He enters into a dis- sertation, on the
physical
and social circumstances, that attend the local treat- ment of these insane persons.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v5
John Ludolph van
three other persons, add confirmation of the foregoing particulars.
Craywinckel, with foregoing relations, ac- cording to their exact chronological order. We refer to the several dates of occurrence, in each instance.
Craywinckel had the original document in his possession.
'33 We have judged it more expedient, to follow the arrangement of Henschenius,
'^5 On the 9th of May, A. D. 1622, he signed a document, containing in substance rather than place the miiacles recorded by the foregoing declaration, before Arnold Bloom, dean of St. Dympna's Church, Jacob van Hove, and Walter ran de Wyer, com- mon counsellors ; John Wentelberchs, and Amandus Meus, sextons, besides the notary
'M On the nth of March, a. d 1628, the
Mars, were witnesses to the deed.
May 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 351
all his limbs. Having been exorcised, this young man ejected crooked pins, pieces of glass, fragments of silk, hairs, and various matters of a Hke nature. At length, he was healed of this malady, in the month of October, a. d. 1634. During the same year, on the 23rd of November, Anthony Vlemminx left St. Dympna's hospital perfectly cured, having been brought from a place, called Peraeo, whilst in a state of insanity. On the 31st of March, a. d. 1635, a similar favour was bestowed upon Matthew de Kempis, caretaker of Rump- stan church.
Andrew Wendrix, from Heystomons, submitted to be exorcised for nine days, and was cured of insanity, on the 5th of May, a. d. 1635. Afterwards, John de Voider, a villager of Schoonbroeck, came to Gheel, on the 9th of May, This man declared, that for eight or nine years previously, he had been bound with chains, which were required to restrain him, during the paroxysmsofhismadness. HavinglainintheinfirmaryofSt. Dympna,De Voiderperfectlyrecoveredhishealth. Acertainpiouswoman,sickformany years, tried various remedies, without obtaining any benefit from them, and atlengthshecametoGheel. Ontheeighthday,afterherarrival,whichfell on the 19th of May, a. d. 1636, she was quite restored. A certain Turnhout'36 woman, having complained for half a year, without getting much sleep, when in a state of great debihty, came to Gheel. After remaining there for three days, having vomited very nauseous matter, she soon afterwards recovered her health and returned home, in the month of March, a. d. 1637. After- wards, she was accustomed to take a journey each year, for the purpose of giving thanks to St. Dympna, on the festival day of this holy patroness. About the same time, a certain man, who lived at Hova of St. Laurence, near Antwerp, was tormented with an apparently confirmed insanity. His con- ductors were obliged to tie him against an oak tree, which grew before the Church of St. Dympna. The lunatic was then brought to her hospital, when after submitting to a course of exorcism during nine days, perfect health after- wards returned. An apothecary of Antwerp lost his reason ; when it was found necessary to have him tied on a litter, at Gheel. He tore whatever article happened to fall in his way. However, a little after Pentecost, a. d. 1639, he recovered from this insanity and returned to his home. About the same time, a certain widow, Avho came from Poel village to Gheel, remained there for a year in a frantic state. In like manner, Adriana Michiels went to Gheel from Lesser Brabant. After remaining six weeks, she was almost en- tirely restored, when taking her departure on the first day of January, a. d. 1640.
A certain nun of Louvain was wretchedly afflicted, and as it was generally supposed, by malignant spirits. On the 7th of October, a. d. 1636, she was admitted to the hospital of St. Dympna. Within a few days afterwards, she vomited several pins, buttons, and portions of hair, with clotted blood. Thenceforward, this nun grew better, although it could not be positively asserted, that she had become perfectly cured. A certain married man, and a citizen of Gheel, after a long continued illness, and a presumption of sor- cery having been practised on him, came to the church of St. Dympna. Hav- ing submitted to an exorcism, the man entirely recovered his former state of health. After a lapse of nine or ten months, he fell into another species of disease, which, however, did not present such dangerous symptoms as the
former malady exhibited. '37
Adriana Peeters van Roosendael, who was hopelessly insane and afflicted
'3* A city within the province of Antwerp, '^^ The foregoing accounts are taken from Belgium. Craywinckcl's book.
352
LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [May 15.
with brain disease, lay in a sick ward for nine days. 'ss She was then dis- charged, entirely healed, and she became compos metitis. This woman also devoutly communicated, on the 30th of January, a. d. 1650. ^39 On the 31st of January, in the same year, Gisbert Gerts van Buel, after remaining for nine days, departed from the hospital of St. Dympna quite restored. On the 7th of June, A. D. 1 65 1, Michaelina Desse '"i" was attacked with an intolerable phrenesis^ and furious fits of excitement; yet, after a nine days' sojourn in St. Dympna's hospital, she was brought to the house of Adrian van Dael, and when three weeks had elapsed, she was perfectly restored to a sane state of mind. On the 20th of July, during the same year, one Joanna Wilboorts was brought in a deplorable condition of insanity, from Hierenbek to Gheel.
Her friends were obliged to secure the patient, by fastening the poor sufferer with ropes on a car. For seventeen days, she dwelt in the house of Wilhelm Huybs, and afterwards, she left it in the perfect enjoyment of her former health. Mencia Thys, a devout maiden, having been afflicted with insanity, on the 14th of October, a. d. 165 i, entered the hospital of St. Dympna at Gheel. ThisladyhadtakenherdeparturefromAntwerp,andwithinnine days after her arrival, she recovered the perfect use of reason. Having made a confession of her sins and received holy communion, this maiden lady re- turned in a composed state of mind to Antwerp, where she resided. ''
We are told, by Henschenius, that many other well known miracles, attri- buted to St. Dympna's intercession, in times of old, are not particularly described. But, during the seventeenth century, in which he wrote, this BoUandist editor was careful to note down accurately the depositions and signatures of various eye-witnesses, to serve as incontrovertible evidence of their occurrence, lest many, not in communion with the Catholic Church, might call their truth in question. These miracles are for the most part taken, from the church records of Gheel ; although, in fifteen instances,"'*^ the cases
of supernatural favours received are barely recorded. As the patience of his readers might be too severely taxed, by an unnecessary repetition or uninte- resting catalogue of names, Henschenius deemed it better, to suppress the signatures affixed to those several depositions.
It would seem, that from a very remote period, St. Dympna's intercession had been considered peculiarly effective, in those instances, where magic art or demoniac influence was supposed to exercise sway over miserable indivi- duals. '•^ This popular opinion may have originated, from the constancy and resolution manifested by this holy virgin and martyr, when assailed by diabo- lic temptations and surrounded by the powers of darkness. Her signal victories over trials and adversities were crowned by the brightest and most noble act of heroism, when the soil of Belgium was fertilized by the blood of this stainless and beautiful maiden. From the early days of her innocent childhood, to the end of that brief term which closed her youthful existence,
'^' Tlie present narrative, and those cases which immediately follow, were extracted by Henschenius, from the books belonging to Gheel church.
'39 To the statement contained in the text, Henschenius appends: "Quod attestor Canwcgom Decanos [Qui his verbis hcec Latiiie scripsit pagina 68. "]
'^° To this name is added, "ex Wavera Maria. " It probably means, that she came from Wavre, in the province of South Bra- bant,
'< See " Acta Sanctorum," tomus iii. , xv. Mali. Acta SS. Dympnae ct Gereberni, pp.
489 to 497.
^'^ " Quibus aliqua ex libro Craywinckel
adduntur. " See I'roemium, ibid. , p. 479. '^^ In the curious work of Martinus Delrio, intituled, " Disquisitionum Magicarum," Libri Sex, after relating that many possessed persons hatl been relieved by pilgrimage to the sepulchre of St. Philip the Apostle in Sicily, and that "anno 1541, plusquam du- cenlK faminx- huiusmodi fuerint numerate," the author adds, " idem cernimus in Bra- bantix Gela ad S. Dympnas sepulchrum,"
lib, vi. , cap. II, sect, iii. , pp. 522, 523.
May 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
353
she had learned how to oppose a passive but effective resistance to meditated wrongs ; by her prudence, patience, and firmness, she foiled the fiercest as- saultsofherwilyadversary. Mostappropriately,therefore,mighttheprayers of her devout clients be addressed to the holy patroness of Gheel, at mention of whose name, even demons believe and tremble. Having remembered her Creator in the days of youth, ''••* with her holy counsellor and guide, St. Gere- bern, our glorious virgin went through those wildernesses that, in the words of inspiration, were not inhabited. In desert places they pitched their tents they stood against their enemies, and avenged themselves on their adversa- ries. '45 Growing up in the desert, as a pillar of smoking aromatical spices, of myrrh, and of frankincense, '4^ the fugitive St. Dympna found her dwelling, and a covert from the face of her destroyer, until he had failed who trod the earth under foot. '47 Through the shadows ol death, our pure virgin passed triumphant, and from the mansions of eternal glory she now looks with radiant and benignant eyes on those, who humbly invoke her protection, and who labour to imitate her self-sacrificing virtues, bright example, holy life, and edifying conversation.
