them as mind;
Ifone looks at mind, there is no mind, it is by its very essence empty;
Ifone looks at both, one is self-liberated from the fixation on duality.
May we recognize luminosity, the nature of our minds.
Hone looks at objects, that is, external phenomena, and one has some understanding of their ultimate nature, one can realize that objects are not truly, permanently, and un- changingly present, but are mere mental images-it is mind which identifies them as one thing or another. H one looks at the nature of mind, one can see only the present moment of awareness or thoughts; other than this one experiences no mind. One sees the nature of mind, its emptiness, its lack of true existence.
Phenomena are not truly present, but are merely projec- tions of a mind which itself has no true existence; the ap- pearance of phenomena is based on mind's luminosity. When one recognizes these two aspects, fixation on dual- ity-the separation between external appearances and in- ternally fixating mind-dissolves into itself. There is noth- ing to reject and nothing to attain and one recognizes mind's luminosity, its ultimate nature.
Ground mahamudra introduces one to the proper view, that is, to the unity of appearance and mind, the trikaya. On this basis, one practices the path, the application of the view of meditation.
In terms of meditation, by practicing shamatha and vi- pashyana, mind rests spontaneously in the experience of
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nonduality, the unity of appearance and mind. One realizes that mind is dharmakaya and appearances are the manifes- tation of dharmakaya, its light rays. In terms of action, one adopts the conduct of a bodhisattva who has understood emptiness and compassion. This conduct reinforces medi- tative experiences and hastens fruition. This is the path of view, meditation, and action; the practice of these three leads to fruition, the actualization of the stainless trikaya.
There/ore, its essence is emptiness, simplicity, dharmakaya. Its manifestation is the luminous nature o f sambhogakaya. Its strength, manifold and unceasing, is nirmanakaya.
This is the sovereign ofall reality.
Basic nature is devoid of true existence, since it is empty and free from extremes: this is dharmakaya. Out of dhar- makaya or emptiness, free from extremes, appearances manifest unobstructedly. This is the luminous nature of sambhogakaya. Out of the unobstructed luminosity arise the manifold manifestations of the nirmanakaya. Therefore, the three kayas-dharmakaya, sambhogakaya, and nirma- nakaya-pervade everything.
like waves. Ocean and waves are not separate from each other; waves are part of the ocean, they come out of it and return to it.
The purpose of this analogy is to explain how shamatha meditation is practiced in the mahamudra. One lets the mind rest in itself; if thoughts arise out of the ocean of the alaya-vijfiana, one looks at their nature without either fol- lowing or interrupting them. In this way thoughts dissolve back into mind like waves dissolving back into the ocean. If one practices in this manner, distractions or inner upheavals cannot arise. Resting in the nature of mind, that is, the na- ture of thoughts, is called shamatha meditation on nature as such, and is the highest form of meditation of mental calmness.
There are many ways to describe the states that one ex- periences in shamatha meditation. One way is to divide them into the so-called nine techniques of resting the mind, which one can read about in treatises on shamatha. Or they can also be described in accordance with the pith instruc- tions, which present the experiences graphically. For in- stance, the first stage is compared with a roaring waterfall plunging down a cliff face; this stage corresponds to expe- riencing the upheavals of mind. At a later stage, mind is compared to a broad river, quieter and less turbulent. How- ever, whether one follows the first or second explanation, the point is to achieve the actual fruition of shamatha med- itation, which is physical and mental flexibility.
Because of negative karma and afflictive emotions, one often finds it difficult to do positive actions. One must there- fore endeavor to cultivate positive thoughts and actions and avoid disturbing feelings. Flexibility in this context means overcoming not only the inability to act positively but also
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the struggle involved in doing so, until one achieves proper physical and mental conduct quite naturally and effortlessly. When one is free from afflictive emotions, proper behavior occurs spontaneously. Flexibility of mind and body is the ultimate fruition of mental calmness, at which point the ex- periences of joy, clarity, and nonconceptualization appear.
The experience of complete joy refers both to bodily sen- sations and to mental attitude. Any sense of heaviness dis- appears and one's body feels light and pleasant. This is sim- ilar to holding wool in one's hands-it feels nice and light. Mentally, one is full of joy and free from any form of dullness or distraction. Similarly, the experience of clarity also has a mental and physical component. It consists of a totally clear apprehension of sense perceptions, including the ability to distinguish the minutest details quite clearly.
