E very courier brought tidings of some friend ex iled for
having dared to k eep up a correspondence with her; even
her sons were forbidden to enter F rance, without a new
permission from the police.
having dared to k eep up a correspondence with her; even
her sons were forbidden to enter F rance, without a new
permission from the police.
Madame de Stael - Corinna, or Italy
H er beautiful mind inclined rather to reverence
and superstition than to unbelief. N o doubt, religion was
with her more a matter of feeling than of faith; but she
respected the feeling, and never suffered the pride of reason
to ex pel it from her heart. There is something beauti-
fully pathetic in the ex clamation that burst from her, when
her little daughter was dangerously ill at F rank fort: " O h,
what would become of a mother, trembling for the life of
her child, if it were not for prayer I "
H er father' s death gave a more permanent influence to
such feelings. I f I may use the ex pression, her character
became less volcanic, while it lost nothing of its power.
During the lifetime of M. N eck er, Madame de S tael
remained in childish ignorance of all the common affairs of
life. S he was in the habit of applying to him for advice
about every thing, even her dress. The unavoidable result
was that she was very improvident. H er father used to
compare her to a savage, who would sell his hut in the
morning, without think ing what would become of him at
night.
W hen her guide and support was tak en from her, no
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? X X V I ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA B L .
wonder that she felt as if it would be absolutely impossible
for her to do any thing without him. F or a short time she
gave herself up to the most discouraging fancies. S he
thought her fortune would be wasted, her children would
not be educated, her servants would not obey her, -- in
short, that every thing would go wrong. B ut her anx
to do every thing as he would have done it gave her a
iety
motive for ex ertion, and inspired her with strength. S he
administered upon his estate with remark able ability, and
arranged her affairs with a most scrupulous regard to the
future interests of her children.
H er health as well as her spirits sunk rapidly under the
oppression of grief. H er friends advised new scenes and
change of climate. Paris was still closed against her;
though M. N eck er, with his dying hand, had written to
assure B onaparte that his daughter had no share in his
political pamphlet, and to beseech that her sentence of ex ile
might be repealed after his death.
Thus situated, her thoughts turned toward I taly. S is-
mondi accompanied her in this j ourney. They arrived
j ust when the fresh glory of a southern spring mantled the
earth and the heavens. S he found a renovating influence
in the beautiful sk y and the balmy climate of this lovely
land, which she, with touching superstition, ascribed to
the intercession of her father. " S he passed more than a
year in I taly; visiting Milan, V enice, F lorence, R ome,
N aples, and other more inconsiderable cities, with lively
interest and great minuteness of observation. The im-
pression produced by her talent and character is still fresh
in the memories of those who saw her. "
S he returned to S witzerland in the summer of 1805,
and passed a year among her friends at Coppet and Geneva:
during this period she began Corinne, the splendid record
which she has left the world of her visit to I taly. This
work was published in 1802, and perhaps obtained more
ex tensive and immediate fame than any thing she ever
wrote. I t was received with one burst of applause by all
the literati of E urope. Mr. J effery, in his review of it,
pronounced Madame de S tael " the greatest writer in
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X X V li
F rance, after the time of V oltaire and R ousseau, and the
greatest female writer of any age or country. "
H er eldest son, A ugustus, B aron de S tael, was at this
time in Paris, pursuing his studies preparatory to entering
the Polytechnic school; and after the completion of Co-
rinne, Madame de S tael, in order to be as near him as
possible, went to reside at A ux erre, and afterward at
R ouen, from whence she could daily send to Paris. S he
led a very retired life, and was ex tremely prudent about
intermeddling with politics. Those who had any thing to
hope or to fear from the E mperor did not dare to main-
tain any intercourse with her; and of course she was not
thronged with visiters, in those days of despotism and ser-
vility: all she wished was liberty to superintend the pub-
lication of Corinne, and to watch over the education of
her son.
B ut all this moderation and caution did not satisfy
B onaparte. H e wanted to interdict her writing any thing,
even if it were, lik e Corinne, totally unconnected with
politics. S he was again banished from F rance; and, by a
sad coincidence, she received the order on the 9th of A pril,
the anniversary of her father' s death. W hen she returned
to Coppet, all her movements were watched by the spies
of government, so that ex istence became a complete state
of bondage. To use her own words, she was " tormented
in all the interests and relations of life, and on all the sen-
sible points of her character. " S he stj ll had warm and
devoted friends, who could not be withdrawn from her by
motives of interest or fear; but, with all the consolations
of fame and friendship, it was sufficiently inconvenient
and harassing to be thus fettered and annoyed.
A s a means of employing her mind, which, ever since
the death of her father, had been strongly prone to indulge
in images of gloom and terror, Madame de S tael indus-
triously continued the study of German literature and phi-
losophy. H er acq uaintance with M. de S
V illers (the author of an admirable book
ation, which obtained the prize from the F
chlegel and M.
on the R eform-
rench A cademy,)
afforded her remark able facilities for perfecting herself in
the German language. H er first visit had brought her into
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? X X V lllME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
delightful companionship with most of the great minds in
N orth Germany; but she deemed it necessary to visit the
S outh, before she completed a work which she had long
had in contemplation. I n company with her beautiful
friend, Madame R ecainier, she passed the winter of 1807
at V ienna, receiving the same flattering distinctions from
the great and the gifted, which had every where attended
her footsteps.
S he began her celebrated book on Germany in the country
itself, and surrounded by every facility for giving a correct
picture of its literature, manners, and national character.
A s we have j ust stated, she made a second visit, for the
purpose of more thorough investigation; and she devoted
yet two more years to it after her return ; mak ing a period
of about six years from the time of its commencement to
its final completion. I t is true, this arduous labour was
not continued uninterruptedly: she had, in the meanwhile,
made her visit to I taly, and written Corinne; and while
she was employed with her great work on Germany, she
composed and played at Coppet the greater part of the little
pieces which are now collected in the six teenth volume of
her work s, under the title of Dramatic E ssays. A t the
beginning of the summer of 1810, she finished the three
volumes of Germany, and went to reside j ust without forty
leagues from Paris, in order to superintend its publication.
S he says, " I fix ed myself at a farm called F osse, which a
generous friend lent me. The house was inhabited by a
V endean soldier, who certainly did not k eep it in the nicest
order, but who had a loyal good-nature that made every
thing easy, and an originality of character that was very
amusing. S carcely had we arrived, when an I talian mu-
sician, whom I had with me to give lessons to my daughter,
began playing upon the guitar; and Madame R ecamier' s
sweet voice accompanied my daughter upon the harp. The
peasants collected round the windows, astonished to hear
this colony of troubadours, which had come to enliven the
solitude of their master. Certainly this intimate assem-
blage, this solitary residence, this agreeable occupation, did
no harm to any one. W e had imagined the idea of sitting
round a green table after dinner, and writing letters to each
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE fTA E L . X X I X
other instead of conversing. These varied and multiplied
tetes-a-tetes amused us so much, that we were impatient to
get from table, where we were talk ing, in order to go and
write to one another. W hen any strangers came in, we
could not bear the interruption of our habits; and our
penny-post always went its round. The inhabitants of the
neighbouring town were somewhat astonished at these new
manners, and look ed upon them as pedantic; though, in
fact, it was merely a resource against the monotony of
solitude. O ne day a gentleman, who had never thought of
any thing in his life but hunting, came to tak e my boys
with him into the woods; he remained some tinfe seated
at our active, but silent table. Madame R ecamier wrote a
little note to this j olly sportsman, in order that he might
not be too much a stranger to the circle in which he was
placed. H e ex cused himself from receiving it, assuring us
that he never could read writing by daylight. W e after-
wards laughed not a little at the disappointment our beau-
tiful friend had met with in her benevolent coq uetry; and
thought that a billet from her hand would not often have
met such a fate. O ur life passed in this q uiet manner;
and, if I may j udge by myself, none of us found it bur-
densome.