CHAPTER V.
LOCAL MEMORIALS OF ST. DYMPNA IN AND NEAR GHEEL—GENERAL CHARACTER AND DISPOSITION OF THE GHEELOIS—FOUNDATION OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL —USUAL MODE OF TREATING THE INSANE—INFLUENCES OF RELIGION ON THEIR STATE AND CONDITION—EXAMINATION OF THE SACRED RELICS IN 1847, BY THE CARDINAL-ARCHBISHOP OF MALINES—MEMORIALS AND FESTIVALS OF THE SAINT REFERENCE TO OUR SAINT IN THE CALENDARS—EMBLEMS OF ST. DYMPNA ON THE CONTINENT AND IN IRELAND—CONCLUSION.
Besides the collegiate church of St. Dympna, a chapel is dedicated to the patroness of Gheel, within the hospital or infirmary, and near the very place, whereitissupposedsheobtainedthecrownofmartyrdom. Anotherchapel was erected to her honour, in the middle of a plain. ' This stands on the spot, where the body of St. Dympna remained immovable, lest the people of Xanten might bear it away. Pious tradition has always preserved such recollections, amongst the devout inhabitants of Gheel. ^ In the circuit of country without this municipality, there are also other chapels dedicated to St. Dympna. 3 As will be seen in the notice of St. Gerebern and of Sonsbeck immediately succeeding, special honour was paid to that holy Virgin and Martyr, in the latter town, and in the old chapel dedicated to his memory.
The inhabitants of Gheel and of the country adjoining are distinguished by a simple, native honesty, and by an affectionate disposition, especially manifested, in their moral and charitable treatment of the afflicted persons
'44 Ecclesiastes, xii. , i.
'45 Wisdom, xi,, 23.
'4^ Canticle of Canticles, iii. , 6. '4'' See Isaias, xvi. , 4.
dolph van Craywinckel, cap. xiii.
3 The reader is referred to an interesting
article on " St. Dympna's City," published in successive Numbers of "The Lamp: an
Chapter v. —'
"Versus MoUum vici-
General num," is added by Henschenius. This Moll Literature," vol. iii. . New Series, No. 70,
is a small river passing near Gheel.
^ The foregoing accounts are taken from the Life of St. Dympna, by Herr John Lu-
pp. 273 to 276, and No. 71, pp. 301 to
303.
-• That very interesting work, by the
illustrated Catholic Journal of
—;
354
authoress, Mfs. Byrne, of "Flemish Interiors," and intituled " Gheel: the city of the Sim- pie," gives a veiy interesting account of the treatment of insane persons in that remark- able colony. It was published by Chapman and Hall, London, crown 8vo, 1869.
condition of various individuals, could only be understood, by a personal inspection, and by such an explanation, as the intelligent officials can best furnish. The writer was informed, that restraint is rarely resorted to, and is considered undesirable, except in rare instances. The number of inmates was not very considerable, in proportion to the in- sane persons living within Gheel district and, from information received, those pa- tients were for the most part affected with chronic diseases, or some peculiar mono- mania, which requited special care and trent- ment. On leaving tiiis establishment, the resident director presented the writer with a copy of a pamphlet entitled, " Reglenient d'ordreinterieurdel'etablissement d'alienes a Gheel," printed at Ghent in 1853, before the infirmary had been founded. This tract lays down the rules and regulations to be ob- served with regard to the insane ; and, these prescriptions are yet' followed, in agreat mca-
5 One of the most interesting visits the in-
quisitive stranger could make, on his arrival
at Gheel, must be to form an acquaintance
with the newly established government hos-
pital. The celebrated medical inspector,
Dr. Bulckens, happened to be absent, at the
time when this opportunity v as aftbrded the
writer ; but, the resident director, Mons.
Verelst, Secreiaire-recevcur de la Commis-
sion Superieure, afforded an amount of in-
teresting information, by illustrating the
advantages of this improved system, on va-
rious insane subjects, while passing through
the various departments of this splendid
establishment. The most interesting and
difficult cases for treatment are usually found
lodged within this hospital. Its opening sure, although doubtless, subject to certain took place on the 15th of March, 1862. The modifications, since the government hospital tact, patience and judgment required, in has been erected. M. Verelst also furnished order to effect improvement in the mental a copy of the larger tract, written by M. le
;
LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [May 15.
living among them. In this respect, they differ very much from persons belonging to other towns and districts, who are apt to have a prejudice or aversion for acting the part of assiduous guardians, towards those mentally affected. It would seem, that the excellent tendencies, good feeling, and intelligence, reigning amongst the Gheelois, may be considered as hereditary qualities, constantly transmitted from parents to children, and acquiring a still higher degree of perfection, in the latest generations. A pleasant but hardly truthful irony attributes to the people of Gheel originality of character, which is said to be derived from their contact with those unfortunate crea- tures, committed to their benevolent regards. So well known and appreciated throughout Belgium is the curative treatment here adopted, that when any- thing particularly absurd is said or done, the delinquent is jocosely pro- nounced to be a fit subject for Gheel. '* These observations, however, are accepted as furnishing rather creditable testimony, to the providential mis- sion and moral state of the amiable and benevolent habitans. Far from being enervated, through the morbid influences observed amongst a section of their community, the general population is found to be physically and constitu- tionally vigorous, intelligent, and religious, preserving a moral conscience and reason, in just balance, with a temperament naturally disposed for the delicate, considerate, cheerful, and patient offices of nurses and infirmarians, towards the poor alienes.
General interest and investigations awakened in regard to the affairs of this singular colony, which has been here established from time immemorial, induced the Belgium government to erect an infirmary, which receives a sub- vention from the public funds. A royal degree, dated the 19th of November, 1858, approved this project, which was hailed with satisfaction by all, who comprehended its importance.
A magnificent Hospital was soon afterwards commenced, and built on a suitable piece of ground, in the immediate environs of Ghee). This building is not only a most useful adjunct to the existing religious establishments of Gheel, but it is highly ornamental to the city, in an architectural point of view. 5 All the conveniencies, and even all the luxuries, that could be devised
May 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
355
for the alleviation or cure of mental diseases, have been provided in this fine edifice, which both exteriorly and interiorly exhibits a model of neatness, order, comfort, and elegance. Its plan and arrangement must have demanded an amount of care, experience, study, and specific knowledge, rarely combined, even under the most favourable auspices. A sort of tutelary and scientific intervention, justly estimated by the sane inhabitants and their less fortunate
proteges, has introduced necessary reforms and afforded accessible medical succour, in cases requiring special treatment and observation. A talented and benevolent staff of medical men, of inspectors, and of nurses, having been organized, scientific advice and practice served to add increased stability to the existence of this ancient colony, while preserving its original and indige- nous character.
A work has been published at Paris in i860, and which is entitled, " Gheel ou une Colonic d'alidn^s vivant en famille et en liberty, etude sur le meilleur mode d'assistance et de traitement dans les maladies mentales,'' par M. Jules Duval . ^ In different sections of this work, its author describes the adjoining country, city and church of Gheel; as also the condition of demented persons, within their hospital, and the population of this place.
He enters into a dis- sertation, on the physical and social circumstances, that attend the local treat- ment of these insane persons. He records the results of this system, and also fully describes the curative, administrative and economical organization of the medical and municipal establishments. The present and past state of Gheel is described. In conclusion, the author remarks, that the colony of insane at Gheel teaches to every humane heart a lesson, truly eloquent in its simpli- city, of tender devotion towards those persons most claiming the exercise of charitable sympathy. It illustrates most perfectly, he remarks, the necessity for charity advancing and completing the researches ofscience. 7 Another book, bearing a title and embracing topics somewhat similar to those in the French work just alluded to, written by A. C. Van der Cruyssen, was pub- lished at Ghent, in 1862. ^ It gives a very interesting account of the city of St. Dympna, and of the afflicted residents within this commune.