The third experience, nonconceptualization is like expe- riencing space. Normally one thinks that things are the way one apprehends them. One hears sounds, sees forms, smells scents, and so on, and clings to these sense perceptions. One is caught up in the concept of the three times, the difference between male and female, and other dualities, and fixates on the characteristics that one attributes to phenomena. It is this particular form of fixation that nonconceptualization dissolves, giving one's experience the quality of space. One no longer fixates on the forms one sees, the sounds one hears, the concept of the three times, but instead one expe- riences space.
These three experiences of joy, clarity, and nonconcep- tualization occur mainly during meditation. During post- meditation one experiences everything as usual and fixates on the characteristics of phenomena. Only seldom do these three experiences occur outside of meditation.
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Vipashyana
What does vipashyana, or seeing the unseeable, refer to? According to the teachings, vipashyana is "the wisdom which discriminates all phenomena," the insight that arises as the fruition of shamatha meditation. This does not mean, however, that vipashyana insight arises by itself out of the shamatha meditation of remaining in calmness.
In shamatha, one focuses the mind one-pointedly on something, whereas in vipashyana one experiences the ac- tual nature of things. So vipashyana involves meditating on and investigating the nature of phenomena, or the fact that they have no real existence. Thus it can be said that shama- tha is meditation by focusing, whereas vipashyana is medi- tation by analyzing. There are various ways of applying sha- matha and vipashyana. For instance, one can first practice shamatha and then, once one has achieved mental calmness, proceed with vipashyana. Or else one can practice shamatha and vipashyaria in alteration: first one practices shamatha meditation for a while, then one concentrates on developing vipashyana insight, after which one goes back to shamatha and then again back to vipashyana, and so on. Combining shamatha and vipashyana, calm-abiding and investigation, is an extremely effective method of practice.
If, for instance, one is concentrating on the coming and going of the breath during shamatha meditation, mental calmness means focusing totally on the breathing without letting the mind wander. Practicing vipashyana would mean that after a while one not only focuses on the breath alone but also examines and achieves insight into the nature of the breath. After one has turned one's mind for a while to the nature ofthe breath, then one concentrates again one-point- edly on the breathing. This is one way of alternating be- tween shamatha and vipashyana practice. Although we
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speak about shamatha and vipashyana as two distinct types of meditation that can be practiced either sequentially or in alternation, the actual point is to join the two. If one prac- tices only shamatha or vipashyana, then the unity of shamatha-vipashyana meditation will never arise.
What does it mean to practice shamatha and vipashyana together? Shamatha involves letting the mind rest on an ob- ject in a state of concentration. Both mind and object lack ultimate reality. This true nature is present at all times, not only when one achieves insight into it through vipashyana meditation. Maintaining this awareness or insight in sha- matha meditation-that is, not separating one-pointedness from awareness-is the unity of shamatha and vipashyana.
When a feeling or thought arises, what does it mean to unite "calmness, movement, and awareness" through sha- matha and vipashyana? Let us take the arising of anger as an example. First one notices that anger has arisen and ac- knowledges it. This corresponds to shamatha or mental calmness, that is, mindfulness which allows one to notice that a feeling has arisen. Based on this, one examines the feeling or thought by means ofvipashyana. Calmness, move- ment, and awareness are the three phases that one exam- ines. Calmness corresponds to the question: "where does the feeling or thought dwell? ," movement to the question: "where does the feeling or thought go to? ," and awareness to the question: "what is present between the arising and the subsiding of the thought or feeling? " This form of in- vestigation brings one to the realization that the feeling has no real existence.
There is a widespread belief that shamatha and vipa- shyana are only practiced at the beginning of the path, as a sort of preliminary training prior to actual meditation. This is totally false, since both shamatha and vipashyana are prac-
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ticed throughout the entire Buddhist path with all its differ- ent aspects. Thus shamatha can be found in the develop- ment of bodhichitta, the mind of enlightenment, as well as in the visualizations of the utpattikrama or development phase of vajrayana. These are nothing but a form of shama- tha, even though different methods and concepts are being used. The same can be said for the six yogas of Naropa which involve, among other things, holding one's prana and meditating on the nadis and hindus. All these different forms of meditation are ways of practicing shamatha; they are based solely on mental calmness and cannot be prac- ticed without it.
It is the same with vipashyana. On the shravaka path, vipashyana involves meditating on egolessness. On the bo- dhisattva path, it relates to meditating on emptiness and de- pendent origination as well as keeping in mind the fact that phenomena have no true existence. In the vajrayana, vipa- shyana is practiced in the sampannakrama or completion phase of meditation. There is no such thing as a Buddhist path that does not apply shamatha and vipashyana. This is why they are so important.