" I wished to go and see the opera of Cinderella repre-
sented at a paltry provincial theatre at B lois. Coming out
of the theatre on foot, the people followed me in crowds,
more from curiosity to see the woman B onaparte had
ex iled, than from any other motive. This k ind of celebrity,
which I owed to misfortune much more than to talent,
displeased the Minister of Police, who wrote to the Prefect
of L oire that I was surrounded by a court. ' Certainly,'
said I to the Prefect, ' it is not power that gives me a
court. '
" O n the 23d of S eptember, I corrected the last proof of
Germany; after isix years' labour, I felt great delight in
writing the word end. 1 made a list of one hundred per-
sons to whom I wished to send copies in different parts of
E urope. " The work passed the censorship prescribed by
law; and Madame de S tael, supposing every thing was sa-
tisfactorily arranged, went with her family to visit her
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? X X X ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
friend M. de Montmorency, at his residence about five
leagues from B lois. This gentleman could claim the oldest
hereditary rank of any nobleman in F rance; being able to
trace back his pedigree, through a long line of glorious
ancestry, to the first B aron of Christendom, in the time of
Charlemagne. Madame de S tael says, " H e was a pious
man, only occupied in this world with mak ing himself fit
for heaven: in his conversation with me he never paid any
attention to the affairs of the day, but only sought to do
good to my soul. "
Madame de S tael, after having passed a delightful day
amid the magnificent forests and historical recollections of
this ancient castle, retired to rest. I n the night, M. de
Montmorency was awak ened by the arrival of A ugustus,
B aron de S tael, who came to inform him that his mother' s
book on Germany was lik ely to be destroyed, in conse-
q uence of a new edict, which had very much the appear-
ance of being made on purpose for the occasion. H er son,
as soon as he had done his errand, left M. de Montmorency
to soften the blow as much as possible, but to urge his
mother to return immediately after she had tak en break -
fast; he himself went back before daylight to see that her
papers were not seized by the imperial police. L uck ily,
the proof sheets of her valuable work were saved. S ome
further notes on Germany she had with her in a small port-
able desk in the carriage. A s they drew near her habit-
ation she gave the desk to her youngest son, who j umped
over a wall, and carried it into the house through the gar-
den. Miss R andall, an E nglish lady, an ex cellent and
much beloved friend, came to meet her on the road, to
console her as much as she could under this great disap-
pointment. A file of soldiers were sent to her publisher'
to destroy every sheet of the ten thousand copies that had
been printed. S he was req uired to give up her MS S
s,
. and
q uit F rance in twenty-four hours. I n her Ten Y ears'
E x ile,MadamedeS taeldrilyremark s," I twasthecus-
tom of B onaparte to order conscripts and women to be in
readiness to q uit F rance in twenty-four hours. "
S he had given up some rough notes of her work to the
police, but the spies of government had done their duty so
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X X X I
? well, that they k new there was a copy saved: they could
tell the ex act number of proof-sheets that had been sent to
her by the publisher, and the ex act number she had re-
turned. S he did not pretend to deny the fact; but she
told them she had placed the copy out of her hands, and
that she neither could nor would put it in their power.
The severity used on this occasion was as unnecessary
as it was cruel, for her book on Germany contained nothing
to give offence to the government. I ndeed the only fault
pretended to be found with it was that it was purely literary,
and contained no mention of the E mperor or his wars in
that country. "
The Minister o' f Police gave out, " in corsair terms, that
if Madame de S tael, on her return to Coppet, should ven-
ture one foot within forty leagues of Paris she was a good
prize. " W hen arrived at Coppet, she received ex press
orders not to go more than four leagues from her own
house; and this was enforced with so much rigour, that
having one day accidentally ex tended her ride a little be-
yond her limits, the military police were sent full speed to
bring her back .
I f N apoleon felt flattered that all the sovereigns of
E urope were obliged to combine to k eep one man on a bar-
ren island, Madame de S tael might well consider it no
small compliment for one woman to be able to inspire with
fear the mighty troubler of the world' s peace. *
F ew in this selfish world would visit one who thus
" carried about with her the contagion of misfortune; "
and she was even fearful of writing to her friends, lest she
should in some way implicate them in her own difficulties.
I n the midst of these perplex ities, her true friend, M. de
Montmorency, came to mak e her a visit: she told him such
a proof of friendship would offend the E mperor; but he
felt safe in the consciousness of a life entirely secluded from
any connection with public affairs. The day after his
arrival, they rode to F ribourg, to see a convent of nuns, of
1 * B onaparte dreaded an epigram, pointed against himself, more than he
dreaded " infernal machines. " W hen he was told that no woman, however
talented, could shak e the foundation of his power, he replied, " Madame de
S tael carries a q uiver full of arrows, that would hit a man if he were seated on
a rainbow. "
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? X X x iiME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
the dismal order of L a Trappe. S he says, " W e reached
the convent in the midst of a severe shower, after having
been obliged to come nearly a mile on foot. I rung the
bell at the gate of the cloister; a nun appeared behind the
lattice opening, through which the portress may speak to
strangers. ' W hat do you want? ' said she, in a voice
without modulation, such as we might suppose that of a
ghost. -- ' I should lik e to see the interior of the convent *
-- ' That is impossible/ she replied. -- ' B ut I am very
wet, and want to dry my dress. ' -- S he immediately touched
a spring, which opened the door of an outer apartment in
which I was allowed to rest myself; but no living creature
appeared. I n a few minutes, impatient at not being able
to penetrate the interior of the convent, after my W
walk I rung again. The same person re-appeared. I
ask ed her if females were never admitted into the convent
S he answered, ' O nly when they had the intention of be-
coming nuns.
" ' B ut,' said I , ' how can I tell whether I should lik e
to remain in your house, if I am not permitted to see it'
-- ' O h, that is q uite useless,' she replied; ' I
sure that you have no vocation for our state; ' and with
these words she immediately shut her wick et. " Madame
de S tael says she k nows not how this nun discovered her
worldly disposition, unless it were by her q uick manner of
speak ing, so different from their own. Those who look at
Madame de S tael' s portrait will not wonder at the nun'
penetration: it needs but a single glance at her bright dark
eye, through which one can look so clearly into the depths
of an ardent and busy soul, to be convinced that she was
not made for the solitude and austerities of L a Trappe
B eing disappointed in getting a sight of the nuns,
Madame de S tael proposed to her son and M. de Mont
morency to go to the famous cascade of B ex , where the
water falls from a very lofty mountain. This being iust
within the F rench territory, she, without being aware of it
infringed upon her sentence of ex ile. The Prefect blamed
her very much, and made a great merit of not informing
the E mperor that she had been in F rance. S he says she
am very
s
might have told him, in the words of L a F ontaine' s fable,
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X X X U1
c I gTazed of this meadow the breadth of my tongue. " B o-
naparte, finding that Madame de S tael wisely resolved to
be as happy as she could, determined to mak e her home
a solitude, by forbidding all persons to visit her.
F our days after M. de Montmorency arrived at Coppet,
he was banished from F rance; for no other crime than
having dared to offer the consolation of his society to one
who had been his intimate friend for more than twenty
years, and by whose assistance he had escaped from the
dangers of the R evolution.
Madame R ecamier, being at that time on her way to the
waters of A ix in S avoy, sent her friend word that she
should stop at Coppet. Madame de S tael despatched a
courier to beseech her not to come; and she wept bitterly,
to think that her charming friend was so near her, without
the possibility of obtaining an interview: but Madame
R ecamier, conscious that she had never meddled with po-
litics, was resolved not to pass by Coppet without seeing
her. I nstead of the j oy that had always welcomed her
arrival, she was received with a torrent of tears. S he stayed
only one night; but, as Madame de S tael had feared, the
sentence of ex ile smote her also. ' Thus regardless,' says
she, ' did the chief of the F rench people, so renowned for
their gallantry, show himself toward the most beautiful
woman in Paris. I n one day he smote virtue and distin-
guished rank in M. de Montmorency, beauty in Madame
R ecamier, and, if I dare say it, the reputation of high
talents in myself. '
N ot only F renchmen, but foreigners, who wished to visit
a writer of so much celebrity, were informed that they must
not enter her house. The minister of the police said he
would have a soldier' s guard mounted at the bottom of the
avenue, to arrest whoever attempted to go to Coppet.