Dr. Bulckens, medecin-inspecteur, having ber admitted during each of those years ; the for its title, " Rapport sur I'etablissement total number present and entered ; the num-
d'alienesde Gheel," and printed at Brussels,
in 1861. The latter report was prepared for
the Minister of Justice, in obedience to regu-
lations and instructions, which are observed
and required to be put in execution, at stated those healed. Fifthly, those who died,
intervals. It is filled with interesting and
correct returns from the registers, and from
notes, preserved within this institution, while
it gives in addition some valuable informa- nurses. Tenthly, accidents. Eleventhly,
lion, in reference to the infirmary, and to the peculiar classes, for whose benefit it has been founded, This treatise merits a careful study from the Christian philanthropist, and from the enlightened physician, whose avo- cations are specially directed to the treat- ment of mental disorders.
general remarks on insanity in Belgium. He treats on the Infirmary at Gheel, and on a distribution of rewards to the nurses. He also gives its rules : the first special rule of May ist, 1851 ; the second rule, referring to interior order, 31st December, 1852, with instructions regarding the proper method for
« Published by Guillaumin et €'«• Li- treating the insane. An inquiry is then m-
braires, 14, Rue de Richelieu, l2mo.
7 In an Appendix, a very numerous list of books and publications, that treat on the es- tablishment at Gheel, is given. He also
stituted, as to whether Gheel is an establish- ment or a colony for the insane. The writer concludes, by calling Gheel, what he ex- presses in the title of his book, deeming it a
presents Statistical documents on Gheel, colony, but only in the sense, that the which contain: First, the number of afflicted live «i /«/«///£, and in a state of per- patients there, on the ist of January, in the feet liberty,
years 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, with the num-
^ By Eug. Vanderhaeghen.
ber discharged and remaining on the 31st December, during the foregoing period, Secondly, a detail of admissions. Thirdly, details of discharged persons. Fourthly,
Sixthly, classification of the afflicted. Seven- thly, details of their occupations. Eighthly, details of necessary coercion. Ninthly, the
356
LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [May 15.
When demented persons arrive at Gheel, they are usually conducted to a house, attached to the church of St. Dympna, where an ecclesiastic offers up prayers for them and affords religious consolation. Afterwards, these afflicted persons are quartered among the inhabitants, and they are especially placed with the farming classes around that city. Although the pension for their maintenance is usually very moderate, yet this class of lodgers is eagerly sought for, by cultivators of land, who take particular care of their proteges,, andwhostudythepeculiardevelopmentoftheirmentalaberrations. 9 Hence, it often happens, that by gentleness, by coaxing or by caressing, the most
ungovernable persons are rendered docile, in a short time, and these live perfectly contented with their protectors. Occasionally, a visitor to Gheel may observe groups of afflicted persons engaged in earnest conversation or innocent recreation in the streets, while shrill voices echo from the interior of the houses when passing ; but, it is not always easy for a casual observer, to distinguish by their demeanour, between the sane and the insane inha- bitants of St. Dympna's city. The latter class appears to enjoy unre- strained liberty, in going on messages, or while performing the ordinary avocations of labour. Hardly any farmer is without one or more of those insane persons, who live with him, and on the same footing, as other mem- bers of his family. They seldom give way to violence or to excess. They appear satisfied with their food, plain dress, and manner of living, they show no aversion to rural or handicraft labour, and seldom do they desire to leave those families, with whom they have lived for a number of years. The various towns, cities and districts, from which they have been sent, usually engage agents to look after their comforts, and report upon the treatment ex- perienced from their hosts. Many of the people, in and aLout Gheel, believe that a blessing falls on themselves and on their families, when they conscien- tiously discharge Christian duties towards the insane ; so that, few causes of
complaint arise, on the score of neglecting duty or through personal injury. So far does a healthy public opinion prevail, on this point, that a farmer, who should fail in his obligations towards one of those afflicted persons, would immediately be deprived of his right of guardianship. His character should also suffer to such a degree, in the estimation of all his neighbours, that no greater punishment could be inflicted upon him, than the general contempt
^°
and detestation, with which he should afterwards be regarded.
In order to encourage emulation among the keepers and nurses, having charge of the insane, suitable honorary and pecuniary recompenses have been distributed, since the year 1858. These diplomas or certificates of honour are received with lively satisfaction. They are usually framed with much taste, and hung up in a conspicuous position, within the houses of their recipients,
while such testimonials are catefully preserved by the inhabitants.
Among the good effects, resulting from this foundation of a government hospital, the providing of suitable and airy chambers for the sick, must not be overlooked. Various hygeian measures and contrivances are resorted to, which have greatly improved their food and drink, their mode of exercise and of sleeping; all of which tend to produce cleanliness, with health of mind and ofbody. Thosepatients,lodgingamongprivatefamilies,receivemedicaladvice and treatment, and generally without disturbing those family relations, found to be productive of such beneficial consequences. On the arrival of insane persons at the infirmary in Gh. eel, their natural character and dispositions, the tendency of their malady, the prolDabilities of cure, wi th the peculiar moral, hygeian and 9 See Rev. S. IJ. iring-Gould's " Lives of cine," New vSeries, No. v. , vi. , M. Trch and
the iSaints," vol. v. , May 15, pp. 210, April, 1857, contains an interesting coni- 211. nuinication, intituled, "Notes on Belgian "The "Journal of Psycological Medi- Lunatic Asylums, including the Insane
May 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
357
medical care necessary for each individual, are exactly studied, and all requi- site observations are entered in the registers. According to those particular developments, which his disease presents, a patient is classed either among the hospital inmates, or he is provided with a proper nurse, from among the many infirmarians, resident in the city and in its neighbourhood. Medical officers, in this latter case, acquaint the nurse with the character and moral disposition of their new pensionary, and advise them as to the precautions and mode of action which must be observed. The medical practitioner of a section is also charged with the physical and moral treatment of this new subject. The doctor must prescribe, whatever may be deemed necessary, and attend to the punctual execution of his prescriptions. A great majority of patients are lodgedinthehousesofagriculturists; and,incasesofaccident,refusaltoeat, proclivity to suicide, danger to individuals and the public, or wild excitement, such insane persons are transferred to the government hospital, where they are kept under strict but unobtrusive surveillance. After this crisis has passed, as generally happens, an invalid is returned to his former caretakers, or at least, he is placed under the charge of a sectional medical attendant, who is best acquainted with his ailments. A perfect system of medical and of nurse-tending intercommunication is maintained, while the local clergy contri- bute powerfully to assist scientific efforts, by bringing calm consolation and devotional feeling into the bosoms of many bereaved but docile creatures.
Isolation from former scenes, friends, and acquaintances, and becoming accustomed to novel distractions, pre-occupations, labours and familiars, are found to be attended with the most happy effects, in this local treatment of mental maladies. The insane are thus constrained, to modify their habits of acting and of thinking, to forget the objects of their resentment or irregular affec- tion, whilst introduced to a new circle of reasonable and of charitable persons, who never act with neglect, disdain, or anger, when discharging the ordinary course of their patronizing and fomily duties. Every reasonable liberty is accorded their afflicted charge. The affectionate care bestowed, and a patient endurance of strange caprices, often insensibly influence the demented to a better state of feeling, elevate their depressed spirits, and excite an awakened intelligence, altogether unusual; whilst, in many instances, the marks of friend- ship, of confidence, and of kindness, lavished on a lunatic, effectually dissipate his melancholy, his state of desolation, his fancied grievances and troubles.
His mind is thenceforward open to consolation and hope. If restored to the enjoyment of reason, and to the home of his own family, as frequently happens, touching scenes of mutual affection and regret, on the part of the patient and of his nurse-tenders, form not the least remarkable features of St. Dympna's interesting colony.
It would be impossible, within the limits assigned in this disquisition, to describe in detail all those interesting particulars, regarding the condition of over eight hundred afflicted persons, residing in Gheel and in its environs. But, it will be desirable to consider the influences, which religion exercises, as an ex- cellent auxiliary in treating mental disorders. Nearly all the insane are capable of fulfilling their religious obligations. " A priest, who thoroughly appreciates his exalted mission, gives enlightened counsel and consolation to the afflicted; thus effectually aiding any curative treatment, adopted by the resident physi- cian. " AlthoughtheinhabitantsofGheelprofesstheCatholicreligion,yet
Colony of Gheel," pp. 78, and 209 to 247.
" The statements made in connection with this portion of the subject, I prefer taking from the " Rapport sur I'Etablisse- ment d' alienes de Gheel," par M. le Dr. Bulckens, medecin inspecteur, pp. 74, 75, 76.
" During my visit to the infirmary, in company with two of the local clergymen, this happy concurrence of action was very pleasingly illustrated, in more than one in- stance.
'3 in the medical report, dated 22nd of
358
LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [May 15.
tolerance and liberty of worship are perfectly enjoyed, by pensionaries of different creeds. '3 Notwithstanding occasional diversity of religious belief or practice, neither difficulties nor disabilities are allowed to interfere with special doctrinalrequirements,onthepartoftheirkeepers. Whatevermaybethecom- munion to which the patients happen to belong, all are classed under the same rule of religious liberty, and they become objects of like affectionate solicitude. Ministers of different sects are permitted to visit their co-religionists, and to communicate freely with them, under all relations compatible with their peculiar state.