Beyond abandoning discursive confusion,
Beyond applying antidotes,
There wz'll be a tz'me when you spontaneously reach this.
Ifone practices shamatha and vipashyana properly, then there is no confusion and no discursive thoughts to be given up. When one looks at the nature of concepts, they disap- pear and dissolve into themselves, being by their very nature devoid of actual existence. Thus the application of specific antidotes against confusion becomes irrelevant. By simply
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letting the mind rest in its own nature, confusion dissolves
spontaneously into itself with no need to apply antidotes.
When you have achieved realization,
There is nothing other than the meditative state. A t the threshold o ffreedom from loss and gain, Even meditation does not exist.
When one realizes the ultimate nature of mind, there are no longer any moments that fall outside the sphere of med- itation. However, the only way to achieve this realization is through meditation. One is free from the struggle to give up afflictive emotions or to "attain" wisdom. At this point, meditation as such no longer exists, because there is no longer any separation between meditator, meditation, and an object of meditation.
But for those beginners who are unable to dissolve the hairline ofconceptualization,
Meditation is important.
When one practices meditation, there is experience. This expen'ence arises as the adornment ofinsight.
For beginners who have not yet overcome mental fixation meditation is necessary. As long as concepts are still present it is essential to practice meditation, otherwise the experi- ences of joy, clarity, and nonconcepualization will never arise. These experiences are called the "adornment of in- sight" because it is meditation that allows the insight into the nature of all phenomena to gradually arise.
This path is divided into the four yogas:
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Shamatha meditation involves letting the mind dwell in its own nature; vipashyana is nondual insight into ultimate reality. By practicing the unity of shamatha and vipashyana one progressively achieves the four yogas.
The first yoga, one-pointedness, is the first glimpse of the nature of mind, the first experience ofordinary mind. Ifone keeps practicing, one achieves insight into the fact that the nature of mind is devoid of inherent reality. This is the sec- ond yoga, simplicity. By stabilizing this insight through med- itation, one realizes that the entire phenomenal world is nothing else but the manifestation of one's own mind, or rather that mind is not different from external phenomena. This is the third yoga, one taste. By deepening this insight further through meditation, one realizes that there is no dis- tinction or separation between meditation, meditator, and object of meditation. This is the fourth yoga, nonmedita- tion. Each of the four yogas is divided into three stages.
One-pointedness means recognizing the nature ofmind; Divided into the lesser, medium, and greater stages: One sees the alternation ofbliss and luminosity,
One masters resting in samadhi,
And experience continuously appears as luminosity.
The yoga of one-pointedness consists in recognizing the nature of mind after the teacher has pointed it out to one. According to the degree of stability achieved, three stages are distinguished within this first yoga: lesser, medium, and greater. As further insight into the nature of mind develops, the different experiences of meditation arise in alternation: bliss, clarity or luminosity, and nonthought. These in turn reinforce one's ability to rest in one's own mind, thus lead- ing to greater mental depth. Because of one's ever-increas-
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ig a w a r e n e s s t h a t p h e n o m e n a a r e d e v o i d o f t r u e e x i s t e n c e ,
me's experience arises continuously as luminosity.
mplidty means realizing the mind is without root; Divided into the lesser, medium, and greater stages: One realizes that the arising, ceasing, and dwelling are
empty,
One is free from the ground and root o ffixating on
appearance or emptiness,
Andone resolves the complexity ofalldharmas.
On the level ofthe second yoga, simplicity, one recognizes oot only that mind and dharmas are free from complexities, oot also that they are devoid of actual inherent existence. Jhis is insight into the meaning of reality. This stage of re- ilization corresponds to the first bhumi on the bodhisattva ~th, the path of insight in mahayana. According to the sta- Oility of the realization, it is likewise divided into lesser, me- mum, and greater stages.
One realizes that mind is empty, free from arising, dwell- ing, and cessation. Through this insight, fixation on appear- mces and emptiness is dissolved. The habitual tendencies mat l e a d o n e t o s e p a r a t e t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h i n g s f r o m t h e i r anptiness disappear. By recognizing that there is no such iliing as inherent existence, false views and doubts with re- prd to the mode of existence of inner and outer phenom- ena are resolved.
One taste means dissolving appearance and mind into each other:
Divided into the lesser, medium, and greater stages:
All dharmas o f samsara and nirvana are dissolved into equal
taste.