E very courier brought tidings of some friend ex iled for
having dared to k eep up a correspondence with her; even
her sons were forbidden to enter F rance, without a new
permission from the police. I n this cruel situation, Ma-
dame de S tael could only weep for those friends who for-
sook her, and tremble for those who had the courage to
b
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? X X X I V ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
remain faithful. B ut nothing could force from her one
line of flattery to the E mperor.
H er friends urged her to go heyond the power of her
enemy; saying, " I
E lizabeth did Mary S
the catastrophe at last. "
f you remain, he will treat you as
tuart; nineteen years of misery, and
A nd she herself says, " Thus to
carry about with me the contagion of calamity, to be a
burden on the ex istence of my children, to fear to write to
those I love, or even to mention their names, -- this is a
situation from which it is necessary to escape, or die. "
B ut she hesitated, and lingered long before she deter-
mined to leave the tomb of her father, where she daily
offered up her prayers for support and consolation. B e-
sides, a new feeling had at this period gained dominion
over her. A t Geneva, she had become acq uainted with A l-
bert-J ean-Michel de R occa, a young officer, j ust returned
wounded from the war of the S panish Peninsula, whose
feeble health, united with the accounts given of his brilliant
courage, had inspired general interest. Madame de S tael
visited him, as a stranger who needed the soothing voice of
k indness and compassion. The first words she uttered made
him her ardent lover; he talk ed of her incessantly. H is
friends represented to him the ex treme improbability of
gaining the affections of such a woman: he replied, " I
love her so devotedly, that she cannot refuse to marry me. "
M. de R occa had great elevation of character; his con-
versation was highly poetic; his affections ardent; and
will
his style of writing animated and graceful * : his sentiments
toward her were of the most romantic and chivalrous k ind,
-- unbounded admiration was softened by ex treme tender-
ness; her desolate heart had lost the guardian and support
of early life; his state of health ex cited her pity; and, more
than all, he offered to realise the dream she had always so
fondly indulged -- a marriage of love.
A strong and enduring attachment sprung up between
them, which, in 1811, resulted in a private wedding.
* I n 1809, he published Campagne de W alcfteren et iV A nvers. I n 1814, he
published a very interesting book , which was reprinted in 1817, called Mdmotre
surlaGuerredesF rancoisenE spagne. H eleftanovelinMS . calledL eMat
du Pays; 1 do not k now whether it was ever printed.
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E I i. X X X V
The precarious state of M. de R occa' s health was a source
of sorrow, which she felt with a k eenness proportioned to
the susceptibility of her character. S he watched over him
with a patient, persevering attention, not a little remark -
able in one to whom variety and activity were so necessary.
W hen he was thought to be in danger, her anguish k new
no bounds: she compared herself to Marshal N ey, when
he ex pected sentence of death from one moment to another.
I n relation to this romantic affair, Madame de S tael was
guilty of the greatest weak ness of her whole life. Governed
partly by a timidity, which feared' the world' s dread laugh,'
and partly by a proud reluctance to relinq uish the name
she had made so glorious throughout E urope, she concealed
the marriage from all but her children, and her most inti-
mate friends. O n every account, this is to be deeply
regretted. I t mak es us blush for an instance of silly vanity
in one so truly great; and, what is worse, the embarrassing
situation in which she thus placed herself, laid her very
open to the malice of her enemies, and the suspicions of the
world. S candalous stories, promulgated by those who either
misunderstood or wilfully misrepresented her character,
are even now repeated, though clearly proved to be false
by those who had the very best opportunities of observing
her life.
I n her preference for the conversation of gentlemen,
Madame de S tael had ever been as perfectly undisguised,
as she was with regard to all her other tastes and opinions;
it was, therefore, natural that she should not be a general
favourite with her own sex , though she found among women
many of her most zealous and attached friends.
The intellectual sympathy, which produced so many
delightful friendships between herelf and distinguished
men of all countries, was naturally attributed, by ladies of
inferior gifts, to a source less innocent; and to this petty
malice was added strong political animosity, dark , rancor-
ous, unprincipled, and unforgiving. They even tried to
mak e a crime of her residence in E ngland, with N arbonne
and Talleyrand-- as if those days of terror, when everyman,
woman, and child in F rance slept under the guillotine, was
b2
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? X X X V I ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
a time for even the most scrupulous to adhere to the laws
of etiq uette.
A fter her marriage with M. de R occa, Madame de S tael,
happy in the retirement of her now cheerful home, and
finding consolation in the warm affection of her children,
indulged hopes that the government would leave her in
peace. B ut B onaparte, who no doubt heard some sort of
account of the new attachment which had given a fresh
charm to her ex istence, caused her to be threatened with
perpetual imprisonment.
Unable any longer to endure this system of vex ation, she
ask ed leave to live in I taly, promising not to publish a
single line of any k ind; and, with something of becoming
pride, she reminded the officers of government that it was
the author of Corinne, who ask ed no other privilege than to
live and die in R ome. B ut notwithstanding the strong
claim which this beautiful work gave her to the admiration
and indulgence of her countrymen, that req uest was refused.
N apoleon, in one of his conversations at S t. H elena, ex -
cuses his uninterrupted persecution of Madame de S tael, by
saying that, " she was an ambitious, intriguing woman, who
would at any time have thrown her friends into the sea, for
the sak e of ex ercising her energy in saving them. "
N o doubt there was much truth in this accusation. F rom
her earliest childhood, Madame de S tael had breathed the
atmosphere of politics; and she lived at an ex citing period,
when an active mind could scarcely forbear tak ing great
interest in public affairs. * S he was an avowed enemy to
the imperial government; but, though she spok e her mind
freely, we do not hear of her as engaged in any conspiracies,
or even attempting to form a party.
A t her S wiss retreat, when he was omnipotent in F rance,
and she was powerless, it certainly was safe to leave her in
the peaceful enj oyment of such social pleasures as were
within her reach. The banishment of M. de S chlegel, M.
de Montmorency, and Madame R ecamier, his refusal to al-
low Madame de S tael to pass into I taly, and his opposition
? B onaparte once at a party placed himself directly before a witty and beau-
tiful lady, and said very abruptly, " Madame, 1 don' t lik e that women should
meddle with politics. " -- * ' Y ou aie very right. General," she replied; * *
a country where women are beheaded, it is natural they should desire to k now
the reaso" ' *
but in
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X X X V 11
to her visiting E ngland, seem much more lik e personal dis-
lik e and irritation against one whom he could not compel
to flatter him, than they do lik e political precaution: he
indeed overrated Madame de S tael' s importance, if he sup-
posed she could change the whole policy of government, in
a country where the national prej udices are so strongly ar-
rayed against female politicians as they are in E ngland.
W hatever were B onaparte' s motives and intentions, her
friends thought it prudent to urge immediate flight; and
she herself felt the necessity of it. B ut month after month
passed away, during which time she was distracted with
the most painful perplex ity between her fears of a prison,
and her dread of becoming a fugitive on the face of the
earth. S he says, " I sometimes consulted all sorts of pre-
sages, in hopes I should be directed what to do; at other
times, I more wisely interrogated my friends and myself on
the propriety of my departure. I am sure that I put the
patience of my friends to a severe test by my eternal dis-
cussions, and painful irresolution. "
Two attempts were made to obtain passports for A merica;
but, after compelling her to wait a long time, the govern-
ment refused to give them.
A t one time she thought of going to Greece, by the route
of Constantinople; but she feared to ex pose her daughter
to the perils of such a voyage. H er nex t obj ect was to reach
E ngland through the circuitous route of R ussia and S weden;
but in this great undertak ing her heart failed her. H aving
a bold imagination, and a timid character, she conj ured up
the phantoms of ten thousand dangers. S he was afraid of
robbers, of arrest, of prisons, -- and more than all, she was
afraid of being advertised in the newspapers, with all the
scandalous falsehoods her enemies might think proper to
invent. S he said truly, that she had to contend with an
' enemy with a million of soldiers, millions of revenue, all
the prisons of E urope, k ings for his j ailors, and the press
for his mouth-piece. ' B ut the time at last came when the
pressure of circumstances would no longer admit of delay.