The insane of Gheel attach great importance to a permission accorded them of frequenting religious exercises. On Sundays and the principal festi- vals, over three hundred patients assist regularly at Divine services; whilst a lesser number, as a matter of course, frequent the churches on each week-day. It is very touching, to behold the pious attitude and recollection of those afflicted creatures, especially within the privileged church of St. Dympna, who, as patroness of the demented, gathers the larger portion of them to her splendid temple. This holy patroness, always continuing to unite the sane and insane population of Gheel, under her protection and regards, especially influences a very considerable congregation of the latter class, to celebrate her annual feasts and novenas. All the healthy and unexcitable patients assist at her procession, conducting themselves in the most orderly and respectful manner; while the local medical inspectors have never yet discovered a single case, in which a religious exercise or a pious practice degenerated into any form of idiosyncrasy, prejudicial to the corporal or mental well-being of their insane.
At stated periods, on the annual recurrence of certain religious celebra- tions, many former ])ensionaries, who have recovered the exercise of reason, return to Gheel, and, as a token of gratitude, offer their devotions to its holy patroness. Married persons, with their children, receive kind attention and hospitality, diuing the lime of their stay, from those nurses, who had formerly charge of some particular visitant from among their guests. The parish vicaires and chajjlains, attached to various religious institutions in Gheel and in its neighbourhood, exercise religious offices on behalf of the afflicted, when occa- sion demands. After death, those pensionaries, whose friends are in com- fortable circumstances, receive rites of interment, comformable to instructions given by surviving members of their families. Indigent deceased patients are interred at the public expense. It is always customary for their former cus-
todians, to procure a celebration of the Holy Sacrifice, for the happy repose of their departed aliaies.
In the year 1847, Cardinal Engelbert Sterckx, the former Archbishop of Malines, and Primate of Belgium, visited Gheel, where, at the request of its pastor and the pious inhabitants of this city, an inspection of St. Dympna's relics, preserved in the great silver shrine, took place, on the 8th day of July. At the liour of five o'clock in the evening, a procession was formed at the church of St. Amand, and the Cardinal with his assistants advanced towards the great church of St. Dympna. The venerable canons of Mechlin Cathe- dral, A. Gennere and C. J. Crokaert, the Very Rev. C. Eyskens, pastor of the parochial church, and the dean of Gheel district, P. E. Molenberghs, dean
andpastorofHerenlhals,J. H. Vandermeren,deanandpastorofTurnhout, A. Mafoy, dean and pastor of Diest, clothed in sacred vestments, with a great number of the clergy and laity accompanying, and while the bells
February, I S60—the latest issuedto the lime Gheel, togetlier with 21 Dissenters, consist- of my visit—779 Catliolics aliaus resided at ing of Protestants and of Jews.
Migr 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
359
rang, proceeded towards the church of Gheel's patron saint. Having there chaunted the Litany of the Saints, the great silver shrine, containing the sacred rehcs of that glorious virgin and martyr St. Dympna, was brought before the Cardinal to the nave of her church, and deposited on a table before the choir. Another wooden shrine was also brought to the same place.
In presence of the aforesaid venerable and reverend persons, and of the Rev. P. H. Thiels, rector of St. Dympna's church, of the noble Lord Charles, prince of Rouge-pre and Count of Merode, of the noble Lord Adrian, Charles Maria, Marquis of Levis-Mirepoix, and of his wife, Maria, Countess Merode, of Mr. Van Praet, prefect, of other members belonging to the municipality, and of the churchwardens, of the Gheel clergy, and of those from neighbouring parishes, together with a large congregation of every rank and condition, his Eminence opened those two shrines. Within the first was found a wooden case, closed with three locks, which were opeiied, and some cotton having been removed, the following relics of the holy virgin and martyr, St. Dympna, were found, viz. : four of the larger and two of the smaller bones, with a small portion of a stone, together with letters duly sealed, copies of which were taken, and afterwards appended by his Eminence to the pastoral, in which this whole process of examination has been described. Having exposed those sacred relics, to the view and veneration of all who were present, they were afterwards wrapped round with red silk tissue, each relic having been im- pressed with the Cardinal's small seal, within the silk covering, and again marked with the seal of his Eminence, on the outside, before they were deposited in a new case, previously prepared for such a purpose. On the interior, this capsula was lined with green silk, and on the exterior, a cover of red silk velvet was drawn over it. All this ceremony proceeded, according to the form and benediction, prescribed in the Roman Pontifical. After the
Cardinal had affixed his seal to a document of attestation, the latter was placed in the capsula, which was closed by three locks.
Within the wooden shrine was also found another wooden capsula, con- taining the following relic of St. Dympna, viz. , a portion of bone of consider- able size, which was sealed by the Cardinal Archbishop and placed within a red silk cover, duly bound with red silk bands and again sealed. This relic was thenplacedwithinanewwoodencase,speciallypreparedtoreceiveit, and lined on the interior with green silk, while red silk velvet covered the outside, which was ornamented with gilt iron decorations. After the blessing had been given, a parchment was also sealed, and placed within the capsula^ which was closed with one lock.
Having thus deposed the aforesaid cases, within their respective shrines, the Cardinal declared, that they should always be regarded and venerated, as containing the true and authentic relics of Holy Dympna, virgin and martyr. In faith of which proceedings, the Cardinal Archbishop wrote an attestation, one copy of which he ordered to be enclosed within the great silver shrine, with the relics of the saint, another was to remain with the churchwardens, and a third copy was delivered to the burgomaster of Gheel city. ^+
In Ireland, likewise, St. Dympna was honoured. It is said the Church of Kill-Delga, or Kildalkey,^5 had our saint for its patron. This was the name
'* The Latin document containing the peiied to be present, told me, they reme n- foregoing account is signed, "Engelber- bered having seen those relics at that
Tus, Card. Arch. Mechl. De mandate Eminentise suae A Genere, secret," and it may be read, in the Appendix to the Rev. Mr. Kuyl's larger work, pp. Ii8 to 120. The sacristan of St. Dympna's church, and a respectable inhabitant of the city, who hap-
time, and in reply to my question answered, the largest bones were only of such a size, as might belong to a very young female of not more than fifteen years of age. The great silver shrine is kept, in the old sacristy, be- hind St. Dympna's side chapel, and in the
360
LIVES OF THE IRISH SAII^TS. [May . 15.
of an ancient churcli, which is now totally destroyed. It gives title to a parish,'^ which is situated between the parish of Trim, in East Meath, and the boundary of West Meath. It was dedicated to St. Damhnat, or Dymphna, whosefestivalwasformerlycelebratedthere,onthe15thofMay. Nearthe site of the old church, there was a holy well, called Tobar-Damhnata, which was nearly dried up, when Mr. John O'Donovan examined this locality. '7 Amongst the Irish charters in that splendid Manuscript, known as the Book of Kehs, and which is preserved in Trinity College Library, we find a curious
entry relative to Cill Delga, or Kildalkey. Conchobhar O'Maelsechlainn bestowed it, with its territory and lands, on God and on St. Columkille for ever, in atonement for an act of treachery, and for a violation of protection solemnly given to Gilla Columb, an alumnus of Kells. '^ Sureties and guarantees were given, for the observance of this compact, by distinguished nobility and clergy, in the presence of the men of Meath, ecclesiastics and laics. '?
Tedavnet Cemetery, County of Monaghan.
The parish of Tedavnet,=° or Tydavnet, in the diocese of Clogher, is held to have derived its name from our saint; and, it has been interpreted to mean Teach, or Tigh, " a house " and Davnet—corresponding with Dympna—
right transept of her great church.
'5 Her Irish church is called Cill"Oel5A,
or ChiLl 'Oelcce, now Anglicized Kil- dalkey.
'* In the barony of Liine.
'. See Dr. ODonovan's " Annals of the Four Masters, vol. i. , pp. 330, 331, and note [i], ibid.
sit is also remarked, that "they all, both laity and clcry, gave their blessing to every king who should not violate this free- dom for ever ; and they all gave their curse to any king who should violate it ; and though it is dangerous for every king to vio- late Columkille, it is particularly dangerous to the King of Tara, for he is the relative of Columkille. " See, " Miscellany of the Irish
'** It was stipulated, that no king or chief-
tain could claim rent, tribute, hosting, Archxological Society," vol. i. , pp. 136 to
coigny or other exaction, from Ciil Delga, 141, and notes, ibid.
as before ; nor, durst he molest it hereafter, '° It is situated within the b. arony of
while staying in the territory.