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Appearance and mind become like water poured into water,
Andfrom one taste, the various wisdoms arise.
The third yoga, one taste, is the union of external objects with the internal awareness that experiences them. Distinc- tions between subject and object no longer occur. This yoga is also divided into three stages, according to its level of stability.
All phenomena, that is, all external objects on which one fixates, as well as the awareness that apprehends them, are dissolved into equal taste-there is no longer any separation between them. In the same way, appearance and mind also become inseparable like water poured into water. One re- alizes that all appearances are the innate manifestation of mind and thus not separate from mind. The experience of one taste arising from insight into the oneness of samsara and nirvana leads to the various types of wisdom.
Nonmeditation means the utter exhaustion ofconceptual mind;
Divided into the lesser, medium, and greater stages:
One is free from meditation and meditator,
The habitual patterns ofprimitive beliefs about reality are
gradually cleared away,
And the mother and son luminosity dissolve together. The wisdom ofdharmadhatu extends throughout space.
On the level of the fourth yoga, nonmeditation, all con- cepts and ideas disappear and all notions about meditation and meditator are completely resolved. Once again, this yoga is divided into three stages in accordance with the de- gree of stability of the realization.
First, one realizes that there is no distinction between . 64.
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meditation and meditator. Conceptual obscurations are pu- rified and one attains "threefold purity" free from concepts. Using generosity as an example, this means that one is free from the idea of a giver, a receiver, and a gift. One is free from the notion that these three are separate from each other.
What does the expression "mother and son luminosity" refer to? Because of one's confusion one is not ready to rec- ognize ultimate nature at the outset. However, by practicing path mahamudra on the basis of the proper view achieved through ground mahamudra, then the "son"-each indi- vidual experience on the path-comes ever closer to the "mother"-true reality, until the insight acquired and real- ity become one, which is the meeting of mother and son, and one achieves the all-pervasive wisdom of dharmadhatu.
In short, in meditation:
One-pointedness means that mind is still as long as one
wishes,
Seeing the very nature ofordinary mind.
Simplicity means the realization ofgroundlessness. One taste means liberating
Allpossible dualisticfixations through insight. Nonmeditation means transcending all sophistries o f
meditation and nonmeditation, The exhaustion ofhabitualpatterns.
Normally, mind is constantly distracted and churned up, even in meditation. Thoughts arise and disappear, new thoughts arise and disappear in turn, and mind cannot rest on one point. As long as one does not recognize the nature of mind, one experiences a separation between mind and thoughts. This is why one has the idea that, in shamatha
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meditation, there is "someone" who is holding the mind in focus. As long as one has not recognized the nature of thoughts, these disturb the mind. However, if one has un- derstood the nature of mind-and thus the nature of thoughts-then mind can always rest in itself, without ever being affected or distracted by that which arises within the mind. One experiences ordinary mind, that is, one sees the nature of mind and understands that mind is no different from the present moment of awareness. This is why this yoga is called one-pointedness.
Explanations of mind similar to this vajra doha can also be found in another text byJamgon Kongtriil Lodro Thaye. That text states that one should contemplate the basis of mind and realize that it is nothing other than the present moment of awareness, the thought of nowness. One should not look for mind elsewhere. When one contemplates mind or the nature of thoughts, then the object contemplated and the subject contemplating become one, since mind itseH is looking at mind. Because the nature of mind is empti- ness, there is nothing that is seen, no object. However, in- stead of experiencing mere nothingness, one experiences luminosity.
Hone looks into the nature of thoughts, then these dis- solve into themselves and luminosity arises, the inherent lu- minosity and awareness of mind itself. These two aspects of mind-emptiness and luminosity-are inseparable from each other and are actually one. This is the nature of mind. Looking into the nature of mind is nothing other than ex- periencing the present moment ofawareness and seeing that there is no mind outside this present moment of awareness. This experience is given different names according to the tradition describing it. In the mahamudra tradition, it is known as the experience ofordinary mind, whereas in maha
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ati it is called awareness. However, both of these terms des- ignate the experience of the nowness of mind.
F r o m t h e p o i n t o f view o f o r d i n a r y m i n d , t h o u g h t s a r e n o longer things to be suppressed or cultivated. By experienc- ing momentary thoughts directly one also experiences their nature, that is, their emptiness, self-awareness, and self- luminosity. There is no separation between the experiencer looking into the nature of thoughts and the experience, the thoughts themselves. The experience of dharmakaya is nothing other than letting the mind rest in this state. One realizes that wisdom or dharmakaya is not something exter- nal to be gained. Rather, it is a matter of resting in a state of oneness, of experiencing and recognizing the present mo- ment o f awareness.