B onaparte was preparing for his R ussian campaign, an:I
she must either precede the F rench troops, or abandon her
proj ect entirely*
b3
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? X X X V 111ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
The 15th of May, 1812, W as at last fix ed upon for de-
parture; and all the necessary arrangements were made with
profound secrecy. W hen the day arrived, the uncertainty
she felt seemed to her lik e a consciousness of being about
to do something wrong; she thought she ought to yield
herself up to such events as Providence ordained, and that
those pious men were in the right, who always scrupled to
follow an impulse originating in their own free will. S he
says, " A gitated by these conflicting feelings, I wandered
over the park at Coppet: 1 seated myself in all the places
where my father had been accustomed to repose himself,
and contemplate nature; I look ed once more upon the
beauties of water and verdure, which we had so often ad-
mired together; I bade them adieu, and recommended my-
self to their sweet influences. The monument that encloses
the ashes of my father and my mother, and in which, if
God permits, my own will be deposited, was one of the
principal causes of regret I felt at banishing myself from
the home of my childhood; but on approaching it, I almost
always found strength, that seemed to me to come from
heaven. I passed an hour in prayer before the iron gate
which enclosed the mortal remains of the noblest of human
beings; and my soul was convinced of the necessity of
departure. I went once more to look at my father' s study,
where his easy chair, his table, and his papers, remained as
he had left them; I k issed each venerable mark ; I took
the cloak , which till then I had ordered to be left upon his
chair, and carried it away with me, that I might wrap my-
self up in it, should the messenger of death approach me.
W hen these adieus were terminated, I avoided as much as
I could all other farewells; I found it less painful to part
from my friends by letters, which I took care they should
not receive until several days after my departure.
" O n S aturday, the 23d of May, 1812, I got into my
carriage, saying that I
pack et whatever;
My son, and M. de R
should return to dinner. I took no
I and my daughter had only our fans.
occa, carried in their pock ets enough
to defray the ex penses of several days' j
ing the chateau, which had become to me lik
valued friend, I nearly fainted. My son took
ourney. O n leav-
e an old and
my hand,
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X X X I X
and said, ' Dear mother, remember you are on your way to
E ngland. ' Though nearly two thousand leagues from that
goal, to which the usual road would have so speedily con-
ducted me, I felt revived by his words; every step at least
brought me something nearer to it. W hen I had proceeded
a few leagues, I sent back one of my servants to apprise
my establishment that I should not return until the nex t
day. I continued travelling night and day, as far as a
farm-house beyond B erne, where I had agreed to meet
M. de S chlegel, who had k indly offered to accompany me.
H ere I was obliged to leave my eldest son, who for four-
teen years had been educated by my father, and whose
features strongly reminded me of him. A gain my courage
abandoned me. I thought of S witzerland, so tranq uil and
so beautiful; I thought of her inhabitants, who, though
they had lost political independence, k new how to be free
by their virtues; and it seemed to me as if every thing
told me I ought not to go. I had not yet crossed the bar-
rier-- there was still a possibility of returning. B ut if I
went back , I k new another escape would be impossible;
and I felt a sort of shame at the idea of renewing such
solemn farewells. I k new not what would have become of
me, if this uncertainty had lasted much longer. My chil-
dren decided me; especially my daughter, who was then
scarcely fourteen years old. I committed myself to her, as
if the voice of God had spok
My son took his leave;
could say, with L ord R
past. ' "
The young B aron de S
en by the mouth of a child.
and when he was out of sight, I
ussell, ' The bitterness of death is
tael had been obliged to leave his
mother, in order to attend to the interests of her fortune,
and to obtain passports to go through A ustria, one of whose
princesses was then the wife of N apoleon. E very thing
depended on obtaining these passports, under some name
that would not attract the attention of the police; if they
were refused, Madame de S tael would be arrested, and the
rigours of ex ile made more intolerable than ever. I t was
a decisive step, and one that caused her devoted son the
most painful anx iety. F inally, he concluded to act, as, he
j udiciously observes, all honest men had better do in their
b4
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? x lME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
intercourse with each other,-- he threw himself directly
upon the generosity of the A ustrian ambassador; and
fortunately he had to deal with an honourable man, who
made no hesitation in granting his req uest.
A few days after, Madame de S teel' s younger son, with
her servants, wardrobe, and travelling carriage, set out from
Coppet, to meet his mother at V ienna. The whole had
been managed with such secresy, and the police had be-
come so accustomed to her q uiet way of life, that no sus-
picions were ex cited, until this second removal took place.
The gens-d' armes were instantly on the alert; but Madame
de S teel had too much the start of them, and had travelled
too swiftly, to be overtak
says, " The moment I
B avaria to A ustria;
en. I n describing her flight, she
most dreaded, was the passage from
for it was there a courier might pre-
cede me, and forbid me to pass. B ut notwithstanding my
apprehensions, my health had been so much inj ured by
anx iety and fatigue, that I could no longer travel all night.
I , however, flattered myself that I should arrive without
impediment; when, j ust as my fears were vanishing, as we
approached the boundary line, a man in the inn, at S altz-
burg, told M. de S chlegel, that a F rench courier had been
to enq uire for a carriage coming from I nspruek , with a
lady and a young girl; and had left word, that he would
return to get intelligence of them. I became pale with
terror; and M. de S chlegel was very much alarmed; espe-
cially as he found, by enq uiry, that the courier had been
waiting for me at the A ustrian frontier, and not finding
me there, had returned to meet me. This was j ust what I
had dreaded before my departure, and through the whole
j ourney. I determined, on the spur of the moment, to
leave M. de S chlegel and my daughter at the inn, and to
go on foot into the streets of the town, to tak e my chance
at the first house whose master, or mistress, had a physio-
gnomy that pleased me. I would remain in this asylum
a few days; during this time, M. de S chlegel and my
daughter might say, that they were going to rej oin me in
A ustria; and I would . afterward leave S altzburg, disguised
as a peasant. H azardous as this resource appeared, no
other remained; and I was j ust preparing for the task , with
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . x li
fear and trembling, when who should enter my apartment,
but this dreaded courier, who was no other than-- M. de
R occa!
" H e had been obliged to return to Geneva to transact
some business, and now came to rej oin me. H e had dis-
guised himself as a courier, in order to tak e advantage of
the terror which the name inspired, and to obtain horses
more q uick ly. H e had hurried on to the A ustrian frontier,
to mak e himself sure that no one had preceded, or an-
nounced me; he had returned to assure me that I had
nothing to fear, and to get upon the box of my carriage
until we had passed that dreaded frontier, which seemed to
me the last of my dangers. I n this manner were my fears
changed to gratitude, j oy, and confidence. "
A t V ienna, Madame de S tael was obliged to wait some
time for a R ussian passport. The first ten days were spent
very pleasantly, and her friends there assured her that she
might rest in perfect security. A t the end of that time,
the A ustrian police probably received directions concerning
her from N apoleon; for they placed a guard at the gate of
her house, and, whether she walk ed or rode, she was fol-
lowed by spies.
S he was at this time in a state of great uneasiness; for
unless her R ussian passport came speedily, the progress of
the war would prevent her from passing into that country;
and she dared not stay in V ienna a day after the F rench
ambassador (who was then at Dresden) had returned.