Monaghan, . and it is described, on the " Ord-
May 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 361
beingadded.
three other persons, add confirmation of the foregoing particulars.
Craywinckel, with foregoing relations, ac- cording to their exact chronological order. We refer to the several dates of occurrence, in each instance.
Craywinckel had the original document in his possession.
'33 We have judged it more expedient, to follow the arrangement of Henschenius,
'^5 On the 9th of May, A. D. 1622, he signed a document, containing in substance rather than place the miiacles recorded by the foregoing declaration, before Arnold Bloom, dean of St. Dympna's Church, Jacob van Hove, and Walter ran de Wyer, com- mon counsellors ; John Wentelberchs, and Amandus Meus, sextons, besides the notary
'M On the nth of March, a. d 1628, the
Mars, were witnesses to the deed.
May 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 351
all his limbs. Having been exorcised, this young man ejected crooked pins, pieces of glass, fragments of silk, hairs, and various matters of a Hke nature. At length, he was healed of this malady, in the month of October, a. d. 1634. During the same year, on the 23rd of November, Anthony Vlemminx left St. Dympna's hospital perfectly cured, having been brought from a place, called Peraeo, whilst in a state of insanity. On the 31st of March, a. d. 1635, a similar favour was bestowed upon Matthew de Kempis, caretaker of Rump- stan church.
Andrew Wendrix, from Heystomons, submitted to be exorcised for nine days, and was cured of insanity, on the 5th of May, a. d. 1635. Afterwards, John de Voider, a villager of Schoonbroeck, came to Gheel, on the 9th of May, This man declared, that for eight or nine years previously, he had been bound with chains, which were required to restrain him, during the paroxysmsofhismadness. HavinglainintheinfirmaryofSt. Dympna,De Voiderperfectlyrecoveredhishealth. Acertainpiouswoman,sickformany years, tried various remedies, without obtaining any benefit from them, and atlengthshecametoGheel. Ontheeighthday,afterherarrival,whichfell on the 19th of May, a. d. 1636, she was quite restored. A certain Turnhout'36 woman, having complained for half a year, without getting much sleep, when in a state of great debihty, came to Gheel. After remaining there for three days, having vomited very nauseous matter, she soon afterwards recovered her health and returned home, in the month of March, a. d. 1637. After- wards, she was accustomed to take a journey each year, for the purpose of giving thanks to St. Dympna, on the festival day of this holy patroness. About the same time, a certain man, who lived at Hova of St. Laurence, near Antwerp, was tormented with an apparently confirmed insanity. His con- ductors were obliged to tie him against an oak tree, which grew before the Church of St. Dympna. The lunatic was then brought to her hospital, when after submitting to a course of exorcism during nine days, perfect health after- wards returned. An apothecary of Antwerp lost his reason ; when it was found necessary to have him tied on a litter, at Gheel. He tore whatever article happened to fall in his way. However, a little after Pentecost, a. d. 1639, he recovered from this insanity and returned to his home. About the same time, a certain widow, Avho came from Poel village to Gheel, remained there for a year in a frantic state. In like manner, Adriana Michiels went to Gheel from Lesser Brabant. After remaining six weeks, she was almost en- tirely restored, when taking her departure on the first day of January, a. d. 1640.
A certain nun of Louvain was wretchedly afflicted, and as it was generally supposed, by malignant spirits. On the 7th of October, a. d. 1636, she was admitted to the hospital of St. Dympna. Within a few days afterwards, she vomited several pins, buttons, and portions of hair, with clotted blood. Thenceforward, this nun grew better, although it could not be positively asserted, that she had become perfectly cured. A certain married man, and a citizen of Gheel, after a long continued illness, and a presumption of sor- cery having been practised on him, came to the church of St. Dympna. Hav- ing submitted to an exorcism, the man entirely recovered his former state of health. After a lapse of nine or ten months, he fell into another species of disease, which, however, did not present such dangerous symptoms as the
former malady exhibited. '37
Adriana Peeters van Roosendael, who was hopelessly insane and afflicted
'3* A city within the province of Antwerp, '^^ The foregoing accounts are taken from Belgium. Craywinckcl's book.
352
LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [May 15.
with brain disease, lay in a sick ward for nine days. 'ss She was then dis- charged, entirely healed, and she became compos metitis. This woman also devoutly communicated, on the 30th of January, a. d. 1650. ^39 On the 31st of January, in the same year, Gisbert Gerts van Buel, after remaining for nine days, departed from the hospital of St. Dympna quite restored. On the 7th of June, A. D. 1 65 1, Michaelina Desse '"i" was attacked with an intolerable phrenesis^ and furious fits of excitement; yet, after a nine days' sojourn in St. Dympna's hospital, she was brought to the house of Adrian van Dael, and when three weeks had elapsed, she was perfectly restored to a sane state of mind. On the 20th of July, during the same year, one Joanna Wilboorts was brought in a deplorable condition of insanity, from Hierenbek to Gheel.
Her friends were obliged to secure the patient, by fastening the poor sufferer with ropes on a car. For seventeen days, she dwelt in the house of Wilhelm Huybs, and afterwards, she left it in the perfect enjoyment of her former health. Mencia Thys, a devout maiden, having been afflicted with insanity, on the 14th of October, a. d. 165 i, entered the hospital of St. Dympna at Gheel. ThisladyhadtakenherdeparturefromAntwerp,andwithinnine days after her arrival, she recovered the perfect use of reason. Having made a confession of her sins and received holy communion, this maiden lady re- turned in a composed state of mind to Antwerp, where she resided. ''
We are told, by Henschenius, that many other well known miracles, attri- buted to St. Dympna's intercession, in times of old, are not particularly described. But, during the seventeenth century, in which he wrote, this BoUandist editor was careful to note down accurately the depositions and signatures of various eye-witnesses, to serve as incontrovertible evidence of their occurrence, lest many, not in communion with the Catholic Church, might call their truth in question. These miracles are for the most part taken, from the church records of Gheel ; although, in fifteen instances,"'*^ the cases
of supernatural favours received are barely recorded. As the patience of his readers might be too severely taxed, by an unnecessary repetition or uninte- resting catalogue of names, Henschenius deemed it better, to suppress the signatures affixed to those several depositions.
It would seem, that from a very remote period, St. Dympna's intercession had been considered peculiarly effective, in those instances, where magic art or demoniac influence was supposed to exercise sway over miserable indivi- duals. '•^ This popular opinion may have originated, from the constancy and resolution manifested by this holy virgin and martyr, when assailed by diabo- lic temptations and surrounded by the powers of darkness. Her signal victories over trials and adversities were crowned by the brightest and most noble act of heroism, when the soil of Belgium was fertilized by the blood of this stainless and beautiful maiden. From the early days of her innocent childhood, to the end of that brief term which closed her youthful existence,
'^' Tlie present narrative, and those cases which immediately follow, were extracted by Henschenius, from the books belonging to Gheel church.
'39 To the statement contained in the text, Henschenius appends: "Quod attestor Canwcgom Decanos [Qui his verbis hcec Latiiie scripsit pagina 68. "]
'^° To this name is added, "ex Wavera Maria. " It probably means, that she came from Wavre, in the province of South Bra- bant,
'< See " Acta Sanctorum," tomus iii. , xv. Mali. Acta SS. Dympnae ct Gereberni, pp.
489 to 497.
^'^ " Quibus aliqua ex libro Craywinckel
adduntur. " See I'roemium, ibid. , p. 479. '^^ In the curious work of Martinus Delrio, intituled, " Disquisitionum Magicarum," Libri Sex, after relating that many possessed persons hatl been relieved by pilgrimage to the sepulchre of St. Philip the Apostle in Sicily, and that "anno 1541, plusquam du- cenlK faminx- huiusmodi fuerint numerate," the author adds, " idem cernimus in Bra- bantix Gela ad S. Dympnas sepulchrum,"
lib, vi. , cap. II, sect, iii. , pp. 522, 523.
May 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
353
she had learned how to oppose a passive but effective resistance to meditated wrongs ; by her prudence, patience, and firmness, she foiled the fiercest as- saultsofherwilyadversary. Mostappropriately,therefore,mighttheprayers of her devout clients be addressed to the holy patroness of Gheel, at mention of whose name, even demons believe and tremble. Having remembered her Creator in the days of youth, ''••* with her holy counsellor and guide, St. Gere- bern, our glorious virgin went through those wildernesses that, in the words of inspiration, were not inhabited. In desert places they pitched their tents they stood against their enemies, and avenged themselves on their adversa- ries. '45 Growing up in the desert, as a pillar of smoking aromatical spices, of myrrh, and of frankincense, '4^ the fugitive St. Dympna found her dwelling, and a covert from the face of her destroyer, until he had failed who trod the earth under foot. '47 Through the shadows ol death, our pure virgin passed triumphant, and from the mansions of eternal glory she now looks with radiant and benignant eyes on those, who humbly invoke her protection, and who labour to imitate her self-sacrificing virtues, bright example, holy life, and edifying conversation.