However, this is easier said than done. As long as one is bound to the concept of duality and makes a distinction between the subject who is contemplating the mind and the mind itself, one cannot recognize this moment. In order to do so, it is essential to accumulate merit and purify oneself of obscurations. Notwithstanding the saying that "Buddha is in the palm ofone's hand"-that is, that what one is look- ing for is to be found nowhere but in oneself-unless one strives to accumulate merit and purify oneself of one's ob- scurations, one will never realize this. This is why prelimi- nary practices, accumulation of merit, purification of ob- scurations, yidam practices, and so on, are so important. They are practiced in order to bring one to the point where this realization is possible.
Everyone has the ability to achieve this realization. It is not only very near, it is actually within oneself. However, it is up to each person to work toward it. Buddha is not out- side oneself. This realization, apart from which there is no
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enlightenment, is the actual meaning of practice, the ulti- mate path of mahamudra and maha ati.
By deepening one's meditation through further practice, one achieves the second yoga, simplicity. This involves real- izing that there is no difference between mind itself and that which is investigated in mind.
When one understands this correctly, the fixation on the separation between apprehended object and apprehending awareness disappears. One realizes that all phenomena are none other than a manifestation or expression of mind, and recognizes the oneness of mind and appearances. This is one taste, the third yoga.
Once mind and appearances have dissolved into one taste, there is no longer any difference between meditation and nonmeditation. These are concepts that are useful only on a superficial level. The conceptual and subtle obscura- tions of habitual patterns are removed and the separation between meditator and meditation disappears. This is known as reaching the dharmakaya kingdom of nonmedi- tation.
In this way, from the great lords ofyogins,
Naropa and Maitripa,
Down to the lord guru Padma Wangchen,
The golden garland ofthe Kagyus
Reached the dharmakaya kingdom ofnonmeditation, Spontaneously clearedaway the darkness ofthe two
obscurations,
Expanded the great power ofthe two know/edges, Opened the treasury ofbenefitfor the sake ofothers
pervading space, . . .
All the teachers in the golden garland ofthe Kagyii trans-
mission-from Tilopa and Naropa down to Situ Perna 0 680
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Nyinje Wangpo, Jamgon Kongtriil Lodro Thaye's teacher, and from the latter down to the sixteenth Gyalwa Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje-have used mahamudra to achieve the dharmakaya kingdom of nonmeditation and transmit- ted the mahamudra lineage, the lineage of realization, in an unbroken line from teacher to disciple. They have overcome both emotional and conceptual obscurations and accom- plished the twofold wisdom of depth and vastness. The wis- dom ofdepth is recognizing the actual nature ofall phenom- ena, their emptiness, and the wisdom of vastness is simultaneously seeing the luminosity of all phenomena, their unobstructed manifestation on a relative plane. The Kagyii lineage holders not only understand the meaning of mahamudra, they also act on their knowledge. With a mo- tivation of loving-kindness and concern for the welfare of all beings, they strive to help beings attain enlightenment, like a person who puts a treasure at the disposal of others.
And remained in the refuge ofmindfree from doubt.
Because of the pefect qualities of the holders of the ma- hamudra lineage, it is possible for all beings to place their trust in them as a refuge, with the certainty that one will be protected in this and future lives, beyond any doubt and insecurity.
The Kagyu lineage is known to be passed from one to another.
It is known not by words alone, but by their meaning.
The mahamudra lineage of realization is passed down from teacher to disciple and so on down the line. Thus each one rests on the previous one. It is not just an empty for-
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mula. In actual fact, not only the words, but also the recog- nition and inspiration of realization are transmitted from one to another, from teacher to disciple, thus giving rise to the ocean of siddhas.
Please guide even such a lowborn savage as myself, Who possesses the merest mark ofyour noble lineage, Quickly to the kingdom ofnonmeditation.
Kind one, please utterly exhaust my conceptual mind.
Jamgon Kongtriil Lodro Thaye is directing his request to the Kagyii lineage in general, and in particular to his own teacher Situ Perna Nyinje Wangpo. Claiming to possess only "the merest mark" of their noble lineage, as opposed to its true meaning, he requests the Kagyii lineage to grant him the inspiration that will enable him to exhaust promptly the confusion of conceptual mind in order to experience the dharmakaya kingdom of nonmeditation.