A gain she thought of Constantinople. S he tried to obtain
two passports to leave A ustria, either by H ungary or Gal-
licia, so that she might decide in favour of going to Peters-
burg or Constantinople according to circumstances. S he
was told she might have her choice of passports, but that
they could not enable her to go by two different frontiers
without authority from the Committee of S tates. S he says,
" E urope seemed to her lik e one great net, in which travel-
lers got entangled at every step. "
S he departed for Gallicia without her R ussian passport;
a friend having promised to travel night and day to bring
it to her, as soon as it arrived. A t every step of her
j ourney she encountered fresh difficulties from the police,
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? x liiME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
all of which it would be tedious to relate. Placards were
put up in all the towns to k eep a strict watch upon her as
she passed through: this was the distinction the A ustrians
conferred upon a woman, who has done more than any
other mortal to give foreigners a respect for German lite-
rature, and German character.
and superstition than to unbelief. N o doubt, religion was
with her more a matter of feeling than of faith; but she
respected the feeling, and never suffered the pride of reason
to ex pel it from her heart. There is something beauti-
fully pathetic in the ex clamation that burst from her, when
her little daughter was dangerously ill at F rank fort: " O h,
what would become of a mother, trembling for the life of
her child, if it were not for prayer I "
H er father' s death gave a more permanent influence to
such feelings. I f I may use the ex pression, her character
became less volcanic, while it lost nothing of its power.
During the lifetime of M. N eck er, Madame de S tael
remained in childish ignorance of all the common affairs of
life. S he was in the habit of applying to him for advice
about every thing, even her dress. The unavoidable result
was that she was very improvident. H er father used to
compare her to a savage, who would sell his hut in the
morning, without think ing what would become of him at
night.
W hen her guide and support was tak en from her, no
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? X X V I ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA B L .
wonder that she felt as if it would be absolutely impossible
for her to do any thing without him. F or a short time she
gave herself up to the most discouraging fancies. S he
thought her fortune would be wasted, her children would
not be educated, her servants would not obey her, -- in
short, that every thing would go wrong. B ut her anx
to do every thing as he would have done it gave her a
iety
motive for ex ertion, and inspired her with strength. S he
administered upon his estate with remark able ability, and
arranged her affairs with a most scrupulous regard to the
future interests of her children.
H er health as well as her spirits sunk rapidly under the
oppression of grief. H er friends advised new scenes and
change of climate. Paris was still closed against her;
though M. N eck er, with his dying hand, had written to
assure B onaparte that his daughter had no share in his
political pamphlet, and to beseech that her sentence of ex ile
might be repealed after his death.
Thus situated, her thoughts turned toward I taly. S is-
mondi accompanied her in this j ourney. They arrived
j ust when the fresh glory of a southern spring mantled the
earth and the heavens. S he found a renovating influence
in the beautiful sk y and the balmy climate of this lovely
land, which she, with touching superstition, ascribed to
the intercession of her father. " S he passed more than a
year in I taly; visiting Milan, V enice, F lorence, R ome,
N aples, and other more inconsiderable cities, with lively
interest and great minuteness of observation. The im-
pression produced by her talent and character is still fresh
in the memories of those who saw her. "
S he returned to S witzerland in the summer of 1805,
and passed a year among her friends at Coppet and Geneva:
during this period she began Corinne, the splendid record
which she has left the world of her visit to I taly. This
work was published in 1802, and perhaps obtained more
ex tensive and immediate fame than any thing she ever
wrote. I t was received with one burst of applause by all
the literati of E urope. Mr. J effery, in his review of it,
pronounced Madame de S tael " the greatest writer in
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X X V li
F rance, after the time of V oltaire and R ousseau, and the
greatest female writer of any age or country. "
H er eldest son, A ugustus, B aron de S tael, was at this
time in Paris, pursuing his studies preparatory to entering
the Polytechnic school; and after the completion of Co-
rinne, Madame de S tael, in order to be as near him as
possible, went to reside at A ux erre, and afterward at
R ouen, from whence she could daily send to Paris. S he
led a very retired life, and was ex tremely prudent about
intermeddling with politics. Those who had any thing to
hope or to fear from the E mperor did not dare to main-
tain any intercourse with her; and of course she was not
thronged with visiters, in those days of despotism and ser-
vility: all she wished was liberty to superintend the pub-
lication of Corinne, and to watch over the education of
her son.
B ut all this moderation and caution did not satisfy
B onaparte. H e wanted to interdict her writing any thing,
even if it were, lik e Corinne, totally unconnected with
politics. S he was again banished from F rance; and, by a
sad coincidence, she received the order on the 9th of A pril,
the anniversary of her father' s death. W hen she returned
to Coppet, all her movements were watched by the spies
of government, so that ex istence became a complete state
of bondage. To use her own words, she was " tormented
in all the interests and relations of life, and on all the sen-
sible points of her character. " S he stj ll had warm and
devoted friends, who could not be withdrawn from her by
motives of interest or fear; but, with all the consolations
of fame and friendship, it was sufficiently inconvenient
and harassing to be thus fettered and annoyed.
A s a means of employing her mind, which, ever since
the death of her father, had been strongly prone to indulge
in images of gloom and terror, Madame de S tael indus-
triously continued the study of German literature and phi-
losophy. H er acq uaintance with M. de S
V illers (the author of an admirable book
ation, which obtained the prize from the F
chlegel and M.
on the R eform-
rench A cademy,)
afforded her remark able facilities for perfecting herself in
the German language. H er first visit had brought her into
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? X X V lllME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
delightful companionship with most of the great minds in
N orth Germany; but she deemed it necessary to visit the
S outh, before she completed a work which she had long
had in contemplation. I n company with her beautiful
friend, Madame R ecainier, she passed the winter of 1807
at V ienna, receiving the same flattering distinctions from
the great and the gifted, which had every where attended
her footsteps.
S he began her celebrated book on Germany in the country
itself, and surrounded by every facility for giving a correct
picture of its literature, manners, and national character.
A s we have j ust stated, she made a second visit, for the
purpose of more thorough investigation; and she devoted
yet two more years to it after her return ; mak ing a period
of about six years from the time of its commencement to
its final completion. I t is true, this arduous labour was
not continued uninterruptedly: she had, in the meanwhile,
made her visit to I taly, and written Corinne; and while
she was employed with her great work on Germany, she
composed and played at Coppet the greater part of the little
pieces which are now collected in the six teenth volume of
her work s, under the title of Dramatic E ssays. A t the
beginning of the summer of 1810, she finished the three
volumes of Germany, and went to reside j ust without forty
leagues from Paris, in order to superintend its publication.
S he says, " I fix ed myself at a farm called F osse, which a
generous friend lent me. The house was inhabited by a
V endean soldier, who certainly did not k eep it in the nicest
order, but who had a loyal good-nature that made every
thing easy, and an originality of character that was very
amusing. S carcely had we arrived, when an I talian mu-
sician, whom I had with me to give lessons to my daughter,
began playing upon the guitar; and Madame R ecamier' s
sweet voice accompanied my daughter upon the harp. The
peasants collected round the windows, astonished to hear
this colony of troubadours, which had come to enliven the
solitude of their master. Certainly this intimate assem-
blage, this solitary residence, this agreeable occupation, did
no harm to any one. W e had imagined the idea of sitting
round a green table after dinner, and writing letters to each
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE fTA E L . X X I X
other instead of conversing. These varied and multiplied
tetes-a-tetes amused us so much, that we were impatient to
get from table, where we were talk ing, in order to go and
write to one another. W hen any strangers came in, we
could not bear the interruption of our habits; and our
penny-post always went its round. The inhabitants of the
neighbouring town were somewhat astonished at these new
manners, and look ed upon them as pedantic; though, in
fact, it was merely a resource against the monotony of
solitude. O ne day a gentleman, who had never thought of
any thing in his life but hunting, came to tak e my boys
with him into the woods; he remained some tinfe seated
at our active, but silent table. Madame R ecamier wrote a
little note to this j olly sportsman, in order that he might
not be too much a stranger to the circle in which he was
placed. H e ex cused himself from receiving it, assuring us
that he never could read writing by daylight. W e after-
wards laughed not a little at the disappointment our beau-
tiful friend had met with in her benevolent coq uetry; and
thought that a billet from her hand would not often have
met such a fate. O ur life passed in this q uiet manner;
and, if I may j udge by myself, none of us found it bur-
densome.