CHAPTER V.
LOCAL MEMORIALS OF ST. DYMPNA IN AND NEAR GHEEL—GENERAL CHARACTER AND DISPOSITION OF THE GHEELOIS—FOUNDATION OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL —USUAL MODE OF TREATING THE INSANE—INFLUENCES OF RELIGION ON THEIR STATE AND CONDITION—EXAMINATION OF THE SACRED RELICS IN 1847, BY THE CARDINAL-ARCHBISHOP OF MALINES—MEMORIALS AND FESTIVALS OF THE SAINT REFERENCE TO OUR SAINT IN THE CALENDARS—EMBLEMS OF ST. DYMPNA ON THE CONTINENT AND IN IRELAND—CONCLUSION.
Besides the collegiate church of St. Dympna, a chapel is dedicated to the patroness of Gheel, within the hospital or infirmary, and near the very place, whereitissupposedsheobtainedthecrownofmartyrdom. Anotherchapel was erected to her honour, in the middle of a plain. ' This stands on the spot, where the body of St. Dympna remained immovable, lest the people of Xanten might bear it away. Pious tradition has always preserved such recollections, amongst the devout inhabitants of Gheel. ^ In the circuit of country without this municipality, there are also other chapels dedicated to St. Dympna. 3 As will be seen in the notice of St. Gerebern and of Sonsbeck immediately succeeding, special honour was paid to that holy Virgin and Martyr, in the latter town, and in the old chapel dedicated to his memory.
The inhabitants of Gheel and of the country adjoining are distinguished by a simple, native honesty, and by an affectionate disposition, especially manifested, in their moral and charitable treatment of the afflicted persons
'44 Ecclesiastes, xii. , i.
'45 Wisdom, xi,, 23.
'4^ Canticle of Canticles, iii. , 6. '4'' See Isaias, xvi. , 4.
dolph van Craywinckel, cap. xiii.
3 The reader is referred to an interesting
article on " St. Dympna's City," published in successive Numbers of "The Lamp: an
Chapter v. —'
"Versus MoUum vici-
General num," is added by Henschenius. This Moll Literature," vol. iii. . New Series, No. 70,
is a small river passing near Gheel.
^ The foregoing accounts are taken from the Life of St. Dympna, by Herr John Lu-
pp. 273 to 276, and No. 71, pp. 301 to
303.
-• That very interesting work, by the
illustrated Catholic Journal of
—;
354
authoress, Mfs. Byrne, of "Flemish Interiors," and intituled " Gheel: the city of the Sim- pie," gives a veiy interesting account of the treatment of insane persons in that remark- able colony. It was published by Chapman and Hall, London, crown 8vo, 1869.
condition of various individuals, could only be understood, by a personal inspection, and by such an explanation, as the intelligent officials can best furnish. The writer was informed, that restraint is rarely resorted to, and is considered undesirable, except in rare instances. The number of inmates was not very considerable, in proportion to the in- sane persons living within Gheel district and, from information received, those pa- tients were for the most part affected with chronic diseases, or some peculiar mono- mania, which requited special care and trent- ment. On leaving tiiis establishment, the resident director presented the writer with a copy of a pamphlet entitled, " Reglenient d'ordreinterieurdel'etablissement d'alienes a Gheel," printed at Ghent in 1853, before the infirmary had been founded. This tract lays down the rules and regulations to be ob- served with regard to the insane ; and, these prescriptions are yet' followed, in agreat mca-
5 One of the most interesting visits the in-
quisitive stranger could make, on his arrival
at Gheel, must be to form an acquaintance
with the newly established government hos-
pital. The celebrated medical inspector,
Dr. Bulckens, happened to be absent, at the
time when this opportunity v as aftbrded the
writer ; but, the resident director, Mons.
Verelst, Secreiaire-recevcur de la Commis-
sion Superieure, afforded an amount of in-
teresting information, by illustrating the
advantages of this improved system, on va-
rious insane subjects, while passing through
the various departments of this splendid
establishment. The most interesting and
difficult cases for treatment are usually found
lodged within this hospital. Its opening sure, although doubtless, subject to certain took place on the 15th of March, 1862. The modifications, since the government hospital tact, patience and judgment required, in has been erected. M. Verelst also furnished order to effect improvement in the mental a copy of the larger tract, written by M. le
;
LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [May 15.
living among them. In this respect, they differ very much from persons belonging to other towns and districts, who are apt to have a prejudice or aversion for acting the part of assiduous guardians, towards those mentally affected. It would seem, that the excellent tendencies, good feeling, and intelligence, reigning amongst the Gheelois, may be considered as hereditary qualities, constantly transmitted from parents to children, and acquiring a still higher degree of perfection, in the latest generations. A pleasant but hardly truthful irony attributes to the people of Gheel originality of character, which is said to be derived from their contact with those unfortunate crea- tures, committed to their benevolent regards. So well known and appreciated throughout Belgium is the curative treatment here adopted, that when any- thing particularly absurd is said or done, the delinquent is jocosely pro- nounced to be a fit subject for Gheel. '* These observations, however, are accepted as furnishing rather creditable testimony, to the providential mis- sion and moral state of the amiable and benevolent habitans. Far from being enervated, through the morbid influences observed amongst a section of their community, the general population is found to be physically and constitu- tionally vigorous, intelligent, and religious, preserving a moral conscience and reason, in just balance, with a temperament naturally disposed for the delicate, considerate, cheerful, and patient offices of nurses and infirmarians, towards the poor alienes.
General interest and investigations awakened in regard to the affairs of this singular colony, which has been here established from time immemorial, induced the Belgium government to erect an infirmary, which receives a sub- vention from the public funds. A royal degree, dated the 19th of November, 1858, approved this project, which was hailed with satisfaction by all, who comprehended its importance.
A magnificent Hospital was soon afterwards commenced, and built on a suitable piece of ground, in the immediate environs of Ghee). This building is not only a most useful adjunct to the existing religious establishments of Gheel, but it is highly ornamental to the city, in an architectural point of view. 5 All the conveniencies, and even all the luxuries, that could be devised
May 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
355
for the alleviation or cure of mental diseases, have been provided in this fine edifice, which both exteriorly and interiorly exhibits a model of neatness, order, comfort, and elegance. Its plan and arrangement must have demanded an amount of care, experience, study, and specific knowledge, rarely combined, even under the most favourable auspices. A sort of tutelary and scientific intervention, justly estimated by the sane inhabitants and their less fortunate
proteges, has introduced necessary reforms and afforded accessible medical succour, in cases requiring special treatment and observation. A talented and benevolent staff of medical men, of inspectors, and of nurses, having been organized, scientific advice and practice served to add increased stability to the existence of this ancient colony, while preserving its original and indige- nous character.
A work has been published at Paris in i860, and which is entitled, " Gheel ou une Colonic d'alidn^s vivant en famille et en liberty, etude sur le meilleur mode d'assistance et de traitement dans les maladies mentales,'' par M. Jules Duval . ^ In different sections of this work, its author describes the adjoining country, city and church of Gheel; as also the condition of demented persons, within their hospital, and the population of this place.
He enters into a dis- sertation, on the physical and social circumstances, that attend the local treat- ment of these insane persons. He records the results of this system, and also fully describes the curative, administrative and economical organization of the medical and municipal establishments. The present and past state of Gheel is described. In conclusion, the author remarks, that the colony of insane at Gheel teaches to every humane heart a lesson, truly eloquent in its simpli- city, of tender devotion towards those persons most claiming the exercise of charitable sympathy. It illustrates most perfectly, he remarks, the necessity for charity advancing and completing the researches ofscience. 7 Another book, bearing a title and embracing topics somewhat similar to those in the French work just alluded to, written by A. C. Van der Cruyssen, was pub- lished at Ghent, in 1862. ^ It gives a very interesting account of the city of St. Dympna, and of the afflicted residents within this commune.