Summary ofPath Mahamudra
Path mahamudra means applying practice to the path of mahamudra, based on the proper view acquired through ground mahamudra. It is necessary first of all to understand the nature of mind properly: by its very nature, one's own mind is dharmakaya itself, and relative appearances are the inherent manifestation of dharmakaya, its luminosity. In or- der to consolidate this insight, one accomplishes the various practices of the path of mahamudra: mahamudra-style sha- matha and vipashyana, as well as utpattikrama and sampan- nakrama in the vajrayana, including meditation on prana, nadi, and hindu.
The core of mahamudra meditation involves resting in the present moment of awareness without either altering,
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creating, or suppressing anything. Path mahamudra means remaining undistracted in the freshness of thoughts, relax- ing without meditating on anything and resting calmly in the primordial unfabricated state. Composure and awareness are essential to achieve this. Composure is needed to focus the mind and bring it to rest, whereas awareness is needed to perceive coarse and subtle thoughts or distractions of the mind. In maintaining composure and awareness, one should be neither too tight nor too loose, since this would give rise respectively to wildness and dullness of mind.
FRUITION MAHAMUDRA
The fruition mahamudra is spoken oflike this:
The ground is receiving the transmission ofthe innate
trikaya;
The path is applying the key points ofthe view and
meditation;
The fruition is the actualization ofthe stainless trikaya.
Fruition mahamudra is the realization that relative ap- pearances and mind are, by their very nature, the three kayas. To achieve this realization it is absolutely essential first of all to have a clear understanding of the ground, the proper view. Dharmakaya is the fact that whether one is talking about relative external appearances or the internal mechanisms of mind, by their very nature these are devoid of true existence. Sambhogakaya means that manifestation is unobstructed, and nirmanakaya that appearances are nu- merous and manifold. In the same way that dharmakaya is
inherent in mind, the light of dharmakaya is inherent in ap- pearances. Mind and appearances are as inseparable as the light of dharmakaya and its rays. These are the key points of the view.
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As the Mahamudra Prayer of the third Karmapa, Omnis-
cient Rangjung Dorje, says:
Ifone looks at things, nothing is present, and one sees them as mind;
Ifone looks at mind, there is no mind, it is by its very essence empty;
Ifone looks at both, one is self-liberated from the fixation on duality.
May we recognize luminosity, the nature of our minds.
Hone looks at objects, that is, external phenomena, and one has some understanding of their ultimate nature, one can realize that objects are not truly, permanently, and un- changingly present, but are mere mental images-it is mind which identifies them as one thing or another. H one looks at the nature of mind, one can see only the present moment of awareness or thoughts; other than this one experiences no mind. One sees the nature of mind, its emptiness, its lack of true existence.
Phenomena are not truly present, but are merely projec- tions of a mind which itself has no true existence; the ap- pearance of phenomena is based on mind's luminosity. When one recognizes these two aspects, fixation on dual- ity-the separation between external appearances and in- ternally fixating mind-dissolves into itself. There is noth- ing to reject and nothing to attain and one recognizes mind's luminosity, its ultimate nature.
Ground mahamudra introduces one to the proper view, that is, to the unity of appearance and mind, the trikaya. On this basis, one practices the path, the application of the view of meditation.
In terms of meditation, by practicing shamatha and vi- pashyana, mind rests spontaneously in the experience of
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nonduality, the unity of appearance and mind. One realizes that mind is dharmakaya and appearances are the manifes- tation of dharmakaya, its light rays. In terms of action, one adopts the conduct of a bodhisattva who has understood emptiness and compassion. This conduct reinforces medi- tative experiences and hastens fruition. This is the path of view, meditation, and action; the practice of these three leads to fruition, the actualization of the stainless trikaya.
There/ore, its essence is emptiness, simplicity, dharmakaya. Its manifestation is the luminous nature o f sambhogakaya. Its strength, manifold and unceasing, is nirmanakaya.
This is the sovereign ofall reality.
Basic nature is devoid of true existence, since it is empty and free from extremes: this is dharmakaya. Out of dhar- makaya or emptiness, free from extremes, appearances manifest unobstructedly. This is the luminous nature of sambhogakaya. Out of the unobstructed luminosity arise the manifold manifestations of the nirmanakaya. Therefore, the three kayas-dharmakaya, sambhogakaya, and nirma- nakaya-pervade everything.