" I wished to go and see the opera of Cinderella repre-
sented at a paltry provincial theatre at B lois. Coming out
of the theatre on foot, the people followed me in crowds,
more from curiosity to see the woman B onaparte had
ex iled, than from any other motive. This k ind of celebrity,
which I owed to misfortune much more than to talent,
displeased the Minister of Police, who wrote to the Prefect
of L oire that I was surrounded by a court. ' Certainly,'
said I to the Prefect, ' it is not power that gives me a
court. '
" O n the 23d of S eptember, I corrected the last proof of
Germany; after isix years' labour, I felt great delight in
writing the word end. 1 made a list of one hundred per-
sons to whom I wished to send copies in different parts of
E urope. " The work passed the censorship prescribed by
law; and Madame de S tael, supposing every thing was sa-
tisfactorily arranged, went with her family to visit her
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? X X X ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
friend M. de Montmorency, at his residence about five
leagues from B lois. This gentleman could claim the oldest
hereditary rank of any nobleman in F rance; being able to
trace back his pedigree, through a long line of glorious
ancestry, to the first B aron of Christendom, in the time of
Charlemagne. Madame de S tael says, " H e was a pious
man, only occupied in this world with mak ing himself fit
for heaven: in his conversation with me he never paid any
attention to the affairs of the day, but only sought to do
good to my soul. "
Madame de S tael, after having passed a delightful day
amid the magnificent forests and historical recollections of
this ancient castle, retired to rest. I n the night, M. de
Montmorency was awak ened by the arrival of A ugustus,
B aron de S tael, who came to inform him that his mother' s
book on Germany was lik ely to be destroyed, in conse-
q uence of a new edict, which had very much the appear-
ance of being made on purpose for the occasion. H er son,
as soon as he had done his errand, left M. de Montmorency
to soften the blow as much as possible, but to urge his
mother to return immediately after she had tak en break -
fast; he himself went back before daylight to see that her
papers were not seized by the imperial police. L uck ily,
the proof sheets of her valuable work were saved. S ome
further notes on Germany she had with her in a small port-
able desk in the carriage. A s they drew near her habit-
ation she gave the desk to her youngest son, who j umped
over a wall, and carried it into the house through the gar-
den. Miss R andall, an E nglish lady, an ex cellent and
much beloved friend, came to meet her on the road, to
console her as much as she could under this great disap-
pointment. A file of soldiers were sent to her publisher'
to destroy every sheet of the ten thousand copies that had
been printed. S he was req uired to give up her MS S
s,
. and
q uit F rance in twenty-four hours. I n her Ten Y ears'
E x ile,MadamedeS taeldrilyremark s," I twasthecus-
tom of B onaparte to order conscripts and women to be in
readiness to q uit F rance in twenty-four hours. "
S he had given up some rough notes of her work to the
police, but the spies of government had done their duty so
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X X X I
? well, that they k new there was a copy saved: they could
tell the ex act number of proof-sheets that had been sent to
her by the publisher, and the ex act number she had re-
turned. S he did not pretend to deny the fact; but she
told them she had placed the copy out of her hands, and
that she neither could nor would put it in their power.
The severity used on this occasion was as unnecessary
as it was cruel, for her book on Germany contained nothing
to give offence to the government. I ndeed the only fault
pretended to be found with it was that it was purely literary,
and contained no mention of the E mperor or his wars in
that country. "
The Minister o' f Police gave out, " in corsair terms, that
if Madame de S tael, on her return to Coppet, should ven-
ture one foot within forty leagues of Paris she was a good
prize. " W hen arrived at Coppet, she received ex press
orders not to go more than four leagues from her own
house; and this was enforced with so much rigour, that
having one day accidentally ex tended her ride a little be-
yond her limits, the military police were sent full speed to
bring her back .
I f N apoleon felt flattered that all the sovereigns of
E urope were obliged to combine to k eep one man on a bar-
ren island, Madame de S tael might well consider it no
small compliment for one woman to be able to inspire with
fear the mighty troubler of the world' s peace. *
F ew in this selfish world would visit one who thus
" carried about with her the contagion of misfortune; "
and she was even fearful of writing to her friends, lest she
should in some way implicate them in her own difficulties.
I n the midst of these perplex ities, her true friend, M. de
Montmorency, came to mak e her a visit: she told him such
a proof of friendship would offend the E mperor; but he
felt safe in the consciousness of a life entirely secluded from
any connection with public affairs. The day after his
arrival, they rode to F ribourg, to see a convent of nuns, of
1 * B onaparte dreaded an epigram, pointed against himself, more than he
dreaded " infernal machines. " W hen he was told that no woman, however
talented, could shak e the foundation of his power, he replied, " Madame de
S tael carries a q uiver full of arrows, that would hit a man if he were seated on
a rainbow. "
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? X X x iiME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
the dismal order of L a Trappe. S he says, " W e reached
the convent in the midst of a severe shower, after having
been obliged to come nearly a mile on foot. I rung the
bell at the gate of the cloister; a nun appeared behind the
lattice opening, through which the portress may speak to
strangers. ' W hat do you want? ' said she, in a voice
without modulation, such as we might suppose that of a
ghost. -- ' I should lik e to see the interior of the convent *
-- ' That is impossible/ she replied. -- ' B ut I am very
wet, and want to dry my dress. ' -- S he immediately touched
a spring, which opened the door of an outer apartment in
which I was allowed to rest myself; but no living creature
appeared. I n a few minutes, impatient at not being able
to penetrate the interior of the convent, after my W
walk I rung again. The same person re-appeared. I
ask ed her if females were never admitted into the convent
S he answered, ' O nly when they had the intention of be-
coming nuns.
" ' B ut,' said I , ' how can I tell whether I should lik e
to remain in your house, if I am not permitted to see it'
-- ' O h, that is q uite useless,' she replied; ' I
sure that you have no vocation for our state; ' and with
these words she immediately shut her wick et. " Madame
de S tael says she k nows not how this nun discovered her
worldly disposition, unless it were by her q uick manner of
speak ing, so different from their own. Those who look at
Madame de S tael' s portrait will not wonder at the nun'
penetration: it needs but a single glance at her bright dark
eye, through which one can look so clearly into the depths
of an ardent and busy soul, to be convinced that she was
not made for the solitude and austerities of L a Trappe
B eing disappointed in getting a sight of the nuns,
Madame de S tael proposed to her son and M. de Mont
morency to go to the famous cascade of B ex , where the
water falls from a very lofty mountain. This being iust
within the F rench territory, she, without being aware of it
infringed upon her sentence of ex ile. The Prefect blamed
her very much, and made a great merit of not informing
the E mperor that she had been in F rance. S he says she
am very
s
might have told him, in the words of L a F ontaine' s fable,
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X X X U1
c I gTazed of this meadow the breadth of my tongue. " B o-
naparte, finding that Madame de S tael wisely resolved to
be as happy as she could, determined to mak e her home
a solitude, by forbidding all persons to visit her.
F our days after M. de Montmorency arrived at Coppet,
he was banished from F rance; for no other crime than
having dared to offer the consolation of his society to one
who had been his intimate friend for more than twenty
years, and by whose assistance he had escaped from the
dangers of the R evolution.
Madame R ecamier, being at that time on her way to the
waters of A ix in S avoy, sent her friend word that she
should stop at Coppet. Madame de S tael despatched a
courier to beseech her not to come; and she wept bitterly,
to think that her charming friend was so near her, without
the possibility of obtaining an interview: but Madame
R ecamier, conscious that she had never meddled with po-
litics, was resolved not to pass by Coppet without seeing
her. I nstead of the j oy that had always welcomed her
arrival, she was received with a torrent of tears. S he stayed
only one night; but, as Madame de S tael had feared, the
sentence of ex ile smote her also. ' Thus regardless,' says
she, ' did the chief of the F rench people, so renowned for
their gallantry, show himself toward the most beautiful
woman in Paris. I n one day he smote virtue and distin-
guished rank in M. de Montmorency, beauty in Madame
R ecamier, and, if I dare say it, the reputation of high
talents in myself. '
N ot only F renchmen, but foreigners, who wished to visit
a writer of so much celebrity, were informed that they must
not enter her house. The minister of the police said he
would have a soldier' s guard mounted at the bottom of the
avenue, to arrest whoever attempted to go to Coppet.