Dr. Bulckens, medecin-inspecteur, having ber admitted during each of those years ; the for its title, " Rapport sur I'etablissement total number present and entered ; the num-
d'alienesde Gheel," and printed at Brussels,
in 1861. The latter report was prepared for
the Minister of Justice, in obedience to regu-
lations and instructions, which are observed
and required to be put in execution, at stated those healed. Fifthly, those who died,
intervals. It is filled with interesting and
correct returns from the registers, and from
notes, preserved within this institution, while
it gives in addition some valuable informa- nurses. Tenthly, accidents. Eleventhly,
lion, in reference to the infirmary, and to the peculiar classes, for whose benefit it has been founded, This treatise merits a careful study from the Christian philanthropist, and from the enlightened physician, whose avo- cations are specially directed to the treat- ment of mental disorders.
general remarks on insanity in Belgium. He treats on the Infirmary at Gheel, and on a distribution of rewards to the nurses. He also gives its rules : the first special rule of May ist, 1851 ; the second rule, referring to interior order, 31st December, 1852, with instructions regarding the proper method for
« Published by Guillaumin et €'«• Li- treating the insane. An inquiry is then m-
braires, 14, Rue de Richelieu, l2mo.
7 In an Appendix, a very numerous list of books and publications, that treat on the es- tablishment at Gheel, is given. He also
stituted, as to whether Gheel is an establish- ment or a colony for the insane. The writer concludes, by calling Gheel, what he ex- presses in the title of his book, deeming it a
presents Statistical documents on Gheel, colony, but only in the sense, that the which contain: First, the number of afflicted live «i /«/«///£, and in a state of per- patients there, on the ist of January, in the feet liberty,
years 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, with the num-
^ By Eug. Vanderhaeghen.
ber discharged and remaining on the 31st December, during the foregoing period, Secondly, a detail of admissions. Thirdly, details of discharged persons. Fourthly,
Sixthly, classification of the afflicted. Seven- thly, details of their occupations. Eighthly, details of necessary coercion. Ninthly, the
356
LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [May 15.
When demented persons arrive at Gheel, they are usually conducted to a house, attached to the church of St. Dympna, where an ecclesiastic offers up prayers for them and affords religious consolation. Afterwards, these afflicted persons are quartered among the inhabitants, and they are especially placed with the farming classes around that city. Although the pension for their maintenance is usually very moderate, yet this class of lodgers is eagerly sought for, by cultivators of land, who take particular care of their proteges,, andwhostudythepeculiardevelopmentoftheirmentalaberrations. 9 Hence, it often happens, that by gentleness, by coaxing or by caressing, the most
ungovernable persons are rendered docile, in a short time, and these live perfectly contented with their protectors. Occasionally, a visitor to Gheel may observe groups of afflicted persons engaged in earnest conversation or innocent recreation in the streets, while shrill voices echo from the interior of the houses when passing ; but, it is not always easy for a casual observer, to distinguish by their demeanour, between the sane and the insane inha- bitants of St. Dympna's city. The latter class appears to enjoy unre- strained liberty, in going on messages, or while performing the ordinary avocations of labour. Hardly any farmer is without one or more of those insane persons, who live with him, and on the same footing, as other mem- bers of his family. They seldom give way to violence or to excess. They appear satisfied with their food, plain dress, and manner of living, they show no aversion to rural or handicraft labour, and seldom do they desire to leave those families, with whom they have lived for a number of years. The various towns, cities and districts, from which they have been sent, usually engage agents to look after their comforts, and report upon the treatment ex- perienced from their hosts. Many of the people, in and aLout Gheel, believe that a blessing falls on themselves and on their families, when they conscien- tiously discharge Christian duties towards the insane ; so that, few causes of
complaint arise, on the score of neglecting duty or through personal injury. So far does a healthy public opinion prevail, on this point, that a farmer, who should fail in his obligations towards one of those afflicted persons, would immediately be deprived of his right of guardianship. His character should also suffer to such a degree, in the estimation of all his neighbours, that no greater punishment could be inflicted upon him, than the general contempt
^°
and detestation, with which he should afterwards be regarded.
In order to encourage emulation among the keepers and nurses, having charge of the insane, suitable honorary and pecuniary recompenses have been distributed, since the year 1858. These diplomas or certificates of honour are received with lively satisfaction. They are usually framed with much taste, and hung up in a conspicuous position, within the houses of their recipients,
while such testimonials are catefully preserved by the inhabitants.
Among the good effects, resulting from this foundation of a government hospital, the providing of suitable and airy chambers for the sick, must not be overlooked. Various hygeian measures and contrivances are resorted to, which have greatly improved their food and drink, their mode of exercise and of sleeping; all of which tend to produce cleanliness, with health of mind and ofbody. Thosepatients,lodgingamongprivatefamilies,receivemedicaladvice and treatment, and generally without disturbing those family relations, found to be productive of such beneficial consequences. On the arrival of insane persons at the infirmary in Gh. eel, their natural character and dispositions, the tendency of their malady, the prolDabilities of cure, wi th the peculiar moral, hygeian and 9 See Rev. S. IJ. iring-Gould's " Lives of cine," New vSeries, No. v. , vi. , M. Trch and
the iSaints," vol. v. , May 15, pp. 210, April, 1857, contains an interesting coni- 211. nuinication, intituled, "Notes on Belgian "The "Journal of Psycological Medi- Lunatic Asylums, including the Insane
May 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
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medical care necessary for each individual, are exactly studied, and all requi- site observations are entered in the registers. According to those particular developments, which his disease presents, a patient is classed either among the hospital inmates, or he is provided with a proper nurse, from among the many infirmarians, resident in the city and in its neighbourhood. Medical officers, in this latter case, acquaint the nurse with the character and moral disposition of their new pensionary, and advise them as to the precautions and mode of action which must be observed. The medical practitioner of a section is also charged with the physical and moral treatment of this new subject. The doctor must prescribe, whatever may be deemed necessary, and attend to the punctual execution of his prescriptions. A great majority of patients are lodgedinthehousesofagriculturists; and,incasesofaccident,refusaltoeat, proclivity to suicide, danger to individuals and the public, or wild excitement, such insane persons are transferred to the government hospital, where they are kept under strict but unobtrusive surveillance. After this crisis has passed, as generally happens, an invalid is returned to his former caretakers, or at least, he is placed under the charge of a sectional medical attendant, who is best acquainted with his ailments. A perfect system of medical and of nurse-tending intercommunication is maintained, while the local clergy contri- bute powerfully to assist scientific efforts, by bringing calm consolation and devotional feeling into the bosoms of many bereaved but docile creatures.
Isolation from former scenes, friends, and acquaintances, and becoming accustomed to novel distractions, pre-occupations, labours and familiars, are found to be attended with the most happy effects, in this local treatment of mental maladies. The insane are thus constrained, to modify their habits of acting and of thinking, to forget the objects of their resentment or irregular affec- tion, whilst introduced to a new circle of reasonable and of charitable persons, who never act with neglect, disdain, or anger, when discharging the ordinary course of their patronizing and fomily duties. Every reasonable liberty is accorded their afflicted charge. The affectionate care bestowed, and a patient endurance of strange caprices, often insensibly influence the demented to a better state of feeling, elevate their depressed spirits, and excite an awakened intelligence, altogether unusual; whilst, in many instances, the marks of friend- ship, of confidence, and of kindness, lavished on a lunatic, effectually dissipate his melancholy, his state of desolation, his fancied grievances and troubles.
His mind is thenceforward open to consolation and hope. If restored to the enjoyment of reason, and to the home of his own family, as frequently happens, touching scenes of mutual affection and regret, on the part of the patient and of his nurse-tenders, form not the least remarkable features of St. Dympna's interesting colony.
It would be impossible, within the limits assigned in this disquisition, to describe in detail all those interesting particulars, regarding the condition of over eight hundred afflicted persons, residing in Gheel and in its environs. But, it will be desirable to consider the influences, which religion exercises, as an ex- cellent auxiliary in treating mental disorders. Nearly all the insane are capable of fulfilling their religious obligations. " A priest, who thoroughly appreciates his exalted mission, gives enlightened counsel and consolation to the afflicted; thus effectually aiding any curative treatment, adopted by the resident physi- cian. " AlthoughtheinhabitantsofGheelprofesstheCatholicreligion,yet
Colony of Gheel," pp. 78, and 209 to 247.
" The statements made in connection with this portion of the subject, I prefer taking from the " Rapport sur I'Etablisse- ment d' alienes de Gheel," par M. le Dr. Bulckens, medecin inspecteur, pp. 74, 75, 76.
" During my visit to the infirmary, in company with two of the local clergymen, this happy concurrence of action was very pleasingly illustrated, in more than one in- stance.
'3 in the medical report, dated 22nd of
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LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [May 15.
tolerance and liberty of worship are perfectly enjoyed, by pensionaries of different creeds. '3 Notwithstanding occasional diversity of religious belief or practice, neither difficulties nor disabilities are allowed to interfere with special doctrinalrequirements,onthepartoftheirkeepers. Whatevermaybethecom- munion to which the patients happen to belong, all are classed under the same rule of religious liberty, and they become objects of like affectionate solicitude. Ministers of different sects are permitted to visit their co-religionists, and to communicate freely with them, under all relations compatible with their peculiar state.