E very courier brought tidings of some friend ex iled for
having dared to k eep up a correspondence with her; even
her sons were forbidden to enter F rance, without a new
permission from the police. I n this cruel situation, Ma-
dame de S tael could only weep for those friends who for-
sook her, and tremble for those who had the courage to
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? X X X I V ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
remain faithful. B ut nothing could force from her one
line of flattery to the E mperor.
H er friends urged her to go heyond the power of her
enemy; saying, " I
E lizabeth did Mary S
the catastrophe at last. "
f you remain, he will treat you as
tuart; nineteen years of misery, and
A nd she herself says, " Thus to
carry about with me the contagion of calamity, to be a
burden on the ex istence of my children, to fear to write to
those I love, or even to mention their names, -- this is a
situation from which it is necessary to escape, or die. "
B ut she hesitated, and lingered long before she deter-
mined to leave the tomb of her father, where she daily
offered up her prayers for support and consolation. B e-
sides, a new feeling had at this period gained dominion
over her. A t Geneva, she had become acq uainted with A l-
bert-J ean-Michel de R occa, a young officer, j ust returned
wounded from the war of the S panish Peninsula, whose
feeble health, united with the accounts given of his brilliant
courage, had inspired general interest. Madame de S tael
visited him, as a stranger who needed the soothing voice of
k indness and compassion. The first words she uttered made
him her ardent lover; he talk ed of her incessantly. H is
friends represented to him the ex treme improbability of
gaining the affections of such a woman: he replied, " I
love her so devotedly, that she cannot refuse to marry me. "
M. de R occa had great elevation of character; his con-
versation was highly poetic; his affections ardent; and
will
his style of writing animated and graceful * : his sentiments
toward her were of the most romantic and chivalrous k ind,
-- unbounded admiration was softened by ex treme tender-
ness; her desolate heart had lost the guardian and support
of early life; his state of health ex cited her pity; and, more
than all, he offered to realise the dream she had always so
fondly indulged -- a marriage of love.
A strong and enduring attachment sprung up between
them, which, in 1811, resulted in a private wedding.
* I n 1809, he published Campagne de W alcfteren et iV A nvers. I n 1814, he
published a very interesting book , which was reprinted in 1817, called Mdmotre
surlaGuerredesF rancoisenE spagne. H eleftanovelinMS . calledL eMat
du Pays; 1 do not k now whether it was ever printed.
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E I i. X X X V
The precarious state of M. de R occa' s health was a source
of sorrow, which she felt with a k eenness proportioned to
the susceptibility of her character. S he watched over him
with a patient, persevering attention, not a little remark -
able in one to whom variety and activity were so necessary.
W hen he was thought to be in danger, her anguish k new
no bounds: she compared herself to Marshal N ey, when
he ex pected sentence of death from one moment to another.
I n relation to this romantic affair, Madame de S tael was
guilty of the greatest weak ness of her whole life. Governed
partly by a timidity, which feared' the world' s dread laugh,'
and partly by a proud reluctance to relinq uish the name
she had made so glorious throughout E urope, she concealed
the marriage from all but her children, and her most inti-
mate friends. O n every account, this is to be deeply
regretted. I t mak es us blush for an instance of silly vanity
in one so truly great; and, what is worse, the embarrassing
situation in which she thus placed herself, laid her very
open to the malice of her enemies, and the suspicions of the
world. S candalous stories, promulgated by those who either
misunderstood or wilfully misrepresented her character,
are even now repeated, though clearly proved to be false
by those who had the very best opportunities of observing
her life.
I n her preference for the conversation of gentlemen,
Madame de S tael had ever been as perfectly undisguised,
as she was with regard to all her other tastes and opinions;
it was, therefore, natural that she should not be a general
favourite with her own sex , though she found among women
many of her most zealous and attached friends.
The intellectual sympathy, which produced so many
delightful friendships between herelf and distinguished
men of all countries, was naturally attributed, by ladies of
inferior gifts, to a source less innocent; and to this petty
malice was added strong political animosity, dark , rancor-
ous, unprincipled, and unforgiving. They even tried to
mak e a crime of her residence in E ngland, with N arbonne
and Talleyrand-- as if those days of terror, when everyman,
woman, and child in F rance slept under the guillotine, was
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? X X X V I ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
a time for even the most scrupulous to adhere to the laws
of etiq uette.
A fter her marriage with M. de R occa, Madame de S tael,
happy in the retirement of her now cheerful home, and
finding consolation in the warm affection of her children,
indulged hopes that the government would leave her in
peace. B ut B onaparte, who no doubt heard some sort of
account of the new attachment which had given a fresh
charm to her ex istence, caused her to be threatened with
perpetual imprisonment.
Unable any longer to endure this system of vex ation, she
ask ed leave to live in I taly, promising not to publish a
single line of any k ind; and, with something of becoming
pride, she reminded the officers of government that it was
the author of Corinne, who ask ed no other privilege than to
live and die in R ome. B ut notwithstanding the strong
claim which this beautiful work gave her to the admiration
and indulgence of her countrymen, that req uest was refused.
N apoleon, in one of his conversations at S t. H elena, ex -
cuses his uninterrupted persecution of Madame de S tael, by
saying that, " she was an ambitious, intriguing woman, who
would at any time have thrown her friends into the sea, for
the sak e of ex ercising her energy in saving them. "
N o doubt there was much truth in this accusation. F rom
her earliest childhood, Madame de S tael had breathed the
atmosphere of politics; and she lived at an ex citing period,
when an active mind could scarcely forbear tak ing great
interest in public affairs. * S he was an avowed enemy to
the imperial government; but, though she spok e her mind
freely, we do not hear of her as engaged in any conspiracies,
or even attempting to form a party.
A t her S wiss retreat, when he was omnipotent in F rance,
and she was powerless, it certainly was safe to leave her in
the peaceful enj oyment of such social pleasures as were
within her reach. The banishment of M. de S chlegel, M.
de Montmorency, and Madame R ecamier, his refusal to al-
low Madame de S tael to pass into I taly, and his opposition
? B onaparte once at a party placed himself directly before a witty and beau-
tiful lady, and said very abruptly, " Madame, 1 don' t lik e that women should
meddle with politics. " -- * ' Y ou aie very right. General," she replied; * *
a country where women are beheaded, it is natural they should desire to k now
the reaso" ' *
but in
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X X X V 11
to her visiting E ngland, seem much more lik e personal dis-
lik e and irritation against one whom he could not compel
to flatter him, than they do lik e political precaution: he
indeed overrated Madame de S tael' s importance, if he sup-
posed she could change the whole policy of government, in
a country where the national prej udices are so strongly ar-
rayed against female politicians as they are in E ngland.
W hatever were B onaparte' s motives and intentions, her
friends thought it prudent to urge immediate flight; and
she herself felt the necessity of it. B ut month after month
passed away, during which time she was distracted with
the most painful perplex ity between her fears of a prison,
and her dread of becoming a fugitive on the face of the
earth. S he says, " I sometimes consulted all sorts of pre-
sages, in hopes I should be directed what to do; at other
times, I more wisely interrogated my friends and myself on
the propriety of my departure. I am sure that I put the
patience of my friends to a severe test by my eternal dis-
cussions, and painful irresolution. "
Two attempts were made to obtain passports for A merica;
but, after compelling her to wait a long time, the govern-
ment refused to give them.
A t one time she thought of going to Greece, by the route
of Constantinople; but she feared to ex pose her daughter
to the perils of such a voyage. H er nex t obj ect was to reach
E ngland through the circuitous route of R ussia and S weden;
but in this great undertak ing her heart failed her. H aving
a bold imagination, and a timid character, she conj ured up
the phantoms of ten thousand dangers. S he was afraid of
robbers, of arrest, of prisons, -- and more than all, she was
afraid of being advertised in the newspapers, with all the
scandalous falsehoods her enemies might think proper to
invent. S he said truly, that she had to contend with an
' enemy with a million of soldiers, millions of revenue, all
the prisons of E urope, k ings for his j ailors, and the press
for his mouth-piece. ' B ut the time at last came when the
pressure of circumstances would no longer admit of delay.
B onaparte was preparing for his R ussian campaign, an:I
she must either precede the F rench troops, or abandon her
proj ect entirely*
b3
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? X X X V 111ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
The 15th of May, 1812, W as at last fix ed upon for de-
parture; and all the necessary arrangements were made with
profound secrecy. W hen the day arrived, the uncertainty
she felt seemed to her lik e a consciousness of being about
to do something wrong; she thought she ought to yield
herself up to such events as Providence ordained, and that
those pious men were in the right, who always scrupled to
follow an impulse originating in their own free will. S he
says, " A gitated by these conflicting feelings, I wandered
over the park at Coppet: 1 seated myself in all the places
where my father had been accustomed to repose himself,
and contemplate nature; I look ed once more upon the
beauties of water and verdure, which we had so often ad-
mired together; I bade them adieu, and recommended my-
self to their sweet influences. The monument that encloses
the ashes of my father and my mother, and in which, if
God permits, my own will be deposited, was one of the
principal causes of regret I felt at banishing myself from
the home of my childhood; but on approaching it, I almost
always found strength, that seemed to me to come from
heaven. I passed an hour in prayer before the iron gate
which enclosed the mortal remains of the noblest of human
beings; and my soul was convinced of the necessity of
departure. I went once more to look at my father' s study,
where his easy chair, his table, and his papers, remained as
he had left them; I k issed each venerable mark ; I took
the cloak , which till then I had ordered to be left upon his
chair, and carried it away with me, that I might wrap my-
self up in it, should the messenger of death approach me.
W hen these adieus were terminated, I avoided as much as
I could all other farewells; I found it less painful to part
from my friends by letters, which I took care they should
not receive until several days after my departure.
" O n S aturday, the 23d of May, 1812, I got into my
carriage, saying that I
pack et whatever;
My son, and M. de R
should return to dinner. I took no
I and my daughter had only our fans.
occa, carried in their pock ets enough
to defray the ex penses of several days' j
ing the chateau, which had become to me lik
valued friend, I nearly fainted. My son took
ourney. O n leav-
e an old and
my hand,
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X X X I X
and said, ' Dear mother, remember you are on your way to
E ngland. ' Though nearly two thousand leagues from that
goal, to which the usual road would have so speedily con-
ducted me, I felt revived by his words; every step at least
brought me something nearer to it. W hen I had proceeded
a few leagues, I sent back one of my servants to apprise
my establishment that I should not return until the nex t
day. I continued travelling night and day, as far as a
farm-house beyond B erne, where I had agreed to meet
M. de S chlegel, who had k indly offered to accompany me.
H ere I was obliged to leave my eldest son, who for four-
teen years had been educated by my father, and whose
features strongly reminded me of him. A gain my courage
abandoned me. I thought of S witzerland, so tranq uil and
so beautiful; I thought of her inhabitants, who, though
they had lost political independence, k new how to be free
by their virtues; and it seemed to me as if every thing
told me I ought not to go. I had not yet crossed the bar-
rier-- there was still a possibility of returning. B ut if I
went back , I k new another escape would be impossible;
and I felt a sort of shame at the idea of renewing such
solemn farewells. I k new not what would have become of
me, if this uncertainty had lasted much longer. My chil-
dren decided me; especially my daughter, who was then
scarcely fourteen years old. I committed myself to her, as
if the voice of God had spok
My son took his leave;
could say, with L ord R
past. ' "
The young B aron de S
en by the mouth of a child.
and when he was out of sight, I
ussell, ' The bitterness of death is
tael had been obliged to leave his
mother, in order to attend to the interests of her fortune,
and to obtain passports to go through A ustria, one of whose
princesses was then the wife of N apoleon. E very thing
depended on obtaining these passports, under some name
that would not attract the attention of the police; if they
were refused, Madame de S tael would be arrested, and the
rigours of ex ile made more intolerable than ever. I t was
a decisive step, and one that caused her devoted son the
most painful anx iety. F inally, he concluded to act, as, he
j udiciously observes, all honest men had better do in their
b4
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? x lME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
intercourse with each other,-- he threw himself directly
upon the generosity of the A ustrian ambassador; and
fortunately he had to deal with an honourable man, who
made no hesitation in granting his req uest.
A few days after, Madame de S teel' s younger son, with
her servants, wardrobe, and travelling carriage, set out from
Coppet, to meet his mother at V ienna. The whole had
been managed with such secresy, and the police had be-
come so accustomed to her q uiet way of life, that no sus-
picions were ex cited, until this second removal took place.
The gens-d' armes were instantly on the alert; but Madame
de S teel had too much the start of them, and had travelled
too swiftly, to be overtak
says, " The moment I
B avaria to A ustria;
en. I n describing her flight, she
most dreaded, was the passage from
for it was there a courier might pre-
cede me, and forbid me to pass. B ut notwithstanding my
apprehensions, my health had been so much inj ured by
anx iety and fatigue, that I could no longer travel all night.
I , however, flattered myself that I should arrive without
impediment; when, j ust as my fears were vanishing, as we
approached the boundary line, a man in the inn, at S altz-
burg, told M. de S chlegel, that a F rench courier had been
to enq uire for a carriage coming from I nspruek , with a
lady and a young girl; and had left word, that he would
return to get intelligence of them. I became pale with
terror; and M. de S chlegel was very much alarmed; espe-
cially as he found, by enq uiry, that the courier had been
waiting for me at the A ustrian frontier, and not finding
me there, had returned to meet me. This was j ust what I
had dreaded before my departure, and through the whole
j ourney. I determined, on the spur of the moment, to
leave M. de S chlegel and my daughter at the inn, and to
go on foot into the streets of the town, to tak e my chance
at the first house whose master, or mistress, had a physio-
gnomy that pleased me. I would remain in this asylum
a few days; during this time, M. de S chlegel and my
daughter might say, that they were going to rej oin me in
A ustria; and I would . afterward leave S altzburg, disguised
as a peasant. H azardous as this resource appeared, no
other remained; and I was j ust preparing for the task , with
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . x li
fear and trembling, when who should enter my apartment,
but this dreaded courier, who was no other than-- M. de
R occa!
" H e had been obliged to return to Geneva to transact
some business, and now came to rej oin me. H e had dis-
guised himself as a courier, in order to tak e advantage of
the terror which the name inspired, and to obtain horses
more q uick ly. H e had hurried on to the A ustrian frontier,
to mak e himself sure that no one had preceded, or an-
nounced me; he had returned to assure me that I had
nothing to fear, and to get upon the box of my carriage
until we had passed that dreaded frontier, which seemed to
me the last of my dangers. I n this manner were my fears
changed to gratitude, j oy, and confidence. "
A t V ienna, Madame de S tael was obliged to wait some
time for a R ussian passport. The first ten days were spent
very pleasantly, and her friends there assured her that she
might rest in perfect security. A t the end of that time,
the A ustrian police probably received directions concerning
her from N apoleon; for they placed a guard at the gate of
her house, and, whether she walk ed or rode, she was fol-
lowed by spies.
S he was at this time in a state of great uneasiness; for
unless her R ussian passport came speedily, the progress of
the war would prevent her from passing into that country;
and she dared not stay in V ienna a day after the F rench
ambassador (who was then at Dresden) had returned.
A gain she thought of Constantinople. S he tried to obtain
two passports to leave A ustria, either by H ungary or Gal-
licia, so that she might decide in favour of going to Peters-
burg or Constantinople according to circumstances. S he
was told she might have her choice of passports, but that
they could not enable her to go by two different frontiers
without authority from the Committee of S tates. S he says,
" E urope seemed to her lik e one great net, in which travel-
lers got entangled at every step. "
S he departed for Gallicia without her R ussian passport;
a friend having promised to travel night and day to bring
it to her, as soon as it arrived. A t every step of her
j ourney she encountered fresh difficulties from the police,
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? x liiME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
all of which it would be tedious to relate. Placards were
put up in all the towns to k eep a strict watch upon her as
she passed through: this was the distinction the A ustrians
conferred upon a woman, who has done more than any
other mortal to give foreigners a respect for German lite-
rature, and German character.