The insane of Gheel attach great importance to a permission accorded them of frequenting religious exercises. On Sundays and the principal festi- vals, over three hundred patients assist regularly at Divine services; whilst a lesser number, as a matter of course, frequent the churches on each week-day. It is very touching, to behold the pious attitude and recollection of those afflicted creatures, especially within the privileged church of St. Dympna, who, as patroness of the demented, gathers the larger portion of them to her splendid temple. This holy patroness, always continuing to unite the sane and insane population of Gheel, under her protection and regards, especially influences a very considerable congregation of the latter class, to celebrate her annual feasts and novenas. All the healthy and unexcitable patients assist at her procession, conducting themselves in the most orderly and respectful manner; while the local medical inspectors have never yet discovered a single case, in which a religious exercise or a pious practice degenerated into any form of idiosyncrasy, prejudicial to the corporal or mental well-being of their insane.
At stated periods, on the annual recurrence of certain religious celebra- tions, many former ])ensionaries, who have recovered the exercise of reason, return to Gheel, and, as a token of gratitude, offer their devotions to its holy patroness. Married persons, with their children, receive kind attention and hospitality, diuing the lime of their stay, from those nurses, who had formerly charge of some particular visitant from among their guests. The parish vicaires and chajjlains, attached to various religious institutions in Gheel and in its neighbourhood, exercise religious offices on behalf of the afflicted, when occa- sion demands. After death, those pensionaries, whose friends are in com- fortable circumstances, receive rites of interment, comformable to instructions given by surviving members of their families. Indigent deceased patients are interred at the public expense. It is always customary for their former cus-
todians, to procure a celebration of the Holy Sacrifice, for the happy repose of their departed aliaies.
In the year 1847, Cardinal Engelbert Sterckx, the former Archbishop of Malines, and Primate of Belgium, visited Gheel, where, at the request of its pastor and the pious inhabitants of this city, an inspection of St. Dympna's relics, preserved in the great silver shrine, took place, on the 8th day of July. At the liour of five o'clock in the evening, a procession was formed at the church of St. Amand, and the Cardinal with his assistants advanced towards the great church of St. Dympna. The venerable canons of Mechlin Cathe- dral, A. Gennere and C. J. Crokaert, the Very Rev. C. Eyskens, pastor of the parochial church, and the dean of Gheel district, P. E. Molenberghs, dean
andpastorofHerenlhals,J. H. Vandermeren,deanandpastorofTurnhout, A. Mafoy, dean and pastor of Diest, clothed in sacred vestments, with a great number of the clergy and laity accompanying, and while the bells
February, I S60—the latest issuedto the lime Gheel, togetlier with 21 Dissenters, consist- of my visit—779 Catliolics aliaus resided at ing of Protestants and of Jews.
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359
rang, proceeded towards the church of Gheel's patron saint. Having there chaunted the Litany of the Saints, the great silver shrine, containing the sacred rehcs of that glorious virgin and martyr St. Dympna, was brought before the Cardinal to the nave of her church, and deposited on a table before the choir. Another wooden shrine was also brought to the same place.
In presence of the aforesaid venerable and reverend persons, and of the Rev. P. H. Thiels, rector of St. Dympna's church, of the noble Lord Charles, prince of Rouge-pre and Count of Merode, of the noble Lord Adrian, Charles Maria, Marquis of Levis-Mirepoix, and of his wife, Maria, Countess Merode, of Mr. Van Praet, prefect, of other members belonging to the municipality, and of the churchwardens, of the Gheel clergy, and of those from neighbouring parishes, together with a large congregation of every rank and condition, his Eminence opened those two shrines. Within the first was found a wooden case, closed with three locks, which were opeiied, and some cotton having been removed, the following relics of the holy virgin and martyr, St. Dympna, were found, viz. : four of the larger and two of the smaller bones, with a small portion of a stone, together with letters duly sealed, copies of which were taken, and afterwards appended by his Eminence to the pastoral, in which this whole process of examination has been described. Having exposed those sacred relics, to the view and veneration of all who were present, they were afterwards wrapped round with red silk tissue, each relic having been im- pressed with the Cardinal's small seal, within the silk covering, and again marked with the seal of his Eminence, on the outside, before they were deposited in a new case, previously prepared for such a purpose. On the interior, this capsula was lined with green silk, and on the exterior, a cover of red silk velvet was drawn over it. All this ceremony proceeded, according to the form and benediction, prescribed in the Roman Pontifical. After the
Cardinal had affixed his seal to a document of attestation, the latter was placed in the capsula, which was closed by three locks.
Within the wooden shrine was also found another wooden capsula, con- taining the following relic of St. Dympna, viz. , a portion of bone of consider- able size, which was sealed by the Cardinal Archbishop and placed within a red silk cover, duly bound with red silk bands and again sealed. This relic was thenplacedwithinanewwoodencase,speciallypreparedtoreceiveit, and lined on the interior with green silk, while red silk velvet covered the outside, which was ornamented with gilt iron decorations. After the blessing had been given, a parchment was also sealed, and placed within the capsula^ which was closed with one lock.
Having thus deposed the aforesaid cases, within their respective shrines, the Cardinal declared, that they should always be regarded and venerated, as containing the true and authentic relics of Holy Dympna, virgin and martyr. In faith of which proceedings, the Cardinal Archbishop wrote an attestation, one copy of which he ordered to be enclosed within the great silver shrine, with the relics of the saint, another was to remain with the churchwardens, and a third copy was delivered to the burgomaster of Gheel city. ^+
In Ireland, likewise, St. Dympna was honoured. It is said the Church of Kill-Delga, or Kildalkey,^5 had our saint for its patron. This was the name
'* The Latin document containing the peiied to be present, told me, they reme n- foregoing account is signed, "Engelber- bered having seen those relics at that
Tus, Card. Arch. Mechl. De mandate Eminentise suae A Genere, secret," and it may be read, in the Appendix to the Rev. Mr. Kuyl's larger work, pp. Ii8 to 120. The sacristan of St. Dympna's church, and a respectable inhabitant of the city, who hap-
time, and in reply to my question answered, the largest bones were only of such a size, as might belong to a very young female of not more than fifteen years of age. The great silver shrine is kept, in the old sacristy, be- hind St. Dympna's side chapel, and in the
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LIVES OF THE IRISH SAII^TS. [May . 15.
of an ancient churcli, which is now totally destroyed. It gives title to a parish,'^ which is situated between the parish of Trim, in East Meath, and the boundary of West Meath. It was dedicated to St. Damhnat, or Dymphna, whosefestivalwasformerlycelebratedthere,onthe15thofMay. Nearthe site of the old church, there was a holy well, called Tobar-Damhnata, which was nearly dried up, when Mr. John O'Donovan examined this locality. '7 Amongst the Irish charters in that splendid Manuscript, known as the Book of Kehs, and which is preserved in Trinity College Library, we find a curious
entry relative to Cill Delga, or Kildalkey. Conchobhar O'Maelsechlainn bestowed it, with its territory and lands, on God and on St. Columkille for ever, in atonement for an act of treachery, and for a violation of protection solemnly given to Gilla Columb, an alumnus of Kells. '^ Sureties and guarantees were given, for the observance of this compact, by distinguished nobility and clergy, in the presence of the men of Meath, ecclesiastics and laics. '?
Tedavnet Cemetery, County of Monaghan.
The parish of Tedavnet,=° or Tydavnet, in the diocese of Clogher, is held to have derived its name from our saint; and, it has been interpreted to mean Teach, or Tigh, " a house " and Davnet—corresponding with Dympna—
right transept of her great church.
'5 Her Irish church is called Cill"Oel5A,
or ChiLl 'Oelcce, now Anglicized Kil- dalkey.
'* In the barony of Liine.
'. See Dr. ODonovan's " Annals of the Four Masters, vol. i. , pp. 330, 331, and note [i], ibid.
sit is also remarked, that "they all, both laity and clcry, gave their blessing to every king who should not violate this free- dom for ever ; and they all gave their curse to any king who should violate it ; and though it is dangerous for every king to vio- late Columkille, it is particularly dangerous to the King of Tara, for he is the relative of Columkille. " See, " Miscellany of the Irish
'** It was stipulated, that no king or chief-
tain could claim rent, tribute, hosting, Archxological Society," vol. i. , pp. 136 to
coigny or other exaction, from Ciil Delga, 141, and notes, ibid.
as before ; nor, durst he molest it hereafter, '° It is situated within the b. arony of
while staying in the territory.
Monaghan, . and it is described, on the " Ord-
May 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 361
beingadded.
